Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (based on the 1913 Merriam-Webster edition) pgw050fh
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Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary Version published 1913 by the C. & G. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. Under the direction of Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

This electronic version was prepared by MICRA, Inc. of Plainfield, NJ. Last edit February 11, 1999.

MICRA, Inc. makes no proprietary claims on this version of the 1913 Webster dictionary. If the original printed edition of the 1913 Webster is in the public domain, this version may also be considered as public domain.

This version is only a first typing, and has numerous typographic errors, including errors in the field-marks. Assistance in bringing this dictionary to a more accurate and useful state will be greatly appreciated. This electronic dictionary is made available as a potential starting point for development of a modern on-line comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary, by the efforts of all individuals willing to help build a large and freely available knowledge base. Anyone willing to assist in any way in constructing such a knowledge base should contact:

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F.

F (&ebreve;f). 1. F is the sixth letter of the English alphabet, and a nonvocal consonant. Its form and sound are from the Latin. The Latin borrowed the form from the Greek digamma &?;, which probably had the value of English w consonant. The form and value of Greek letter came from the Phœnician, the ultimate source being probably Egyptian. Etymologically f is most closely related to p, k, v, and b; as in E. five, Gr. pe`nte; E. wolf, L. lupus, Gr. ly`kos; E. fox, vixen ; fragile, break; fruit, brook, v. t.; E. bear, L. ferre. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178, 179, 188, 198, 230.

2. (Mus.) The name of the fourth tone of the model scale, or scale of C. F sharp (F ♯) is a tone intermediate between F and G.

F clef, the bass clef. See under Clef.

Fa (fä), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization. (b) The tone F.

Fa*ba”ceous (f&adot;*bā“shŭs), a. [L. fabaceus, fr. faba bean.] Having the nature of a bean; like a bean.

||Fa*bel”la (?), n.; pl. Fabellae (-l&?;). [NL., dim. of L. faba a bean.] (Anat.) One of the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur, in some mammals.

Fa”bi*an (?), a. [L. Fabianus, Fabius, belonging to Fabius.] Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; cautious; dilatory; avoiding a decisive contest.

Fabian policy, a policy like that of Fabius Maximus, who, by carefully avoiding decisive contests, foiled Hannibal, harassing his army by marches, countermarches, and ambuscades; a policy of delays and cautions.

Fa”ble (fā“b’l), n. [F., fr. L. fabula, fr. fari to speak, say. See Ban, and cf. Fabulous, Fame.] 1. A Feigned story or tale, intended to instruct or amuse; a fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept; an apologue. See the Note under Apologue.

Jotham’s fable of the trees is the oldest extant.

Addison.

2. The plot, story, or connected series of events, forming the subject of an epic or dramatic poem.

The moral is the first business of the poet; this being formed, he contrives such a design or fable as may be most suitable to the moral.

Dryden.

3. Any story told to excite wonder; common talk; the theme of talk. “Old wives’ fables. ” 1 Tim. iv. 7.

We grew
The fable of the city where we dwelt.

Tennyson.

4. Fiction; untruth; falsehood.

It would look like a fable to report that this gentleman gives away a great fortune by secret methods.

Addison.

Fa”ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fabling (?).] To compose fables; hence, to write or speak fiction ; to write or utter what is not true. “He Fables not.” Shak.

Vain now the tales which fabling poets tell.

Prior.

He fables, yet speaks truth.

M. Arnold.

Fa”ble, v. t. To feign; to invent; to devise, and speak of, as true or real; to tell of falsely.

The hell thou fablest.

Milton.

Fa”bler (fā“bl&etilde;r), n. A writer of fables; a fabulist; a dealer in untruths or falsehoods. Bp. Hall.

||Fa`bli`au” (?), n.; pl. Fabliaux (-&osl;”). [F., fr. OF. fablel, dim. of fable a fable.] (Fr. Lit.) One of the metrical tales of the Trouvères, or early poets of the north of France.

Fab”ric (?), n. [L. fabrica fabric, workshop: cf. F. fabrique fabric. See Forge.] 1. The structure of anything; the manner in which the parts of a thing are united; workmanship; texture; make; as cloth of a beautiful fabric.

2. That which is fabricated; as: (a) Framework; structure; edifice; building.

Anon out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose like an exhalation.

Milton.

(b) Cloth of any kind that is woven or knit from fibers, either vegetable or animal; manufactured cloth; as, silks or other fabrics.

3. The act of constructing; construction. [R.]

Tithe was received by the bishop, . . . for the fabric of the churches for the poor.

Milman.

4. Any system or structure consisting of connected parts; as, the fabric of the universe.

The whole vast fabric of society.

Macaulay.

Fab”ric, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricking.] To frame; to build; to construct. [Obs.] “Fabric their mansions.” J. Philips.

Fab”ri*cant (?), n. [F.] One who fabricates; a manufacturer. Simmonds.

Fab”ri*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricating (?).] [L. fabricatus, p. p. of fabricari, fabricare, to frame, build, forge, fr. fabrica. See Fabric, Farge.] 1. To form into a whole by uniting its parts; to frame; to construct; to build; as, to fabricate a bridge or ship.

2. To form by art and labor; to manufacture; to produce; as, to fabricate woolens.

3. To invent and form; to forge; to devise falsely; as, to fabricate a lie or story.

Our books were not fabricated with an accomodation to prevailing usages.

Paley.

Fab`ri*ca”tion (?), n. [L. fabricatio; cf. F. fabrication.] 1. The act of fabricating, framing, or constructing; construction; manufacture; as, the fabrication of a bridge, a church, or a government. Burke.

2. That which is fabricated; a falsehood; as, the story is doubtless a fabrication.

Syn. — See Fiction.

Fab”ri*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] One who fabricates; one who constructs or makes.

The fabricator of the works of Ossian.

Mason.

Fab”ri*ca`tress (?), n. A woman who fabricates.

Fab”rile (?), a. [L. fabrilis, fr. faber workman. See Forge.] Pertaining to a workman, or to work in stone, metal, wood etc.; as, fabrile skill.

Fab”u*list (?), n. [Cf. F. fabuliste, fr. L. fabula. See Fable.] One who invents or writes fables.

Fab”u*lize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabulized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fabulizing (?).] [Cf. F. fabuliser. See Fable.] To invent, compose, or relate fables or fictions. G. S. Faber.

Fab`u*los”i*ty (?), n. [L. fabulositas: cf. F. fabulosité.] 1. Fabulousness. [R.] Abp. Abbot.

2. A fabulous or fictitious story. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Fab”u*lous (făb”&usl;*lŭs), a. [L. fabulosus; cf. F. fabuleux. See Fable.] 1. Feigned, as a story or fable; related in fable; devised; invented; not real; fictitious; as, a fabulous description; a fabulous hero.

The fabulous birth of Minerva.

Chesterfield.

2. Passing belief; exceedingly great; as, a fabulous price. Macaulay.

Fabulous age, that period in the history of a nation of which the only accounts are myths and unverified legends; as, the fabulous age of Greece and Rome.

— Fab”u*lous*ly (#), adv. — Fab”u*lous*ness, n.

Fab”ur*den (făb”ŭr*den), n. [F. faux bourdon. See False, and Burden a verse.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A species of counterpoint with a drone bass. (b) A succession of chords of the sixth. [Obs.]

2. A monotonous refrain. [Obs.] Holland.

Fac (făk), n. [Abbrev. of facsimile.] A large ornamental letter used, esp. by the early printers, at the commencement of the chapters and other divisions of a book. Brande & C.

||Fa`çade” (f&adot;`s&adot;d” or f&adot;`sād”), n. [F., fr. It. facciata, fr. faccia face, L. facies. See Face.] (Arch.) The front of a building; esp., the principal front, having some architectural pretensions. Thus a church is said to have its façade unfinished, though the interior may be in use.

Face (?), n. [F., from L. facies form, shape, face, perh. from facere to make (see Fact); or perh. orig. meaning appearance, and from a root meaning to shine, and akin to E. fancy. Cf. Facetious.] 1. The exterior form or appearance of anything; that part which presents itself to the view; especially, the front or upper part or surface; that which particularly offers itself to the view of a spectator.

A mist . . . watered the whole face of the ground.

Gen. ii. 6.

Lake Leman wooes me with its crystal face.

Byron.

2. That part of a body, having several sides, which may be seen from one point, or which is presented toward a certain direction; one of the bounding planes of a solid; as, a cube has six faces.

3. (Mach.) (a) The principal dressed surface of a plate, disk, or pulley; the principal flat surface of a part or object. (b) That part of the acting surface of a cog in a cog wheel, which projects beyond the pitch line. (c) The width of a pulley, or the length of a cog from end to end; as, a pulley or cog wheel of ten inches face.

4. (Print.) (a) The upper surface, or the character upon the surface, of a type, plate, etc. (b) The style or cut of a type or font of type.

5. Outside appearance; surface show; look; external aspect, whether natural, assumed, or acquired.

To set a face upon their own malignant design.

Milton.

This would produce a new face of things in Europe.

Addison.

We wear a face of joy, because
We have been glad of yore.

Wordsworth.

6. That part of the head, esp. of man, in which the eyes, cheeks, nose, and mouth are situated; visage; countenance.

In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.

Gen. iii. 19.

7. Cast of features; expression of countenance; look; air; appearance.

We set the best faceon it we could.

Dryden.

8. (Astrol.) Ten degrees in extent of a sign of the zodiac. Chaucer.

9. Maintenance of the countenance free from abashment or confusion; confidence; boldness; shamelessness; effrontery.

This is the man that has the face to charge others with false citations.

Tillotson.

10. Presence; sight; front; as in the phrases, before the face of, in the immediate presence of; in the face of, before, in, or against the front of; as, to fly in the face of danger; to the face of, directly to; from the face of, from the presence of.

11. Mode of regard, whether favorable or unfavorable; favor or anger; mostly in Scriptural phrases.

The Lord make his face to shine upon thee.

Num. vi. 25.

My face [favor] will I turn also from them.

Ezek. vii. 22.

12. (Mining) The end or wall of the tunnel, drift, or excavation, at which work is progressing or was last done.

13. (Com.) The exact amount expressed on a bill, note, bond, or other mercantile paper, without any addition for interest or reduction for discount. McElrath.

&fist; Face is used either adjectively or as part of a compound; as, face guard or face-guard; face cloth; face plan or face-plan; face hammer.

Face ague (Med.), a form of neuralgia, characterized by acute lancinating pains returning at intervals, and by twinges in certain parts of the face, producing convulsive twitches in the corresponding muscles; — called also tic douloureux. — Face card, one of a pack of playing cards on which a human face is represented; the king, queen, or jack. — Face cloth, a cloth laid over the face of a corpse. — Face guard, a mask with windows for the eyes, worn by workman exposed to great heat, or to flying particles of metal, stone, etc., as in glass works, foundries, etc. — Face hammer, a hammer having a flat face. — Face joint (Arch.), a joint in the face of a wall or other structure. — Face mite (Zoöll.), a small, elongated mite (Demdex folliculorum), parasitic in the hair follicles of the face. — Face mold, the templet or pattern by which carpenters, ect., outline the forms which are to be cut out from boards, sheet metal, ect. — Face plate. (a) (Turning) A plate attached to the spindle of a lathe, to which the work to be turned may be attached. (b) A covering plate for an object, to receive wear or shock. (c) A true plane for testing a dressed surface. Knight. — Face wheel. (Mach.) (a) A crown wheel. (b) A Wheel whose disk face is adapted for grinding and polishing; a lap.

Cylinder face (Steam Engine), the flat part of a steam cylinder on which a slide valve moves. — Face of an anvil, its flat upper surface. — Face of a bastion (Fort.), the part between the salient and the shoulder angle. — Face of coal (Mining), the principal cleavage plane, at right angles to the stratification. — Face of a gun, the surface of metal at the muzzle. — Face of a place (Fort.), the front comprehended between the flanked angles of two neighboring bastions. Wilhelm. — Face of a square (Mil.), one of the sides of a battalion when formed in a square. — Face of a watch, clock, compass, card etc., the dial or graduated surface on which a pointer indicates the time of day, point of the compass, etc. — Face to face. (a) In the presence of each other; as, to bring the accuser and the accused face to face. (b) Without the interposition of any body or substance. “Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face.” 1 Cor. xiii. 12. (c) With the faces or finished surfaces turned inward or toward one another; vis à vis; — opposed to back to back. — To fly in the face of, to defy; to brave; to withstand. — To make a face, to distort the countenance; to make a grimace. Shak.

Face (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Facing (?).] 1. To meet in front; to oppose with firmness; to resist, or to meet for the purpose of stopping or opposing; to confront; to encounter; as, to face an enemy in the field of battle.

I’ll face
This tempest, and deserve the name of king.

Dryden.

2. To Confront impudently; to bully.

I will neither be facednor braved.

Shak.

3. To stand opposite to; to stand with the face or front toward; to front upon; as, the apartments of the general faced the park.

He gained also with his forces that part of Britain which faces Ireland.

Milton.

4. To cover in front, for ornament, protection, etc.; to put a facing upon; as, a building faced with marble.

5. To line near the edge, esp. with a different material; as, to face the front of a coat, or the bottom of a dress.

6. To cover with better, or better appearing, material than the mass consists of, for purpose of deception, as the surface of a box of tea, a barrel of sugar, etc.

7. (Mach.) To make the surface of (anything) flat or smooth; to dress the face of (a stone, a casting, etc.); esp., in turning, to shape or smooth the flat surface of, as distinguished from the cylindrical surface.

8. To cause to turn or present a face or front, as in a particular direction.

To face down, to put down by bold or impudent opposition. “He faced men down.” Prior. — To face (a thing) out, to persist boldly or impudently in an assertion or in a line of conduct. “That thinks with oaths to face the matter out.” Shak.

Face, v. i. 1. To carry a false appearance; to play the hypocrite. “To lie, to face, to forge.” Spenser.

2. To turn the face; as, to face to the right or left.

Face about, man; a soldier, and afraid!

Dryden.

3. To present a face or front.

Faced (fāst), a. Having (such) a face, or (so many) faces; as, smooth-faced, two- faced.

Fa”cer (fā“s&etilde;r), n. 1. One who faces; one who puts on a false show; a bold-faced person. [Obs.]

There be no greater talkers, nor boasters, nor fasers.

Latimer.

2. A blow in the face, as in boxing; hence, any severe or stunning check or defeat, as in controversy. [Collog.]

I should have been a stercoraceous mendicant if I had hollowed when I got a facer.

C. Kingsley.

Fac”et (?), n. [F. facette, dim. of face face. See Face.] 1. A little face; a small, plane surface; as, the facets of a diamond. [Written also facette.]

2. (Anat.) A smooth circumscribed surface; as, the articular facet of a bone.

3. (Arch.) The narrow plane surface between flutings of a column.

4. (Zoöl.) One of the numerous small eyes which make up the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans.

Fac”et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faceted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faceting.] To cut facets or small faces upon; as, to facet a diamond.

Fa*cete” (?), a. [L. facetus elegant, fine, facetious; akin to facies. See Face, and cf. Facetious.] Facetious; witty; humorous. [Archaic] “A facete discourse.” Jer. Taylor.

“How to interpose” with a small, smart remark, sentiment facete, or unctuous anecdote.

Prof. Wilson.

— Fa*cete”ly, adv. — Fa*cete”ness, n.

Fac”et*ed (?), a. Having facets.

||Fa*ce”ti*æ (&?;), n. pl. [L., fr. facetus. See Facete.] Witty or humorous writings or saying; witticisms; merry conceits.

Fa*ce”tious (?), a. [Cf. F. facétieux. See Facetiæ.] 1. Given to wit and good humor; merry; sportive; jocular; as, a facetious companion.

2. Characterized by wit and pleasantry; exciting laughter; as, a facetious story or reply.

— Fa*ce”tious*ly, adv. — Fa*ce”tious*ness, n.

Fa*cette” (?), n. [F.] See Facet, n.

Face”work` (?), n. The material of the outside or front side, as of a wall or building; facing.

Fa”ci*a (?), n. (Arch.) See Fascia.

Fa”cial (?), a. [LL. facialis, fr. L. facies face : cf. F. facial.] Of or pertaining to the face; as, the facial artery, vein, or nerve. — Fa”cial*ly, adv.

Facial angle (Anat.), the angle, in a skull, included between a straight line (ab, in the illustrations), from the most prominent part of the forehead to the front efge of the upper jaw bone, and another (cd) from this point to the center of the external auditory opening. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic.

