An Icelandic Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary by Henry Sweet
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Title: An Icelandic Primer With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary

Author: Henry Sweet

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AN ICELANDIC PRIMER

With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary

By Henry Sweet, M.A.

SECOND EDITION

1895

PREFACE

The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of Icelandic has been felt for a long time—in fact, from the very beginning of that study in England. The Icelandic Reader, edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I determined to go on.

In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have themselves deviated from it in their Corpus Poeticum Boreale, in the way of separating _ǫ_ from _ö_, etc. My own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no practical gain for the beginner in writing _tīme_ for _tīmi_, discarding _ð_, etc., although these changes certainly bring us nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to have regular forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively—in Icelandic as well as in Old English and Old Irish—to represent the actual accents of the MSS.

In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to Noreen’s _Altisländische Grammatik_, which is by far the best Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared—at least from that narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates itself on phonology and inflections.

The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and representative as possible. With such a language, and such a master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of their whole political system. As the Reader does not include poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity and corruption—the song of Thor’s quest of his hammer.

In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts _þ_, _æ_, _œ_, right at the end of the alphabet.

I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the texts and the glossary from Wimmer’s _Oldnordisk Læsebog_, which I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists in any language. So excellent is Wimmer’s selection of texts, that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in nearly every case.

In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious heritage—the old language and literature of Iceland—which our miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them of, it will have fulfilled its purpose.

HENRY SWEET London, February, 1886

GRAMMAR

1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, between 1200 and 1350.

PRONUNCIATION

2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the addition of _þ_ and _ð_, and of the modified letters _ę_, _ǫ_, _ø_, which last is in this book written _ö_, _ǫ̈_.

Vowels

3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)[1]. The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and keywords from English, French (F.), and German (G.):—

[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of _ę_, _ö_ are written _æ_, _œ_, respectively.]

a as in mann (G.) halda (_hold_) ā ” father rāð (_advice_) e ” été (F.) gekk (_went_) ē[2] … lēt (let pret.) ę ” men męnn (_men_)

[Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.]

æ as in there sær (_sea_) i ” fini (F.) mikill (_great_) ī … lītill (_little_) o ” beau (F.) orð (_word_) ō … tōk (_look_) ǫ ” not hǫnd (_hand_) ö ” peu (F.) kömr (_comes_) œ … fœra (_bring_) ǫ̈ ” peur (F.) gǫ̈ra (_make_) u ” sou (F.) upp (_up_) ū … hūs (_house_) y ” tu (F.) systir (_sister_) ȳ … lȳsa (_shine_) au ” haus (G.) lauss (_loose_) ei = ę + i bein (_bone_) ey = ę + y leysa (_loosen_)

4. The unaccented i in systir, etc. (which is generally written e in the MSS.) probably had the sound of y in pity, which is really between i and e. The unacc. u in _fōru_ (they went), etc. (which is generally written o in the MSS.) probably had the sound of oo in good.

Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of close and open, thus:

close : e ē o ō ö œ open : ę æ ǫ - ǫ̈ -

Consonants

5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced really double, as in Italian. Thus the kk in drekka (to drink) must be pronounced like the kc in bookcase, while the k in _dręki_ (dragon) is single, as in booking. When final (or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, as in munn (mouth acc.), hamarr (hammer nom.), steinn (stone nom.), distinguished from mun (will vb.), and the accusatives hamar, stein.

6. k and g had a more front (palatal) sound before the front vowels e, _ę_, i, _ö_, _ǫ̈_, y, and their longs, as also before j, as in _kęnna_ (known), keyra (drive), _gǫ̈ra_ (make), liggja (lie).

7. kkj, ggj were probably pronounced simply as double front kk, gg, the j not being pronounced separately.

8. f had initially the sound of our f, medially and finally that of v, as in gefa (give), gaf (gave), except of course in such combinations as ft, where it had the sound of f.

9. g was a stopped (back or front—guttural or palatal) cons. initially and in the combination ng, the two g‘s in ganga (go) being pronounced as in go. It had the open sound of G. g in sagen medially before the back vowels a, o, _ǫ_, u, and all conss. except j, and finally:—_saga_ (tale), _dǫgum_ (with days); _sagði_ (he said); lag (he lay). Before the front vowels and j it had the sound of G. g in liegen, or nearly that of j (our y), as in _sęgir_ (says), _sęgja_ (to say).

10. Before voiceless conss. (t, s) g seems to have been pronounced k, as in sagt (said), dags (day’s).

11. The g was always sounded in the combination ng, as in single, not as in singer.

12. h was sounded before j in such words as hjarta (heart) much as in E. hue (= hjū). hl, hn, hr, hv probably represented voiceless l, n, r, w respectively, hv being identical with E. wh: hlaupa (leap), _hnīga_ (bend), hringr (ring), hvat (what).

13. j is not distinguished from i in the MSS. It had the sound of E. y in young: _jǫrð_ (earth), _sętja_ (to set).

14. p in pt probably had the sound of f: lopt (air).

15. r was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch.

16. s was always sharp.

17. v (which was sometimes written u and w) had the sound of E. w: vel (well), _hǫggva_ (hew).

18. z had the sound of ts: _bęztr_ (best).

19. *þ* and *ð* were used promiscuously in the older MS., the very oldest using _þ_ almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic _þ_ is written initially to express the sound of E. hard th, _ð_ medially and finally to express that of soft th; as there can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old pronunciation, it is retained in this book: _þing_ (parliament), _faðir_ (father), _við_ (against). In such combinations as _pð_ the _ð_ must of course be pronounced _þ_.

Stress

20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable.

PHONOLOGY

Vowels

21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the most important of which are mutation (umlaut), fracture (brechung), and gradation (ablaut).

Mutation

22. The following changes are i-mutations (caused by an older i or j following, which has generally been dropped)[3]:

[Footnote 3: Many of the i‘s which appear in derivative and inflectional syllables are late weakenings of a and other vowels, as in bani (death) = Old English bana; these do not cause mutation.]

a (*ǫ*) … *ę* :— mann (man acc.), _męnn_ (men); _hǫnd_ (hand), _hęndr_ (hands).

*ā* … *æ* :— _māl_ (speech), _mæla_ (speak).

e (*ja*, *jǫ*) … i :— _verðr_ (worth), _virða_ (estimate).

u (o) … y :— fullr (full), fylla (to fill); lopt (air), lypta (lift).

*ū* … *ȳ* :— _brūn_ (eyebrow), pl. _brȳnn_.

o … *ö* :— koma (to come), _kömr_ (comes).

*ō* … *œ* :— _fōr_ (went), _fœra_ (bring).

au … ey :— lauss (loose), leysa (loosen).

*jū* (*jō*) … *ȳ* :— _sjūkr_ (sick), _sȳki_ (sickness); _ljōsta_ (strike), _lȳstr_ (strikes).

23. The change of a into _ę_ is sometimes the result of a following k, g, or ng, as in _dęgi_ dat. sg. of dagr (day), _tękinn_ (taken), _gęnginn_ (gone), inf. taka, ganga. i appears instead of e, and u instead of o before a nasal followed by another cons.: cp. binda (to bind), bundinn (bound) with bresta (burst) ptc. prt. brostinn.

24. There is also a u-mutation, caused by a following u, which has often been dropped:

a … *ǫ* :— dagr (day) dat. pl. _dǫgum_; land (land) pl. _lǫnd_.

25. Unaccented _ǫ_ becomes u, as in sumur pl. of sumar (summer), _kǫlluðu_ (they called), infin. kalla.

Fracture

26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is e: when followed by original a it becomes ja, when followed by original u it becomes _jǫ_, as in _jarðar_ gen. of _jǫrð_ (earth)[4]. When followed by original i, the e is, of course, mutated to i, as in skildir plur. nom. of _skjǫldr_ (shield), gen. skjaldar.

[Footnote 4: Cp. German erde.]

Gradation

27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:—
a … *ō* :— fara (go) pret. _fōr_, whence by mut. _fœra_ (bring).

e (i, ja) … a … u (o) :— bresta (burst), prt. brast, prt. pl. brustu, ptc. prt. brostinn; finna (find), fundinn (found ptc.), fundr (meeting).

e … a … *ā* … o :— stela (steal), prt. stal, prt. pl. _stālu_, ptc. prt. stolinn.

e … a … *ā* … e :— gefa (give), gaf (he gave), _gāfu_ (they gave), gefinn (given), _gjǫf_ (gift), u-fracture of gef-, _gæfa_ (luck) mut. of _gāf-_.

*ī* … ei … i :— _skīna_ (shine), skein (he shone), skinu (they shone). _sōl-skin_ (sunshine).

*jū* (jō) … au … u … o :— _ljūga_ (tell a lie), prt. laug, prt. pl. lugu, ptc. prt. loginn. lygi (lie sbst.) mut. of lug-. _skjōta_ (shoot), _skjōtr_ (swift), skotinn (shot ptc.), skot (shot subst.).

Other changes

28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: _þā_ (then), _nū_ (now).

29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long accented vowels: cp. ganga (to go) with _fā_ (to get), the dat. plurals _knjām_ (knees) with _hūsum_ (houses).

30. Vowels are often lengthened before l + cons.: _hālfr_ (half adj.), _fōlk_ (people); cp. _fōlginn_ (hidden) with brostinn (burst ptc.).

Consonants

31. v is dropped before o and u: vaxa (to grow), prt. _ōx_, vinna (to win), unninn (won ptc.), svelta (to starve), soltinn (starved, hungry).

Final r is often assimilated to a preceding cons.

32. *-lr, *-nr, *-sr always become -ll, -nn, -ss after a long vowel or diphthong, as in _stōll_ (chair nom.), acc. _stōl_, steinn (stone nom.), acc. stein, _vīss_ (wise masc. nom. sg.), _vīs_ fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables, as in the masc. sg. nominatives mikill (great), fem. mikil, borinn (carried), fem. borin, _ȳmiss_ (various) fem. _ȳmis_.

33. Words in which l, n, r, s are preceded by a cons. drop the r entirely, as in the masc. nominatives jarl (earl), hrafn (raven), vitr (wise), _þurs_ (giant), lax (salmon).

34. If l and n are preceded by a short accented vowel, the r is generally kept, as in stelr (steals), vinr, (friend), sr becoming ss, as elsewhere.

35. r is kept after ll, and generally after nn, as in the masc. nom. allr (all), and in _bręnnr_ (burns).

36. z often stands for _ðs_ as well as ts, as in _þēr þykkizk_ (ye seem) = _*þykkið-sk_, Vest-firzkr (belonging to the West Firths) = _-*firðskr_ (_fǫrðr_, firth).

37. Inflectional t is generally doubled after a long accented vowel: _fār_ (few) neut. _fātt_ (cp. allr ‘all,’ neut. allt), _sā_ (I saw), _sātt_ ‘thou sawest.’

INFLECTIONS

Nouns

38. Gender. There are three genders in Icelandic—masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. Compound words follow the gender of their last element.

39. Strong and Weak. All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom. sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns end in a cons. in the nom. sg.

40. Cases. There are four cases—nominative, accusative, dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the gen. pl. in -a (_fiska_, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in -um (_fiskum_). All strong masculines (_fiskr_) and some strong feminines (_brūðr_, bride) take r[5] in the nom. sg. Most strong feminines show the bare root in the nom. sg. with u-mutation, if possible (_āst_, favour, _fǫr_, journey). The nom. pl. of all strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in r (_fiskar_, _āstir_). The acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same as the nom. pl. (_āstir_). The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns always ends in a vowel (_fiska_). The plur. nom. and acc. of neuters is the same as the sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. nom. and acc. they take u-mutation, if possible (_hūs_, houses, _lǫnd_, lands).

[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described above.]

41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the acc. plur.

Strong Masculines

(1) a-plurals

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. fisk-r (_fish_) fisk-ar Acc. fisk fisk-a Dat. fisk-i fisk-um Gen. fisk-s fisk-a

42. So also heimr (home, world); konungr (king); _Þōrr_ (Thor), acc. _Þōr_, gen. _Þōrs_; steinn (stone), acc. stein, gen. steins, pl. nom. steinar; hrafn (raven), acc. hrafn, pl. nom. hrafnar; _þurs_ (giant), acc. gen. _þurs_, pl. nom. _þursar_.

43. Dissyllables in -r, -l, -n generally throw out the preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: hamarr (hammer), dat. hamri; _jǫtunn_ (giant), pl. nom. _jǫtnar_. _kętill_ (kettle) and lykill (key) show unmutated vowels in the contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. katla, lukla.

44. Some nouns of this decl. take -ar in the gen. sing., especially proper names, such as _Hākon_, gen. _Hākonar_.

45. Some nouns add v before vowels: _sær_ (sea), gen. _sævar_.

46. The dat. sometimes drops the i: _sæ_ (sea), _Þōr_. dagr (day) mutates its vowel in the dat. _dęgi_.

47. Nouns in -ir keep the i in the sing., and drop it in the plur.:

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. hęlli-r (_cave_) hęll-ar Acc. hęlli hęll-a Dat. hęlli hęll-um Gen. hęlli-s hęll-a

48. So also a number of proper names, such as _Skrȳmir_, _Þōrir_.

(2) i-plurals

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. stað-r (_place_) stað-ir Acc. stað stað-i Dat. stað stǫð-um Gen. stað-ar stað-a

49. So also gripr (precious thing), salr (hall).

50. _gęstr_ (guest) takes -i in the dat. sg., and -s in the gen. sg.

51. Those ending in g or k (together with some others) insert j before a and u: _bękkr_ (bench), _bękk_, _bękk_, _bękkjar_; _bękkir_, _bękki_, _bękkjum_, _bękkja_. So also _męrgr_ (marrow), _stręngr_ (string).

(3) u-plurals

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. skjǫld-r (_shield_) skildir Acc. skjǫld skjǫld-u Dat. skild-i skjǫld-um Gen. skjaldar skjalda

52. So also _vǫndr_ (twig), _vǫllr_ (plain), _viðr_ (wood). _āss_ (god) has plur. nom. _æsir_, acc. _āsu_. sonr (son) has dat. sg. syni, plur. nom. synir. It regularly drops its r of the nom. in such compounds as Tryggvason (son of Tryggvi).

(4) r-plurals

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. fōt-r (_foot_) fœt-r Acc. fōt fœt-r Dat. fœt-i fōt-um Gen. fōt-ar fōt-a

53. So also fingr (finger), gen. fingrar, pl. fingr; vetr (winter), pl. vetr. _maðr_ (man) is irregular: _maðr_, mann, manni, manns; _męnn_, _męnn_, _mǫnnum_, manna.

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. faðir (_father_) fęðr Acc. fǫður fęðr Dat. fǫður fęðrum Gen. fǫður fęðra

54. So also _brōðir_ (brother), pl. _brœðr_.

55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., following the weak class in the sg.:

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. bōndi (_yeoman_) bœndr Acc. bōnda bœndr Dat. bōnda bōndum Gen. bōnda bōnda

56. So also _frœndi_ (kinsman), pl. _frœndr_.

Strong Neuters

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. skip (_ship_) skip Acc. skip skip Dat. skip-i skip-um Gen. skip-s skip-a

57. So also _orð_ (word), land (land) pl. _lǫnd_, sumar (summer) pl. sumur (§ 25).

58. _męn_ (necklace), kyn (race), grey (dog) insert j before a and u: greyjum. _hǫgg_ (stroke) inserts v before a vowel: _hǫggvi_. _knē_ (knee), _knē_, _knē_, _knēs_; _knē_, _knē_, _kjām_, _knjā_. So also _trē_ (tree).

59. _fē_ (money) is contracted: gen. _fjār_, dat. _fē_.

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. kvæði (_poem_) kvæði Acc. kvæði kvæði Dat. kvæði kvæðum Gen. kvæði-s kvæða

60. So also _klæði_ (cloth). Those in k insert j before a and u: _męrki_ (mark), _męrkjum_, _męrkja_. So also _rīki_ (sovereignty).

Strong Feminines

(1) ar-plurals

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. gjǫf (_gift_) gjaf-ar Acc. gjǫf gjaf-ar Dat. gjǫf gjǫf-um Gen. gjaf-ar gjaf-a

61. So also _mǫn_ (mane), _gjǫrð_ (girdle), _ār_ (oar).

62. _ā_ (river) contracts: _ā_, _ā_, _ā_, _ār_; _ār_, _ār_, _ām_, _ā_.

63. Many take -u in the dat. sg.: _kęrling_ (old woman), _kęrling_, _kęrlingu_, _kęrlingar_; _kęrlingar_, _kęrlingar_, _kęrlingum_, _kęrlinga_. So also laug (bath).

64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or i) insert j in inflection: ey (island), ey, eyju, eyjar; eyjar, eyjar, eyjum, eyja. So also Frigg, _Hęl_. _mær_ (maid), mey, meyju, meyjar; meyjar, meyjar, meyjum, meyja.

65.

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. heið-r (_heath_) heið-ar Acc. heið-i heið-ar Dat. heið-i heið-um Gen. heið-ar heið-a

(2) ir-plurals

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. tīð tīð-ir Acc. tīð tīð-ir Dat. tīð tīð-um Gen. tīð-ar tīð-a

66. So also sorg (sorrow), skipun (arrangement), _hǫfn_ (harbour) pl. hafnir, and the majority of strong feminines.

67. Many have -u in the dat. sg.: _sōl_ (sun), _sōl_, _sōlu_, _sōlar_; _sōlir_, _sōlir_, _sōlum_, _sōla_. So also _jǫrð_ (earth), stund (period of time).

68. One noun has r in the nom. sg., following _heiðr_ in the sg.: _brūðr_ (bride), _brūði_, _brūði_, _brūðar_; _brūðir_, _brūðir_, _brūðum_, _brūða_.

(3) r-plurals

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. bōk (_book_) bœk-r Acc. bōk bœk-r Dat. bōk bōk-um Gen. bōk-ar bōk-a

69. So also _nātt_ (night) pl. _nætr_, _bōt_ (compensation) pl. _bœtr_, _tǫnn_ (tooth) gen. tannar pl. _tęnnr_.

70. _hǫnd_ (hand) pl. _hęndr_ has dat. sg. _hęndi_.

71. _kȳr_ (cow) has acc. _kū_, pl. _kȳr_.

72. _brūn_ (eyebrow) assimilates the r of the pl.: _brȳnn_.

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. mōðir (_mother_) mœðr Acc. mōður mœðr Dat. mōður mœðrum Gen. mōður mœðra

73. So also _dōttir_ (daughter) pl. _dœtr_; systir (sister) pl. systr.

Weak Masculines

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. bog-i (_bow_) bog-ar Acc. bog-a bog-a Dat. bog-a bog-um Gen. bog-a bog-a

74. So also _māni_ (moon), _fēlagi_ (companion).

75. _hǫfðingi_ (chief) and some others insert j in inflection: _hǫfðingja_, _hǫfðingjar_, _hǫfðingjum_.

76. _lē_ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is _ljā_.

77. oxi (ox) has pl. _öxn_.

78. herra (lord) is indeclinable in the sg.

Weak Neuters

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. hjart-a (_heart_) hjǫrt-u Acc. hjart-a hjǫrt-u Dat. hjart-a hjǫrt-um Gen. hjart-a hjart-na

79. So also auga (eye).

Weak Feminines

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. tung-a (_tongue_) tung-ur Acc. tung-u tung-ur Dat. tung-u tung-um Gen. tung-u tung-na

80. So also stjarna (star) pl. _stjǫrnur_, kirkja (church), gen. plurals stjarna, kirkna.

Sg. Nom. ęlli (_old age_) Acc. ęlli Dat. ęlli Gen. ęlli

81. So also _glęði_ (joy) and many abstract nouns.

82. lygi (falsehood) has pl. lygar; so also _gǫ̈rsimi_ (precious thing).

Adjectives

83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings, together with strong and weak forms.

Strong Adjectives

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. ung-r (young) ung-t ung Acc. ung-an ung-t ung-a Dat. ung-um ung-u ung-ri Gen. ung-s ung-s ung-rar

Pl. Nom. ung-ir ung ung-ar Acc. ung-a ung ung-ar Dat. ung-um ung-um ung-um Gen. ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra

84. So also fagr (fair), fem. _fǫgr_, neut. fagrt.

85. Some insert j before a and u: _nȳr_ (new), _nȳjum_, _nȳjan_.

86. Some insert v before a vowel: _hār_ (high), _hāvan_, _dökkr_ (dark), _dökkvir_, kykr (alive), kykvir.

87. The t of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: _nȳtt_, _hātt_. Monosyllables in _ð_, dd, tt form their neut. in -tt: _breiðr_ (broad), breitt; leiddr (led), leitt. _gōðr_ (good) has neut. gott. sannr (true) has neut. satt. In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, tt is shortened to t: _kallaðr_ (called), kallat; blindr (blind), blint, _harðr_ (hard), hart, fastr (firm), fast.

88. l and n assimilate a following r: gamall (old), fem. _gǫmul_, fem. acc. gamla, dat. gamalli. _vǣnn_ (beautiful), gen. pl. _vænna_.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. mikill (_great_) mikit mikil Acc. mikinn mikit mikla Dat. miklum miklu mikilli Gen. mikils mikils mikillar

Pl. Nom. miklir mikil miklar Acc. mikla mikil miklar Dat. miklum miklum miklum Gen. mikilla mikilla mikilla

89. So also _lītill_ (little).

90. Dissyllables in -inn have -it in the neut., and -inn in the masc. sg. acc.: _tīginn_ (distinguished), _tīgit_, _tīginn_, pl. _tīgnīr_. So also kominn (come).

91.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. annarr (_other_) annat ǫnnur Acc. annan annat aðra Dat. ǫðrum ǫðru annarri Gen. annars annars annarrar

Pl. Nom. aðrir ǫnnur aðrar Acc. aðra ǫnnur aðrar Dat. ǫðrum ǫðrum ǫðrum Gen. annarra annarra annarra

Weak Adjectives

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. ung-i ung-a ung-a Acc. ung-a ung-a ung-u Dat. ung-a ung-a ung-u Gen. ung-a ung-a ung-u

Pl. Nom. ung-u ung-u ung-u Acc. ung-u ung-u ung-u Dat. ung-u ung-u ung-u Gen. ung-u ung-u ung-u

92. So also fagri, _hāvi_, mikli, etc.

Sg. Nom. yngri (_younger_) yngra yngri Acc. yngra yngra yngri Dat. yngra yngra yngri Gen. yngra yngra yngri

Pl. Nom. yngri yngri yngri Acc. yngri yngri yngri Dat. yngrum yngrum yngrum Gen. yngri yngri yngri

93. So also all comparatives, such as meiri (greater), and pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as gefandi (giving), dat. pl. _gefǫndum_.

Comparison

94. (1) with -ari, -astr: _rīkr_ (powerful), _rīkari_, _rīkastr_; _gǫfugr_ (distinguished), _gǫfgari_, _gǫfgastr_.

95. (2) with -ri, -str and mutation: langr (long), _lęngri_, _lęngstr_; _stōrr_ (big), _stœrri_, _stœrstr_; ungr (young), yngri, yngstr.

96. The following are irregular:

gamall (_old_) ęllri ęlztr gōðr (good) bętri bęztr illr (_bad_) vęrri vęrstr lītill (_little_) minni minstr margr (_many_) fleiri flestr mikill (_great_) meiri mestr

Numerals

97.

CARDINAL ORDINAL

1. einn (_one_) fyrstr (_first_) 2. tveir annarr 3. þrīr þriði 4. fjōrir fjōrði 5. fimm fimmti 6. sex sētti 7. sjau sjaundi 8. ātta ātti 9. nīu nīundi 10. tīu tīundi 11. ellifu ellifti 12. tōlf tōlfti 13. þrettān þrettāndi 14. fjōrtān 15. fimmtān 16. sextān 17. sjautān 18. ātjān 19. nītjān 20. tuttugu 21. einn ok tuttugu, etc. 30. þrīr tigir, etc. 100. tīu tigir 110. ellifu tigir 120. hundrað 1200. þūsund
einn is declined like other adjectives:—

98.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Nom. einn eitt ein Acc. einn eitt eina Dat. einum einu einni Gen. eins eins einnar

It also has a pl. einir, einar, ein; gen. einna, etc. in the sense of ‘some.’

The next three show various irregularities.

99.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Nom. tveir tvau tvær Acc. tvā tvau tvær Dat. tveim tveim tveim Gen. tvęggja tvęggja tvęggja

Similarly _bāðir_ (both):

100.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Nom. bāðir bæði bāðar Acc. bāða bæði bāðar Dat. bāðum bāðum bāðum Gen. bęggja bęggja bęggja

101.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Nom. þrīr þrjū þrjār Acc. þrjā þrjū þrjār Dat. þrim þrim þrim Gen. þriggja þriggja þriggja

102.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Nom. fjōrir fjogur fjōrar Acc. fjōra fjogur fjōrar Dat. fjōrum fjōrum fjōrum Gen. fjogurra fjogurra fjogurra

103. The others are indeclinable up to _þrīr tigir_, etc.; the tigir being declined regularly as a plural strong u-masculine tigir, tigu, tigum, tiga.

104. _hundrað_ is a strong neut.: _tvau hundruð_ (240), _tveim hundruðum_, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does _þūsund_): _fimm hundruð gōlfa_, ‘five (six) hundred chambers.’

105. _þūsund_ is a strong ir-feminine: _tvær þūsundir_ (2400).

106. _hundrað_ and _þūsund_ are rarely = 100 and 1000.

107. Of the ordinals fyrstr and annarr (§ 91) are strong, the others weak adjectives. _þriði_ inserts a j: _þriðja_, etc.

Pronouns

108.

Personal

Sg. Nom. ek (_I_) þū (_thou_) — Acc. mik þik sik (_oneself_) Dat. mēr þēr sēr Gen. mīn þīn sīn

Dual Nom. vit it — Acc. okkr ykkr sik Dat. okkr ykkr sēr Gen. okkar ykkar sīn

Pl. Nom. vēr (_we_) þēr (_ye_) — Acc. oss yðr sik (_oneselves_) Dat. oss yðr sēr Gen. vār yðar sīn

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. hann (_he_) þat (_it_) hon (_she_) Acc. hann þat hana Dat. honum þvī hęnni Gen. hans þess hęnnar

Pl. Nom. þeir (_they_) þau þær Acc. þā þau þær Dat. þeim þeim þeim Gen. þeira þeira þeira

109. ek was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, being sometimes added twice over: _mætta-k_ (I might), _sā-k-a-k_ (I saw not; a=‘not’). So also _þū_: er-tu (art thou), skalt-u (shalt thou) = *skalt-tu.

Possessive

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. minn (_my_) mitt mīn Acc. minn mitt mīna Dat. mīnum mīnu minni Gen. mīns mīns minnar

Pl. Nom. mīnir mīn mīnar Acc. mīna mīn mīnar Dat. mīnum mīnum mīnum Gen. minna minna minna

110. So also _þinn_ (thy), sinn (his, etc., reflexive).

111. _vārr_, _vārt_, _vār_ (our) is regular: acc. masc. _vārn_, masc. plur. _vārir_, _vāra_, _vārum_, _vārra_, etc.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. yðarr (_your_) yðart yður Acc. yðarn yðart yðra Dat. yðrum yðru yðarri Gen. yðars yðars yðarrar

Pl. Nom. yðrir yður yðrar Acc. yðra yður yðrar Dat. yðrum yðrum yðrum Gen. yðarra yðarra yðarra

112. So also okkarr (our two) and ykkarr (your two).

113. hans (his), _þess_ (its), _hęnnar_ (her), and _þeira_ (their) are indeclinable.

Demonstrative

114.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. sā (_that_) þat sū Acc. þann þat þā Dat. þeim þvī þeiri Gen. þess þess þeirar

Pl. Nom. þeir þau þær Acc. þā þau þær Dat. þeim þeim þeim Gen. þeira þeira þeira

115. hinn, hitt, hin (that) is inflected like minn (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. hinn, plur. masc. hinir, hina, hinum, hinna.

116.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. þessi (_this_) þetta þessi Acc. þenna þetta þessa Dat. þessum þessu þessi Gen. þessa þessa þessar

Pl. Nom. þessir þessi þessar Acc. þessa þessi þessar Dat. þessum þessum þessum Gen. þessa þessa þessa

Definite

The prefixed definite article is declined thus:

117.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. inn it in Acc. inn it ina Dat. inum inu inni Gen. ins ins innar

Pl. Nom. inir in inar Acc. ina in inar Dat. inum inum inum Gen. inna inna inna

118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short (unaccented) vowel, as in auga-t (the eye), but keeps it after a long vowel, as in _ā-in_ (the river), _trē-it_ (the tree). The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; not, however, after the -ar, -r, of the gen. sg., nor in _męnninir_ (men, nom.), _męnn-ina_ (men, acc.). The -m of the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed -num.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. fiskr-inn skip-it gjǫf-in Acc. fisk-inn skip-it gjǫf-ina Dat. fiski-num skipinu gjǫf-inni Gen. fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar

Pl. Nom. fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar Acc. fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar Dat. fisku-num skipunum gjǫfu-num Gen. fiska-nna skipanna gjafa-nna

Sg. Nom. bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n Acc. boga-nn auga-t tungu-na Dat. boganum auga-nu tungu-nni Gen. boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar

Pl. Nom. bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar Acc. boga-na augu-n tungur-nar Dat. bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num Gen. boga-nna augnanna tungna-nna

Relative

119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable er, often preceded by _sā_: _sā er_ = he who, who, _sū er_ who fem.

Interrogative

120. The neut. hvat has gen. hvess, dat. _hvī_, which last is chiefly used as an adverb = ‘why.’

121.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. hvārr (_which hvārt hvār of two_) Acc. hvārn hvārt hvāra Dat. hvārum hvāru hvārri Gen. hvārs hvārs hvārrar

Pl. Nom. hvārir hvār hvārar Acc. hvāra hvār hvārar Dat. hvārum hvārum hvārum Gen. hvārra hvārra hvārra

122.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. hvęrr (_which, hvęrt hvęr who_) Acc. hvęrn hvęrt hvęrja Dat. hvęrjum hvęrju hvęrri Gen. hvęrs hvęrs hvęrrar

Pl. Nom. hvęrir hvęr hvęrjar Acc. hvęrja hvęr hvęrjar Dat. hvęrjum hvęrjum hvęrjum Gen. hvęrra hvęrra hvęrra

Indefinite

123. _einnhvęrr_, _eitthvęrt_, _einhvęr_ (some one) keeps an invariable ein- in the other cases, the second element being inflected as above.

124. sumr (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective.

125.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. nakkvarr nakkvat nǫkkur (_some_) Acc. nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara Dat. nǫkkurum nǫkkuru nakkvarri Gen. nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar

Pl. Nom. nakkvarir nǫkkur nakkvarar Acc. nakkvara nǫkkur nakkvarar Dat. nǫkkurum nǫkkurum nǫkkurum Gen. nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra

126.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.

Sg. Nom. engi (_none, ekki engi no_) Acc. engan ekki enga Dat. engum engu engri Gen. engis engis engrar

Pl. Nom. engir engi engar Acc. enga engi engar Dat. engum engum engum Gen. engra engra engra

127. In _hvār-tvęggja_ (each of the two, both) the first element is declined as above, the second is left unchanged.

Verbs

128. There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak. Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by adding _ð_ (d, t).

129. The _ð_ of the 2 pl. is dropt before _þit_ (ye two) and _þēr_ (ye): _gefi þēr_, _gāfu þit_.

130. There is a middle voice, which ends in -mk in the 1 pers. sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding sk to the active endings, r being dropt, the resulting ts, _ðs_ being written z (§ 36): kvezk (active _kveðr_ ‘says’), _þu fekkzk_ (_fekkt_ ‘gottest’).

131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb gefa (give), which will show those endings which are common to all verbs:

Active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Present sg. 1. gef gef-a 2. gef-r gef-ir 3. gef-r gef-i
pl. 1. gef-um gef-im 2. gef-ið gef-ið 3. gef-a gef-i

Preterite sg. 1. gaf gæf-a 2. gaf-t gæf-ir 3. gaf gæf-i
pl. 1. gāf-um gæf-im 2. gāf-uð gæf-ið 3. gāf-u gæf-i

Imperative sg. 2 gef; pl. 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið. Participle pres. gefandi; pret. gef-inn. Infin. gefa.

Middle

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. sg. 1. gef-umk gef-umk 2. gef-sk gef-isk 3. gef-sk gef-isk
pl. 1. gef-umk gef-imk 2. gef-izk gef-izk 3. gef-ask gef-isk

Pret. sg. 1. gāf-umk gæf-umk 2. gaf-zk gæf-isk 3. gaf-sk gæf-isk
pl. 1. gāf-umk gæf-imk 2. gāf-uzk gæf-izk 3. gāf-usk gæf-isk

Impers. sg. 2 gef-sk; pl. 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk. Partic. pres. gef-andisk; pret. gef-izk neut. Infin. gef-ask.

Strong Verbs

132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: _gāfumk_. The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: skaut (he shot), skutu (they shot), skyti (he might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: _hljōpi_, inf. hlaupa (leap).

133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three persons: _ek skȳt_, _þū skȳtr_, _hann skȳtr_, infin. _skjōta_ (shoot). e however is not mutated: ek gef, _þū gefr_. The inflectional r is liable to the same modifications as the r of nouns (§ 32): _skīnn_, _vęx_, infin. _skīna_ (shine), vaxa (grow).

134. Verbs in ld change the d into t in the 1, 3 sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: helt (held), halt (hold!), infin. halda. nd becomes tt, and ng becomes kk under the same conditions: binda (bind), ganga (go), pret. batt, gekk, imper. bitt, gakk.

135. The t of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long accented vowel: _þū sātt_ (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. indic. ends in t or _ð_, the 2 sg. ends in zt: _lēt_ (I let), _þū lēzt_, _bauð_ (I offered) _þū bauzt_.

136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites.

137.