Fa”ci*end (?), n. [From neut. of L. faciendus, gerundive of facere to do.] (Mach.) The multiplicand. See Facient, 2.

Fa”cient (?), n. [L. faciens, — entis, p. pr. of facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. One who does anything, good or bad; a doer; an agent. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

2. (Mach.) (a) One of the variables of a quantic as distinguished from a coefficient. (b) The multiplier.

&fist; The terms facient, faciend, and factum, may imply that the multiplication involved is not ordinary multiplication, but is either some specified operation, or, in general, any mathematical operation. See Multiplication.

||Fa”ci*es (?), n. [L., from, face. See Face.]

1. The anterior part of the head; the face.

2. (Biol.) The general aspect or habit of a species, or group of species, esp. with reference to its adaptation to its environment.

3. (Zoöl.) The face of a bird, or the front of the head, excluding the bill.

Facies Hippocratica. (Med.) See Hippocratic.

Fac”ile (?) a. [L. facilis, prop., capable of being done or made, hence, facile, easy, fr. facere to make, do: cf. F. facile. Srr Fact, and cf. Faculty.] 1. Easy to be done or performed: not difficult; performable or attainable with little labor.

Order . . . will render the work facile and delightful.

Evelyn.

2. Easy to be surmounted or removed; easily conquerable; readily mastered.

The facile gates of hell too slightly barred.

Milton.

3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous; not haughty, austere, or distant; affable; complaisant.

I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet.

B. Jonson.

4. Easily persuaded to good or bad; yielding; ductile to a fault; pliant; flexible.

Since Adam, and his facile consort Eve,
Lost Paradise, deceived by me.

Milton.

This is treating Burns like a child, a person of so facile a disposition as not to be trusted without a keeper on the king’s highway.

Prof. Wilson.

5. Ready; quick; expert; as, he is facile in expedients; he wields a facile pen.

— Fac”ile*ly, adv. — Fac”ile*ness, n.

Fa*cil”i*tate (f&adot;*s&ibreve;l”&ibreve;*tāt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Facilitated (-tā`t&ebreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Facilitating (-tā`t&ibreve;ng).] [Cf. F. faciliter. See Facility.] To make easy or less difficult; to free from difficulty or impediment; to lessen the labor of; as, to facilitate the execution of a task.

To invite and facilitate that line of proceeding which the times call for.

I. Taylor.

Fa*cil`i*ta”tion (?), n. The act of facilitating or making easy.

Fa*cil”i*ty (f&adot;*s&ibreve;l”&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n.; pl. Facilities (- t&ibreve;z). [L. facilitas, fr. facilis easy: cf. F. facilité. See Facile.] 1. The quality of being easily performed; freedom from difficulty; ease; as, the facility of an operation.

The facility with which government has been overturned in France.

Burke.

2. Ease in performance; readiness proceeding from skill or use; dexterity; as, practice gives a wonderful facility in executing works of art.

3. Easiness to be persuaded; readiness or compliance; — usually in a bad sense; pliancy.

It is a great error to take facility for good nature.

L’Estrange.

4. Easiness of access; complaisance; affability.

Offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility.

South.

5. That which promotes the ease of any action or course of conduct; advantage; aid; assistance; — usually in the plural; as, special facilities for study.

Syn. — Ease; expertness; readiness; dexterity; complaisance; condescension; affability. — Facility, Expertness, Readiness. These words have in common the idea of performing any act with ease and promptitude. Facility supposes a natural or acquired power of dispatching a task with lightness and ease. Expertness is the kind of facility acquired by long practice. Readiness marks the promptitude with which anything is done. A merchant needs great facility in dispatching business; a banker, great expertness in casting accounts; both need great readiness in passing from one employment to another. “The facility which we get of doing things by a custom of doing, makes them often pass in us without our notice.” Locke. “The army was celebrated for the expertness and valor of the soldiers.” “A readiness to obey the known will of God is the surest means to enlighten the mind in respect to duty.”

Fa”cing (?), n. 1. A covering in front, for ornament or other purpose; an exterior covering or sheathing; as, the facing of an earthen slope, sea wall, etc. , to strengthen it or to protect or adorn the exposed surface.

2. A lining placed near the edge of a garment for ornament or protection.

3. (Arch.) The finishing of any face of a wall with material different from that of which it is chiefly composed, or the coating or material so used.

4. (Founding) A powdered substance, as charcoal, bituminous coal, ect., applied to the face of a mold, or mixed with the sand that forms it, to give a fine smooth surface to the casting.

5. (Mil.) (a) pl. The collar and cuffs of a military coat; — commonly of a color different from that of the coat. (b) The movement of soldiers by turning on their heels to the right, left, or about; — chiefly in the pl.

Facing brick, front or pressed brick.

Fa”cing*ly, adv. In a facing manner or position.

Fa*cin”o*rous (?), a. [L. facinorous, from facinus deed, bad deed, from facere to make, do.] Atrociously wicked. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

— Fa*cin”o*rous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Fac”ound (?), n. [F. faconde, L. facundia. See Facund.] Speech; eloquence. [Obs.]

Her facound eke full womanly and plain.

Chaucer.

Fac*sim”i*le (?), n.; pl. Facsimiles (-l&?;z). [L. fac simile make like; or an abbreviation of factum simile made like; facere to make + similes like. See Fact, and Simile.] A copy of anything made, either so as to be deceptive or so as to give every part and detail of the original; an exact copy or likeness.

Facsimile telegraph, a telegraphic apparatus reproducing messages in autograph.

Fac*sim”i*le, (&?;), v. t. To make a facsimile of.

Fact (făkt), n. [L. factum, fr. facere to make or do. Cf. Feat, Affair, Benefit, Defect, Fashion, and -fy.] 1. A doing, making, or preparing. [Obs.]

A project for the fact and vending
Of a new kind of fucus, paint for ladies.

B. Jonson.

2. An effect produced or achieved; anything done or that comes to pass; an act; an event; a circumstance.

What might instigate him to this devilish fact, I am not able to conjecture.

Evelyn.

He who most excels in fact of arms.

Milton.

3. Reality; actuality; truth; as, he, in fact, excelled all the rest; the fact is, he was beaten.

4. The assertion or statement of a thing done or existing; sometimes, even when false, improperly put, by a transfer of meaning, for the thing done, or supposed to be done; a thing supposed or asserted to be done; as, history abounds with false facts.

I do not grant the fact.

De Foe.

This reasoning is founded upon a fact which is not true.

Roger Long.

&fist; The term fact has in jurisprudence peculiar uses in contrast with law; as, attorney at law, and attorney in fact; issue in law, and issue in fact. There is also a grand distinction between law and fact with reference to the province of the judge and that of the jury, the latter generally determining the fact, the former the law. Burrill Bouvier.
[1913 Webster]

Accessary before, or after, the fact. See under Accessary. — Matter of fact, an actual occurrence; a verity; used adjectively: of or pertaining to facts; prosaic; unimaginative; as, a matter-of-fact narration.

Syn. — Act; deed; performance; event; incident; occurrence; circumstance.

Fac”tion (făk”shŭn), n. [L. factio a doing, a company of persons acting together, a faction: cf. F. faction See Fashion.] 1. (Anc. Hist.) One of the divisions or parties of charioteers (distinguished by their colors) in the games of the circus.

2. A party, in political society, combined or acting in union, in opposition to the government, or state; — usually applied to a minority, but it may be applied to a majority; a combination or clique of partisans of any kind, acting for their own interests, especially if greedy, clamorous, and reckless of the common good.

3. Tumult; discord; dissension.

They remained at Newbury in great faction among themselves.

Clarendon.

Syn. — Combination; clique; junto. See Cabal.

Fac”tion*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. factionnaire, L. factionarius the head of a company of charioteers.] Belonging to a faction; being a partisan; taking sides. [Obs.]

Always factionary on the party of your general.

Shak.

Fac”tion*er (-?r), n. One of a faction. Abp. Bancroft.

Fac”tion*ist, n. One who promotes faction.

Fac”tious (?). a. [L. factiosus: cf. F. factieux.] 1. Given to faction; addicted to form parties and raise dissensions, in opposition to government or the common good; turbulent; seditious; prone to clamor against public measures or men; — said of persons.

Factious for the house of Lancaster.

Shak.

2. Pertaining to faction; proceeding from faction; indicating, or characterized by, faction; — said of acts or expressions; as, factious quarrels.

Headlong zeal or factious fury.

Burke.

— Fac”tious*ly, adv. — Fac”tious- ness, n.

Fac*ti”tious (?), a. [L. factitius, fr. facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Fetich.] Made by art, in distinction from what is produced by nature; artificial; sham; formed by, or adapted to, an artificial or conventional, in distinction from a natural, standard or rule; not natural; as, factitious cinnabar or jewels; a factitious taste. — Fac-ti”tious*ly, adv. — Fac*ti”tious-ness, n.

He acquires a factitious propensity, he forms an incorrigible habit, of desultory reading.

De Quincey.

Syn. — Unnatural. — Factitious, Unnatural. Anything is unnatural when it departs in any way from its simple or normal state; it is factitious when it is wrought out or wrought up by labor and effort, as, a factitious excitement. An unnatural demand for any article of merchandise is one which exceeds the ordinary rate of consumption; a factitious demand is one created by active exertions for the purpose. An unnatural alarm is one greater than the occasion requires; a factitious alarm is one wrought up with care and effort.

Fac”ti*tive (?). a. [See Fact.] 1. Causing; causative.

2. (Gram.) Pertaining to that relation which is proper when the act, as of a transitive verb, is not merely received by an object, but produces some change in the object, as when we say, He made the water wine.

Sometimes the idea of activity in a verb or adjective involves in it a reference to an effect, in the way of causality, in the active voice on the immediate objects, and in the passive voice on the subject of such activity. This second object is called the factitive object.

J. W. Gibbs.

Fac”tive (?), a. Making; having power to make. [Obs.] “You are . . . factive, not destructive.” Bacon.

||Fac”to (?), adv. [L., ablative of factum deed, fact.] (Law) In fact; by the act or fact.

De facto. (Law) See De facto.

Fac”tor (?), n. [L. factor a doer: cf. F. facteur a factor. See Fact.] 1. (Law) One who transacts business for another; an agent; a substitute; especially, a mercantile agent who buys and sells goods and transacts business for others in commission; a commission merchant or consignee. He may be a home factor or a foreign factor. He may buy and sell in his own name, and he is intrusted with the possession and control of the goods; and in these respects he differs from a broker. Story. Wharton.

My factor sends me word, a merchant’s fled
That owes me for a hundred tun of wine.

Marlowe.

2. A steward or bailiff of an estate. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

3. (Math.) One of the elements or quantities which, when multiplied together, form a product.

4. One of the elements, circumstances, or influences which contribute to produce a result; a constituent.

The materal and dynamical factors of nutrition.

H. Spencer.

Fac”tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factored (-t?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factoring.] (Mach.) To resolve (a quantity) into its factors.

Fac”tor*age (?), n. [Cf. F. factorage.] The allowance given to a factor, as a compensation for his services; — called also a commission.

Fac”tor*ess (?), n. A factor who is a woman. [R.]

Fac*to”ri*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a factory. Buchanan.

2. (Math.) Related to factorials.

Fac*to”ri*al, n. (Math.) (a) pl. A name given to the factors of a continued product when the former are derivable from one and the same function F(x) by successively imparting a constant increment or decrement h to the independent variable. Thus the product F(x).F(x + h).F(x + 2h) . . . F[x + (n-1)h] is called a factorial term, and its several factors take the name of factorials. Brande & C.

(b) The product of the consecutive numbers from unity up to any given number.

Fac”tor*ing (?), n. (Math.) The act of resolving into factors.

Fac”tor*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factorized (?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factorizing (?“z?ng).] (Law) (a) To give warning to; — said of a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, the warning being to the effect that he shall not pay the money or deliver the property of the defendant in his hands to him, but appear and answer the suit of the plaintiff. (b) To attach (the effects of a debtor) in the hands of a third person ; to garnish. See Garnish. [Vt. & Conn.]

Fac”tor*ship, n. The business of a factor.

Fac”to*ry (?), n.; pl. Factories (-r&?;z). [Cf. F. factorerie.] 1. A house or place where factors, or commercial agents, reside, to transact business for their employers. “The Company’s factory at Madras.” Burke.

2. The body of factors in any place; as, a chaplain to a British factory. W. Guthrie.

3. A building, or collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture of goods; the place where workmen are employed in fabricating goods, wares, or utensils; a manufactory; as, a cotton factory.

Factory leg (Med.), a variety of bandy leg, associated with partial dislocation of the tibia, produced in young children by working in factories.

Fac*to”tum (făk*tō“tŭm), n.; pl. Factotums (- tŭmz). [L., do everything; facere to do + totus all : cf. F. factotum. See Fact, and Total.] A person employed to do all kinds of work or business. B. Jonson.

Fac”tu*al (făk*t&usl;”al), a. Relating to, or containing, facts. [R.]

||Fac”tum (făk”tŭm), n.; pl. Facta (#). [L. See Fact.] 1. (Law) A man’s own act and deed; particularly: (a) (Civil Law) Anything stated and made certain. (b) (Testamentary Law) The due execution of a will, including everything necessary to its validity.

2. (Mach.) The product. See Facient, 2.

Fac”ture (?), n. [F. facture a making, invoice, L. factura a making. See Fact.] 1. The act or manner of making or doing anything; — now used of a literary, musical, or pictorial production. Bacon.

2. (Com.) An invoice or bill of parcels.

||Fac”u*læ (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of facula a little torch.] (Astron.) Groups of small shining spots on the surface of the sun which are brighter than the other parts of the photosphere. They are generally seen in the neighborhood of the dark spots, and are supposed to be elevated portions of the photosphere. Newcomb.

Fac”u*lar (?) a. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the faculæ. R. A. Proctor.

Fac”ul*ty (?), n.; pl. Faculties (#). [F. facult&?;, L. facultas, fr. facilis easy (cf. facul easily), fr. fecere to make. See Fact, and cf. Facility.] 1. Ability to act or perform, whether inborn or cultivated; capacity for any natural function; especially, an original mental power or capacity for any of the well-known classes of mental activity; psychical or soul capacity; capacity for any of the leading kinds of soul activity, as knowledge, feeling, volition; intellectual endowment or gift; power; as, faculties of the mind or the soul.

But know that in the soul
Are many lesser faculties that serve
Reason as chief.

Milton.

What a piece of work is a man ! how noble in reason ! how infinite in faculty !

Shak.

2. Special mental endowment; characteristic knack.

He had a ready faculty, indeed, of escaping from any topic that agitated his too sensitive and nervous temperament.

Hawthorne.

3. Power; prerogative or attribute of office. [R.]

This Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek.

Shak.

4. Privilege or permission, granted by favor or indulgence, to do a particular thing; authority; license; dispensation.

The pope . . . granted him a faculty to set him free from his promise.

Fuller.

It had not only faculty to inspect all bishops’ dioceses, but to change what laws and statutes they should think fit to alter among the colleges.

Evelyn.

5. A body of a men to whom any specific right or privilege is granted; formerly, the graduates in any of the four departments of a university or college (Philosophy, Law, Medicine, or Theology), to whom was granted the right of teaching (profitendi or docendi) in the department in which they had studied; at present, the members of a profession itself; as, the medical faculty; the legal faculty, ect.

6. (Amer. Colleges) The body of person to whom are intrusted the government and instruction of a college or university, or of one of its departments; the president, professors, and tutors in a college.

Dean of faculty. See under Dean. — Faculty of advocates. (Scot.) See under Advocate.

Syn. — Talent; gift; endowment; dexterity; expertness; cleverness; readiness; ability; knack.

Fac”und (?), a. [L. facundus, fr. fari to speak.] Eloquent. [Archaic]

Fa*cun”di*ous (?), a. [L. facundiosus.] Eloquement; full of words. [Archaic]

Fa*cun”di*ty (?), n. [L. facunditas.] Eloquence; readiness of speech. [Archaic]

Fad (?), n. [Cf. Faddle.] A hobby ; freak; whim. — Fad”dist, n.

It is your favorite fad to draw plans.

G. Eliot.

Fad”dle (?), v. i. [Cf. Fiddle, Fiddle-faddle.] To trifle; to toy. — v. t. To fondle; to dandle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fade (?) a. [F., prob. fr. L. vapidus vapid, or possibly fr,fatuus foolish, insipid.] Weak; insipid; tasteless; commonplace. [R.] “Passages that are somewhat fade.” Jeffrey.

His masculine taste gave him a sense of something fade and ludicrous.

De Quincey.

Fade (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fading.] [OE. faden, vaden, prob. fr. fade, a.; cf. Prov. D. vadden to fade, wither, vaddigh languid, torpid. Cf. Fade, a., Vade.] 1. To become fade; to grow weak; to lose strength; to decay; to perish gradually; to wither, as a plant.

The earth mourneth and fadeth away.

Is. xxiv. 4.

2. To lose freshness, color, or brightness; to become faint in hue or tint; hence, to be wanting in color. “Flowers that never fade.” Milton.

3. To sink away; to disappear gradually; to grow dim; to vanish.

The stars shall fade away.

Addison

He makes a swanlike end,
Fading in music.

Shak.

Fade, v. t. To cause to wither; to deprive of freshness or vigor; to wear away.

No winter could his laurels fade.

Dryden.

Fad”ed (?), a. That has lost freshness, color, or brightness; grown dim. “His faded cheek.” Milton.

Where the faded moon
Made a dim silver twilight.

Keats.

Fad”ed*ly, adv. In a faded manner.

A dull room fadedly furnished.

Dickens.

Fade”less, a. Not liable to fade; unfading.

Fa”der (?), n. Father. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fadge (?), v. i. [Cf. OE. faden to flatter, and AS. f&?;gan to join, unit, G. fügen, or AS. āfægian to depict; all perh. form the same root as E. fair. Cf. Fair, a., Fay to fit.] To fit; to suit; to agree.

They shall be made, spite of antipathy, to fadge together.

Milton.

Well, Sir, how fadges the new design ?

Wycherley.

Fadge (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A small flat loaf or thick cake; also, a fagot. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fad”ing (?), a. Losing freshness, color, brightness, or vigor. — n. Loss of color, freshness, or vigor. — Fad”ing*ly, adv. — Fad”ing*ness, n.

Fad”ing, n. An Irish dance; also, the burden of a song. “Fading is a fine jig.” [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fad”me (?), n. A fathom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fad”y (?), a. Faded. [R.] Shenstone.

Fæ“cal (?), a. See Fecal.

||Fæ“ces (?), n. pl. [L. faex, pl. faeces, dregs.] Excrement; ordure; also, settlings; sediment after infusion or distillation. [Written also feces.]

||Fæc”u*la (?), n. [L.] See Fecula.

Fa”ër*y (?), n. & a. Fairy. [Archaic] Spenser.

Faf”fle (?), v. i. [Cf. Famble, Maffle.] To stammer. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fag (făg) n. A knot or coarse part in cloth. [Obs.]

Fag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fagged (făgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fagging (făg”g&ibreve;ng).] [Cf. LG. fakk wearied, weary, vaak slumber, drowsiness, OFries. fai, equiv. to fāch devoted to death, OS. fēgi, OHG. feigi, G. feig, feige, cowardly, Icel. feigr fated to die, AS. f&aemacr;ge, Scot. faik, to fail, stop, lower the price; or perh. the same word as E. flag to droop.] 1. To become weary; to tire.
[1913 Webster]

Creighton withheld his force till the Italian began to fag.

G. Mackenzie.

2. To labor to wearness; to work hard; to drudge.

Read, fag, and subdue this chapter.

Coleridge.

3. To act as a fag, or perform menial services or drudgery, for another, as in some English schools.

To fag out, to become untwisted or frayed, as the end of a rope, or the edge of canvas.

Fag, v. t. 1. To tire by labor; to exhaust; as, he was almost fagged out.

2. Anything that fatigues. [R.]

It is such a fag, I came back tired to death.

Miss Austen.

Brain fag. (Med.) See Cerebropathy.

Fag”-end” (?), n. 1. An end of poorer quality, or in a spoiled condition, as the coarser end of a web of cloth, the untwisted end of a rope, ect.

2. The refuse or meaner part of anything.

The fag-end of business.

Collier.

Fag”ging (făg”g&ibreve;ng), n. Laborious drudgery; esp., the acting as a drudge for another at an English school.

Fag”ot (făg”ŭt) n. [F., prob. aug. of L. fax, facis, torch, perh. orig., a bundle of sticks; cf. Gr. fa`kelos bundle, fagot. Cf. Fagotto.] 1. A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of trees, used for fuel, for raising batteries, filling ditches, or other purposes in fortification; a fascine. Shak.

2. A bundle of pieces of wrought iron to be worked over into bars or other shapes by rolling or hammering at a welding heat; a pile.

3. (Mus.) A bassoon. See Fagotto.

4. A person hired to take the place of another at the muster of a company. [Eng.] Addison.

5. An old shriveled woman. [Slang, Eng.]

Fagot iron, iron, in bars or masses, manufactured from fagots. — Fagot vote, the vote of a person who has been constituted a voter by being made a landholder, for party purposes. [Political cant, Eng.]

Fag”ot (?) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fagoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fagoting.] To make a fagot of; to bind together in a fagot or bundle; also, to collect promiscuously. Dryden.

||Fa*got”to (?), n. [It. See Fagot.] (Mus.) The bassoon; — so called from being divided into parts for ease of carriage, making, as it were, a small fagot.

||Fa”ham (?), n. The leaves of an orchid (Angraecum fragrans), of the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius, used (in France) as a substitute for Chinese tea.

||Fahl”band` (?), n. [G., fr. fahl dun-colored + band a band.] (Mining) A stratum in crystalline rock, containing metallic sulphides. Raymond.

{ Fahl”erz (?), Fahl”band (?), } n. [G. fahlerz; fahl dun-colored, fallow + erz ore.] (Min.) Same as Tetrahedrite.

Fah”lun*ite (fä“lŭn*īt), n. [From Fahlun, a place in Sweden.] (Min.) A hydrated silica of alumina, resulting from the alteration of iolite.
[1913 Webster]

Fah”ren*heit (?) a. [G.] Conforming to the scale used by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in the graduation of his thermometer; of or relating to Fahrenheit’s thermometric scale. — n. The Fahrenheit thermometer or scale.

&fist; The Fahrenheit thermometer is so graduated that the freezing point of water is at 32 degrees above the zero of its scale, and the boiling point at 212 degrees above. It is commonly used in the United States and in England.

||Fa`ï*ence” (?), n. [F., fr. Faenza, a town in Italy, the original place of manufacture.] Glazed earthenware; esp., that which is decorated in color.

Fail (fāl) v. i. [imp. & p. p. Failed (fāld); p. pr. & vb. n. Failing.] [F. failir, fr. L. fallere, falsum, to deceive, akin to E. fall. See Fail, and cf. Fallacy, False, Fault.] 1. To be wanting; to fall short; to be or become deficient in any measure or degree up to total absence; to cease to be furnished in the usual or expected manner, or to be altogether cut off from supply; to be lacking; as, streams fail; crops fail.

As the waters fail from the sea.

Job xiv. 11.

Till Lionel’s issue fails, his should not reign.

Shak.

2. To be affected with want; to come short; to lack; to be deficient or unprovided; — used with of.

If ever they fail of beauty, this failure is not be attributed to their size.

Berke.

3. To fall away; to become diminished; to decline; to decay; to sink.

When earnestly they seek
Such proof, conclude they then begin to fail.

Milton.

4. To deteriorate in respect to vigor, activity, resources, etc.; to become weaker; as, a sick man fails.

5. To perish; to die; — used of a person. [Obs.]

Had the king in his last sickness failed.

Shak.

6. To be found wanting with respect to an action or a duty to be performed, a result to be secured, etc.; to miss; not to fulfill expectation.

Take heed now that ye fail not to do this.

Ezra iv. 22.

Either my eyesight fails, or thou look’st pale.

Shak.

7. To come short of a result or object aimed at or desired ; to be baffled or frusrated.

Our envious foe hath failed.

Milton.

8. To err in judgment; to be mistaken.

Which ofttimes may succeed, so as perhaps
Shall grieve him, if I fail not.

Milton.

9. To become unable to meet one’s engagements; especially, to be unable to pay one’s debts or discharge one’s business obligation; to become bankrupt or insolvent.

Fail (?), v. t. 1. To be wanting to ; to be insufficient for; to disappoint; to desert.

There shall not fail thee a man on the throne.

1 Kings ii. 4.

2. To miss of attaining; to lose. [R.]

Though that seat of earthly bliss be failed.

Milton.

Fail, n. [OF. faille, from failir. See Fail, v. i.] 1. Miscarriage; failure; deficiency; fault; — mostly superseded by failure or failing, except in the phrase without fail. “His highness’ fail of issue.” Shak.

2. Death; decease. [Obs.] Shak.

Fail”ance (?), n. [Of. faillance, fr. faillir.] Fault; failure; omission. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Fail”ing, n. 1. A failing short; a becoming deficient; failure; deficiency; imperfection; weakness; lapse; fault; infirmity; as, a mental failing.

And ever in her mind she cast about
For that unnoticed failing in herself.

Tennyson.

2. The act of becoming insolvent of bankrupt.

Syn. — See Fault.

||Faille (?), n. [F.] A soft silk, heavier than a foulard and not glossy.

Fail”ure (?), n. [From Fail.] 1. Cessation of supply, or total defect; a failing; deficiency; as, failure of rain; failure of crops.

2. Omission; nonperformance; as, the failure to keep a promise.

3. Want of success; the state of having failed.

4. Decay, or defect from decay; deterioration; as, the failure of memory or of sight.

5. A becoming insolvent; bankruptcy; suspension of payment; as, failure in business.

6. A failing; a slight fault. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fain (?), a. [OE. fain, fagen, AS. fægen; akin to OS. fagan, Icel. faginn glad; AS. fægnian to rejoice, OS. faganōn, Icel. fagna, Goth. faginōn, cf. Goth. fahēds joy; and fr. the same root as E. fair. Srr Fair, a., and cf. Fawn to court favor.] 1. Well-pleased; glad; apt; wont; fond; inclined.

Men and birds are fain of climbing high.

Shak.

To a busy man, temptation is fainto climb up together with his business.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Satisfied; contented; also, constrained. Shak.

The learned Castalio was fain to make trechers at Basle to keep himself from starving.

Locke.

Fain, adv. With joy; gladly; — with wold.

He would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat.

Luke xv. 16.

Fain Would I woo her, yet I dare not.

Shak.

Fain, v. t. & i. To be glad ; to wish or desire. [Obs.]

Whoso fair thing does fain to see.

Spencer.

||Fai`né`ant” (f&asl;`n&asl;`äN”), a. [F.; fait he does + néant nothing.] Doing nothing; shiftless. — n. A do-nothing; an idle fellow; a sluggard. Sir W. Scott.

Faint (fānt), a. [Compar. Fainter (-&etilde;r); superl. Faintest.] [OE. feint, faint, false, faint, F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign, suppose, hesitate. See Feign, and cf. Feint.] 1. Lacking strength; weak; languid; inclined to swoon; as, faint with fatigue, hunger, or thirst.

2. Wanting in courage, spirit, or energy; timorous; cowardly; dejected; depressed; as, “Faint heart ne’er won fair lady.” Old Proverb.

3. Lacking distinctness; hardly perceptible; striking the senses feebly; not bright, or loud, or sharp, or forcible; weak; as, a faint color, or sound.

4. Performed, done, or acted, in a weak or feeble manner; not exhibiting vigor, strength, or energy; slight; as, faint efforts; faint resistance.

The faint prosecution of the war.

Sir J. Davies.

Faint, n. The act of fainting, or the state of one who has fainted; a swoon. [R.] See Fainting, n.

The saint,
Who propped the Virgin in her faint.

Sir W. Scott.

Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fainting.] 1. To become weak or wanting in vigor; to grow feeble; to lose strength and color, and the control of the bodily or mental functions; to swoon; — sometimes with away. See Fainting, n.

Hearing the honor intended her, she fainted away.

Guardian.

If I send them away fasting . . . they will faint by the way.

Mark viii. 8.

2. To sink into dejection; to lose courage or spirit; to become depressed or despondent.

If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small.

Prov. xxiv. 10.

3. To decay; to disappear; to vanish.

Gilded clouds, while we gaze upon them, faint before the eye.

Pope.

Faint (?), v. t. To cause to faint or become dispirited; to depress; to weaken. [Obs.]

It faints me to think what follows.

Shak.

Faint”-heart`ed (?), a. Wanting in courage; depressed by fear; easily discouraged or frightened; cowardly; timorous; dejected.

Fear not, neither be faint- hearted.

Is. vii. 4.

— Faint”-heart`ed*ly, adv. — Faint”-heart`ed*ness, n.

Faint”ing (?), n. Syncope, or loss of consciousness owing to a sudden arrest of the blood supply to the brain, the face becoming pallid, the respiration feeble, and the heat’s beat weak.

Fainting fit, a fainting or swoon; syncope. [Colloq.]

Faint”ish, a. Slightly faint; somewhat faint. — Faint”ish*ness, n.

Faint”ling (?), a. Timorous; feeble-minded. [Obs.] “A fainting, silly creature.” Arbuthnot.

Faint”ly, adv. In a faint, weak, or timidmanner.

Faint”ness, n. 1. The state of being faint; loss of strength, or of consciousness, and self-control.

2. Want of vigor or energy. Spenser.

3. Feebleness, as of color or light; lack of distinctness; as, faintness of description.

4. Faint-heartedness; timorousness; dejection.

I will send a faintness into their hearts.

Lev. xxvi. 36.

Faints (?), n. pl. The impure spirit which comes over first and last in the distillation of whisky; — the former being called the strong faints, and the latter, which is much more abundant, the weak faints. This crude spirit is much impregnated with fusel oil. Ure.

Faint”y (?), a. Feeble; languid. [R.] Dryden.

Fair (fâr), a. [Compar. Fairer (?); superl. Fairest.] [OE. fair, fayer, fager, AS. fæger; akin to OS. & OHG. fagar, Icel. fagr, Sw. fager, Dan. faver, Goth. fagrs fit, also to E. fay, G. fügen, to fit. fegen to sweep, cleanse, and prob. also to E. fang, peace, pact, Cf. Fang, Fain, Fay to fit.] 1. Free from spots, specks, dirt, or imperfection; unblemished; clean; pure.

A fair white linen cloth.

Book of Common Prayer.

2. Pleasing to the eye; handsome; beautiful.

Who can not see many a fair French city, for one fair French made.

Shak.

3. Without a dark hue; light; clear; as, a fair skin.

The northern people large and fair- complexioned.

Sir M. Hale.

4. Not overcast; cloudless; clear; pleasant; propitious; favorable; — said of the sky, weather, or wind, etc.; as, a fair sky; a fair day.

You wish fair winds may waft him over.

Prior.

5. Free from obstacles or hindrances; unobstructed; unincumbered; open; direct; — said of a road, passage, etc.; as, a fair mark; in fair sight; a fair view.

The caliphs obtained a mighty empire, which was in a fair way to have enlarged.

Sir W. Raleigh.

6. (Shipbuilding) Without sudden change of direction or curvature; smooth; flowing; — said of the figure of a vessel, and of surfaces, water lines, and other lines.

7. Characterized by frankness, honesty, impartiality, or candor; open; upright; free from suspicion or bias; equitable; just; — said of persons, character, or conduct; as, a fair man; fair dealing; a fair statement. “I would call it fair play.” Shak.

8. Pleasing; favorable; inspiring hope and confidence; — said of words, promises, etc.

When fair words and good counsel will not prevail on us, we must be frighted into our duty.

L’ Estrange.

9. Distinct; legible; as, fair handwriting.

10. Free from any marked characteristic; average; middling; so-so; as, a fair specimen.

The news is very fair and good, my lord.

Shak.

Fair ball. (Baseball) (a) A ball passing over the home base at the height called for by the batsman, and delivered by the pitcher while wholly within the lines of his position and facing the batsman. (b) A batted ball that falls inside the foul lines; — called also a fair hit. — Fair maid. (Zoöl.) (a) The European pilchard (Clupea pilchardus) when dried. (b) The southern scup (Stenotomus Gardeni). [Virginia] — Fair one, a handsome woman; a beauty, — Fair play, equitable or impartial treatment; a fair or equal chance; justice. — From fair to middling, passable; tolerable. [Colloq.] — The fair sex, the female sex.

Syn. — Candid; open; frank; ingenuous; clear; honest; equitable; impartial; reasonable. See Candid.

Fair, adv. Clearly; openly; frankly; civilly; honestly; favorably; auspiciously; agreeably.

Fair and square, justly; honestly; equitably; impartially. [Colloq.] — To bid fair. See under Bid. — To speak fair, to address with courtesy and frankness. [Archaic]

Fair, n. 1. Fairness, beauty. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A fair woman; a sweetheart.