I. ‘Fall’-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.

falla (_fall_) fęllr fell fellu fallinn lāta (_let_) lætr lēt lētu lātinn rāða (_advise_) ræðr rēð rēðu rāðinn heita (_call_) heitr hēt hētu heitinn halda (_hold_) hęldr helt heldu haldinn ganga (go) gęngr gekk gengu gęnginn fā (_get_) fær fekk fengu fęnginn

–––––—
auka (_increase_) eykr jōk jōku aukinn būa (_dwell_) bȳr bjō bjoggu būinn hǫggva (_hew_) hǫggr hjō hjoggu hǫggvinn hlaupa (_leap_) hleypr hljōp hljōpu hlaupinn

138. The following have weak preterites in r:

grōa (_grow_) grœr gröri gröru grōinn rōa (_row_) rœr röri röru rōinn snūa (_twist_) snȳr snöri snöru snūinn

139. heita in the passive sense of ‘to be named, called’ has a weak present: ek heiti, _þū heitir_.

140.

II. ‘Shake’-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.

fara (go) fęrr fōr fōru farinn grafa (_dig_) gręfr grōf grōfu grafinn hlaða (_load_) hlęðr hlōð hlōðu hlaðinn vaxa (_grow_) vęx ōx ōxu vaxinn standa (_stand_) stęndr stōð stōðu staðinn aka (_drive_) ękr ōk ōku ękinn taka (_take_) tękr tōk tōku tękinn draga (_draw_) dręgr drō drōgu dręginn flā (_flay_) flær flō flōgu flęginn slā (_strike_) slær slō slōgu slęginn

141. The following have weak presents:

hęfja (_lift_) hęfr hōf hōfu hafinn deyja (_die_) deyr dō dō dāinn hlæja (_laugh_) hlær hlō hlōgu hlęginn

142.

III. ‘Bind’-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.

bresta (_burst_) brestr brast brustu brostinn hverfa (_turn_) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn svelga (_swallow_) svelgr svalg sulgu sōlginn verða (_become_) verðr varð urðu orðinn skjālfa (_shake_) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn drekka (_drink_) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn finna (_find_) finnr fann fundu fundinn vinna (_win_) vinnr vann unnu unninn binda (_bind_) bindr batt bundu bundinn springa (_spring_) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn stinga (_pierce_) stingr stakk stungu stunginn bregða (_pull_) bregðr brā brugðu brugðinn sökkva (_sink_) sökkr sǫkk sukku sokkinn stökkva (_spring_) stökkr stǫkk stukku stokkinn

143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no difference in their conjugation):

bręnna (_burn_) bręnnr brann brunnu brunninn ręnna (_run_) ręnnr rann runnu runninn

144.

IV. ‘Bear’-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.

bera (_carry_) berr bar bāru borinn nema (_take_) nemr nam nāmu numinn fela (_hide_) felr fal fālu fōlginn koma (_come_) kömr kom kvāmu kominn sofa (_sleep_) söfr svaf svāfu sofinn

145.

V. ‘Give’-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.

drepa (_kill_) drepr drap drāpu drepinn gefa (_give_) gefr gaf gāfu gefinn kveða (_say_) kveðr kvað kvāðu kveðinn meta (_estimate_) metr mat mātu metinn reka (_drive_) rekr rak rāku rekinn eta (_eat_) etr āt ātu etinn sjā (see) sēr[6] sā sā[7] sēnn

[Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē; sēm, sēð, sē.]

[Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.]

146. The following have weak presents:—
biðja (_ash_) biðr bað bāðu beðinn sitja (_sit_) sitr sat sātu setinn liggja (_lie_) liggr lā lāgum leginn þiggja (_receive_) þiggr þā þāgu þeginn

147.

VI. ‘Shine’-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.

bīta (_bite_) bītr beit bitu bitinn drīfa (_drive_) drīfr dreif drifu drifinn grīpa (_grasp_) grīpr greip gripu gripinn līða (go) līðr leið liðu liðinn līta (_look_) lītr leit litu litinn rīða (_ride_) rīðr reið riðu riðinn sīga (_sink_) sīgr seig sigu siginn slīta (_tear_) slītr sleit slitu slitinn stīga (_advance_) stīgr steig stigu stiginn bīða (_wait_) bīðr beið biðu beiðnn

148. The following has a weak present:

vīkja (_move_) vīkr veik viku vikinn

149.

VII. ‘Choose’-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.

bjōða (_offer_) bȳðr bauð buðu boðinn brjōta (_break_) brȳtr braut brutu brotinn fljōta (_float_) flȳtr flaut flutu flotinn hljōta (_receive_) hlȳtr hlaut hlutu hlotinn kjōsa (_choose_) kȳss kaus kusum kosinn njōta (_enjoy_) nȳtr naut nutu notinn skjōta (_shoot_) skȳtr skaut skutu skotinn drjūpa (_drop_) drȳpr draup drupu dropinn ljūga (_tell lies_) lȳgr laug lugu loginn lūka (close) lȳkr lauk luku lokinn lūta (_bend_) lȳtr laut lutu lotinn fljūga (_fly_) flȳgr flō flugu floginn

Weak Verbs

150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form their pret. with _ð_ (d, t): heyra (hear), _heyrða_. Those of the second form their pret. in the same way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: hafa (have) _hafða_. Those of the third form their pret. in _-aða_: kalla (call), _kallaða_.

I. ‘Hear’-conjugation

Active

151.

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. sg. 1. heyr-i heyr-a 2. heyr-ir heyr-ir 3. heyr-ir heyr-i
pl. 1. heyr-um heyr-im 2. heyr-ið heyr-ið 3. heyr-a heyr-i

Pret. sg. 1. heyr-ða heyr-ða 2. heyr-ðir heyr-ðir 3. heyr-ði heyr-ði
pl. 1. heyr-ðum heyr-ðim 2. heyr-ðuð heyr-ðið 3. heyr-ðu heyr-ði

Imper. sg. 1. heyr; pl. 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið. Partic. pres. heyr-andi; pret. heyr-ðr. Infin. heyr-a.

Middle

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. sg. 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk 2. heyr-isk heyr-isk 3. heyr-isk heyr-isk
pl. 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk 2. heyr-izk heyr-izk 3. heyr-ask heyr-isk

Pret. sg. 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðumk 2. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk 3. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk
pl. 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðimk 2. heyr-ðuzk heyr-ðizk 3. heyr-ðusk heyr-ðisk

Imper. sg. 2. heyr-sk; pl. 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk. Partic. pres. heyr-andisk; pret. heyr-zk neut. Infin. heyr-ask.

A. Without vowel-change

152. The inflectional _ð_ becomes d after long syllables ending in l or n: sigla (sail), siglda; _nęfna_ (name), _nęfnda_, _nęfndr_.

153. _-ðð_ becomes dd: _leiða_ (lead), leidda.

154. _ð_ after s and t becomes t: reisa (raise), reista; _mœta_ (meet), _mœtta_. Also in a few verbs in l, n: _mæla_ (speak), _mælta_; _spęnna_ (buckle), _spęnta_.

155. After nd and pt it is dropped: _sęnda_ (send), _sęnda_, _sęndr_; lypta (lift), lypta.

156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: _dœma_ (judge), _dœmða_; _fœra_ (lead), _fœrða_; _hęrða_ (harden), _hęrða_; hleypa (gallop), _hleypða_.

B. With vowel-change

157. All these verbs have j preceded by a short syllable (tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or gg (lęggja); the j being kept before a and u, as in the pres. ind. of spyrja (ask): spyr, spyrr, spyrr; spyrjum, _spyrið_, spyrja, pres. subj. 1 sg. ek spyrja; they unmutate their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða, spurðr), the mutation being restored in the pret. subj. _spyrða_, _spyrðir_, etc. The ptc. pret. often has an i before the _ð_.

bęrja (_strike_) barða barðr lęggja (_lay_) lagða lag(i)ðr tęlja (_tell_) talða tal(i)ðr vękja (_wake_) vakða vakðr flytja (_remove_) flutta fluttr dȳja (_shake_) dūða dūðr

158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout:

sęlja (_sell_) sęlda sęldr sętja (_set_) sętta sęttr

C.

159. The following are irregular:

sœkja (_seek_) sōtta sōttr þykkja (_seem_) þōtta þōttr

Subj. pret. _sœtta_, _þœtta_.

160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.:

gǫ̈ra (_make_) gǫ̈rða gǫ̈rr.

II. ‘Have’-conjugation

161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in -i: vaki, _þęfi_; uni. lifa, _sęgja_ have imper. lif, _sęg_. They mutate the vowel of the pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic. pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the a is dropped.

lifa (_live_) lifi lifða lifat una (_be contented_) uni unða unat skorta (_be wanting_) skorti skorta skort þola (_endure_) þoli þolða þolat þora (_dare_) þori þorða þorat nā (_attain_) nāi nāða nāðr, nāit

162. The following show mutation:

sęgja (_say_) sęgi sagða sagðr þęgja (_be silent_) þęgi þagða þagat hafa (_have_) hęfi hafða hafðr kaupa (_buy_) kaupi keypta keyptr

163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows:

Sing. 1. hęfi sęgi þęgi 2, 3. hęfir sęgir þęgir

Plur. 1. hǫfum sęgjum þęgjum 2. hafið sęgið þęgið 3. hafa sęgja þęgja

164. The rest of hafa is regular. Pres. subj. hafa, hafir, hafi; hafim, _hafið_, hafi. Pret. indic. _hafða_, _hafðir_, _hafði_; _hǫfdum_, _hǫfðuð_, _hǫfðu_. Pret. subj. _hęfða_, _hęfðir_, _hęfði_; _hęfðim_, _hęfðið_, _hęfði_. Imper. haf, _hǫfum_, _hafið_. Ptc. hafandi, _hafðr_.

III. ‘Call’-conjugation

Active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. sg. 1. kall-a kall-a 2. kall-ar kall-ir 3. kall-ar kall-i
pl. 1. kǫll-um kall-im 2. kall-ið kall-ið 3. kall-a kall-i

Pres. sg. 1. kall-aða kall-aða 2. kall-aðir kall-aðir 3. kall-aði kall-aði
pl. 1. kǫll-uðum kall-aðim 2. kǫll-uðuð kall-aðið 3. kǫll-uðu kall-aði

Imper. sing. 2. kall-a; plur. 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið. Partic. pres. kall-andi; pret. kallaðr (neut. kallat). Infin. kalla.

Middle

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. sg. 1. kǫll-umk kǫll-umk 2. kall-ask kall-isk 3. kall-ask kall-isk
pl. 1. kǫll-umk kall-imk 2. kall-izk kall-izk 3. kall-ask kall-isk

Pret. sg. 1. kǫll-uðumk kǫll-uðumk 2. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk 3. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk
pl. 1. kǫll-uðumk kall-aðimk 2. kǫll-uðuzk kall-aðizk 3. kǫll-uðusk kall-aðisk

Imper. sing. 2. kall-ask; pl. 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk. Partic. pres. kall-andisk; pret. kall-azk neut. Infin. kall-ask.

165. So also byrja (begin), _hęrja_ (make war), vakna (awake).

Strong-Weak Verbs

166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, from which new weak preterites are formed.

INFIN. PRES. SG. PRES. PL. PRT. PTC.

eiga (_possess_) ā eigu ātta āttr kunna (_can_) kann kunnu kunna kunnat n. mega (_can_) mā megu mātta mātt n. muna (_remember_) man munu munða munat n. munu (_will_) mun munu munða –- skulu (_shall_) skal skulu skylda skyldr þurfa (_need_) þarf þurfu þurfta þurft n. unna (_love_) ann unnu unna unnt n. vita (_know_) veit vitu vissa vitaðr

167. Of these verbs munu and skulu have preterite infinitives: mundu, skyldu.

Anomalous Verbs

168. Vilja (will):

Present

Sing. Plur.

1. vil viljum 2. vill vilið 3. vill vilja

Subj. pres. vili. Pret. ind. vilda. Ptc. prt. viljat.

169. Vera (be):

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. sg. 1. em sē 2. ert sēr 3. er sē
pl. 1. erum sēm 2. eruð sēð 3. eru sē

Pret. sg. 1. var væra 2. vart værir 3. var væri
pl. 1. vārum værim 2. vāruð værið 3. vāru væri

Imper. sg. ver; pl. verið. Ptc. prt. verit n.

COMPOSITION

170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. Thus by the side of _skip-stjōrn_ (ship-steering) we find skips-brot (ship’s breaking, shipwreck), _skipa-hęrr_ (army of ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, as in konungs-skip (king’s ship).

DERIVATION

Prefixes

171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old English.

al- ‘quite,’ ‘very’: _al-būinn_ ‘quite ready,’ alsnotr ‘very clever.’

all- ‘all,’ ‘very’: all-valdr ‘all-ruler, monarch,’ _all-harðr_ ‘very hard,’ _all-stōrum_ ‘very greatly.’

and- ‘against’: and-lit ‘countenance’ (_lita_, look), and-svar ‘answer.’

*fjǫl-* ‘many’: _fjǫl-męnni_ ‘multitude’ (_maðr_, man).

mis- ‘mis-‘: _mis-līka_ ‘displease.’

*ū-* ‘un-‘: _ū-friðr_ ‘war’ (_friðr_, peace), _ū-happ_ ‘misfortune’ (_happ_ luck).

Endings

(a) Nouns

Personal

172. -ingr, -ingi, -ing: _vīkingr_ ‘pirate,’ _hǫfðingi_ ‘chief,’ _kęrling_ ‘old woman.’

Abstract

173. *-ð*, fem. with mutation: _fęgrð_ ‘beauty’ (fagr, fair), _fęrð_ ‘journey’ (fara, go), _lęngð_ ‘length’ (langr, long).

-ing, fem.: svipting ‘pulling,’ _vīking_ ‘piracy,’ _virðing_ ‘honour.’

-leikr, masc.: _kœr-leikr_ ‘affection’ (_hœrr_, dear), _skjōt-leikr_ ‘speed’ (_skjōtr_, swift).

-an, -un, fem.: skipan ‘arrangement,’ _skęmtun_ ‘amusement.’

(b) Adjectives

174. -ugr: _rāðugr_ ‘sagacious,’ _þrūðugr_ ‘strong.’

*-ōttr*: _kollōttr_ ‘bald,’ _ǫndōttr_ ‘fierce.’

-lauss ‘-less’: _fē-lauss_ ‘moneyless,’ _ōtta-lauss_ ‘without fear.’

-ligr ‘-ly’: undr-ligr ‘wonderful,’ sannligr ‘probable’ (sannr, true).

-samr: _līkn-samr_ ‘gracious,’ skyn-samr ‘intelligent.’

*-verðr* ‘-ward’: _ofan-verðr_ ‘upper.’

(c) Verbs

175. -na: brotna ‘be broken’ (_brotinn_, broken), _hvītna_ ‘become white,’ vakna ‘awake.’ Used to form intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj.

(d) Adverbs

176. -liga ‘-ly’: undarliga ‘wonderfully,’ _stęrk-liga_ ‘strongly’ (_stęrkr_, strong).

-um, dat. pl.: _stōrum_ ‘greatly’ (_stōrr_, great).

SYNTAX

177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has several peculiarities of its own.

Concord

178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: _allir męnn vāru būnir_ ‘all the men were ready,’ _allir vāru drepnir_ ‘all were killed.’

179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different (natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: _þā gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki_ (masc.), _ok Þjālfi_ (masc.), _ok Rǫskva_ (fem.). _þā er þau_ (neut.) _hǫfðu lītla hrið gęngit…_ ‘he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R. When they had walked for some time…’

Cases

180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by the verb, it is put in the dative, as in _kasta spjōti_ ‘throw a spear’ (lit. ‘throw with a spear’), hann helt hamarskaptinu ‘he grasped the handle of the hammer,’ _heita þvī_ ‘promise that,’ _jāta þvī_ ‘agree to that.’

Adjectives

181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the definite article, _þessi_ and other demonstratives. annarr (other) is always strong.

182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to denote part of it: _eiga hālft dȳrit_ ‘to have half of the animal,’ _ǫnnur þau_ ‘the rest of them,’ _of miðja nātt_ ‘in the middle of the night.’

Pronouns

183. _sā_ is often put pleonastically before the definite article inn, both before and after the subst.: _sā inn ungi maðr_ ‘that young man,’ _hafit þat it djūpa_ ‘the deep sea.’

184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or else einn, _einnhvęrr_ is used.

185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur. of the third person: _þit fēlagar_, ‘thou and thy companions,’ _með þeim Āka_ ‘with him and Āki.’ Similarly _stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir fēlagar_ ‘Thor and his companions get up.’

186. The plurals _vēr_, _þēr_ are sometimes used instead of the singulars ek, _þū_, especially when a king is speaking or being spoken to.

187. sik and _sēr_ are used in a strictly reflexive sense, referring back to the subject of the sentence, like se in Latin: _Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr_ ‘Thor asked him to supper with him.’

Verbs

188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries skal (shall), hafa (have), vera (be) with the infin. and ptc. pret., much as in modern English.

189. The historical present is much used, often alternating abruptly with the preterite.

190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: spara ‘spare,’ sparask ‘spare oneself, reserve one’s strength.’ (2) intransitively: _būa_ ‘prepare,’ _būask_ ‘become ready, be ready’; _sętja_ ‘set,’ _sętjask_ ‘sit down’; _sȳna_ ‘show,’ _sȳnask_ ‘appear, seem.’ (3) reciprocally: _bęrja_ ‘strike,’ _bęrjask_ ‘fight’; hitta, ‘find,’ hittask ‘meet.’ In other cases it specializes the meaning of the verb, often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: koma ‘come,’ komask ‘make one’s way.’

191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in Icelandic: _rak ā storm_ (acc.) _fyrir þeim_ ‘a storm was driven in their face.’

192. The indef. ‘one’ is expressed in the same way by the third pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used when the subject is perfectly definite: _ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar_ ‘and this feat shall be tried (by you).’

193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration is very common: _Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, ‘ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,‘_ ‘King Harold was told that a bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.’ The direct narration is also used after at (that): _hann svarar at ‘ek skal rīða til Hęljar’_ ‘he answers that he will ride to Hel.’

TEXTS

[Note: The asterisks are to help find the spots mentioned in the notes. (I took out the line numbers to keep the line width as close to 65 characters as possible.) —B.C.]

I. THOR

Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna. Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita, en hǫll hans heitir [*] Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir; þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt. [*]

Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann-grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina; þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi. Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg-risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt: hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira. Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann spęnnir þeim um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En [*] þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn-glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans.

II. THOR AND ŪGARÐALOKI

Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr fōr með hafra sīna [*] ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er Loki er kallaðr; koma þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er soðit var, þā sęttisk [*] Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr-stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok sprętti ā knīfi sīnum, ok [*] braut til męrgjar. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu [*] fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr, ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en þat er sā augnanna, [*] þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; hann [*] hęrði hęndrnar at hamarskaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir. En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu ākafliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu-męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan.

Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī Jǫtunheima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu þau þann dag allan til myrkrs. Þjālfi var allra manna [*] fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott. Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu þeir sēr til nāttstaðar, ok [*] fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt-bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok sēr hvar lā maðr skamt frā [*] honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt einu sinni at slā hann með ham- [*] rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā nęfndisk Skrȳmir: [*] ‘en eigi þarf ek,’ sagði hann, ‘at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka minn?’ Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn; sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef Þōrr vildi hafa fǫruneyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð, en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli. Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at sofna; ‘en þēr takið nestbaggann, ok būið til nātt-verðar [*] yðr.’ Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk nestbaggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar- ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga þau þā undir aðra eik. Er þat þēr satt at sęgja, at ekki var [*] þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar Skrȳmir, ok mælti: ‘hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?’ En Þōrr gekk aptr skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat, ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri skyldi hann sjā sik sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir [*] sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ- mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: ‘hvārt munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði, er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgarinnar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur-sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok þann ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram [*] fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.’ Tękr Skrȳmir nestbag- garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit at æsirnir bæði þā heila [*] hittask.

Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok sęttu [*] hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr. Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn ā tvā bękki, ok flesta œrit stōra. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir [*] konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint til þeira, ok glotti um tǫnn, ok mælti: ‘seint er um langan [*] veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða er annan veg en ek hygg, at þessi [*] svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.’ Þā sęgir sā er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: ‘kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em al-būinn at reyna, at engi er hēr sā inni er skjōtara skal eta [*] mat sinn en ek.’ Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: ‘īþrōtt er þat, ef þū ęfnir, ok freista skal þā þessar īþrōttar;’ kallaði utar ā [*] bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallargōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarðaloki, at þetta er gōð īþrōtt, ok kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē vel at sēr [*] būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða-loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða-loki: ‘þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit þeir męnn er mēr þykkja fōthvatari en svā.’ Þā taka þeir [*] aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda, ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna, er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.’ Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, ok er [*] Þjālfi eigi þā kominn ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera; ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutilsvein sinn, biðr at hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af. Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘af horni þessu þykkir þā vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju-maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.’ Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr; tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal þurfa at lūta optar at sinni ī hornit. En er hann þraut [*] örindit, ok hann laut ōr horninu, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum, [*] ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘vel er drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.’ Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘hvat er nū, Þōrr? muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr; en ekki [*] muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr līzk sem um þenna mun vera.’ Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.’ Þōrr svarar: ‘freista mā ek ęnn of nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?’ Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘þat gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.’ Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði; kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr-męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.’ Þā mælti Þōrr: ‘svā lītinn sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við mik; nū em ek reiðr.’ Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um ā bękkina, ok mælti: ‘eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;’ ok ęnn mælti hann: ‘sjām fyrst, kalli mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna [*] Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.’ Þvī næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar- ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um. at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip-tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī gōðum fagnaði.

En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar- ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; ‘en þō veit [*] ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek þvī illa.’ Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: ‘nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna, er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni—ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr, svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer-skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber-ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok þōtti þēr seint līða,—en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit ā sænum.’ Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann: ‘eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt-tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā, er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu þēr ā mēr fā.’ En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð- vanga.

III. BALDER

Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast; ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki; hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En sū nāttūra fylgir honum at engi mā haldask dōmr hans. [*] Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir:

Breiðablik heita, þar er Baldr hęfir sēr of gǫ̈rva sali; ī þvī landi er ek liggja veit fæsta feikn-stafi.

IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER

Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin, fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt, sakaði hann ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er [*] þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri, ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: ‘eigi munu vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum þeim.’ Þā spyrr konan: ‘hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira Baldri?’ Þā svarar Frigg: ‘vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr ungr [*] at kręfja eiðsins.’ Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti Loki við hann: ‘hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?’ Hann svarar: ‘þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em vapnlauss.’ Þā mælti Loki: ‘gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra, manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.’ Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka; flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok hęfir þat mest ū-happ verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum. [*] Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok vāru [*] allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā var hitt þō fyrr, at grātrinn [*] kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða, sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rīða ā hęl-veg [*] ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn, ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut.

En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring-horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi, ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum, en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu þeir eigi haldit, nema þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā [*] fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg-risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði.

En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallarbrūna; hon er þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūarinnar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; ‘en eigi dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?’ Hann svarar at ‘ek skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?’ En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar riðit um Gjallarbrū; ‘en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.’ Þā reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr heim til hallar- [*] innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi svā reyna, [*] hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; ‘ok ef allir hlutir ī heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við, eða vill eigi grāta.’ Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar, Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt.

Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir, ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr; svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum hvar [*] gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr ōr hęlju. Hon svarar:

‘Þǫkk mun grāta þurrum tārum Baldrs bālfarar; kyks nē dauðs naut-k-a-k karls sonar; [*] haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!’

En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum.

V. HEÐINN AND HǪGNI

Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt. Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda-son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok spurði til hans at Hēðinn hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā [*] er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom þar sem heitir Hā-ey, þā [*] var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni: ‘of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.’ Þā svarar Hēðinn: ‘sverði hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin-holt er.’ Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat, ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli, ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs.

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON

Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu. Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar; ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full-kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Svīakonungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði at fara um sumarit til Vindlands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding Danakonungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa-vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar svā, [*] at Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung, ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs.

Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum, þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs, var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum fyrrum tęngðum, er Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur [*] hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk fęrðina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti. [*] En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr, ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland, ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, svā þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla [*] at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung.

Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Danakonungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi jarl sęgir konungi: ‘ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā þvī, at ū-friðr muni fyrir, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu [*] liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.’ Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu meira smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu [*] þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu, ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: ‘mēr er kunnast,’ sęgir hann, ‘hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.’ Sigldi þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip, en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōrskipum, hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Danakonungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna.

Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir: ‘þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn langi.’ Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: ‘ekki er þetta Ormr hinn langi.’ Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: ‘hræddr er Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin ā skipi sīnu.’ Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: ‘ekki er þetta konungs skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.’ En stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip, ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr jarl mælti: ‘mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.’ Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn: ‘eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.’ En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: ‘hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.’ Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn heyrðu: ‘þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta, þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn saman Danahęr.’ Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi. En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at-lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs, Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason; en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn, er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan-verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan.

Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn-ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: ‘ok er meiri vān at ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.’ Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi; hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl-manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: ‘lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.’ Var svā gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti.

Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum. Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma, ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: ‘ef Orminn skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.’ Konungr sęgir: ‘eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.’ Ūlfr mælti: ‘vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun stafninn.’ Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: ‘skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.’

Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, bar hann hātt [*] mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum, þā spyrr hann: ‘hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt oss er?’ Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: ‘ekki hræðumk vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?’ Honum var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr konungr sęgir: ‘bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt-bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?’ ‘Þar er,’ sęgja þeir ‘Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.’ Þā svaraði Ōlāfr konungr: ‘hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.’

Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði ekki til orrostu.

Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram-byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn, ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst, ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti hǫggorrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum, at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta.

Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit, ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu bogaskoti eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar; þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin, til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera. En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með vāpnum sīnum.

Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krapparūmi; hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr. Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til, ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar, ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr: ‘skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!’ Finnr skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā mælti Ōlāfr konungr: ‘hvat brast þar svā hātt?’ Einarr svarar: ‘Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!’ ‘Eigi mun svā mikill brestr at orðinn,’ sęgir konungr, ‘tak boga minn, ok skjōt af,’ ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann, ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: ‘ofveikr, ofveikr allvalds boginn!’ ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk.

Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu; mælti þā hātt: ‘hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē at ekki bīta yðr?’ Maðr svarar: ‘sverð vār eru slæ ok brotin mjǫk.’ Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi hvar hann var sārr.

Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms-mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit. Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn við fimtānda [*] mann. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs, með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar, þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum, þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var.

Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok vāpna, Kolbjǫrn var ok [*] allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu, en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu. Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum, þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall-freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp sīðast allra manna fyrir borð.

Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta, er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vindasnękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj-unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis ī Noregi.

VII. AUÐUN

Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs, ok Þōris stȳrimanns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri, ok þā þessi laun af honum—utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā. Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands, ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī landit, þar sem konungr var fyrir, þā gęngr hann upp af [*] skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi mikil, ‘ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.’ Konungr sęndir þegar męnn ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan: ‘āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?’ Hann svarar, ok kvezk eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: ‘villtu sęlja oss dȳrit við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?’ Hann svarar: ‘eigi vil ek þat, herra!’ ‘Villtu þā,’ sęgir konungr, ‘at ek gefa þēr tvau [*] verð slīk, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla þīna eigu.’ ‘Eigi vil ek þat, herra!’ sęgir hann. Konungr mælti: ‘villtu gefa mēr þā?’ Hann svarar: ‘eigi, herra!’ Konungr mælti: ‘hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?’ Hann svarar: ‘fara,’ sęgir hann, ‘til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.’ Haraldr konungr sęgir: ‘hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa, eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at nauð-syn eigi til?’ Auðun svarar: ‘herra! þat er ā yðru valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr ætlat.’ Þā mælti konungr: ‘hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr, ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.’ ‘Þvī heit ek þēr,’ sagði Auðun.

Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt, ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit: ‘ek ætla,’ sęgir hann, ‘at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.’ Āki lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; ‘en ek vilda þō,’ sęgir hann, ‘at þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.’ ‘Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar; en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta, at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en fē sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.’ Ok [*] er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat ęptir sem [*] ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera, er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: ‘hvęrr er-tu?’ sęgir hann. Hann svarar: ‘ek em Īslęnzkr maðr, herra,’ sęgir hann, ‘ok kominn nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū [*] af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,’ ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti: ‘er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?’ ‘Satt er þat,’ sęgir hann. Konungr mælti: ‘ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu, ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun! kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr með mēr.’ Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi um hrīð.

Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung: ‘braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!’ Konungr svarar hęldr seint: ‘hvat villtu þā,’ sęgir hann, ‘ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?’ Hann sęgir: ‘suðr vil ek ganga.’ ‘Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott rāð taka,’ sęgir konungr, ‘þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū fȳsisk ī braut’; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit, ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr. Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg. Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran; gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp stafkarls stīg, ok biðr sēr matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju-skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik. Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld-sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr ūt, ok mælti: ‘gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.’ Þā gekk Auðun fram, ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, ‘ok hęfir þū mikit skipazk,’ segir hann, ‘sīðan vit sāmk’; leiðir hann ęptir sēr inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr sagði: ‘eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir hann sēt fyr sinni sāl hęldr en ēr.’ Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra [*] honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu gǫ̈ra hann skutilsvein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing. Auðun sęgir: ‘Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt til Īslands.’ Konungr sęgir: ‘þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga kosit.’ Auðun mælti: ‘eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!’ sęgir hann, ‘at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, en mōðir mīn [*] troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.’ Konungr svarar: ‘vel er mælt,’ sęgir hann, ‘ok mannliga, ok muntu verða giptu-maðr; þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at mēr myndi eigi [*] mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til er skip būask.’ Hann gǫ̈rir svā.

Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa, ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa skipit. Þā spurði konungr: ‘hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā þetta skip?’ Hann svarar: ‘vel, herra!’ Konungr mælti: ‘þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.’ Hann þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: ‘þō villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum gǫ̈rsimi.’ Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af silfri, ‘ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,’ sęgir konungr, ‘at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.’ Sīðan drō konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: ‘þō at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,’ sęgir hann, ‘at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok far nū heill!’

Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok ‘sęzk niðr,’ sęgir hann, ‘ok drekk hēr með oss’; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr konungr: ‘hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?’ Auðun svarar: ‘þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.’ Konungr sagði: ‘launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?’ Auðun svarar: ‘gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.’ Þā sęgir Haraldr konungr: ‘mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?’ ‘Hann bauð mēr,’ sęgir Auðun, ‘at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til mīn at lęggja.’ ‘Vel var þat mælt,’ sęgir konungr, ‘ok launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.’ Auðun sagði: ‘gaf hann mēr knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.’ Þat var stōr-mannligt,’ sęgir konungr, ‘en launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?’ Auðun svaraði: ‘gaf hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.’ Konungr sagði: ‘þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt launaði hann fleira?’ ‘Svā var vīst, herra!’ sęgir Auðun, ‘at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn, ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr, dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði, sem aðrir nāðu eigi.’ Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu, ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk. Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr.

VII. ÞRYMSKVIÐA

1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr, er hann vaknaði, ok sīns hamars of saknaði: skęgg nam at hrista, skǫr nam at dȳja, rēð Jarðar burr um at þreifask.

2. Ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: ‘heyr-ðu nū, Loki! hvat ek nū mæli, er engi veit jarðar hvęrgi [*] nē upp-himins: āss er stolinn hamri!’

3. Gengu þeir fagra Freyju tūna, [*] ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: ‘muntu mēr, Freyja! fjaðr-hams ljā, ef ek minn hamar mætta-k hitta?’

Freyja kvað:

4. Þō munda-k gefa þēr, þōtt ōr gulli væri, ok-þō sęlja at væri ōr silfri.’ [*]

5. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, unz fyr utan kom āsa garða, ok fyr innan kom jǫtna heima.

6. Þrymr sat ā haugi, þursa drōttinn, greyjum sīnum gull-bǫnd snöri ok mǫrum sīnum mǫn jafnaði.

Þrymr kvað:

7. ‘Hvat er með āsum? hvat er með ālfum? hvī er-tu einn kominn ī Jǫtunheima?’

Loki kvað:

‘Ilt er með āsum, ilt er með ālfum; hęfir þū Hlō-riða hamar of fōlginn?’

Þrymr kvað:

8. ‘Ek hęfi Hlōriða hamar of fōlginn ātta rǫstum fyr jǫrð neðan; hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, nema fœri mēr Freyju at kvān.’ [*]

9. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, unz fyr utan kom jǫtna heima ok fyr innan kom āsa garða; mœtti hann Þōr miðra garða, ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað:

10. ‘Hęfir þū örindi sem ęrfiði? sęg-ðu ā lopti lǫng tīðindi: opt sitjanda sǫgur of fallask, ok liggjandi lygi of bęllir.’

Loki kvað:

11. ‘Hęfi-k ęrfiði ok örindi: Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar, þursa drōttinn; hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, nema honum fœri Freyju at kvān.’

12. Ganga þeir fagra Freyju at hitta, ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: ‘bitt-u þik, Freyja, brūðar līni! vit skulum aka tvau ī Jǫtunheima.’

13. Vreið varð þā Freyja ok fnāsaði, allr āsa salr undir bifðisk, stǫkk þat it mikla męn Brīsinga: ‘mik veizt-u verða ver-gjarnasta, ef ek ęk með þēr ī Jǫtunheima.’

14. Sęnn vāru æsir allir ā þingi ok āsynjur allar ā māli, ok of þat rēðu rīkir tīvar, hvē þeir Hlōriða hamar of sœtti.

15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr, hvītastr āsa (vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aðrir): ‘bindum vēr Þōr þā brūðar līni, hafi hann it mikla męn Brīsinga!

16. Lātum und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, en ā brjōsti breiða steina, ok hagliga of hǫfuð typpum!’