I have found out a gift for my fair.

Shenstone.

3. Good fortune; good luck.

Now fair befall thee !

Shak.

The fair, anything beautiful; women, collectively. “For slander’s mark was ever yet the fair.” Shak.

Fair, v. t. 1. To make fair or beautiful. [Obs.]

Fairing the foul.

Shak.

2. (Shipbuilding) To make smooth and flowing, as a vessel’s lines.

Fair, n. [OE. feire, OF. feire, F. foire, fr. L. fariae, pl., days of rest, holidays, festivals, akin to festus festal. See Feast.] 1. A gathering of buyers and sellers, assembled at a particular place with their merchandise at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, for trade.

2. A festival, and sale of fancy articles. erc., usually for some charitable object; as, a Grand Army fair.

3. A competitive exhibition of wares, farm products, etc., not primarily for purposes of sale; as, the Mechanics’ fair; an agricultural fair.

After the fair, Too late. [Colloq.]

Fair”-haired` (?), a. Having fair or light-colored hair.

Fair”hood (?), n. Fairness; beauty. [Obs.] Foxe.

Fair”i*ly (?), adv. In the manner of a fairy.

Numerous as shadows haunting fairily
The brain.

Keats.

Fair”ing, n. A present; originally, one given or purchased at a fair. Gay.

Fairing box, a box receiving savings or small sums of money. Hannah More.

Fair”ish, a. Tolerably fair. [Colloq.] W. D. Howells.

Fair”-lead`er (?), n. (Naut.) A block, or ring, serving as a guide for the running rigging or for any rope.

Fair”ly, adv. 1. In a fair manner; clearly; openly; plainly; fully; distinctly; frankly.

Even the nature of Mr. Dimmesdale’s disease had never fairly been revealed to him.

Hawthorne.

2. Favorably; auspiciously; commodiously; as, a town fairly situated for foreign trade.

3. Honestly; properly.

Such means of comfort or even luxury, as lay fairly within their grasp.

Hawthorne.

4. Softly; quietly; gently. [Obs.] Milton.

Fair”-mind`ed (?), a. Unprejudiced; just; judicial; honest. — Fair”- mind`ed*ness, n.

Fair”na`tured (?), a. Well disposed. “A fair-natured prince.” Ford.

Fair”ness, n. The state of being fair, or free form spots or stains, as of the skin; honesty, as of dealing; candor, as of an argument, etc.

Fair”-spo`ken (?), a. Using fair speech, or uttered with fairness; bland; civil; courteous; plausible. “A marvelous fair-spoken man.” Hooker.

Fair”way` (?), n. The navigable part of a river, bay, etc., through which vessels enter or depart; the part of a harbor or channel ehich is kept open and unobstructed for the passage of vessels. Totten.

Fair”-weath`er (?), a. 1. Made or done in pleasant weather, or in circumstances involving but little exposure or sacrifice; as, a fair-weather voyage. Pope.

2. Appearing only when times or circumstances are prosperous; as, a fair-weather friend.

Fair-weather sailor, a make-believe or inexperienced sailor; — the nautical equivalent of carpet knight.

Fair”-world` (?) n. State of prosperity. [Obs.]

They think it was never fair-world with them since.

Milton.

Fair”y (?), n.; pl. Fairies (#). [OE. fairie, faierie, enchantment, fairy folk, fairy, OF. faerie enchantment, F. féer, fr. LL. Fata one of the goddesses of fate. See Fate, and cf. Fay a fairy.] [Written also faëry.] 1. Enchantment; illusion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

The God of her has made an end,
And fro this worlde’s fairy
Hath taken her into company.

Gower.

2. The country of the fays; land of illusions. [Obs.]

He [Arthur] is a king y-crowned in Fairy.

Lydgate.

3. An imaginary supernatural being or spirit, supposed to assume a human form (usually diminutive), either male or female, and to meddle for good or evil in the affairs of mankind; a fay. See Elf, and Demon.

The fourth kind of spirit [is] called the Fairy.

K. James.

And now about the caldron sing,
Like elves and fairies in a ring.

Shak.

5. An enchantress. [Obs.] Shak.

Fairy of the mine, an imaginary being supposed to inhabit mines, etc. German folklore tells of two species; one fierce and malevolent, the other gentle, See Kobold.

No goblin or swart fairy of the mine
Hath hurtful power over true virginity.

Milton.

Fair”y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to fairies.

2. Given by fairies; as, fairy money. Dryden.

Fairy bird (Zoöl.), the Euoropean little tern (Sterna minuta); — called also sea swallow, and hooded tern. — Fairy bluebird. (Zoöl.) See under Bluebird. — Fairy martin (Zoöl.), a European swallow (Hirrundo ariel) that builds flask-shaped nests of mud on overhanging cliffs. — Fairy rings or circles, the circles formed in grassy lawns by certain fungi (as Marasmius Oreades), formerly supposed to be caused by fairies in their midnight dances. — Fairy shrimp (Zoöl.), a European fresh-water phyllopod crustacean (Chirocephalus diaphanus); — so called from its delicate colors, transparency, and graceful motions. The name is sometimes applied to similar American species. — Fairy stone (Paleon.), an echinite.

Fair”y*land` (?) n. The imaginary land or abode of fairies.

Fair”y*like` (?), a. Resembling a fairy, or what is made or done be fairies; as, fairylike music.

Faith (fāth), n. [OE. feith, fayth, fay, OF. feid, feit, fei, F. foi, fr. L. fides; akin to fidere to trust, Gr. pei`qein to persuade. The ending th is perhaps due to the influence of such words as truth, health, wealth. See Bid, Bide, and cf. Confide, Defy, Fealty.] 1. Belief; the assent of the mind to the truth of what is declared by another, resting solely and implicitly on his authority and veracity; reliance on testimony.

2. The assent of the mind to the statement or proposition of another, on the ground of the manifest truth of what he utters; firm and earnest belief, on probable evidence of any kind, especially in regard to important moral truth.

Faith, that is, fidelity, — the fealty of the finite will and understanding to the reason.

Coleridge.

3. (Theol.) (a) The belief in the historic truthfulness of the Scripture narrative, and the supernatural origin of its teachings, sometimes called historical and speculative faith. (b) The belief in the facts and truth of the Scriptures, with a practical love of them; especially, that confiding and affectionate belief in the person and work of Christ, which affects the character and life, and makes a man a true Christian, — called a practical, evangelical, or saving faith.

Without faith it is impossible to please him [God].

Heb. xi. 6.

The faith of the gospel is that emotion of the mind which is called “trust” or “confidence” exercised toward the moral character of God, and particularly of the Savior.

Dr. T. Dwight.

Faith is an affectionate, practical confidence in the testimony of God.

J. Hawes.

4. That which is believed on any subject, whether in science, politics, or religion; especially (Theol.), a system of religious belief of any kind; as, the Jewish or Mohammedan faith; and especially, the system of truth taught by Christ; as, the Christian faith; also, the creed or belief of a Christian society or church.

Which to believe of her,
Must be a faith that reason without miracle
Could never plant in me.

Shak.

Now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed.

Gal. i. 23.

5. Fidelity to one’s promises, or allegiance to duty, or to a person honored and beloved; loyalty.

Children in whom is no faith.

Deut. xxvii. 20.

Whose failing, while her faith to me remains,
I should conceal.

Milton.

6. Word or honor pledged; promise given; fidelity; as, he violated his faith.

For you alone
I broke me faith with injured Palamon.

Dryden.

7. Credibility or truth. [R.]

The faith of the foregoing narrative.

Mitford.

Act of faith. See Auto-da- fé. — Breach of faith, Confession of faith, etc. See under Breach, Confession, etc. — Faith cure, a method or practice of treating diseases by prayer and the exercise of faith in God. — In good faith, with perfect sincerity.

Faith (?), interj. By my faith; in truth; verily.

Faithed (?), a. Having faith or a faith; honest; sincere. [Obs.] “Make thy words faithed.” Shak.

Faith”ful (?), a. 1. Full of faith, or having faith; disposed to believe, especially in the declarations and promises of God.

You are not faithful, sir.

B. Jonson.

2. Firm in adherence to promises, oaths, contracts, treaties, or other engagements.

The faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him.

Deut. vii. 9.

3. True and constant in affection or allegiance to a person to whom one is bound by a vow, by ties of love, gratitude, or honor, as to a husband, a prince, a friend; firm in the observance of duty; loyal; of true fidelity; as, a faithful husband or servant.

So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found,
Among the faithless, faithful only he.

Milton.

4. Worthy of confidence and belief; conformable to truth ot fact; exact; accurate; as, a faithful narrative or representation.

It is a faithful saying.

2 Tim. ii. 11.

The Faithful, the adherents of any system of religious belief; esp. used as an epithet of the followers of Mohammed.

Syn. — Trusty; honest; upright; sincere; veracious; trustworthy.

— Faith”ful*ly, adv. – Faith”ful*ness, n.

Faith”less, a. 1. Not believing; not giving credit.

Be not faithless, but believing.

John xx. 27.

2. Not believing on God or religion; specifically, not believing in the Christian religion. Shak.

3. Not observant of promises or covenants.

4. Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows; perfidious; trecherous; disloyal; not of true fidelity; inconstant, as a husband or a wife.

A most unnatural and faithless service.

Shak.

5. Serving to disappoint or deceive; delusive; unsatisfying. “Yonder faithless phantom.” Goldsmith.

— Faith”less*ly, adv.Faith”less*ness, n.

Fai”tour (?), n. [OF. faitor a doer, L. factor. See Factor.] A doer or actor; particularly, an evil doer; a scoundrel. [Obs.]

Lo! faitour, there thy meed unto thee take.

Spenser.

Fake (?), n. [Cf. Scot. faik fold, stratum of stone, AS. fæc space, interval, G. fach compartment, partition, row, and E. fay to fit.] (Naut.) One of the circles or windings of a cable or hawser, as it lies in a coil; a single turn or coil.

Fake, v. t. (Naut.) To coil (a rope, line, or hawser), by winding alternately in opposite directions, in layers usually of zigzag or figure of eight form,, to prevent twisting when running out.

Faking box, a box in which a long rope is faked; used in the life-saving service for a line attached to a shot.

Fake, v. t. [Cf. Gael. faigh to get, acquire, reach, or OD. facken to catch or gripe.] [Slang in all its senses.] 1. To cheat; to swindle; to steal; to rob.

2. To make; to construct; to do.

3. To manipulate fraudulently, so as to make an object appear better or other than it really is; as, to fake a bulldog, by burning his upper lip and thus artificially shortening it.

Fake, n. A trick; a swindle. [Slang]

Fa”kir (?), n. [Ar. faqīr poor.] An Oriental religious ascetic or begging monk. [Written also faquir anf fakeer.]

||Fa”la*na”ka (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A viverrine mammal of Madagascar (Eupleres Goudotii), allied to the civet; — called also Falanouc.

Fal*cade” (făl*kād”), n. [F., ultimately fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] (Man.) The action of a horse, when he throws himself on his haunches two or three times, bending himself, as it were, in very quick curvets. Harris.

{ Fal”cate (?), Fal”ca*ted (?), } a. [L. falcatus, fr. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] Hooked or bent like a sickle; as, a falcate leaf; a falcate claw; — said also of the moon, or a planet, when horned or crescent- formed.

Fal*ca”tion (?), n. The state of being falcate; a bend in the form of a sickle. Sir T. Browne.

Fal”cer (?), n. [From L. falx, falcis, a sickle.] (Zoöl.) One of the mandibles of a spider.

Fal”chion (?), n. [OE. fauchon, OF. fauchon, LL. fälcio, fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle, cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a ship’s rib, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; bandy-legged; perh, akin to E. falcon; cf. It. falcione. Cf. Defalcation.] 1. A broad-bladed sword, slightly curved, shorter and lighter than the ordinary sword; — used in the Middle Ages.

2. A name given generally and poetically to a sword, especially to the swords of Oriental and fabled warriors.

Fal*cid”i*an (?), a. [L. Falcidius.] Of or pertaining to Publius Falcidius, a Roman tribune.

Falcidian law (Civil Law), a law by which a testator was obliged to leave at least a fourth of his estate to the heir. Burrill.

Fal”ci*form (?), a. [L. falx, falcis, a sickle + -form: cf. F. falciforme.] Having the shape of a scithe or sickle; resembling a reaping hook; as, the falciform ligatment of the liver.

Fal”con (?), n. [OE. faucon, faucoun, OF. faucon, falcon, &?;. faucon, fr. LL. falco, perh. from L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe, and named from its curving talons. Cf. Falchion.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a family (Falconidæ) of raptorial birds, characterized by a short, hooked beak, strong claws, and powerful flight. (b) Any species of the genus Falco, distinguished by having a toothlike lobe on the upper mandible; especially, one of this genus trained to the pursuit of other birds, or game.

In the language of falconry, the female peregrine (Falco peregrinus) is exclusively called the falcon.

Yarrell.

2. (Gun.) An ancient form of cannon.

Chanting falcon. (Zoöl.) See under Chanting.

Fal”con*er (?), n. [OE. fauconer, OF. falconier, fauconier, F. fauconnier. See Falcon.] A person who breeds or trains hawks for taking birds or game; one who follows the sport of fowling with hawks. Johnson.

Fal”co*net (?), n. [Dim. of falcon: cf. F. fauconneau, LL. falconeta, properly, a young falcon.] 1. One of the smaller cannon used in the 15th century and later.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several very small Asiatic falcons of the genus Microhierax. (b) One of a group of Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, resembling shrikes and titmice.

Fal”con*gen`til (?), n. [F. faucon- gentil. See Falcon, and Genteel.] (Zoöl.) The female or young of the goshawk (Astur palumbarius).

Fal”co*nine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like a falcon or hawk; belonging to the Falconidæ

Fal”con*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. fauconnerie. See Falcon.] 1. The art of training falcons or hawks to pursue and attack wild fowl or game.

2. The sport of taking wild fowl or game by means of falcons or hawks.

||Fal”cu*la (?), n. [L., a small sickle, a billhook.] (Zoöl.) A curved and sharp- pointed claw.

Fal”cu*late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Curved and sharppointed, like a falcula, or claw of a falcon.

Fald”age (?), n. [LL. faldagium, fr. AS. fald, E. fold. Cf. Foldage.] (O. Eng. Law) A privilege of setting up, and moving about, folds for sheep, in any fields within manors, in order to manure them; — often reserved to himself by the lord of the manor. Spelman.

Fald”fee` (?), n. [AS. fald (E. fold) + E. fee. See Faldage.] (O. Eng. Law) A fee or rent paid by a tenant for the privilege of faldage on his own ground. Blount.

Fald”ing, n. A frieze or rough- napped cloth. [Obs.]

Fal”dis*to*ry (?), n. [LL. faldistorium, faldestorium, from OHG. faldstuol; faldan, faltan, to fold (G. falten) + stuol stool. So called because it could be folded or laid together. See Fold, and Stool, and cf. Faldstool, Fauteuil.] The throne or seat of a bishop within the chancel. [Obs.]

Fald”stool` (?), n. [See Faldistory.] A folding stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the manner of a camo stool. It was formerly placed in the choir for a bishop, when he offciated in any but his own cathedral church. Fairholt.

&fist; In the modern practice of the Church of England, the term faldstool is given to the reading desk from which the litany is read. This esage is a relic of the ancient use of a lectern folding like a camp stool.

Fa*ler”ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Mount Falernus, in Italy; as, Falernianwine.

Falk (f&add;k), n. (Zoöl.) The razorbill. [Written also falc, and faik.] [Prov. Eng.]

Fall (f&add;l), v. i. [imp. Fell (f&ebreve;l); p. p. Fallen (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Falling.] [AS. feallan; akin to D. vallen, OS. & OHG. fallan, G. fallen, Icel. Falla, Sw. falla, Dan. falde, Lith. pulti, L. fallere to deceive, Gr. sfa`llein to cause to fall, Skr. sphal, sphul, to tremble. Cf. Fail, Fell, v. t., to cause to fall.] 1. To Descend, either suddenly or gradually; particularly, to descend by the force of gravity; to drop; to sink; as, the apple falls; the tide falls; the mercury falls in the barometer.

I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.

Luke x. 18.

2. To cease to be erect; to take suddenly a recumbent posture; to become prostrate; to drop; as, a child totters and falls; a tree falls; a worshiper falls on his knees.

I fell at his feet to worship him.

Rev. xix. 10.

3. To find a final outlet; to discharge its waters; to empty; — with into; as, the river Rhone falls into the Mediterranean.

4. To become prostrate and dead; to die; especially, to die by violence, as in battle.

A thousand shall fall at thy side.

Ps. xci. 7.

He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell.

Byron.

5. To cease to be active or strong; to die away; to lose strength; to subside; to become less intense; as, the wind falls.

6. To issue forth into life; to be brought forth; — said of the young of certain animals. Shak.

7. To decline in power, glory, wealth, or importance; to become insignificant; to lose rank or position; to decline in weight, value, price etc.; to become less; as, the price falls; stocks fell two points.

I am a poor fallen man, unworthy now
To be thy lord and master.

Shak.

The greatness of these Irish lords suddenly fell and vanished.

Sir J. Davies.

8. To be overthrown or captured; to be destroyed.

Heaven and earth will witness,
If Rome must fall, that we are innocent.

Addison.

9. To descend in character or reputation; to become degraded; to sink into vice, error, or sin; to depart from the faith; to apostatize; to sin.

Let us labor therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief.

Heb. iv. 11.

10. To become insnared or embarrassed; to be entrapped; to be worse off than before; as, to fall into error; to fall into difficulties.

11. To assume a look of shame or disappointment; to become or appear dejected; — said of the countenance.

Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.

Gen. iv. 5.

I have observed of late thy looks are fallen.

Addison.

12. To sink; to languish; to become feeble or faint; as, our spirits rise and fall with our fortunes.

13. To pass somewhat suddenly, and passively, into a new state of body or mind; to become; as, to fall asleep; to fall into a passion; to fall in love; to fall into temptation.

14. To happen; to to come to pass; to light; to befall; to issue; to terminate.

The Romans fell on this model by chance.

Swift.

Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter will fall.

Ruth. iii. 18.

They do not make laws, they fall into customs.

H. Spencer.

15. To come; to occur; to arrive.

The vernal equinox, which at the Nicene Council fell on the 21st of March, falls now [1694] about ten days sooner.

Holder.

16. To begin with haste, ardor, or vehemence; to rush or hurry; as, they fell to blows.

They now no longer doubted, but fell to work heart and soul.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).

17. To pass or be transferred by chance, lot, distribution, inheritance, or otherwise; as, the estate fell to his brother; the kingdom fell into the hands of his rivals.

18. To belong or appertain.

If to her share some female errors fall,
Look on her face, and you’ll forget them all.

Pope.

19. To be dropped or uttered carelessly; as, an unguarded expression fell from his lips; not a murmur fell from him.

To fall abroad of (Naut.), to strike against; — applied to one vessel coming into collision with another. — To fall among, to come among accidentally or unexpectedly. — To fall astern (Naut.), to move or be driven backward; to be left behind; as, a ship falls astern by the force of a current, or when outsailed by another. — To fall away. (a) To lose flesh; to become lean or emaciated; to pine. (b) To renounce or desert allegiance; to revolt or rebel. (c) To renounce or desert the faith; to apostatize. “These . . . for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away.” Luke viii. 13. (d) To perish; to vanish; to be lost. “How . . . can the soul . . . fall away into nothing?” Addison. (e) To decline gradually; to fade; to languish, or become faint. “One color falls away by just degrees, and another rises insensibly.” Addison. — To fall back. (a) To recede or retreat; to give way. (b) To fail of performing a promise or purpose; not to fulfill. — To fall back upon. (a) (Mil.) To retreat for safety to (a stronger position in the rear, as to a fort or a supporting body of troops). (b) To have recourse to (a reserved fund, or some available expedient or support). — To fall calm, to cease to blow; to become calm. — To fall down. (a) To prostrate one’s self in worship. “All kings shall fall down before him.” Ps. lxxii. 11. (b) To sink; to come to the ground. “Down fell the beauteous youth.” Dryden. (c) To bend or bow, as a suppliant. (d) (Naut.) To sail or drift toward the mouth of a river or other outlet. — To fall flat, to produce no response or result; to fail of the intended effect; as, his speech fell flat. — To fall foul of. (a) (Naut.) To have a collision with; to become entangled with (b) To attack; to make an assault upon. — To fall from, to recede or depart from; not to adhere to; as, to fall from an agreement or engagement; to fall from allegiance or duty. — To fall from grace (M. E. Ch.), to sin; to withdraw from the faith. — To fall home (Ship Carp.), to curve inward; — said of the timbers or upper parts of a ship’s side which are much within a perpendicular. — To fall in. (a) To sink inwards; as, the roof fell in. (b) (Mil.) To take one’s proper or assigned place in line; as, to fall in on the right. (c) To come to an end; to terminate; to lapse; as, on the death of Mr. B., the annuuity, which he had so long received, fell in. (d) To become operative. “The reversion, to which he had been nominated twenty years before, fell in.” Macaulay. — To fall into one’s hands, to pass, often suddenly or unexpectedly, into one’s ownership or control; as, to spike cannon when they are likely to fall into the hands of the enemy. — To fall in with. (a) To meet with accidentally; as, to fall in with a friend. (b) (Naut.) To meet, as a ship; also, to discover or come near, as land. (c) To concur with; to agree with; as, the measure falls in with popular opinion. (d) To comply; to yield to. “You will find it difficult to persuade learned men to fall in with your projects.” Addison. — To fall off. (a) To drop; as, fruits fall off when ripe. (b) To withdraw; to separate; to become detached; as, friends fall off in adversity. “Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide.” Shak. (c) To perish; to die away; as, words fall off by disuse. (d) To apostatize; to forsake; to withdraw from the faith, or from allegiance or duty.

Those captive tribes . . . fell off
From God to worship calves.

Milton.

(e) To forsake; to abandon; as, his customers fell off. (f) To depreciate; to change for the worse; to deteriorate; to become less valuable, abundant, or interesting; as, a falling off in the wheat crop; the magazine or the review falls off. “O Hamlet, what a falling off was there!” Shak. (g) (Naut.) To deviate or trend to the leeward of the point to which the head of the ship was before directed; to fall to leeward. — To fall on. (a) To meet with; to light upon; as, we have fallen on evil days. (b) To begin suddenly and eagerly. “Fall on, and try the appetite to eat.” Dryden. (c) To begin an attack; to assault; to assail. “Fall on, fall on, and hear him not.” Dryden. (d) To drop on; to descend on. — To fall out. (a) To quarrel; to begin to contend.

A soul exasperated in ills falls out
With everything, its friend, itself.

Addison.

(b) To happen; to befall; to chance. “There fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs and the mice.” L’Estrange. (c) (Mil.) To leave the ranks, as a soldier. — To fall over. (a) To revolt; to desert from one side to another. (b) To fall beyond. Shak. — To fall short, to be deficient; as, the corn falls short; they all fall short in duty. — To fall through, to come to nothing; to fail; as, the engageent has fallen through. – - To fall to, to begin. “Fall to, with eager joy, on homely food.” Dryden. — To fall under. (a) To come under, or within the limits of; to be subjected to; as, they fell under the jurisdiction of the emperor. (b) To come under; to become the subject of; as, this point did not fall under the cognizance or deliberations of the court; these things do not fall under human sight or observation. (c) To come within; to be ranged or reckoned with; to be subordinate to in the way of classification; as, these substances fall under a different class or order. — To fall upon. (a) To attack. [See To fall on.] (b) To attempt; to have recourse to. “I do not intend to fall upon nice disquisitions.” Holder. (c) To rush against.

&fist; Fall primarily denotes descending motion, either in a perpendicular or inclined direction, and, in most of its applications, implies, literally or figuratively, velocity, haste, suddenness, or violence. Its use is so various, and so mush diversified by modifying words, that it is not easy to enumerate its senses in all its applications.

Fall (?), v. t. 1. To let fall; to drop. [Obs.]

For every tear he falls, a Trojan bleeds.

Shak.

2. To sink; to depress; as, to fall the voice. [Obs.]

3. To diminish; to lessen or lower. [Obs.]

Upon lessening interest to four per cent, you fall the price of your native commodities.

Locke.

4. To bring forth; as, to fall lambs. [R.] Shak.

5. To fell; to cut down; as, to fall a tree. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Fall, n. 1. The act of falling; a dropping or descending be the force of gravity; descent; as, a fall from a horse, or from the yard of ship.

2. The act of dropping or tumbling from an erect posture; as, he was walking on ice, and had a fall.

3. Death; destruction; overthrow; ruin.

They thy fall conspire.

Denham.

Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.

Prov. xvi. 18.

4. Downfall; degradation; loss of greatness or office; termination of greatness, power, or dominion; ruin; overthrow; as, the fall of the Roman empire.

Beholds thee glorious only in thy fall.

Pope.

5. The surrender of a besieged fortress or town ; as, the fall of Sebastopol.

6. Diminution or decrease in price or value; depreciation; as, the fall of prices; the fall of rents.

7. A sinking of tone; cadence; as, the fall of the voice at the close of a sentence.

8. Declivity; the descent of land or a hill; a slope.

9. Descent of water; a cascade; a cataract; a rush of water down a precipice or steep; — usually in the plural, sometimes in the singular; as, the falls of Niagara.

10. The discharge of a river or current of water into the ocean, or into a lake or pond; as, the fall of the Po into the Gulf of Venice. Addison.

11. Extent of descent; the distance which anything falls; as, the water of a stream has a fall of five feet.

12. The season when leaves fall from trees; autumn.

What crowds of patients the town doctor kills,
Or how, last fall, he raised the weekly bills.

Dryden.

13. That which falls; a falling; as, a fall of rain; a heavy fall of snow.

14. The act of felling or cutting down. “The fall of timber.” Johnson.

15. Lapse or declension from innocence or goodness. Specifically: The first apostasy; the act of our first parents in eating the forbidden fruit; also, the apostasy of the rebellious angels.

16. Formerly, a kind of ruff or band for the neck; a falling band; a faule. B. Jonson.

17. That part (as one of the ropes) of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting.

Fall herring (Zoöl.), a herring of the Atlantic (Clupea mediocris); — also called tailor herring, and hickory shad. — To try a fall, to try a bout at wrestling. Shak.

Fal*la”cious (?), a. [L. fallaciosus, fr. fallacia: cf. F. fallacieux. See Fallacy.] Embodying or pertaining to a fallacy; illogical; fitted to deceive; misleading; delusive; as, fallacious arguments or reasoning. — Fal*la”cious*ly, adv. – Fal*la”cious*ness, n.

Fal”la*cy (făl”l&adot;*s&ybreve;), n.; pl. Fallacies (- s&ibreve;z). [OE. fallace, fallas, deception, F. fallace, fr. L. fallacia, fr. fallax deceitful, deceptive, fr. fallere to deceive. See Fail.] 1. Deceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness; that which misleads the eye or the mind; deception.

Winning by conquest what the first man lost,
By fallacy surprised.

Milton.

2. (Logic) An argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not; a sophism.

Syn. — Deception; deceit; mistake. — Fallacy, Sophistry. A fallacy is an argument which professes to be decisive, but in reality is not; sophistry is also false reasoning, but of so specious and subtle a kind as to render it difficult to expose its fallacy. Many fallacies are obvious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its consummate art. “Men are apt to suffer their minds to be misled by fallacies which gratify their passions. Many persons have obscured and confounded the nature of things by their wretched sophistry; though an act be never so sinful, they will strip it of its guilt.” South.

Fal”-lals` (?), n. pl. Gay ornaments; frippery; gewgaws. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Fal”lax (?), n. [L. fallax deceptive. See Fallacy.] Cavillation; a caviling. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Fall”en (?), a. Dropped; prostrate; degraded; ruined; decreased; dead.

Some ruined temple or fallen monument.

Rogers.

Fal”len*cy (?), n. [LL. fallentia, L. fallens p. pr of fallere.] An exception. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Fall”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, falls.

2. (Mach.) A part which acts by falling, as a stamp in a fulling mill, or the device in a spinning machine to arrest motion when a thread breaks.

Fall”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fresh-water fish of the United States (Semotilus bullaris); — called also silver chub, and Shiner. The name is also applied to other allied species.

Fal`li*bil”i*ty (?), n. The state of being fallible; liability to deceive or to be deceived; as, the fallibity of an argument or of an adviser.

Fal”li*ble (?), a. [LL. fallibilis, fr. L. fallere to deceive: cf. F. faillible. See Fail.] Liable to fail, mistake, or err; liable to deceive or to be deceived; as, all men are fallible; our opinions and hopes are fallible.

Fal”li*bly, adv. In a fallible manner.

Fall”ing (?), a. & n. from Fall, v. i.

Falling away, Falling off, etc. See To fall away, To fall off, etc., under Fall, v. i. — Falling band, the plain, broad, linen collar turning down over the doublet, worn in the early part of the 17th century. — Falling sickness (Med.), epilepsy. Shak. — Falling star. (Astron.) See Shooting star. — Falling stone, a stone falling through the atmosphere; a meteorite; an aërolite. — Falling tide, the ebb tide. — Falling weather, a rainy season. [Colloq.] Bartlett.

Fal*lo”pi*an (?), a. [From Fallopius, or Fallopio, a physician of Modena, who died in 1562.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, Fallopius; as, the Fallopian tubes or oviducts, the ducts or canals which conduct the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

Fal”low (?), a. [AS. fealu, fealo, pale yellow or red; akin to D. vaal fallow, faded, OHG. falo, G. falb, fahl, Icel. fölr, and prob. to Lith. palvas, OSlav. plavŭ white, L. pallidus pale, pallere to be pale, Gr. polio`s gray, Skr. palita. Cf. Pale, Favel, a., Favor.] 1. Pale red or pale yellow; as, a fallow deer or greyhound. Shak.

2. [Cf. Fallow, n.] Left untilled or unsowed after plowing; uncultivated; as, fallow ground.

Fallow chat, Fallow finch (Zoöl.), a small European bird, the wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). See Wheatear.

Fal”low, n. [So called from the fallow, or somewhat yellow, color of naked ground; or perh. akin to E. felly, n., cf. MHG. valgen to plow up, OHG. felga felly, harrow.] 1. Plowed land. [Obs.]

Who . . . pricketh his blind horse over the fallows.

Chaucer.

2. Land that has lain a year or more untilled or unseeded; land plowed without being sowed for the season.

The plowing of fallows is a benefit to land.

Mortimer.

3. The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing it for a season; as, summer fallow, properly conducted, has ever been found a sure method of destroying weeds.

Be a complete summer fallow, land is rendered tender and mellow. The fallow gives it a better tilth than can be given by a fallow crop.

Sinclair.

Fallow crop, the crop taken from a green fallow. [Eng.] — Green fallow, fallow whereby land is rendered mellow and clean from weeds, by cultivating some green crop, as turnips, potatoes, etc. [Eng.]

Fal”low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fallowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fallowing.] [From Fallow, n.] To plow, harrow, and break up, as land, without seeding, for the purpose of destroying weeds and insects, and rendering it mellow; as, it is profitable to fallow cold, strong, clayey land.

Fal”low deer` (?). [So called from its fallow or pale yellow color.] (Zoöl.) A European species of deer (Cervus dama), much smaller than the red deer. In summer both sexes are spotted with white. It is common in England, where it is often domesticated in the parks.

Fal”low*ist (?), n. One who favors the practice of fallowing land. [R.] Sinclair.

Fal”low*ness, n. A well or opening, through the successive floors of a warehouse or manufactory, through which goods are raised or lowered. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Fal”sa*ry (?), n. [L. falsarius, fr. falsus. See False, a.] A falsifier of evidence. [Obs.] Sheldon.

False (?), a. [Compar. Falser (?); superl. Falsest.] [L. falsus, p. p. of fallere to deceive; cf. OF. faus, fals, F. faux, and AS. fals fraud. See Fail, Fall.] 1. Uttering falsehood; unveracious; given to deceit; dishnest; as, a false witness.

2. Not faithful or loyal, as to obligations, allegiance, vows, etc.; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; as, a false friend, lover, or subject; false to promises.

I to myself was false, ere thou to me.

Milton.

3. Not according with truth or reality; not true; fitted or likely to deceive or disappoint; as, a false statement.

4. Not genuine or real; assumed or designed to deceive; counterfeit; hypocritical; as, false tears; false modesty; false colors; false jewelry.

False face must hide what the false heart doth know.

Shak.

5. Not well founded; not firm or trustworthy; erroneous; as, a false claim; a false conclusion; a false construction in grammar.

Whose false foundation waves have swept away.

Spenser.

6. Not essential or permanent, as parts of a structure which are temporary or supplemental.

7. (Mus.) Not in tune.