17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr, þrūðugr āss: ‘mik munu æsir argan kalla, ef ek bindask læt brūðar līni.’

18. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: ‘þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr! þeira orða; þegar munu jǫtnar Āsgarð būa, nema þū þinn hamar þēr of heimtir.’

19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā brūðar līni ok inu mikla męni Brīsinga.

20. Lētu und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, en ā brjōsti breiða steina, ok hagliga of hǫfuð typðu.

21. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: ‘mun ek ok með þēr ambātt vera, vit skulum aka tvær ī Jǫtunheima.’

22. Sęnn vāru hafrar heim of reknir, skyndir at skǫklum, skyldu vel ręnna: bjǫrg brotnuðu, brann jǫrð loga, ōk Ōðins sonr ī Jǫtunheima.

23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: ‘standið upp, jǫtnar! ok strāið bękki! nū fœra mēr Freyju at kvān, Njarðar dōttur, ōr Nōa-tūnum.

24. Ganga hēr at garði gull-hyrndar kȳr, öxn al-svartir jǫtni at gamni; fjǫlð ā ek meiðma, fjǫlð ā ek męnja, einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir.’

25. Var þar at kveldi of komit snimma, ok fyr jǫtna ǫl fram borit; einn āt oxa, ātta laxa, krāsir allar, þær er konur skyldu, drakk Sifjar verr sāld þrjū mjaðar.

26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: ‘hvar sāttu brūðir bīta hvassara? sāk-a-k brūðir bīta breiðara, nē inn meira mjǫð mey of drekka.’

27. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir, er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: ‘āt vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, svā var hon ōð-fūs ī Jǫtunheima.’

28. Laut und līnu, lysti at kyssa, en hann utan stǫkk ęndlangan sal: ‘hvī eru ǫndōtt augu Freyju? þykkir mēr ōr augum eldr of bręnna.’

29. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir, er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: ‘svaf vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, svā var hon ōðfūs ī Jǫtunheima.’

30. Inn kom in arma jǫtna systir, hin er brūð-fjār of biðja þorði: ‘lāttu þēr af hǫndum hringa rauða, ef þū ǫðlask vill āstir mīnar, āstir mīnar, alla hylli!’

31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: ‘berið inn hamar brūði at vīgja, lęggið Mjǫllni ī meyjar knē, vīgið okkr saman Vārar hęndi!’

32. Hlō Hlōriða hugr ī brjōsti, er harð-hugaðr hamar of þękði; Þrym drap hann fyrstan, þursa drōttin, ok ætt jǫtuns alla lamði.

33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu jǫtna systur, hin er brūðfjār of beðit hafði; hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga, en hǫgg hamars fyr hringa fjǫlð. Svā kom Ōðins sonr ęndr at hamri.

NOTES

The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar.

I. THOR

Line 3. *Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita*, ‘he reigns (there) where it is called Þ.,’ i.e. in the place which is called Þ. The plur. heita agrees with _þrūðvangar_, as in l. 14 below: _þat eru jārnglōfar_ ‘that is (his) iron gloves.’

l. 5. *þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt*, ‘that is the largest house, so that men have made (it),’ i.e. the largest house that has been built. Note the plur. _hūs_ of a single house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being often a detached building.

l. 13. *spęnnir þeim*, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49.

II. THOR AND ŪTGARÐALOKI
l. 1. *fōr með hafra sīna…ok með honum sā, āss er…* We see here that _með_ generally takes an acc. to denote passive, and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment.

l. 5. *soðit* refers to some such subst. as _slātr_ (meat) understood.

l. 11. *sprętti ā…* _ā_ is here an adv.

l. 12. *til męrgjar.* til here implies intention—to get at the marrow.

l. 20. *þat er sā augnanna*, ‘the little he saw of the eyes.’— Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight of them.

l. 21. The second hann refers, of course, to Thor.

l. 34. til myrkrs, till it was dark.

l. 36. *þeir*, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32 foll., showing that _leituðu_ is meant to refer only to the men of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr. § 179.)

l. 46. *sēr hvar lā maðr*, ‘saw where a man lay,’ i.e. saw a man lying.

l. 51. einu sinni, for once in his life.

l. 52. *nęfndisk Skrȳmir*, said his name was Skr.

l. 66. *būið til* (prp.) *nātt-verðar yðr*, prepare supper for yourselves.

l. 77. *Er þat þēr satt at sęgja*. satt is in apposition to _þat_—‘that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that…’

l. 88. *sjā sik*, see himself alive.

l. 104. *þann* = _þann veg_, that way, course.

l. 108. *at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask*. The full sense is, ‘that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might meet again safe and sound.’

ll. 111, 112. *sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr*, threw back the backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e. threw back their heads.

l. 118. *œrit stōra*, ‘rather big,’ i.e. very big.

l. 120. *glotti um tǫnn*, ‘grinned round a tooth,’ i.e. showed his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read _við_ instead of um.

l. 121. er annan veg en ek hygg, at…? is it otherwise than as I think, namely that…? i.e. am I not right in thinking that…?

l. 127. *engi er hēr sā inni er…* = engi er hēr-inni sā-er…

l. 129. freista skal, Gr. § 192.

l. 140. *kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē…* ‘says that there is more probability of that, namely that he is…than of the contrary,’ i.e. says that he will have to be…

l. 150. *fōthvatari en svā*, ‘more swift-footed than so—under these circumstances,’ i.e. than you.

l. 156. *ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn…* = þā er Þjālfi eigi kominn…

l. 172. at sinni, this time.

l. 172. hann, acc.

l. 173. *laut ōr horninu*, bent back from the horn.

l. 188. mestr refers to drykkr understood.

l. 218. kalli, Gr. § 192.

l. 241. *þō* refers to uni.

III. BALDER
l. 7. engi agrees with _dōmr_.

IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER
l. 11. hann, acc.

l. 20. ungr, too young.

l. 31. *ū-happ* is in apposition to _þat_; cp. 3. 7.

ll. 33, 34. *vāru með einum hug til…* had the same feelings towards.

l. 36. var…fyrr, was beforehand, prevented.

l. 42. vili, subj. ‘whether he will’;—change of construction.

l. 55. nema, ‘unless,’ here = ‘until.’

l. 89. heim. This use of heim in the sense of ‘someone else’s home.’ is frequent. Cp. our ‘drive a nail home.’

l. 94. *svā* refers to ok ef allir hlutir…, the ok being pleonastic.

l. 108. hvar, cp. 2. 46.

l. 113. karl, ‘old man,’ here = Odin.

V. HĒÐINN AND HEGNI
l. 6. *Hēðinn* = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a pronoun is frequent.

l. 9. *þar*. Cp. 1. 3.

VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON
l. 17. *svā at*, so that, i.e. just when.

l. 30. er, namely that.

l. 33. austan at sigla, is in a kind of apposition to _fęrðina_.

l. 40. *svā*, also.

l. 48. muni fyrir, awaits you, is impending.

l. 53. meira, adv., better, faster.

l. 149. *bar hann hātt*, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous place.

l. 244. *við fimtānda mann*, one of fifteen, with fourteen men.

l. 259. *vāpna* is governed by the second half of the genitival compound _klæða-būnað_, which is here considered as two independent words.

VII. AUÐUN
l. 17. var fyrir, was to be found.

l. 26. *tvau verð slīk*, double the price you gave.

l. 55. *fē* is probably dat. here, but may be nom.

l. 56. *ęptir sem…*, according as, in accordance with what.

l. 64. *nū…nū*, lately…just now.

l. 116. *hęldr* is here used pleonastically in a kind of apposition to the preceding _bętr_.

l. 125. en, and = while.

l. 129. *þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at…*, this single thing is the case, namely that… i.e. the only thing is that…

VIII. ÞRYMSKVIÐA
l. 7. *jarðar* is governed by _hvęrgi_.

l. 9. *tūna*. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of motion.

l. 15. *þō* goes with the following at = _ok sęlja, þōat_ (_þōtt_) _væri ōr silfri_.

l. 32. *fœri* may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers.

GLOSSARY
æ follows að, ð follows d, ę follows e, œ follows oð, ǫ follows o, ö follows ǫ, þ follows t.

The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given.

(-rs) etc. means that the r of the nom. is kept in inflection.

A

-a adv. not. ā sf. river. ā see eiga. ā prp. w. acc. and dat. on, in. āðr adv., cj. before. aðrir see annar. æsir see *āss*. ætla wv. 3, consider, deem: ‘ætlask fyrir,’ intend. ætt sf. 2, race, descent, family. ætta see eiga. af prp. w. dat. from; of; with; adv. ‘drekka af,’ drink off. af-hūs sn. out-house, side room. afl sn. strength, might. af-taka wf. damage, injury. āgætliga adv. splendidly. aka sv. 2, drive (a chariot, etc.). ākafliga adv. vehemently, hard—‘kalla a.’ call loudly. akarn sn. acorn. akkeri sn. anchor. ālar-ęndir sm. thong-end, end of a strap. al-būinn adj. w. gen. quite ready. aldinn adj. old. aldri adv. never. ā-lęngðar adv. for some time. ālfr sm. elf. ā-lit snpl. appearance, countenance [līta]. all-harðr adj. very hard, very violent. all-lītill adj. very little. all-mann-skœðr adj. (very injurious to men), very murderous (of a battle) [skaði, ‘injury’]. all-mikill adj. very great. allr adj. all, whole; ‘með ǫllu,’ entirely; ‘alls fyrst,’ first of all. all-stōrum adv. very greatly. all-valdr sm. monarch, king. alsnotr adj. very clever. al-svartr adj. very black, coal-black. alt adv. quite. ambātt sf. 2, female slave, maid. and-lit sn. face [līta]. annarr prn. second; following, next; other; one of the two— ‘annar…annarr,’ one…the other. aptann sm. evening. aptastr adj. most behind. aptr adv. back, backwards, behind. ār sf. oar. ār sn. year. ār see *ā*. argr adj. cowardly, base. ār-maðr sm. steward. armr adj. wretched. ās-męgin sn. divine strength. āss sm. 3, (Scandinavian) god. āst sf. 2, affection, love, often in pl. āst-sæll adj. beloved, popular. [sæll, ‘happy’]. āsynja wf. (Scandinavian) goddess [āss]. āt see eta. at prp. w. dat. at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance with, after. at adv. to. -at adv. not. at-laga wf. attack [lęggja]. at-rōðr (-rar) sm. 2, rowing against, attack. ātta num. eight. ātta see eiga. auð-kęndr adj. easy to be recognized, easily distinguishable. auðr adj. desert, deserted, without men. auð-sēnn adj. evident. auga wn. eye. aug-sȳn sf. sight. auka sv. 1, increase; impers., w. dat. of what is added ‘jōk nū miklu ā,’ much was added to it (his hesitation increased). austan adv. from the east. aust-maðr sm. Easterner, Norwegian. austr sn. the east—’ī au.,’ eastwards. austr adv. eastwards. austr-vegr sm. the East, especially Russia. āvalt adv. continually, all the time. ā-vanr adj. wanting; impers. neut. in ‘einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir,’ Freyja alone I seem to want. ā-vinnr adj. toilsome, only in the impers. neut. ‘mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin,’ it will be a hard fight at the prow.

B
bað see *biðja*. bāðir prn. both, neut. as adv. in ‘bæði…ok,’ both…and. bāðu see *biðja*. bǣða see *biðja*. bǣði see *bāðir*. baggi wm. bag; bundle. bak sn. back, ‘vęrja eitt baki,’ defend a thing with the back, i.e. turns one’s back to it = be a coward. bak-borði wm. larboard. bāl sn. flame; funeral pile. bāl-fǫr sf. funeral. bani wm. death. bar see bera. bardagi wm. battle. barð sn. edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship formed by the continuation of the keel. barða see *bęrja*. barði wm. warship with a sharp prow, ram. barn sn. child. batt see binda. bauð see *bjōða*. beiða wv. 1, w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. benefited, ask, demand. bein sn. bone. bękkr sm. 2, bench. bęlla wv. 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, generally in a bad sense. bera sv. 4, carry, take; bear, endure. berask at, happen. b. fram, bring forward, out. b. vāpn niðr, shoot down. b. rāð sīn saman, hold council, deliberate. berg-risi wm. hill-giant. bęrja wv. 1b, strike—‘b. grjōti,’ stone. *bęrjask*, fight. bęrr adj. bare, unsheathed (of a sword). ber-sęrkr sm. 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally ‘bear-shirt,’ i.e. one clothed in a bear’s skin.] bętr see vel. bętri see *gōðr*. bęzt see vel. bęztr see *gōðr*. beygja wv. 1, bend, arch. bīða sv. 6, w. gen. wait for; w. acc. abide, undergo. biðja sv. 5, ask, beg, pray, w. gen. of thing, acc. of the pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited; express a wish, bid—‘bað hann vel kominn’ (vera understood), bad him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell. bifask wv. 1, tremble, shake. bil sn. moment of time. bila wv. 2, fail. bilt neut. adj. only in the impers. ‘einum verðr bilt,’ one hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid. binda sv. 3, bind, tie up; dress. birta wv. 1, show [bjartr]. bīta sv. 6, bite; cut. bittu see binda. bitu see *bīta*. bjarn-dȳri sn. bear. bjartr adj. bright, clear. bjō see *būa*. bjōða sv. 7, w. acc. and dat. offer, propose—‘b. einum fang,’ challenge to wrestling; invite. b. upp, give up. bjǫrg sf. help; means of subsistence, store of food. blāsa sv. 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal. bleyða wf. coward. blīða wf. gentleness, friendliness. blindr adj. blind. blōð sn. blood. blōt-bolli wm. sacrificial bowl. bœtr see *bōt*. bogaskot sn. bowshot. bogi wm. bow. bog-maðr sm. bowman, archer. bōndi sm. 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa]. borð sn. side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it—‘nū er gott beranda b. ā horninu,’ now there is a good margin for carrying the horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished that it can be lifted without spilling. borg sf. fortress, castle. borg-hlið sn. castle gate. bōt sf. 3, mending, improvement; plur. *bœtr*, compensation. bǫrn see barn. brā sf. eyelid. brā see *bregða*. bragð sn. trick, stratagem [bregða]. brann see *bręnna*. brast see bresta. brātt adv. quickly. braut sf. way—*ā braut*, adv. away. braut see *brjōta*. braut, brott adv. away. bregða sv. 3, w. dat. jerk, pull, push; b. upp, lift, raise (to strike). change, transform. breiðr adj. broad. bręnna wf. burning; incremation. bręnna sv. 3, burn intr. bręnna wv. 1, burn trans. bresta sv. 3, break, crack, burst. brestr sm. crack; loss. brjōst sn. breast. brjōta sv. 7, break—‘b. (skip)’ suffer shipwreck, also impers. ‘skip (acc.) brȳtr,’ the ship is wrecked. broddr sm. point. brōðir sm. 4, brother. brotinn see *brjōta*. brotna wv. 3, break intr. brott see braut. brott-laga sf. retreat. brū sf. bridge. brūð-fē sn. bridal gift. brūðr sf. 2, bride. brūn sf. 3, eyebrow. bryggja wf. pier. brynja wf. corslet. brȳnn see *brūn*. bryn-stūka wf. corslet-sleeve. bryti see *brjōta*. brȳtr see *brjōta*. bū sn. dwelling, home. būa sv. 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. *būask*, get ready, prepare intr. ‘er būit við at…’ it is likely to be that…, there is danger of… buðu see *bjōða*. būinn adj. ready; in a certain condition—’(við) svā būit’ adv. under such circumstances; capable, fit for—‘vel at sēr būinn,’ very capable, very good (at). bundu see binda. burr sm. son. bȳðr see *bjōða*. bȳr see *būa*. byrja wv. 3, begin. byr-vænn adj. promising a fair wind.

D
daga wv. 3, dawn. dagan sf. dawn. dagr sm. day. dalr sm. valley. dauðr adj. dead. dęgi see dagr. deyja sv. 2, die. djūpr adj. deep. dō see deyja. dōmr sm. decision. dōttir sf. 3, daughter. dǫgurðr sm. breakfast [-urð = -verðr, cp. nāttverðr]. dōkkr (-vir) adj. dark. draga sv. 2, draw, drag. d. saman, collect. drakk see drekka. drap see drepa. draumr sm. dream. dręginn see draga. dreif see *drīfa*. dręki wm. dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon’s head as a beak. drekka sv. 3, drink. drepa sv. 5, strike; kill. dreyma wv. 1, impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the thing dream [draumr]. drīfa sv. 6, drive; hasten. drjūpa sv. 7, drop. drō see draga. drōgu see draga. drōttinn sm. lord. drōttin-hollr adj. faithful to its master. drukkinn adj. (ptc.) drunk. drupu see *drjūpa*. drykkja wf. drinking [drekka]. drykkju-maðr sm. drinker. drykkr sm. 2, draught. duna wv. 3, resound. dunði see dynja. dvalða see *dvęlja*. dvęlja wv. 1b, delay. *dvęljask*, dwell, stop. dvergr sm. dwarf. dyðrill sm. (?). dȳja wv. 1b, shake. dynja wv. 1b, resound. dȳr sn. animal, beast. dyrr sfnpl. door.

E
eða cj. or. ef cj. if. ęfna wv. 1, perform, carry out. ęggja wv. 3, incite. eiðr sm. oath. eiga wf. property. eiga swv. possess, have: have as wife, be married to; have in the sense of must. eigi adv. not; no. eign sf. property. eignask wv. 3, appropriate, gain. eik sf. 3, oak. einka-māl snpl. personal agreement, special treaty. einn num., prn. one; the same; a certain, a; alone, only— ‘einn saman,’ alone, mere. einn-hvęrr prn. a certain, some, a. eira wv. 1, w. dat. spare. eitr sn. poison. ek prn. I. ęk see aka. ekki prn. neut. nothing; adv. not. eldr sm. fire. ęlli wf. old age. ellifti adj. eleventh. ellifu num. eleven. em see vera. en cj. but; and. en adv. than, after compar. ęndask wv. 1, end, suffice for. ęndi, ęndir sm. end. ęnd-langr adj. the whole length—’ęndlangan sal,’ the whole length of the hall. ęndr adv. again. engi prn. none, no. ęnn adv. yet, still; besides; after all. ęptir prp. w. acc. after (of time). w. dat. along, over; in quest of, after; according to, by. adv. afterwards; behind [aptr]. ęptri adj. compar. hind. er prn. rel. who, which, rel. adv. where; when; because, that. er see vera. er see *þū*. ęrfiði sn. work; trouble. ert see vera. eru see vera. eta sv. 5, eat. ey sf. island.

F
fā sv. 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. *fāsk*, wrestle. *fāsk ā*, be obtained, be. faðir sm. 4, father. fær see *fā*. fæstr see *fār*. fagnaðr sm. 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality. fagr adj. beautiful, fair, fine. fagrliga adv. finely. fall sn. fall. falla sv. 1, fall. fallask, be forgotten, fail. fang sn. embrace, grasp; wrestling. fann see finna. fār adj. few—neut. fātt w. gen.: ‘fātt manna,’ few men. fara go, travel—_w. gen. in such constr. as_ ‘f. fęrðar sinnar,’ go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; experience; ‘f. með einu,’ deal with, treat; destroy, use up w. dat. farask impers. in ‘fęrsk þeim vel,’ they have a good passage. farmr sm. lading, cargo. fastr adj. firm, fast, strong. fē sn. property, money. fęðrum see *faðir*. fekk see *fā*. fęgrð sf. beauty [fagr]. fęgrstr see fagr. feikn-stafir smpl. 2, wickedness. fela sv. 3, hide. fēlagi wm. companion. fē-lauss adj. penniless. fē-lītill adj. with little money, poor. fell see falla. fęlla wv. 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla]. fengu, fęnginn see *fā*. fęr see fara. fęrð sf. 2, journey [fara]. fer-skeyttr adj. four-cornered. fimm num. five. fimtāndi adj. fifteenth. finna sv. 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see. fjaðr-hamr sm. feathered (winged) coat. fjall sn. mountain. fjār see *fē*. fjara sf. ebb-tide; beach. fjogur see *fjōrir*. fjōrði adj. fourth. fjōrir num. four. fjǫlð wf. quantity. fjǫl-kyngi sn. magic. fjǫl-męnni sn. multitude; troop [maðr]. fjǫrðr sm. 3, firth. fjǫrur see fjara. flā sv. 2, flay, skin. flaug see *fljūga*. flęginn see *flā*. flestr see margr. fljōta sv. 7, float, drift. fljūga sv. 7, fly. flō see *fljūga*. floti wm. fleet [fljōtal. flōtti wm. flight [flȳja]. flugu see *fljūga*. fluttu see flytja. flȳja wv. 1, flee. flytja wv. 1b. remove, bring. fnāsa wv. 3, snort. fœra wv. 1, bring, take; fasten [fara]. fœrir see fara. fœti see *fōt*. fōlginn see fela. fōlk sn. multitude, troop; people. fōr see fara. for-tǫlur wpl. representations, arguments [tala]. fōstra wf. nurse. fōt-hvatr adj. swift-footed. fōtr sm. foot; leg. fǫður see *faðir*. fǫr sf. journey [fara]. fǫruneyti sn. company [njōta]. frā prp. from, away from; about, concerning. ‘ī frā’ adv. away. frændi sm. 4, relation. frā-fall sn. death. fram adv. forward, forth. compar. framar, ahead. framastr adj. superl. chief, most distinguished. frami wm. advantage, courage. framiðr see *fręmja*. fram-stafn sm. prow. frā-sǫgn sf. narrative, relation. freista wv. 3, w. gen. try, test. fręmja wv. 1b, perform [fram]. friðr sm. 2, peace. frīðr adj. beautiful, fine. frōðr adj. learned, wise. frœkn adj. bold, daring. frost sn. frost. fugl sm. bird. full-kominn adj. (ptc.) complete; ready (for). fullr adj. full. fundr sm. 2, meeting [finna]. fundu see finna. furðu adv. awfully, very. fūss adj. eager. fylgja wv. 1, w. dat. follow; accompany. fylki sn. troop [fōlk]. fylkja wv. 1, w. dat. draw up (troops) [fōlk]. fylla wv. 1, fill [fullr]. fyr, fyrir prp. w. acc. and dat. before; beyond, over—‘f. borð,’ overboard; instead of—‘koma f.’ adv. be given as compensation; for; because of. ‘f. þvī at,’ because. ‘lītill. f. sēr,’ insignificant. fyrir-rūm sn. fore-hold, chief-cabin. fyrirrūms-maðr sm. man in the fore-hold. fyrr adv. compar. before, formerly. superl. fyrst, first. fyrri adj. compar. former. superl. fyrstr, first. fȳsa wv. 1, hasten trans.—impers. ‘braut fȳsir mik,’ I feel a desire to go away [fūss].

G
gā wv. 1, w. gen. heed, care for. gæfa wf. luck [gefa]. gæta wv. 1, watch, take care of [geta]. gaf see gefa. gæfu-maðr sm. lucky man. gaflak sn. javelin. gamall adj. old. gaman sn. amusement, joy. ganga sv. 1, go, with gen. of goal in poetry; attack—‘g. ā skip,’ board a ship. g. af, be finished. g. til, come up. g. upp, land; board a ship; be used up, expended (of money). garðr sm. enclosure, court; dwelling. gat see geta. gefa sv. 5, give. gęgnum, ī gęgnum prp. w. gen. through. gekk see ganga. gęlti see *gǫltr*. gęnginn, gęngr, gengu see ganga. geta sv. 5, w. gen. mention, speak of; guess, suppose. geysi adv. excessively. gipta wf. luck [gefa]. giptu-maðr sm. lucky man. gjafar see *gjǫf*. gjǫf sf. gift. glotta wv. 2, smile maliciously, grin. glæsiligr adj. magnificent. gnȳr sm. din, noise. gōðr adj. good—‘gott er til eins,’ it is easy to get at, obtain. gōlf sn. floor; apartment, room. gott see *gōðr*. gǫfugr adj. distinguished [gefa]. gǫltr sm. 3, boar. gǫmul see gamall. gǫ̈ra wv. 1c, do, make. *gǫ̈rask*, set about doing; be made into, become. *gǫ̈ra at*, accomplish, carry out. gǫ̈rsimi wf. article of value, treasure. granda wv. 3, w. dat. injure. grār adj. gray. gras sn. grass; plant, flower. grāta sv. 1, weep, mourn for. grātr sm. weeping. greiða wv. 1, put in order, arrange. greip see *grīpa*. gres-jārn sn. iron wire (?). grey sn. dog. grið snpl. peace, security. griða-staðr sm. sanctuary. grind sf. 3, lattice door, wicket. grīpa sv. 6, seize. gripr sm. 2, article of value, treasure. grjōt sn. stone (collectively). grōa sv. 1, grow; heal. grœr see *grōa*. gruna wv. 3, impers.—‘mik grunar,’ I suspect, think. grunr sm. 2, suspicion. gull sn. gold. gull-band sn. gold band. gull-būinn adj. adorned with gold. gull-hringr sm. gold ring. gull-hyrndr adj. (ptc.) with gilt horns. gull-roðinn adj. (ptc.) gilt. gȳgr sf. giantess. gyltr adj. (ptc.) gilt. gyrða wv. 1, gird.

H
hæstr see *hār*. hætta wv. 1, w. dat. desist from, stop. hættligr adj. dangerous, threatening. hættr adj. dangerous. haf sn. sea. hafa wv. 1, have; ‘h. einn nær einu,’ bring near to, expose to; use, utilize. at hafask, undertake. til hafa, have at hand. hafna see *hǫfn*. hafr sm. goat. hafr-staka wf. goatskin. hagliga adv. neatly. hagr sm. condition; advantage—’þēr mun h. ā vera,’ will avail thee, be profitable to you. hag-stœðr adj. favourable. halda sv. 1, w. dat. hold (also with prp. _ā_); keep. w. acc. observe, keep (laws, etc.). intr. take a certain direction, go. hālfr adj. half. hālfu adv. by half, half as much again. hallar see *hǫll*. hallargōlf sn. hall floor. haltr adj. lame. hamarr sm. hammer. hamars-muðr sm. thin end of hammer. hamarskapt sn. handle of a hammer. hamarspor sn. mark made by a hammer. hana see hann. handar see *hǫnd*. hand-skot sn. throwing with the hand. hand-tękinn ptc. pret. taken by hand, taken alive. hann prn. he. hār sn. hair. hār adj. high. harð-hugaðr adj. stern of mood. harðr adj. hard; strong. harð-skeytr adj. strong-shooting [skjōta]. harmr sm. grief. hāski wm. danger. hā-sæti sn. high seat, dais [sitja]. hāsætis-kista sf. chest under the dais. hātt adv. high; loudly. haugr sm. mound. hauss sm. skull. heðan adv. hence. hęfi see hafa. hęfja sv. 2, raise, lift; begin. hęfna wv. 1, w. gen. revenge, avenge. heill adj. sound, safe, prosperous. heil-rǣði sn. sound advice, good advice [rāð]. heim adv. to one’s home, home (domum). heima adv. at home (domi). heima-maðr sm. man of the household. heim-fūss adj. longing to go home, homesick. heimr sm. home, dwelling; world. heimta wv. 1, fetch, obtain, get back. heita sv. 1, call; w. dat. of pers. and dat. of thing promise; intr. (_pres._ heiti) be named, called. hęldr see halda. hęldr adv. compar. more willingly, rather, sooner, more; rather, very. hęl-grindr sf. the doors of hell. hęllir sm. cave. helt see halda. hęl-vegr sm. road to hell. hęlzt adv. superl. most willingly, soonest, especially, most [hęldr]. hęndi, hęndr see *hǫnd*. hęnnar, hęnni see hann. hępta wv. 1, bind; hinder, stop. hēr adv. here—‘h. af,’ etc. here-of. hęr-bergi sn. quarters, lodgings. hęrða wv. harden, clench. hęr-fang sn. booty. hęrja wv. 3, make war, ravage [hęrr]. hęrr sm. army, fleet. herra sm. lord. hęr-skip sn. warship. hestr sm. horse. hēt see heita. heyra wv. 1, hear. himinn sm. heaven. hingat adv. hither. hinn prn. that. hirð sf. court. hirð-maðr sm. courtier. hiti wm. heat. hitta wv. come upon, find, meet; trans. go to. hittask, meet, intr. hjā prp. w. dat. by, at; in comparison with. hjālmr sm. helmet. hjōn snpl. household. hlaða sv. 2, load, heap up; ‘h. seglum,’ take in sails. hlæja sv. 2, laugh. hlaupa sv. 1, jump, leap; run. hlaut see *hljōta*. hleyp see hlaupa. hleypa wv. 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop. hlīf sf. shield. hlīfa wv. 1, w. dat. shelter, cover, protect. hljōp see hlaupa. hljōta sv. 7, get, receive. hlōðu see *hlaða*. hlōgu see *hlæja*. hlunnr sm. roller (for launching ships). hluti wm. portion [hljōta]. hlutr sm. 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta]. hlut-skipti sn. booty. hnakki wm. back of head. hōf see *hęfja*. hollr adj. gracious, faithful. hōlmr sm. small island. hon see hann. honum see hann. horn sn. horn. hœgri adj. compar. right (hand). hœla wv. 1, w. dat. praise, boast of. hǫfðingi wm. chief [hǫfuð]. hǫfða-fjǫl sf. head-board (especially of a bedstead). hǫfðu see hafa. hǫfn sf. harbour. hǫfuð sn. head. hǫgg sn. stroke. hǫgg-ormr sm. viper. hǫggorrosta wf. ‘cutting-fight,’ hand-to-hand fight. hǫggva sv. 1, hew, cut, strike. hǫll sf. hall. hǫnd sf. 3, hand; side—‘hvārra-tvęggju handar,’ on both sides, for both parties. hræddr adj. frightened, afraid [ptc. of hræðask]. hræðask wv. 1, be frightened, fear. hræzla wf. fear [hræðask]. hrafn sm. raven. hratt see hrinda. hrauð see *hrjōða*. hraut see *hrjōta*. hreyfa wv. 1, move. hrīð sf. period of time. hrīm-þurs sm. frost giant. hrinda sv. 3, push, launch (ship). hrista wv. 1, shake. hrjōða sv. 7, strip, clear, disable. hrjōta sv. 7, start, burst out. hrǫkk see *hrökkva*. hrökkva sv. 3, start back. hryði see *hrjōta*. hrynja wv. 1b. fall down. hrȳtr see *hrjōta*. hugða see hyggja. hugi wm. thought. hugr sm. mind, heart; courage, spirit. hugsa wv. 3, consider, think. hundrað sn. hundred. hurð sf. 2, door. hūs sn. room; house. hvar adv. where; that. hvārr prn. which of two; each of the two, both. hvārr-tvęggja prn. each of the two, both. hvārt adv. whether, both in direct and indirect questions. hvārt-tvęggja adv. ‘hv…ok,’ both…and. hvass adj. sharp. hvat prn. neut. what. hvart adj. brisk, bold. hvē adv. how. hverfa sv. 3, turn, go. hvęr-gi adv. nowhere—‘hv. jarðar,’ nowhere on earth; in no respect, by no means. hvęrnig adv. how [= hvęrn veg.]. hvęrr prn. who. hvęrsu adv. how. hvī adv. why. hvirfill sm. crown of head. hvītna wv. 2, whiten. hvītr adj. white. hyggja wv. 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr]. hylli wf. favour [hollr].

I
ī prp. in. ī-huga wv. 3, try to remember, consider [hugr]. illa adv. ill, badly. illr adj. ill, bad. inn art. the. inn adv. in compar. innar, further in. inna wv. 1, accomplish. innan adv. within, inside. fyrir innan prp. w. gen. within, in. inni adv. in. it see *þū*. it see inn. ī-þrōtt sf. feat.

J
jafn-breiðr adj. equally broad. jafn-hǫfugr adj. equally heavy [hęfja]. jafn-mikill adj. equally great. jafn-skjōtt adv. equally quick. jafna wv. 3, smooth; compare w. dat. of thing compared. jafnan adv. always. jarl sm. earl. jārn sn. iron. jārn-glōfi sm. iron gauntlet. jārn-spǫng sf. iron plate. jāta wv. 1, w. dat. agree to. jōk see auka. jǫrð sf. earth. jǫtun-heimar smpl. home, world of the giants. jǫtunn sm. giant.

K
kær-leikr sm. love, affection [kærr, ‘dear’]. kaf sn. diving; deep water, water under the surface. kafa wv. 3, dive. kalla wv. 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call. kann see kunna. kapp sn. competition. karl sm. man; old man. kasta wv. 3, cast, throw. kaupa wv. 2, buy. kęngr sm. bend. kęnna wv. 1, know; perceive. kęrling sf. old woman [karl]. kęrra wf. chariot. kętill sm. kettle. keypta see kaupa. keyra wv. 1, drive. kirkja wf. church. kirkju-skot sn. wing of a church. kjōsa sv. 7, choose. klakk-laust adv. uninjured. klæða wv. 1, clothe. klæða-būnaðr sm. apparel. klæði snpl. clothes. knē sn. knee. knīfr sm. knife. knǫrr sm. merchant-ship. knūði see *knȳja*. knūi wm. knuckle. knūtr sm. knot. knȳja wv. 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert oneself [knūi]. kōlf-skot sn. (distance of a) bolt-shot. kollōttr adj. bald. koma sv. 4. come; happen, turn out; w. dat. bring into a certain condition. k. fyrir, be paid in atonement. komask, make one’s way (by dint of exertion). kona wf. woman; wife. konr sm. kind—‘alls konar,’ all kinds; ‘nakkvars konar,’ of some kind. konunga-stęfna wf. congress of kings. konungr sm. king. konungs-dōttir sf. king’s daughter. konungs-skip sn. king’s ship. kosinn see *kjōsa*. kost-gripr sm. precious thing, treasure. kostr sm. 2, choice—‘at ǫðru kosti,’ otherwise; power [kjōsa]. kǫgur-sveinn sm. little boy, urchin. kǫpp see kapp. kǫpur-yrði sn. boasting [orð]. kǫttr sm. 3, cat. köm see koma. krapparūm sn. back cabin. krappr adj. narrow. kraptr sm. strength. krās sf. 2, delicacy. kręfja wv. 1b, w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing, demand. kunna swv. know; feel; venture; like to. kunnandi wf. knowledge, accomplishments. kunnusta wf. knowledge, power. kunnr adj. known. kurr sm. murmur, rumour. kvæði sn. poem. kvæma see koma. kvān sf. wife. kveða sv. 5, say. *kv. ā* settle, agree on. kvęðja wf. salutation [kveða]. kvęðja wv. 1b, greet. kveld sn. evening—’ī kv.,’ this evening. kveld-sǫngr sm. vespers. kvenn-vāðir sfpl. woman’s clothes. kviðr sm. 3, stomach, belly. kvisa wv. 3, whisper. kvistr sm. 3, branch, twig. kvǫddu see *kvęðja*. kykr (-vir) adj. living. kykvendi sn. living creature, animal. kȳll sm. bag. kyn sn. race, lineage. kȳr sf. 3, cow. kyssa wv. 1, kiss.