False arch (Arch.), a member having the appearance of an arch, though not of arch construction. — False attic, an architectural erection above the main cornice, concealing a roof, but not having windows or inclosing rooms. — False bearing, any bearing which is not directly upon a vertical support; thus, the weight carried by a corbel has a false bearing. — False cadence, an imperfect or interrupted cadence. — False conception (Med.), an abnormal conception in which a mole, or misshapen fleshy mass, is produced instead of a properly organized fetus. — False croup (Med.), a spasmodic affection of the larynx attended with the symptoms of membranous croup, but unassociated with the deposit of a fibrinous membrane. — False door or window (Arch.), the representation of a door or window, inserted to complete a series of doors or windows or to give symmetry. — False fire, a combustible carried by vessels of war, chiefly for signaling, but sometimes burned for the purpose of deceiving an enemy; also, a light on shore for decoying a vessel to destruction. — False galena. See Blende. — False imprisonment (Law), the arrest and imprisonment of a person without warrant or cause, or contrary to law; or the unlawful detaining of a person in custody. — False keel (Naut.), the timber below the main keel, used to serve both as a protection and to increase the shio’s lateral resistance. — False key, a picklock. — False leg. (Zoöl.) See Proleg. — False membrane (Med.), the fibrinous deposit formed in croup and diphtheria, and resembling in appearance an animal membrane. — False papers (Naut.), documents carried by a ship giving false representations respecting her cargo, destination, ect., for the purpose of deceiving. — False passage (Surg.), an unnatural passage leading off from a natural canal, such as the urethra, and produced usually by the unskillful introduction of instruments. — False personation (Law), the intentional false assumption of the name and personality of another. — False pretenses (Law), false representations concerning past or present facts and events, for the purpose of defrauding another. — False rail (Naut.), a thin piece of timber placed on top of the head rail to strengthen it. — False relation (Mus.), a progression in harmony, in which a certain note in a chord appears in the next chord prefixed by a flat or sharp. — False return (Law), an untrue return made to a process by the officer to whom it was delivered for execution. — False ribs (Anat.), the asternal rebs, of which there are five pairs in man. — False roof (Arch.), the space between the upper ceiling and the roof. Oxford Gloss. — False token, a false mark or other symbol, used for fraudulent purposes. — False scorpion (Zoöl.), any arachnid of the genus Chelifer. See Book scorpion. — False tack (Naut.), a coming up into the wind and filling away again on the same tack. — False vampire (Zoöl.), the Vampyrus spectrum of South America, formerly erroneously supposed to have blood-sucking habits; — called also vampire, and ghost vampire. The genuine blood-sucking bats belong to the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. See Vampire. — False window. (Arch.) See False door, above. — False wing. (Zoöl.) See Alula, and Bastard wing, under Bastard. — False works (Civil Engin.), construction works to facilitate the erection of the main work, as scaffolding, bridge centering, etc.

False, adv. Not truly; not honestly; falsely. “You play me false.” Shak.

False, v. t. [L. falsare to falsify, fr. falsus: cf. F. fausser. See False, a.] 1. To report falsely; to falsify. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To betray; to falsify. [Obs.]

[He] hath his truthe falsed in this wise.

Chaucer.

3. To mislead by want of truth; to deceive. [Obs.]

In his falsed fancy.

Spenser.

4. To feign; to pretend to make. [Obs.] “And falsed oft his blows.” Spenser.

False”-faced` (?), a. Hypocritical. Shak.

False”heart` (?), a. False hearted. Shak.

False”-heart`ed, a. Hollow or unsound at the core; treacherous; deceitful; perfidious. Bacon. — False”-heart`ed*ness, n. Bp. Stillingfleet.

False”hood (?), n. [False + - hood] 1. Want of truth or accuracy; an untrue assertion or representation; error; misrepresentation; falsity.

Though it be a lie in the clock, it is but a falsehood in the hand of the dial when pointing at a wrong hour, if rightly following the direction of the wheel which moveth it.

Fuller.

2. A deliberate intentional assertion of what is known to be untrue; a departure from moral integrity; a lie.

3. Treachery; deceit; perfidy; unfaithfulness.

Betrayed by falsehood of his guard.

Shak.

4. A counterfeit; a false appearance; an imposture.

For his molten image is falsehood.

Jer. x. 14.

No falsehood can endure
Touch of celestial temper.

Milton.

Syn. — Falsity; lie; untruth; fiction; fabrication. See Falsity.

False”ly (?), adv. In a false manner; erroneously; not truly; perfidiously or treacherously. “O falsely, falsely murdered.” Shak.

Oppositions of science, falsely so called.

1 Tim. vi. 20.

Will ye steal, murder . . . and swear falsely ?

Jer. vii. 9.

False”ness, n. The state of being false; contrariety to the fact; inaccuracy; want of integrity or uprightness; double dealing; unfaithfulness; treachery; perfidy; as, the falseness of a report, a drawing, or a singer’s notes; the falseness of a man, or of his word.

Fals”er (?), n. A deceiver. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fal*set”to (?), n.; pl. Falsettos (#). [It. falsetto, dim. fr. L. falsus. See False.] A false or artificial voice; that voice in a man which lies above his natural voice; the male counter tenor or alto voice. See Head voice, under Voice.

||Fal”si*cri”men (?). [L.] (Civ. Law) The crime of falsifying.

&fist; This term in the Roman law included not only forgery, but every species of fraud and deceit. It never has been used in so extensive a sense in modern common law, in which its predominant significance is forgery, though it also includes perjury and offenses of a like character. Burrill. Greenleaf.

Fal”si*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. falsifiable.] Capable of being falsified, counterfeited, or corrupted. Johnson.

Fal`si*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. falsification.] 1. The act of falsifying, or making false; a counterfeiting; the giving to a thing an appearance of something which it is not.

To counterfeit the living image of king in his person exceedeth all falsifications.

Bacon.

2. Willful misstatement or misrepresentation.

Extreme necessity . . . forced him upon this bold and violent falsification of the doctrine of the alliance.

Bp. Warburton.

3. (Equity) The showing an item of charge in an account to be wrong. Story.

Fal”si*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. falsificateur.] A falsifier. Bp. Morton.

Fal”si*fi`er (?), n. One who falsifies, or gives to a thing a deceptive appearance; a liar.

Fal”si*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Falsified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Falsifying.] [L. falsus false + -ly: cf. F. falsifier. See False, a.] 1. To make false; to represent falsely.

The Irish bards use to forge and falsify everything as they list, to please or displease any man.

Spenser.

2. To counterfeit; to forge; as, to falsify coin.

3. To prove to be false, or untrustworthy; to confute; to disprove; to nullify; to make to appear false.

By how much better than my word I am,
By so much shall I falsify men’s hope.

Shak.

Jews and Pagans united all their endeavors, under Julian the apostate, to baffie and falsify the prediction.

Addison.

4. To violate; to break by falsehood; as, to falsify one’s faith or word. Sir P. Sidney.

5. To baffle or escape; as, to falsify a blow. Butler.

6. (Law) To avoid or defeat; to prove false, as a judgment. Blackstone.

7. (Equity) To show, in accounting, (an inem of charge inserted in an account) to be wrong. Story. Daniell.

8. To make false by multilation or addition; to tamper with; as, to falsify a record or document.

Fal”si*fy, v. i. To tell lies; to violate the truth.

It is absolutely and universally unlawful to lie and falsify.

South.

Fals”ism (?), n. That which is evidently false; an assertion or statement the falsity of which is plainly apparent; — opposed to truism.

Fal”si*ty (?), n.;pl. Falsities (#). [L. falsitas: cf. F. fausseté, OF. also, falsité. See False, a.] 1. The quality of being false; coutrariety or want of conformity to truth.

Probability does not make any alteration, either in the truth or falsity of things.

South.

2. That which is false; falsehood; a lie; a false assertion.

Men often swallow falsities for truths.

Sir T. Brown.

Syn. — Falsehood; lie; deceit. — Falsity, Falsehood, Lie. Falsity denotes the state or quality of being false. A falsehood is a false declaration designedly made. A lie is a gross, unblushing falsehood. The falsity of a person’s assertion may be proved by the evidence of others and thus the charge of falsehood be fastened upon him.

Fal”ter (?), v. t. To thrash in the chaff; also, to cleanse or sift, as barley. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fal”ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faltered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Faltering.] [OE. falteren, faltren, prob. from fault. See Fault, v. & n.] 1. To hesitate; to speak brokenly or weakly; to stammer; as, his tongue falters.

With faltering speech and visage incomposed.

Milton.

2. To tremble; to totter; to be unsteady. “He found his legs falter.” Wiseman.

3. To hesitate in purpose or action.

Ere her native king
Shall falter under foul rebellion’s arms.

Shak.

4. To fail in distinctness or regularity of exercise; — said of the mind or of thought.

Here indeed the power of disinct conception of space and distance falters.

I. Taylor.

Fal”ter, v. t. To utter with hesitation, or in a broken, trembling, or weak manner.

And here he faltered forth his last farewell.

Byron.

Mde me most happy, faltering “I am thine.”

Tennyson.

Fal”ter (?), n. [See Falter, v. i.] Hesitation; trembling; feebleness; an uncertain or broken sound; as, a slight falter in her voice.

The falter of an idle shepherd’s pipe.

Lowell.

Fal”ter*ing, a. Hesitating; trembling. “With faltering speech.” Milton. — n. Falter; halting; hesitation. — Fal”ter*ing*ly, adv.

||Fa`luns” (?), n. [F.] (Geol.) A series of strata, of the Middle Tertiary period, of France, abounding in shells, and used by Lyell as the type of his Miocene subdivision.

Fal”we (?), a. & n. Fallow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Falx (?), n. [L., a sickle.] (Anat.) A curved fold or process of the dura mater or the peritoneum; esp., one of the partitionlike folds of the dura mater which extend into the great fissures of the brain.

Fam”ble (?), v. i. [OE. falmelen; cf. SW. famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, falter, hesitate, Icel. fālma to grope. Cf. Famble.] To stammer. [Obs.] Nares.

Fam”ble, n. [Cf. Famble, v.] A hand. [Slang & Obs.] “We clap our fambles.” Beau. & Fl.

Fame (?), n. [OF. fame, L. fama, fr. fari to speak, akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a saying, report, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to speak. See Ban, and cf. Fable, Fate, Euphony, Blame.] 1. Public report or rumor.

The fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh’s house.

Gen. xlv. 16.

2. Report or opinion generally diffused; renown; public estimation; celebrity, either favorable or unfavorable; as, the fame of Washington.

I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited.

Shak.

Syn. — Notoriety; celebrity; renown; reputation.

Fame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famed (?),; p. pr. & vb. n. Faming.] 1. To report widely or honorably.

The field where thou art famed
To have wrought such wonders.

Milton.

2. To make famous or renowned.

Those Hesperian gardens famed of old.

Milton.

Fame”less, a. Without fame or renown. — Fame”less*ly, adv.

Fa*mil`iar (?), a. [OE. familer, familier, F. familier, fr. L. familiaris, fr. familia family. See Family.] 1. Of or pertaining to a family; domestic. “Familiar feuds.” Byron.

2. Closely acquainted or intimate, as a friend or companion; well versed in, as any subject of study; as, familiar with the Scriptures.

3. Characterized by, or exhibiting, the manner of an intimate friend; not formal; unconstrained; easy; accessible. “In loose, familiar strains.” Addison.

Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.

Shak.

4. Well known; well understood; common; frequent; as, a familiar illustration.

That war, or peace, or both at once, may be
As things acquainted and familiar to us.

Shak.

There is nothing more familiar than this.

Locke.

5. Improperly acquainted; wrongly intimate. Camden.

Familiar spirit, a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at call. 1 Sam. xxviii. 3, 7-9.

Fa*mil”iar, n. 1. An intimate; a companion.

All my familiars watched for my halting.

Jer. xx. 10.

2. An attendant demon or evil spirit. Shak.

3. (Court of Inquisition) A confidential officer employed in the service of the tribunal, especially in apprehending and imprisoning the accused.

Fa*mil`iar”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Familiarities (#). [OE. familarite, F. familiaritéfr. L. faniliaritas. See Familiar.] 1. The state of being familiar; intimate and frequent converse, or association; unconstrained intercourse; freedom from ceremony and constraint; intimacy; as, to live in remarkable familiarity.

2. Anything said or done by one person to another unceremoniously and without constraint; esp., in the pl., such actions and words as propriety and courtesy do not warrant; liberties.

Syn. — Acquaintance; fellowship; affability; intimacy. See Acquaintance.

Fa*mil`iar*i*za”tion (?), n. The act or process of making familiar; the result of becoming familiar; as, familiarization with scenes of blood.

Fa*mil”iar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Familiarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Familiarizing (?).] [Cf. F. familiariser.] 1. To make familiar or intimate; to habituate; to accustom; to make well known by practice or converse; as, to familiarize one’s self with scenes of distress.

2. To make acquainted, or skilled, by practice or study; as, to familiarize one’s self with a business, a book, or a science.

Fa”mil”iar*ly, adv. In a familiar manner.

Fa*mil”iar*ness, n. Familiarity. [R.]

Fa*mil”ia*ry (?), a. [L. familiaris. See Familiar.] Of or pertaining to a family or household; domestic. [Obs.] Milton.

Fam”i*lism (?), n. The tenets of the Familists. Milton.

Fam”i*list (?), n. [From Family.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of afanatical Antinomian sect originating in Holland, and existing in England about 1580, called the Family of Love, who held that religion consists wholly in love.

Fam”i*lis*ter*y (?), n.; pl. Familisteries (&?;). [F. familistère.] A community in which many persons unite as in one family, and are regulated by certain communistic laws and customs.

{ Fam`i*listic (?), Fam`i*lis”tic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to Familists. Baxter.

Fam”i*ly (?), n.; pl. Families (#). [L. familia, fr. famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, cf. faamat he dwells, Skr. dhāman house, fr. dhāto set, make, do: cf. F. famille. Cf. Do, v. t., Doom, Fact, Feat.] 1. The collective body of persons who live in one house, and under one head or manager; a household, including parents, children, and servants, and, as the case may be, lodgers or boarders.

2. The group comprising a husband and wife and their dependent children, constituting a fundamental unit in the organization of society.

The welfare of the family underlies the welfare of society.

H. Spencer.

3. Those who descend from one common progenitor; a tribe, clan, or race; kindred; house; as, the human family; the family of Abraham; the father of a family.

Go ! and pretend your family is young.

Pope.

4. Course of descent; genealogy; line of ancestors; lineage.

5. Honorable descent; noble or respectable stock; as, a man of family.

6. A group of kindred or closely related individuals; as, a family of languages; a family of States; the chlorine family.

7. (Biol.) A group of organisms, either animal or vegetable, related by certain points of resemblance in structure or development, more comprehensive than a genus, because it is usually based on fewer or less pronounced points of likeness. In zoölogy a family is less comprehesive than an order; in botany it is often considered the same thing as an order.

Family circle. See under Circle. — Family man. (a) A man who has a family; esp., one who has a wife and children living with him andd dependent upon him. (b) A man of domestic habits. “The Jews are generally, when married, most exemplary family men.” Mayhew. — Family of curves or surfaces (Geom.), a group of curves or surfaces derived from a single equation. — In a family way, like one belonging to the family. “Why don’t we ask him and his ladies to come over in a family way, and dine with some other plain country gentlefolks?” Thackeray. — In the family way, pregnant. [Colloq.]

Fam”ine (?), n. [F. famine, fr. L. fames hunger; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; want, need, Skr. hāni loss, lack, hā to leave.] General scarcity of food; dearth; a want of provisions; destitution. “Worn with famine.” Milton.

There was a famine in the land.

Gen. xxvi. 1.

Famine fever (Med.), typhus fever.

Fam”ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Famishing.] [OE. famen; cf. OF. afamer, L. fames. See Famine, and cf. Affamish.] 1. To starve, kill, or destroy with hunger. Shak.

2. To exhaust the strength or endurance of, by hunger; to distress with hanger.

And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread.

Cen. xli. 55.

The pains of famished Tantalus he’ll feel.

Dryden.

3. To kill, or to cause to suffer extremity, by deprivation or denial of anything necessary.

And famish him of breath, if not of bread.

Milton.

4. To force or constrain by famine.

He had famished Paris into a surrender.

Burke.

Fam”ish, v. i. 1. To die of hunger; to starve.

2. To suffer extreme hunger or thirst, so as to be exhausted in strength, or to come near to perish.

You are all resolved rather to die than to famish?