L
lā see liggja. lægri see *lāgr*. lær-lęggr sm. thigh-bone. læt see *lāta*. lagða see *lęggja*. lāgr adj. low; short of stature [liggja]. lags-maðr sm. companion. lagu see liggja. lamða, lamit see *lęmja*. land sn. land, country. land-skjālfti wm. earthquake. langr adj. long, far. lāt snpl. noise. lāta sv. 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; behave, act; say. lauf sn. foliage. laufs-blað sn. (blade of foliage), leaf. laug sf. bath. laun snpl. reward. launa wv. 3, reward, requite w. dat. of the thing given and of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited. lauss adj. loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation. laust see *ljōsta*. laut see *lūta*. lax sm. salmon. leðr-hosa wf. leather bag. lęggja wv. 1b, lay, put; ‘l. eitt fyrir einn,’ give, settle on; ‘l. sik fram,’ exert oneself; intr. w. skip understood sail, row—*l. at*, land; attack; *l. frā*, retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. *lęggjask*, set out, proceed; swim [liggja]. leið sf. way—‘koma einu til leiðar,’ carry out [līða]. leið see *līða*. leiða wv. 1, lead, conduct [līða]. leiðangr (-rs) sm. levy [leið]. leiga wv. 1, borrow. leikr sm. game; athletic sports, contest. leita wv. 3, w. gen. and dat. seek; take to, have recourse to. leitask, feel one’s way [līta]. lęmja wv. 1b, break. lęngð sf. length [langr]. lęngi adv. long (of time) [langr]. lęngstr see langr. lēt see *lāta*. lętja wv. 1b, w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing, hinder, dissuade. lētta wv. 1, w. dat. lift. leyniliga adv. secretly. leysa wv. 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss]. lið sn. troop. līða sv. 6, go; pass (of time); impers. *līðr*, w. dat. fare, get on. impers. ‘līðr ā (nāttina),’ (the night) is drawing to a close. līf sn. life—’ā līfi,’ alive. lifa wv. 2, live. liggja sv. 5, lie. l. til, be fitting. līk sn. body; corpse. līka wv. 3, w. dat. please. līki sn. form [līk]. līking sf. likeness, similarity [līkr]. līknsamr adj. gracious. līkr adj. like. līn sn. linen; linen headdress. list sf. art. līta sv. 6, look at; regard, consider—‘l. til eins.’ turn to, acknowledge greeting. *lītask* impers. w. dat. seem. litask wv. 3, look round one [līta]. lītill adj. little, small—‘lītit veðr,’ not very windy weather. *lītlu* adv. by a little, a little. lītil-ræði sm. degradation [rāð]. litr sm. 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta]. līzk see *līta*. ljā wv. 1, w. gen. and dat. lend. ljōsta sv. 7, strike, w. dat. of instr. and acc. of the thing struck—‘l. ārum ī sæ,’ dip the oars into the sea, begin to row. lofa wv. 3, praise. lōga wv. 3, w. dat. part with. logi wm. flame. lokinn see *lūka*. lopt sn. air—’ā l.,’ up. lūka sv. 7, lock, close; impers. ‘lȳkr einu,’ it is finished, exhausted. ‘l. upp,’ unlock, open. lukla see lykill. lustu see *ljōsta*. lūta sv. 7, bend, bow. lygi wf. lie, falsehood. lykð sf. ending—‘at lykðum,’ finally. lykill sm. key [lūka]. lypta wv. 1, w. dat. lift [lopt]. lypting sf. raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship [lypta]. lȳsa wv. 1, shine. lȳsi-gull sn. bright gold. lȳst see *ljōsta*. lysta wv. 1, impers. w. acc. desire.

M
mā see mega. maðr sm. 4, man. mæla (mælta) wv. 1, speak—‘m. við einu,’ refuse; suggest. mær sf. virgin, maid. mætta see mega. magr (-ran) adj. thin. māgr sm. kinsman, relation, connection. makligr adj. fitting. māl sn. narrative; in plur. poem; proper time, time. mālmr sm. metal. mann see *maðr*. mann-fōlk sn. troops, crew. mann-hringr sm. ring of men. mannliga adv. manlily. margr adj. many, much. mark sn. mark; importance. marka wv. 3, infer. marr sm. horse. mart see margr. matask wv. 3, eat a meal. matr sm. 2, food. mātta see mega. māttr sm. 2, might, strength. með prp. w. acc. and dat. with. meðal s. middle—ā m. w. gen. between. meðan adv. whilst. mega swv. can, may. megin —’ǫðrum m.,’ on the other side; ‘ǫllum m.,’ on all sides [_corruption of_ vegum]. męgin-gjarðar sfpl. girdle of strength [mega]. meiðmar sfpl. treasures. meiri see mikill. męn sn. necklace, piece of jewelry. męnn see *maðr*. mēr see ek. męrgr sm. 2, marrow. męrki sn. mark; banner [mark]. mest see mikill. meta sv. 5, measure; estimate. mey see *mær*. mið-garðr sm. (middle enclosure), world. miðgarðs-ormr sm. world-serpent. miðr adj. middle. mik see ek. mikill adj. big, tall, great. mikit adv. much, very. miklu adv. (_instr._) much. milli, ā milli prp. between, among. minjar sfpl. remembrance, memorial. minn see ek. minni see *lītill*. minnr adv. less. mis-līka wv. 3, w. dat. displease, not please. missa wf. loss, want. missa wv. 1, w. gen. lose; do without. mistil-teinn sm. mistletoe [teinn, ‘twig’]. mitt see ek. mjǫðr sm. 3, mead. mjǫk adv. very. mōðir sf. 3, mother. mōðr sm. anger. mœtask wv. 1, meet intr. [mōt]. mǫn sf. mane. morginn sm. morning. mǫrk sf. 3, forest. mǫrum see marr. mōt sn. meeting. *ī mōti* prp. w. dat. against. mǫtu-neyti sn. community of food—‘lęggja m. sitt,’ make their provision into a common store [matr; njōta]. mundu see munu. munnr sm. mouth. munr sm. difference—’þeim mun,’ to that extent. munu swv. will, may (of futurity and probability). myndi see munu. myrkr sn. darkness. myrkr adj. dark.

N
nā wv. 1, reach, obtain; succeed in. nǣr adv. w. dat. near; nearly. superl. *næst*—’þvī n.,’ thereupon. nǣtr see *nātt*. nafn sn. name. nakkvarr prn. some, a certain. nakkvat adv. somewhat; perhaps. nātt sf. 3, night. nātt-bōl sn. night-quarters. nātt-langt adv. the whole night long. nātt-staðr sm. night-quarters. nāttūra wf. nature, peculiarity. nātt-verðr sm. 2, supper. nauð-syn sf. necessity. naut see *njōta*. neðan adv. below. fyrir n. prp. w. dat. below. nęfja adj. long-nosed (?). nęfna wv. 1, name, call. *nęfnask*, name oneself, give one’s name as [nafn]. nema sv. 4, take; begin. nema adv. except, unless. nest sn. provisions. nest-baggi sm. provision-bag. niðr adv. down, downwards. nīundi adj. ninth. njōsn sf. spying; news. njōsna wv. 3, spy; get intelligence. njōta sv. 7, enjoy, profit. norðr adv. northwards. nǫkkvi wm. vessel, small ship. nū adv. now; therefore, so. nȳ-vaknaðr adj. (ptc.) newly awoke. nȳr adj. new. nȳta wv. 1, profit [njōta].

O
oddr sm. point. ōð-fūss adj. madly eager. ōðr adj. mad, furious. œ̄pa wv. 1, shout [ōp, ‘shout’]. œrit adv. enough; very. of prp. w. dat. over; during; with respect to, about. adv. too (of excess). of adv., often used in poetry as a mere expletive. ofveikr adj. too weak. ofan adv. above; down. ofan-verðr adj. upper, on the top. ōk see aka. ok conj. and; also—‘ok…ok,’ both…and; but. okkr see *þū*. opt adv. often. compar. optar, oftener, again. ōr prp. w. dat. out of. orð sn. word—’ī ǫðru orði,’ otherwise. orðinn see *verða*. orð-sęnding sf. verbal message. orð-tak sn. expression, word. ormr sm. serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon’s head. orrosta wf. battle. oss see ek. ōtta wf. the end of night, just before dawn. ōttalaust adj. without fear. ōx see vaxa. oxi wm. ox. ǫðlask wv. 3, obtain. ǫðru see annarr. ǫl sn. ale. ǫldnu see aldinn. ǫndōttr adj. fierce. ǫnd-vegi sn. high seat, dais. ǫnnur see annar. ǫr sf. arrow. ör-æfi sn. harbourless coast. örendi sn. errand. örendi sn. holding the breath, breath. örind-reki sm. messenger [reka]. öxn see oxi.

P
pati sm. rumour. pęnningr sm. penny.

R
rāð sn. advice; what is advisable—‘sjā eitt at rāði,’ consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution. rāða sv. 1, advise, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.; consider, deliberate; undertake, begin w. prp. til or infin.; dispose of, have control over w. prp. fyrir. rāða-gǫ̈rð sf. deliberation, decision. rāðugr adj. sagacious. ragna-rökr sn. twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna gen. of ręgin neut. plur. ‘gods.’] ragr adj. cowardly. rāku see reka. rann see *ręnna*. rās sf. race. rauðr adj. red. rausn sf. magnificence, anything magnificent. rēð see *rāða*. reið sf. chariot. reið see *rīða*. reiða wv. 1, swing, wield, brandish. reið-fara adj.—‘vera vel r.,’ have a good passage. reiði sn. trappings, harness. reiðr adj. angry. reka sv. 7, drive; carry out; perform. ‘r. af tjǫld,’ take down awning. rękkja wf. bed. ręnna sv. 3, run. rētta wv. 1, direct; reach, stretch. r. upp, pull up. rēttr adj. right, correct; equitable, fair. reyna wv. 1, try, test. reyr-bǫnd supl. the wire with which the arrow-head was bound to the shaft. rīða sv. 6, w. dat. ride. riðu see *rīða*. riðlask wv. 3, set oneself in motion. rīki sn. power; sovereignty, reign. rīkr adj. powerful, distinguished. ripti sn. linen cloth. rita wv. 3, write. rōa sv. 1, row. rœða wv. 1, talk about, discuss. röra see *rōa*. rǫst sf. league.

S
sā prn. that; he; such, such a one. sā see *sjā*. sær sm. sea. særa wv. 1, wound [sār]. sæti sn. seat [sitja]. sætt sf. 2, reconciliation, peace. sættask wv. 1, be reconciled, agree. saga wf. narrative, history, story. sagða see *sęgja*. saka wv. impers. w. acc.—‘hann (acc.) sakaði ekki,’ he was not injured. sakna wv. 3, w. gen. miss. sāl sf. 2, soul. sāld sn. gallon. salr sm. 2, hall. saman adv. together. sami weak adj. same. sam-laga wf. laying ships together for battle. samt adv. together. sannligr adj. probable; suitable, right. sannr adj. true. sār sn. wound. sārr adj. wounded. sat see sitja. satt see sannr. sē see vera. sē see *sjā*. sefask wv. 3, be pacified. sęgja wv. 1b, say, relate [saga]. segl sn. sail. seilask wv. 1, stretch intr. seinn adj. late, slow, tedious. seint adv. slowly. sęlja wv. 1, give; sell. sem adv. as; w. subj. as if; to strengthen the superl.—‘sem mest,’ the most possible, as much as possible. sęnda wv. 1, send. sęndi-maðr sm. messenger. sęnn adv. at the same time, at once; immediately, forthwith. sēnn see *sjā*. sēr see sik. sēr see *sjā*. sēt see *sjā*. set-berg sn. seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja]. sętja wv. 1, set, place. s. fram, launch (a ship). *sętjask*, sit down. *sętjask upp*, sit up [sitja]. sī-byrða wv. 1, w. dat. lay a ship alongside another. neut. ptc. *sībyrt*, close up to [borð]. sīð adv. late. comp. sīðar, later, afterwards. superl. *sīðast*, latest, last. sīða wf. side. sīðan adv. afterwards, then; since. sīðari adj. comp. later, second (in order). siðr sm. 3, custom. sīga sv. 6, sink. sigla wf. mast [segl]. sigla wv. 1, sail. siglu-skeið sn. middle of a ship. sigr (-rs) sm. victory. sigr-ōp shout of victory. sik prn. oneself. silfr sn. silver. sīn see sik. sinn sn. time (of repetition)—‘einu sinni,’ once, for once. ‘eigi optar at sinni,’ not oftener than that time, i.e. only once. sinn see sik. sitja sv. 5, sit. s. fyrir, sit in readiness. sjā = þessi. sjā sv. 5, see; ‘s. fyrir einu,’ look after, take care of. impers. ‘lītt sēr þat ā, at’…it will hardly be seen that… *sjāsk*, see one another, meet. sjālfr prn. self. sjōða sv. 7, boil; cook. sjōn sf. sight. sjōn-hvęrfing sf. ocular delusion. skal see skulu. skalf see *skjālfa*. skāli wm. hall. skammr adj. short. skap sn. state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour. skapligr adj. suitable, fit. skapt sn. shaft, handle. skar see skera. skarð sn. notch, gap; defect. skaut see *skjōta*. skęgg sn. beard; beak (of a ship). skeið sn. race-course, running-ground; race—‘taka sk.,’ start in a race. skeina wv. 1, graze. skellr sm. knock. skęmtun sf. amusement, entertainment [skammr, literally ‘shortening (of time)’]. skera sv. 4, cut, cut up; kill (animal). skiljask wv. 1, separate, part intr. skillingr sm. shilling, coin. skilnaðr sm. separation, parting. skip sn. ship. skipa wv. 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. ‘sk. til um eitt,’ make arrangements for. skipask, take one’s place; change, alter intr. skipa-hęrr sm. fleet. skipan sf. arranging; ship’s crew. skips-brot sn. shipwreck. skip-stjōrnar-maðr sm. (steerer), commander of a ship, captain. skjald-borg sf. wall of shields, testudo. skjālfa sv. 3, shake intr. skjōta sv. 7, w. dat. shoot, throw, push. skjōt-fœri sn. swiftness. skjōt-leikr sm. swiftness. skjōt-liga adv. swiftly, quick. skjōtr adj. swift, quick. *skjōtt* adv. quickly. skjǫldr sm. 3, shield. skōgr sm. forest, wood. skorta wv. 1, impers. w. acc. of pers. and of thing, want, fail. skot sn. shot; missile [skjōta]. skot-māl sn. shot-measure, range. skotta wv. 3, dangle—sk. við drift (of ships). skǫkull sm. shaft (of a cart). skǫmm sf. disgrace, shame. skǫr sf. hair of the head. skreppa wf. bag, wallet. skulfu see *skjālfa*. skulu swv. shall. skuta wf. small ship, cutter. skutill sm. trencher, small table. skutilsveinn sm. page, chamberlain. skutu see *skjōta*. skykkr sm. shake—‘ganga skykkjum,’ shake. skylda see skulu. skyldr adj. obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu]. skyn sn. understanding, insight—‘kunna, sk.’ understand. skynda wv. 1, hasten, bring in haste. skyndiliga adv. hastily, quickly. skynsamliga adv. intelligently, carefully. skȳt see *skjōta*. slā sv. 2, strike. ‘slā eldi ī,’ light a fire. slæliga adv. sluggishly, weakly. slær adj. blunt. slær see *slā*. slātr sn. meat. sleikja wv. lick. sleit see *slīta*. slēttr adj. level, smooth; comfortable, easy. slīkr adj. such. slīta sv. 6, tear—*sl. upp*, pull up; w. dat. break (agreement). smæri see *smār*. smār adj. small, insignificant. smā-skip snpl. small ships. smā-skūta wf. small cutter. smjūga sv. 7, squeeze through, slip. smugu see *smjūga*. snarpligr adj. vigorous. snarpr adj. sharp; vigorous. snimma adv. early. snöra see *snūa*. snūa sv. 1, w. dat. turn or (trans.) direct; twist, plait. *snūask*, turn (intr.). soðinn see *sjōða*. sœkja wv. 1c, seek; go—‘s. aptr,’ retreat. sœmð sf. honour [sōma]. sœtti see *sœkja*. sofa sv. 4, sleep. sofna wv. 3, go to sleep. sǫgur see saga. sǫk sf. cause—‘fyrir þā s. at’…, because. sökkva sv. 3, sink. sōl sf. sun. sōl-skin sn. sunshine. soltinn adj. hungry [_ptc. of_ ‘svelta,’ starve]. sōma wv. 2, w. dat., be suitable, befitting. sōmi wm. honour. sonr sm. son. sōtt sf. illness. sōtta see *sœkja*. sǫx snpl. raised prow of a warship. spala see *spǫlr*. sparask wv. 2, spare oneself, reserve one’s energy. spęnna (spęnta) wv. 1, w. dat. of thing, gird, buckle on. spjōt sn. spear. sporðr sm. tail. spori sm. spur. spǫlr sm. rail. sprakk see springa. sprętta wv. 1, split. springa sv. 3, burst. spurða see spyrja. spyrja wv. 1b, ask; hear of, learn—‘sp. til eins,’ have news of, hear of his arrival. spyrjask, be known. spyrna wv. 1, kick. staddr adj. placed, staying [_ptc. of_ ‘stęðja,’ place]. staðr sm. place—’ī staðinn,’ instead. stafaðr adj. (ptc.) striped. stafkarl sm. (staff-man), beggar. stafn sm. prow. stafn-būi wm. prow-man. stafn-lē wm. grappling-hook. stafr sm. 2 (_gen. sg._ stafs), staff, stick. stakk see stinga. stallari sm. marshall. standa sv. 2, stand. st. upp, stand up, rise. starfa wv. 3, work. stęfna wv. 1, steer; take a course, go. steig see *stīga*. steinn sm. stone; jewel. stela sv. 4, w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers. steal, rob. stęndr see standa. stęrkliga adv. vigorously. stęrkr adj. strong. steypa wv. 1, w. dat. of thing, throw; pull off. steypask, throw oneself. stīga sv. 6, advance, walk, go. st. upp, mount (horse). stīgr sm. path, way. stikill sm. point. stilla (stilta) wv. 1, arrange. st. til, arrange, dispose. stinga sv. 3, pierce; ‘st. stǫfnum at skipi,’ run the prow against a ship’s side. stirt adv. harshly [_neut. of_ ‘stirðr,’ stiff]. stōð see standa. stœrri see *stōr*. stōkkva sv. 3, spring, rebound, start back. stolinn see stela. stōrliga adv. bigly, arrogantly. stōr-mannligr adj. magnificent, aristocratic. stōr-męnni sn. great men (collective), aristocracy. stōrr adj. big, great. *stōrum* adv. greatly. stōr-rāðr adj. (great of plans), ambitious. stōr-skip sn. big ship, stōr-virki sn. great deed. strā wv. 1, strew, cover with straw. strauk see *strjūka*. stręngr sm. 2, string. strjūka sv. 7, stroke. stund sf. period of time, time. stutt adv. shortly, abruptly [_neut. of_ ‘stuttr’ short]. stȳra wv. 1, w. dat. steer. stȳri sn. rudder. stȳris-hnakki wm. top piece of rudder. styrkr sm. strength; help. sū see *sā*. suðr adv. southward. suðr-ganga wf. journey south (to Rome). sukku see *sökkva*. sumar sn. summer. sumr prn. some. sund sn. sound, channel. svā adv. so, as; as soon as. ‘ok svā,’ also. svaf see sofa. svara wv. 3, w. dat. of thing, answer. svardagi sm. oath. sveinn sm. boy. sveinn-stauli wm. small boy. sveit sf. troop. svelga sv. 3, swallow, gulp. sverð sn. sword. sverðs-hǫgg sn. swordstroke. svipan sf. jerk; moment. svipting sf. pull, struggle. sȳnask wv. 1, seem [sjōn]. syni see sonr. systir sf. 3, sister.