Shak.

3. To suffer extremity from deprivation of anything essential or necessary.

The Lord will not suffer the soul of the righteous to famish.

Prov. x. 3.

Fam”ish*ment (?), n. State of being famished.

Fa*mos”i*ty (?), n. [L. famositas infamy: cf. F. famosité. See Famous.] The state or quality of being famous. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fa”mous (?), a. [L. famosus, fr. fama fame: cf. F. fameux. See Fame.] Celebrated in fame or public report; renowned; mach talked of; distinguished in story; — used in either a good or a bad sense, chiefly the former; often followed by for; as, famous for erudition, for eloquence, for military skill; a famous pirate.

Famous for a scolding tongue.

Shak.

Syn. — Noted; remarkable; signal; conspicuous; celebrated; renowned; illustrious; eminent; transcendent; excellent. — Famous, Renowned, Illustrious. Famous is applied to a person or thing widely spoken of as extraordinary; renowned is applied to those who are named again and again with honor; illustrious, to those who have dazzled the world by the splendor of their deeds or their virtues. See Distinguished.

Fa”moused (?), a. Renowned. [Obs.] Shak.

Fa”mous*ly (?), adv. In a famous manner; in a distinguished degree; greatly; splendidly.

Then this land was famously enriched
With politic grave counsel.

Shak.

Fa”mous*ness, n. The state of being famous.

Fam”u*lar (?), n. [Cf. L. famularis of servants.] Domestic; familiar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fam”u*late (?), v. i. [L. famulatus, p. p. of famulari to serve, fr. famulus servant.] To serve. [Obs.]

Fam”u*list (?), n. [L. famulus servant.] A collegian of inferior rank or position, corresponding to the sizar at Cambridge. [Oxford Univ., Eng.]

Fan (?), n. [AS. fann, fr. L. vannus fan, van for winnowing grain; cf. F. van. Cf. Van a winnowing machine, Winnow.] 1. An instrument used for producing artificial currents of air, by the wafting or revolving motion of a broad surface; as: (a) An instrument for cooling the person, made of feathers, paper, silk, etc., and often mounted on sticks all turning about the same pivot, so as when opened to radiate from the center and assume the figure of a section of a circle. (b) (Mach.) Any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air, in winnowing grain, blowing a fire, ventilation, etc., or for checking rapid motion by the resistance of the air; a fan blower; a fan wheel. (c) An instrument for winnowing grain, by moving which the grain is tossed and agitated, and the chaff is separated and blown away. (d) Something in the form of a fan when spread, as a peacock’s tail, a window, etc. (e) A small vane or sail, used to keep the large sails of a smock windmill always in the direction of the wind.

Clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan.

Is. xxx. 24.

2. That which produces effects analogous to those of a fan, as in exciting a flame, etc.; that which inflames, heightens, or strengthens; as, it served as a fan to the flame of his passion.

3. A quintain; — from its form. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fan blower, a wheel with vanes fixed on a rotating shaft inclosed in a case or chamber, to create a blast of air (fan blast) for forge purposes, or a current for draft and ventilation; a fanner. — Fan cricket (Zoöl.), a mole cricket. — Fan light (Arch.), a window over a door; — so called from the semicircular form and radiating sash bars of those windows which are set in the circular heads of arched doorways. — Fan shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the family Pectinidæ. See Scallop, n., 1. — Fan tracery (Arch.), the decorative tracery on the surface of fan vaulting. — Fan vaulting (Arch.), an elaborate system of vaulting, in which the ribs diverge somewhat like the rays of a fan, as in Henry VII.‘s chapel in Westminster Abbey. It is peculiar to English Gothic. — Fan wheel, the wheel of a fan blower. — Fan window. Same as Fan light (above).

Fan (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fanning (?).] [Cf. OF. vanner, L. vannere. See Fan, n., Van a winnowing machine.] 1. To move as with a fan.

The air . . . fanned with unnumbered plumes.

Milton.

2. To cool and refresh, by moving the air with a fan; to blow the air on the face of with a fan.

3. To ventilate; to blow on; to affect by air put in motion.

Calm as the breath which fans our eastern groves.

Dryden.

4. To winnow; to separate chaff from, and drive it away by a current of air; as, to fan wheat. Jer. li. 2.

5. To excite or stir up to activity, as a fan excites a flame; to stimulate; as, this conduct fanned the excitement of the populace.

Fanning machine, or Fanning mill, a machine for separating seed from chaff, etc., by a blast of air; a fanner.

||Fa`nal” (?), n. [F.] A lighthouse, or the apparatus placed in it for giving light.

Fa*nat”ic (?), a. [L. fanaticus inspired by divinity, enthusiastic, frantic, fr. fanum fane: cf. F. fanatique. See Fane.] Pertaining to, or indicating, fanaticism; extravagant in opinions; ultra; unreasonable; excessively enthusiastic, especially on religious subjects; as, fanatic zeal; fanatic notions.

But Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast
To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last.

T. Moore.

Fa*nat”ic, n. A person affected by excessive enthusiasm, particularly on religious subjects; one who indulges wild and extravagant notions of religion.

There is a new word, coined within few months, called fanatics, which, by the close stickling thereof, seemeth well cut out and proportioned to signify what is meant thereby, even the sectaries of our age.

Fuller (1660).

Fanatics are governed rather by imagination than by judgment.

Stowe.

Fa*nat”ic*al (?), a. Characteristic of, or relating to, fanaticism; fanatic. – Fa*nat”ic*al*ly, adv. — Fa*nat”ic*al*ness, n.

Fa*nat”i*cism (?), n. [Cf. Fanatism.] Excessive enthusiasm, unreasoning zeal, or wild and extravagant notions, on any subject, especially religion; religious frenzy.

Syn. — See Superstition.

Fa*nat”i*cize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanaticized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fanaticizing (?).] To cause to become a fanatic.

Fan”a*tism (?), n. [Cf. F. fanatisme. Cf. Fanaticism.] Fanaticism. [R.] Gibbon.

Fan”cied (?), a. [From Fancy, v. t.] Formed or conceived by the fancy; unreal; as, a fancied wrong.

Fan”ci*er (?), n. 1. One who is governed by fancy. “Not reasoners, but fanciers.” Macaulay.

2. One who fancies or has a special liking for, or interest in, a particular object or class or objects; hence, one who breeds and keeps for sale birds and animals; as, bird fancier, dog fancier, etc.

Fan”ci*ful (?), a. 1. Full of fancy; guided by fancy, rather than by reason and experience; whimsical; as, a fanciful man forms visionary projects.

2. Conceived in the fancy; not consistent with facts or reason; abounding in ideal qualities or figures; as, a fanciful scheme; a fanciful theory.

3. Curiously shaped or constructed; as, she wore a fanciful headdress.

Gather up all fancifullest shells.

Keats.

Syn. — Imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; fantastical; wild. — Fanciful, Fantastical, Visionary. We speak of that as fanciful which is irregular in taste and judgment; we speak of it as fantastical when it becomes grotesque and extravagant as well as irregular; we speak of it as visionary when it is wholly unfounded in the nature of things. Fanciful notions are the product of a heated fancy, without any tems are made up of oddly assorted fancies, aften of the most whimsical kind; visionary expectations are those which can never be realized in fact.

— Fan”ci*ful*ly, adv. – Fan”ci*ful*ness, n.

Fan”ci*less (?), a. Having no fancy; without ideas or imagination. [R.]

A pert or bluff important wight,
Whose brain is fanciless, whose blood is white.

Armstrong.

Fan”cy (?), n.; pl. Fancies (#). [Contr. fr. fantasy, OF. fantasie, fantaisie, F. fantaisie, L. phantasia, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; appearance, imagination, the power of perception and presentation in the mind, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to make visible, to place before one’s mind, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to show; akin to &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, light, Skr. bhāto shine. Cf. Fantasy, Fantasia, Epiphany, Phantom.] 1. The faculty by which the mind forms an image or a representation of anything perceived before; the power of combining and modifying such objects into new pictures or images; the power of readily and happily creating and recalling such objects for the purpose of amusement, wit, or embellishment; imagination.

In the soul
Are many lesser faculties, that serve
Reason as chief. Among these fancy next
Her office holds.

Milton.

2. An image or representation of anything formed in the mind; conception; thought; idea; conceit.

How now, my lord ! why do you keep alone,
Of sorriest fancies your companoins making ?

Shak.

3. An opinion or notion formed without much reflection; caprice; whim; impression.

I have always had a fancy that learning might be made a play and recreation to children.

Locke.

4. Inclination; liking, formed by caprice rather than reason; as, to strike one’s fancy; hence, the object of inclination or liking.

To fit your fancies to your father’s will.

Shak.

5. That which pleases or entertains the taste or caprice without much use or value.

London pride is a pretty fancy for borders.

Mortimer.

6. A sort of love song or light impromptu ballad. [Obs.] Shak.

The fancy, all of a class who exhibit and cultivate any peculiar taste or fancy; hence, especially, sporting characters taken collectively, or any specific class of them, as jockeys, gamblers, prize fighters, etc.

At a great book sale in London, which had congregated all the fancy.

De Quincey.

Syn. — Imagination; conceit; taste; humor; inclination; whim; liking. See Imagination.

Fan”cy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fancied (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Fancying (&?;).] 1. To figure to one’s self; to believe or imagine something without proof.

If our search has reached no farther than simile and metaphor, we rather fancy than know.

Locke.

2. To love. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan”cy, v. t. 1. To form a conception of; to portray in the mind; to imagine.

He whom I fancy, but can ne’er express.

Dryden.

2. To have a fancy for; to like; to be pleased with, particularly on account of external appearance or manners. “We fancy not the cardinal.” Shak.

3. To believe without sufficient evidence; to imagine (something which is unreal).

He fancied he was welcome, because those arounde him were his kinsmen.

Thackeray.

Fan”cy, a. 1. Adapted to please the fancy or taste; ornamental; as, fancy goods.

2. Extravagant; above real value.

This anxiety never degenerated into a monomania, like that which led his [Frederick the Great’s] father to pay fancy prices for giants.

Macaulay.

Fancy ball, a ball in which porsons appear in fanciful dresses in imitation of the costumes of different persons and nations. — Fancy fair, a fair at which articles of fancy and ornament are sold, generally for some charitable purpose. — Fancy goods, fabrics of various colors, patterns, etc., as ribbons, silks, laces, etc., in distinction from those of a simple or plain color or make. — Fancy line (Naut.), a line rove through a block at the jaws of a gaff; — used to haul it down. — Fancy roller (Carding Machine), a clothed cylinder (usually having straight teeth) in front of the doffer. — Fancy stocks, a species of stocks which afford great opportunity for stock gambling, since they have no intrinsic value, and the fluctuations in their prices are artificial. — Fancy store, one where articles of fancy and ornament are sold. — Fancy woods, the more rare and expensive furniture woods, as mahogany, satinwood, rosewood, etc.

Fan”cy-free` (?), a. Free from the power of love. “In maiden meditation, fancy-free.” Shak.

Fan”cy*mon`ger (?), n. A lovemonger; a whimsical lover. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan”cy-sick` (?), a. Love- sick. Shak.

Fan”cy*work` (?), n. Ornamental work with a needle or hook, as embroidery, crocheting, netting, etc.

Fand (?), obs. imp. of Find. Spenser.

Fan*dan”go (?), n.; pl. Fandangoes (#). [Sp. A name brought, together with the dance, from the West Indies to Spain.] 1. A lively dance, in 3-8 or 6-8 time, much practiced in Spain and Spanish America. Also, the tune to which it is danced.

2. A ball or general dance, as in Mexico. [Colloq.]

Fane (?), n. [L. fanum a place dedicated to some deity, a sanctuary, fr. fari to speak. See Fame.] A temple; a place consecrated to religion; a church. [Poet.]

Such to this British Isle, her Christian fanes.

Wordsworth.

Fane, n. [See Vane.] A weathercock. [Obs.]

||Fa*ne”ga (?), n. [Sp.] A dry measure in Spain and Spanish America, varying from 1&?; to 2&?; bushels; also, a measure of land. De Colange.

Fan”fare` (?), n. [F. Cf. Fanfaron.] A flourish of trumpets, as in coming into the lists, etc.; also, a short and lively air performed on hunting horns during the chase.

The fanfare announcing the arrival of the various Christian princes.

Sir W. Scott.

||Fan”fa*ron (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. fanfarron; cf. It. fanfano, and OSp. fanfa swaggering, boasting, also Ar. farfār talkative.] A bully; a hector; a swaggerer; an empty boaster. [R.] Dryden.

Fan*far`on*ade” (?), n. [F. fanfaronnade, fr. Sp. fanfarronada. See Fanfaron.] A swaggering; vain boasting; ostentation; a bluster. Swift.

Fan”foot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of gecko having the toes expanded into large lobes for adhesion. The Egyptian fanfoot (Phyodactylus gecko) is believed, by the natives, to have venomous toes. (b) Any moth of the genus Polypogon.

Fang (făng), v. t. [OE. fangen, fongen, fon (g orig. only in p. p. and imp. tense), AS. fōn; akin to D. vangen, OHG. fāhan, G. fahen, fangen, Icel. fā, Sw. få, fånga, Dan. fange, faae, Goth. fahan, and prob. to E. fair, peace, pact. Cf. Fair, a.] 1. To catch; to seize, as with the teeth; to lay hold of; to gripe; to clutch. [Obs.] Shak.

He’s in the law’s clutches; you see he’s fanged.

J. Webster.

2. To enable to catch or tear; to furnish with fangs. “Chariots fanged with scythes.” Philips.

Fang, n. [From Fang, v. t.; cf. AS. fang a taking, booty, G. fang.] 1. (Zoöl.) The tusk of an animal, by which the prey is seized and held or torn; a long pointed tooth; esp., one of the usually erectile, venomous teeth of serpents. Also, one of the falcers of a spider.

Since I am a dog, beware my fangs.

Shak.

2. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken.

The protuberant fangs of the yucca.

Evelyn.

3. (Anat.) The root, or one of the branches of the root, of a tooth. See Tooth.

4. (Mining) A niche in the side of an adit or shaft, for an air course. Knight.

5. (Mech.) A projecting tooth or prong, as in a part of a lock, or the plate of a belt clamp, or the end of a tool, as a chisel, where it enters the handle.

6. (Naut.) (a) The valve of a pump box. (b) A bend or loop of a rope.

In a fang, fast entangled. — To lose the fang, said of a pump when the water has gone out; hence: To fang a pump, to supply it with the water necessary to make it operate. [Scot.]

Fanged (?), a. Having fangs or tusks; as, a fanged adder. Also used figuratively.

Fan”gle (?), n. [From Fang, v. t.; hence, prop., a taking up a new thing.] Something new-fashioned; a foolish innovation; a gewgaw; a trifling ornament.

Fan”gle, v. t. To fashion. [Obs.]

To control and new fangle the Scripture.

Milton.

Fan”gled (?), a. New made; hence, gaudy; showy; vainly decorated. [Obs., except with the prefix new.] See Newfangled. “Our fangled world.” Shak.

Fan”gle*ness (?), n. Quality of being fangled. [Obs.]

He them in new fangleness did pass.

Spenser.

Fang”less (?), a. Destitute of fangs or tusks. “A fangless lion.” Shak.

Fan”got (?), n. [Cf. It. fagotto, fangotto, a bundle. Cf. Fagot.] A quantity of wares, as raw silk, etc., from one hundred weight.

Fan”ion (?), n. [See Fanon.] 1. (Mil.) A small flag sometimes carried at the head of the baggage of a brigade. [Obs.]

2. A small flag for marking the stations in surveying.

Fan”like` (?), a. Resembling a fan; — specifically (Bot.), folded up like a fan, as certain leaves; plicate.

Fan”nel (?), n. [Dim., from same source as fanon.] Same as Fanon.

Fan”ner (?), n. 1. One who fans. Jer. li. 2.

2. A fan wheel; a fan blower. See under Fan.

Fan”-nerved` (?), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having the nerves or veins arranged in a radiating manner; — said of certain leaves, and of the wings of some insects.

Fan”on (?), n. [F. fanon, LL. fano, fr. OHG. fano banner cloth, G. fahne banner. See Vane, and cf. Fanion, Gonfalon.] (Eccl.) A term applied to various articles, as: (a) A peculiar striped scarf worn by the pope at mass, and by eastern bishops. (b) A maniple. [Written also fannel, phanon, etc.]