T
taka wv. 2, w. acc. take, seize, take possession of; w. inf. begin; w. dat. receive (well, ill, etc.). takask, take place, begin. t. at, choose. t. til, engage in, try. t. upp, take to, choose. tala wf. talk, speech. tala wv. 3, speak, talk about, discuss. taliðr see *tęlja*. tālma wv. 3, hinder. tār sn. tear. taumar smpl. reins. tękinn see taka. tęlja wv. 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, say [tala]. tęngðir sfpl. relationship, connection by marriage. tęngja wv. 1, bind, fasten together. tęngsl snpl. cable. tīða wv. 1, impers. w. acc. desire. tīðindi snpl. tidings, news. tīðr adj. usual, happening—‘hvat er tītt um þik?’ what is the matter with you? *tītt* adv. often, quickly—‘sem tīðast,’ as quickly as possible. tiginn adj. of high rank. tigr sm.—‘fjōrir tigir,’ forty. til prp. w. gen. to; till; for (of use)—‘alt er t. vāpna var,’ everything that could be used as a missile; for (of object, intention)—‘brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,’ break a leg to get at the marrow; with respect to—‘til vista var eigi gott,’ they were not well off for provisions. til adv. too (of excess). til-vīsan sf. direction, guidance. tītt see *tīðr*. tīvi wm. god. tjald sn. tent. tjūgu-skęgg sn. forked beard. tœka see taka. tōk see taka. tǫnn sf. 3, tooth. trani wm. crane. trē sn. tree. troða sv. tread. trog sn. trough. tros sn. droppings, rubbish. trūa wf. faith—’þat veit tr. mīn at…,’ by my faith. trūa wv. 2, w. dat. of pers. believe, trust, rely on. tūn sn. enclosure, dwelling. tveir num. two. tȳna wv. 1, w. dat. lose. typpa wv. tie in a top-knot.

Þ
þā see *sā*. þā see *þiggja*. þā adv. then. þær see *sā*. þakðr see *þękja*. þakka wv. 3, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers. thank; requite, reward. þambar-skęlfir sm. bowstring-shaker (?). þann see *sā*. þannig adv. thither; so [= þann veg]. þar adv. there; then; ‘þ. af,’ etc., thereof. ‘þar sem,’ since, because. ‘þar til,’ until. þarf see *þurfa*. þat see *sā*. þau see *sā*. þegar adv. at once. ‘þ. er,’ as soon as. þęginn see *þiggja*. þęgja wv. 1b, be silent. þeim see *sā*. þeir, þeirra see *sā*. þękja wv. 1b, roof. þękkja wv. 1, notice. *þękkjask*, take pleasure in; accept. þēr see *þū*. þess see *sā*. þess adv. w. comp. the, so much the. þessi prn. this. þiggja sv. 5, receive. þik see *þū*. þing sn. meeting, parliament. þinn see *þū*. þit see *þū*. þjōð sf. nation, race. þō adv. though, yet. þǫkð see *þękja*. þǫkk sf. thanks, gratitude [þakka]. þola wv. 2, endure, put up with. þora wv. 2, dare. þǫrf sf. need. þorrinn see *þverra*. þōtt adv. though [= þō at]. þōtta see *þykkja*. þraut see *þrjōta*. þreifask wv. 3, grope, feel. þreyta wv. 1, make exertions, try. þriði adj. third. þriðjungr sm. third. þrīr num. three. þrjōta sv. 7, impers. w. acc. of pers. come to an end, fail. þrūðugr adj. mighty. þū prn. thou. þumlungr sm. thumb of glove. þunn-vangi wm. temple (of head). þurðr sm. diminution. þurfa swv. often impers. require, need. þurr adj. dry. þurs sm. giant. þverra sv. 3, diminish. þvers adv. across. þvī see *sā*. þvī adv. therefore; w. compar. the, so much the more. þvīlikr adj. such. þykkja wv. 1c, seen, be considered. ‘þykkir einum fyrir,’ there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. ‘myndi mēr fyrir þ. ī,’ I should be displeased. *þykkjask*, think. þykkr adj. thick, close. þynna wv. 1, make thin. *þynnask* get thin. þyrstr adj. (ptc.) thirsty.

U
ū-fœra wf. impassable place; fix, difficulty. ū-friðr sm. hostility, war. ū-grynni sn. countless number [grunnr, ‘bottom’]. ū-happ sn. misfortune. ū-hreinn adj. impure. um prp. w. acc. around, about, over; of time in, at; of superiority beyond; concerning, about. um-rāð sn. advice, help. um-sjā sf. care. una wv. 1, w. dat. be contented—‘u. illa,’ be discontented. undan prp. w. dat., adv. away (from). undarliga adv. strangely. undarligr adj. strange. undir prp. w. acc. and dat. under. undr sn. wonder. ungr adj. young. unninn see vinna. unz adv. until. upp adv. up. upp-ganga wf. boarding (ship). upp-haf sn. beginning [hęfja]. upp-himinn sm. high heaven. uppi adv. up; at an end. urðu see *verða*. ūt adv. out. comp. utar, outer, outwards, farther away. utan adv. outside; outwards. utan-fęrð sf. journey abroad. utar see *ūt*. ūti adv. outside, out on the sea. ūt-lausn sf. ransom. ū-vinr sm. enemy.

V
vægð sf. forbearance. vænn adj. likely, to be expected. væri see vera. vætr neut. nothing. vaka wv. 3, be awake, wake up. vakna wv. 3, awake. vald sn. power, control. val-kyrja sf. chooser of the slain, war-goddess [kjōsa]. valr sm. corpses on the battle-field. vān, sf. hope, expectation, probability. vandræða-skāld sn. the ‘awkward’ poet, the poet who is difficult to deal with. vandræði snpl. difficulty. vangi wm. cheek. vanr adj. accustomed. vāpn sn. weapon. vāpna-burð sm. bearing weapons, shower of missiles. vāpnlauss adj. without weapons. var see vera. vār sn. spring. vār see ek. vara wv. 2, impers. w. acc. of pers.—‘mik varði,’ I expected. varð see *verða*. varði see *vęrja*. vargr sm. wolf. variðr see *vęrja*. varla adv. scarcely. varnaðr sm. goods, merchandise. vāru see vera. vatn sn. water. vaxa sv. 2, grow; increase. veðr sn. weather. vegr sm. road; way, manner; direction, side; in composition, region, tract, land. veik see vikja. veit see vita. veita wv. 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.). vękja wv. 1b, wake [vaka]. vēl sf. artifice, cunning. vęlja wv. 1b, choose. vęndi see *vǫndr*. vēr see ek. vera sv. exist; remain, stay, happen; be. ‘hvat lātum hafði verit,’ what had caused the noise. v. at, be occupied with. verð sn. worth, value; price. verða sv. 3, happen; happen to come. ‘v. fyrir einum,’ come in one’s way, appear before one; become; come into being, be; ‘v. til eins,’ be ready for, undertake; w. infin. be obliged, must. ‘nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,’ now I have come into a great perplexity, difficulty. v. at, happen. verðr adj. worth; important. ver-gjarn adj. desirous of a husband, loose. verit see vera. vert see *verðr*. vęrja wv. 1b, defend—‘v. baki,’ defend with the back, turn one’s back on. vęrja wv. 1b, dress; lay out money, invest. verk sn. work, job. verr sm. man; husband. vęrr adv. comp. worse. superl. *vęrst*, worst. verǫld sf. world. vestan adv. from the west. ‘v. fyrir’ w. gen. or acc., west of. vestr adv. westwards. vetr sm. winter; year. vęx see vaxa. vęxti see *vǫxtr*. við prp. w. acc. by, near; towards (of place and time); with (of various relations). w. dat. towards, at (laugh at, etc.); in exchange for, for. vīða adv. widely, far and wide, on many sides. viðar-teinungr sm. tree-shoot, plant. við-bragð sn. push. viðr sm. 3, tree. vīðr adj. wide, broad. við-skipti snpl. dealings. við-taka wf. reception; resistance. vīgja wv. 1, consecrate, hallow. vīgr adj. warlike, able-bodied. vīking sf. piracy, piratical expedition. vīkingr sm. pirate. vīkja sv. 6, turn, move, go. vilja swv. will. villi-eldr sm. wildfire, conflagration. vinātta wf. friendship. vināttu-māl snpl. assurances of friendship. vinna sv. 3, do, perform; win, conquer. vinnask til, suffice. vinr sm. 2, friend. virðing sf. honour [verðr]. vīsa wv. 2, w. dat. show, guide. vīss adj. wise; certain. vissa see vita. vist sf. 2, board and lodging; provisions. vit see ek. vita swv. know; be turned in a certain direction. v. fram, see into futurity. vīti sn. punishment, penalty. vītis-horn sn. penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk as a punishment). vitkask wv. 3, come to one’s senses. vitr (-ran) adj. wise. vǫllr sm. 3, plain, field. vǫndr sm. 3, twig, rod. vǫrn sf. defence, resistance. vǫxtr sm. 3, growth, stature. vreiðr = reiðr.

Y
yðr see *þū*. yfir prp. w. acc. and dat. over [ofan]. ȳmiss adj. various, different. ymr sm. rumbling noise. ytri adj. comp. outer. superl. yztr, outside(st) [ūt].

PROPER NAMES

Āki sm. Āsa-þōrr sm. (divine) Thor. Āstrīðr sf. Auðun sm.

Baldr (-rs) sm. Barði wm. ‘the Ram’ (name of a ship). Bil-skīrnir sm. Brīsinga-męn sn. Freyja’s necklace. Burizleifr sm.

Dāins-leif sf. relic of Dāinn [‘leif,’ leaving, heritage]. Danakonungr sm. king of the Danes. Danir smpl. the Danes. Dan-mǫrk sf. 3, Denmark. Draupnir sm.

Einarr sm. Eindriði wm. Eirīkr sm. Erlingr sm.

Fęn-salr sm. 2. Finnr sm. Finskr adj. Finnish. Freyja wf. Freyr sm. Frigg sf. wife of Odin. Fulla wf. Frigg’s handmaid.

Geira wf. Gimsar fpl. Gjallarbrū sf. the bridge over the river Gjǫll. Gjǫll sf. ‘the Resounder,’ the river of Hell. Grœn-land sn. Greenland. Gullin-bursti wm. ‘Golden-bristle.’ Gull-toppr sm. ‘Gold-top.’

Hā-ey sf. ‘High-island.’ Hākon sm. Hall-freðr sm. Haraldr sm. Hēðinn sm. Heimdallr sm. Hęl sf. the goddess of the infernal regions. Hęr-mōðr sm. Hildr sf. [‘hildr,’ war]. Hjaðninga-vīg sn. battle of the Hjaðnings. Hjarrandi wm. Hlōriði wm. the Thunderer, Thor. Hǫgni wm. Hring-horni wm. ‘Ring-prowed.’ Hyrningr sm. Hyrrokin sf. Hǫðr sm.

Īs-land sn. Iceland. Īsland-fęrð sf. journey to Iceland. Īslęnzkr adj. Icelandic.

Jōms-borg sf. Jōms-vīkingar smpl. the pirates of Jōmsborg.

Kol-bjǫrn sm.

Laufey sf. Litr sm. Loki wm.

Mōð-guðr sf. Mœri wf.

Nanna wf. Nepr sm. Njarðar see *Njǫrðr*. Njǫrðr sm. Nōa-tūn snpl. Noregr sm. Norway [= norð-vegr].

Ǫku-þōrr sm. Thor (the driver) [aka]. Ōlāfr sm. Ōðinn sm. Odin. Orkn-eyjar sfpl. Orkneys.

Rōma-borg sf. Rome. Rūm-fęrli wm. pilgrim to Rome [fara]. Rǫskva wf.

Sax-land sn. Saxony, Germany. Sif sf. Sigrīðr sf. Sigvaldi wm. Skjālgr sm. Skrȳmir sm. Sleipnir sm. Slīðrug-tanni wm. [tǫnn]. Sœnskr adj. Swedish. Sveinn sm. Svīakonungr sm. king of Sweden. Svīar smpl. Swedes. Svīa-vęldi sn. Sweden [vald]. Svī-þjōð sf. Sweden. Svǫlðr (-rar) sf. island of Svolder, near Rügen.

Tann-gnjōstr sm. [tǫnn]. Tann-grisnir sm. [tǫnn]. Tryggvi wm. ‘Trusty.’

Þjālfi wm. Þōrir sm. Þor-kęll sm. Þōrr sm. Thor. Þor-steinn sm. Þrūð-vangar smpl. ‘plains of strength.’ Þrymyr sm. Þǫkk sf.

Ūlfr sm. Ūtgarða-loki wm. Ūt-garðr sm. *Ūt-garðar* pl. ‘outer enclosure,’ world of the giants.

Vanir smpl. race of Gods. Vār sf. goddess of betrothal and marriage. Vest-firzkr adj. of the west firths (in Iceland). Vīk sf. ‘the Bay,’ the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord. Vindasnękkja wf. Wendish ship. Vindland sn. Wendland. Vindr smpl. the Wends. Ving-þōrr sm. name of Thor.

THE END.

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