Fan” palm` (?). (Bot.) Any palm tree having fan-shaped or radiate leaves; as the Chamærops humilis of Southern Europe; the species of Sabal and Thrinax in the West Indies, Florida, etc.; and especially the great talipot tree (Corypha umbraculifera) of Ceylon and Malaya. The leaves of the latter are often eighteen feet long and fourteen wide, and are used for umbrellas, tents, and roofs. When cut up, they are used for books and manuscripts.

Fan”tail` (făn”tāl`), n. (Zool.) (a) A variety of the domestic pigeon, so called from the shape of the tail. (b) Any bird of the Australian genus Rhipidura, in which the tail is spread in the form of a fan during flight. They belong to the family of flycatchers.

Fan”-tailed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having an expanded, or fan-shaped, tail; as, the fan-tailed pigeon.

Fan*ta”si*a (?), n. [It. See Fancy.] (Mus.) A continuous composition, not divided into what are called movements, or governed by the ordinary rules of musical design, but in which the author’s fancy roves unrestricted by set form.

Fan”ta*sied (?), a. [From Fantasy.] Filled with fancies or imaginations. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan”tasm (?), n. [See Phantasm, Fancy.] Same as Phantasm.

Fan”tast (?), n. One whose manners or ideas are fantastic. [R.] Coleridge.

Fan*tas”tic (?), a. [F. fantastique, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; able to represent, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to make visible. See Fancy.] 1. Existing only in imagination; fanciful; imaginary; not real; chimerical.

2. Having the nature of a phantom; unreal. Shak.

3. Indulging the vagaries of imagination; whimsical; full of absurd fancies; capricious; as, fantastic minds; a fantastic mistress.

4. Resembling fantasies in irregularity, caprice, or eccentricity; irregular; oddly shaped; grotesque.

There at the foot of yonder nodding beech,
That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high.

T. Gray.

Syn. — Fanciful; imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; queer. See Fanciful.

Fan*tas”tic, n. A person given to fantastic dress, manners, etc.; an eccentric person; a fop. Milton.

Our fantastics, who, having a fine watch, take all ocasions to draw it out to be seen.

Fuller.

Fan*tas”tic*al (?), a. Fanciful; unreal; whimsical; capricious; fantastic.

Fan*tas`ti*cal”i*ty (?), n. Fantastically. [Obs.]

Fan*tas”tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a fantastic manner.

the letter A, in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread, upon her bosom.

Hawthorne.

Fan*tas”tic-al*ness, n. The quality of being fantastic.

Fan*tas”ti*cism (?), n. The quality of being fantastical; fancifulness; whimsicality. Ruskin.

Fan*tas”tic*ly (?), adv. Fantastically. [Obs.]

Fan*tas”tic*ness, n. Fantasticalness. [Obs.]

||Fan*tas”ti*co (?), n. [It.] A fantastic. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan”ta*sy (?), n.; pl. Fantasies (#). [See Fancy.] 1. Fancy; imagination; especially, a whimsical or fanciful conception; a vagary of the imagination; whim; caprice; humor.

Is not this something more than fantasy ?

Shak.

A thousand fantasies
Begin to throng into my memory.

Milton.

2. Fantastic designs.

Embroidered with fantasies and flourishes of gold thread.

Hawthorne.

Fan”ta*sy, v. t. To have a fancy for; to be pleased with; to like; to fancy. [Obs.] Cavendish.

Which he doth most fantasy.

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

||Fan`toc*ci”ni (?), n. pl. [It., dim. fr. fante child.] Puppets caused to perform evolutions or dramatic scenes by means of machinery; also, the representations in which they are used.

Fan”tom (?), n. See Phantom.

Fantom corn, phantom corn. Grose.

Fap (?), a. Fuddled. [Obs.] Shak.

Fa*quir” (?), n. See Fakir.

Far (?), n. [See Farrow.] (Zoöl.) A young pig, or a litter of pigs.

Far, a. [Farther (#) and Farthest (#) are used as the compar. and superl. of far, although they are corruptions arising from confusion with further and furthest. See Further.] [OE. fer, feor, AS. feor; akin to OS. fer, D. ver, OHG. ferro, adv., G. fern, a., Icel. fjarri, Dan. fjirn, Sw. fjerran, adv., Goth. faīrra, adv., Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; beyond, Skr. paras, adv., far, and prob. to L. per through, and E. prefix for-, as in forgive, and also to fare. Cf. Farther, Farthest.] 1. Distant in any direction; not near; remote; mutually separated by a wide space or extent.

They said, . . . We be come from a far country.

Josh. ix. 6.

The nations far and near contend in choice.

Dryden.

2. Remote from purpose; contrary to design or wishes; as, far be it from me to justify cruelty.

3. Remote in affection or obedience; at a distance, morally or spiritually; t enmity with; alienated.

They that are far from thee ahsll perish.

Ps. lxxiii. 27.

4. Widely different in nature or quality; opposite in character.

He was far from ill looking, though he thought himself still farther.

F. Anstey.

5. The more distant of two; as, the far side (called also off side) of a horse, that is, the right side, or the one opposite to the rider when he mounts.

&fist; The distinction between the adjectival and adverbial use of far is sometimes not easily discriminated.

By far, by much; by a great difference. — Far between, with a long distance (of space or time) between; at long intervals. “The examinations are few and far between.” Farrar.

Far, adv. 1. To a great extent or distance of space; widely; as, we are separated far from each other.

2. To a great distance in time from any point; remotely; as, he pushed his researches far into antiquity.

3. In great part; as, the day is far spent.

4. In a great proportion; by many degrees; very much; deeply; greatly.

Who can find a virtuous woman ? for her price is far above rubies.

Prov. xxxi. 10.

As far as, to the extent, or degree, that. See As far as, under As. — Far off. (a) At a great distance, absolutely or relatively. (b) Distant in sympathy or affection; alienated. “But now, in Christ Jesus, ye who some time were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ.” Eph. ii. 13. — Far other, different by a great degree; not the same; quite unlike. Pope. — Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. — Far and wide, distantly and broadly; comprehensively. “Far and wide his eye commands.” Milton. — From far, from a great distance; from a remote place.

&fist; Far often occurs in self-explaining compounds, such as far-extended, far-reaching, far-spread.

Far”-a*bout` (?), n. A going out of the way; a digression. [Obs.] Fuller.

Far”ad (?), n. [From Michael Faraday, the English electrician.] (Elec.) The standard unit of electrical capacity; the capacity of a condenser whose charge, having an electro-motive force of one volt, is equal to the amount of electricity which, with the same electromotive force, passes through one ohm in one second; the capacity, which, charged with one coulomb, gives an electro-motive force of one volt.

Far*ad”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Michael Faraday, the distinguished electrician; — applied especially to induced currents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of inductive apparatus, on account of Faraday’s investigations of their laws.

{ Far”a*dism (?), Far`a*di*za”tion (?), } n. (Med.) The treatment with faradic or induced currents of electricity for remedial purposes.

Far”and (?), n. See Farrand, n.

Far”an*dams (?), n. A fabrik made of silk and wool or hair. Simmonds.

Far”ant*ly (?), a. [See Farrand.] Orderly; comely; respectable. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Farce (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farced (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Farcing (&?;).] [F. Farcir, L. farcire; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to fence in, stop up. Cf. Force to stuff, Diaphragm, Frequent, Farcy, Farse.] 1. To stuff with forcemeat; hence, to fill with mingled ingredients; to fill full; to stuff. [Obs.]

The first principles of religion should not be farced with school points and private tenets.

Bp. Sanderson.

His tippet was aye farsed full of knives.

Chaucer.

2. To render fat. [Obs.]

If thou wouldst farce thy lean ribs.

B. Jonson.

3. To swell out; to render pompous. [Obs.]

Farcing his letter with fustian.

Sandys.

Farce, n. [F. farce, from L. farsus (also sometimes farctus), p. p. pf farcire. See Farce, v. t.] 1. (Cookery) Stuffing, or mixture of viands, like that used on dressing a fowl; forcemeat.

2. A low style of comedy; a dramatic composition marked by low humor, generally written with little regard to regularity or method, and abounding with ludicrous incidents and expressions.

Farce is that in poetry which “grotesque” is in a picture: the persons and action of a farce are all unnatural, and the manners false.

Dryden.

3. Ridiculous or empty show; as, a mere farce. “The farce of state.” Pope.

Farce”ment (?), n. Stuffing; forcemeat. [Obs.]

They spoil a good dish with . . . unsavory farcements.

Feltham.

Far”ci*cal (?), a. Pertaining to farce; appropriated to farce; ludicrous; unnatural; unreal.

They deny the characters to be farcical, because they are &?;&?;tually in in nature.

Gay.

— Far”ci*cal*ly, adv. – Far”ci*cal*ness, n.

Far”ci*cal, a. Of or pertaining to the disease called farcy. See Farcy, n.

Far”ci*lite (?), n. [Farce+- lite.] (Min.) Pudding stone. [Obs.] Kirwan.

{ Far”ci*men (?), Far”cin (?), } n. (Far.) Same as Farcy.

Far”cing (?), n. (Cookery) Stuffing; forcemeat.

Farc”tate (?), a. [L. farctus, p. p. of farcire. See Farce, v. t.] (Bot.) Stuffed; filled solid; as, a farctate leaf, stem, or pericarp; — opposed to tubular or hollow. [Obs.]

Far”cy (?), n. [F. farcin; cf. L. farciminum a disease of horses, fr. farcire. See Farce.] (Far.) A contagious disease of horses, associated with painful ulcerating enlargements, esp. upon the head and limbs. It is of the same nature as glanders, and is often fatal. Called also farcin, and farcimen.

&fist; Farcy, although more common in horses, is communicable to other animals and to human beings.

Farcy bud, a hard, prominent swelling occurring upon the cutaneous surface in farcy, due to the obstruction and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, and followed by ulceration. Youatt.

Fard (?), n. [F., prob. fr. OHG. gifarit, gifarwit p. p. of farwjan to color, tinge, fr. farawa color, G. farbe.] Paint used on the face. [Obs.] “Painted with French fard.” J. Whitaker.

Fard, v. t. [F. farder to paint one’s face.] To paint; — said esp. of one’s face. [Obs.] Shenstone.

||Far`dage” (?), n. [F. See Fardel.] (Naut.) See Dunnage.

Far”del (?), n. [OF. fardel, F. fardeau; cf. Sp. fardel, fardillo, fardo, LL. fardellus; prob. fr. Ar. fard one of the two parts of an object divisible into two, hence, one of the two parts of a camel’s load. Cf. Furl.] A bundle or little pack; hence, a burden. [Obs.] Shak.

A fardel of never-ending misery and suspense.

Marryat.

Far”del, v. t. To make up in fardels. [Obs.] Fuller.

Far”ding-bag` (?), n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. Fardel.] The upper stomach of a cow, or other ruminant animal; the rumen.

Far”ding*dale (?), n. A farthingale. [Obs.]

Far”ding*deal (?), n. [See Farthing, and Deal a part.] The fourth part of an acre of land. [Obs.] [Written also farding dale, fardingale, etc.]

Fare (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Faring.] [AS. faran to travel, fare; akin to OS., Goth., & OHG. faran to travel, go, D. varen, G. fahren, OFries., Icel., & Sw. fara, Dan. fare, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a way through, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a ferry, strait, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to convey, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to go, march, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; beyond, on the other side, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to pass through, L. peritus experienced, portus port, Skr. par to bring over. √78. Cf. Chaffer, Emporium, Far, Ferry, Ford, Peril, Port a harbor, Pore, n.] 1. To go; to pass; to journey; to travel.

So on he fares, and to the border comes
Of Eden.

Milton.

2. To be in any state, or pass through any experience, good or bad; to be attended with any circummstances or train of events, fortunate or unfortunate; as, he fared well, or ill.

So fares the stag among the enraged hounds.

Denham.

I bid you most heartily well to fare.

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

So fared the knight between two foes.

Hudibras.

3. To be treated or entertained at table, or with bodily or social comforts; to live.

There was a certain rich man which . . . fared sumptuously every day.

Luke xvi. 19.

4. To happen well, or ill; — used impersonally; as, we shall see how it will fare with him.

So fares it when with truth falsehood contends.

Milton.

5. To behave; to conduct one’s self. [Obs.]

She ferde [fared] as she would die.

Chaucer.

Fare (?), n. [AS. faru journey, fr. faran. See Fare, v.] 1. A journey; a passage. [Obs.]

That nought might stay his fare.

Spenser.

2. The price of passage or going; the sum paid or due for conveying a person by land or water; as, the fare for crossing a river; the fare in a coach or by railway.

3. Ado; bustle; business. [Obs.]

The warder chid and made fare.

Chaucer.

4. Condition or state of things; fortune; hap; cheer.

What fare? what news abroad ?

Shak.

5. Food; provisions for the table; entertainment; as, coarse fare; delicious fare. “Philosophic fare.” Dryden.

6. The person or persons conveyed in a vehicle; as, a full fare of passengers. A. Drummond.

7. The catch of fish on a fishing vessel.

Bill of fare. See under Bill. — Fare indicator or register, a device for recording the number of passengers on a street car, etc. — Fare wicket. (a) A gate or turnstile at the entrance of toll bridges, exhibition grounds, etc., for registering the number of persons passing it. (b) An opening in the door of a street car for purchasing tickets of the driver or passing fares to the conductor. Knight.

Far”en (?), obs. p. p. of Fare, v. i. Chaucer.

Fare`well” (?), interj. [Fare (thou, you) + well.] Go well; good-by; adieu; — originally applied to a person departing, but by custom now applied both to those who depart and those who remain. It is often separated by the pronoun; as, fare you well; and is sometimes used as an expression of separation only; as, farewell the year; farewell, ye sweet groves; that is, I bid you farewell.

So farewell hope, and with hope, farewell fear.

Milton.

Fare thee well! and if forever,
Still forever fare thee well.

Byron.

&fist; The primary accent is sometimes placed on the first syllable, especially in poetry.

Fare`well” (?), n. 1. A wish of happiness or welfare at parting; the parting compliment; a good-by; adieu.

2. Act of departure; leave-taking; a last look at, or reference to something.

And takes her farewell of the glorious sun.

Shak.

Before I take my farewell of the subject.

Addison.

Fare”well` (?), a. Parting; valedictory; final; as, a farewell discourse; his farewell bow.

Leans in his spear to take his farewell view.

Tickell.

Farewell rock (Mining), the Millstone grit; — so called because no coal is found worth working below this stratum. It is used for hearths of furnaces, having power to resist intense heat. Ure.

Far”fet` (?), a. [Far + fet, p. p. of Fette.] Farfetched. [Obs.]

York with his farfet policy.

Shak.

Far”fetch` (?), v. t. [Far + fetch.] To bring from far; to seek out studiously. [Obs.]

To farfetch the name of Tartar from a Hebrew word.

Fuller.

Far”fetch`, n. Anything brought from far, or brought about with studious care; a deep strategem. [Obs.] “Politic farfetches.” Hudibras.

Far”fetched` (?), a. 1. Brought from far, or from a remote place.

Every remedy contained a multitude of farfetched and heterogeneous ingredients.

Hawthorne.

2. Studiously sought; not easily or naturally deduced or introduced; forced; strained.

Fa*ri”na (f&adot;*rī“n&adot; or f&adot;*rē“n&adot;), n. [L., meal, flour, fr. far a sort of grain, spelt; akin to E. barley.] 1. A fine flour or meal made from cereal grains or from the starch or fecula of vegetables, extracted by various processes, and used in cookery.

2. (Bot.) Pollen. [R.] Craig.

Far`i*na”ceous (?), a. [L. farinaceus.] 1. Consisting or made of meal or flour; as, a farinaceous diet.

2. Yielding farina or flour; as, ffarinaceous seeds.

3. Like meal; mealy; pertaining to meal; as, a farinaceous taste, smell, or appearance.

Far`i*nose” (?), a. [L. farinosus: cf. F. farineux.] 1. Yielding farina; as, farinose substances.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Covered with a sort of white, mealy powder, as the leaves of some poplars, and the body of certain insects; mealy.

Farl (?), v. t. Same as Furl. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Far”lie (?), n. [OE. ferlish wonder, as adj., strange, sudden, fearful, AS. f&aemacr;rlīc sudden. See Fear.] An unusual or unexpected thing; a wonder. See Fearly. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drayton.

Farm (?), n. [OE. ferme rent, lease, F. ferme, LL. firma, fr. L. firmus firm, fast, firmare to make firm or fast. See Firm, a. & n.] 1. The rent of land, — originally paid by reservation of part of its products. [Obs.]

2. The term or tenure of a lease of land for cultivation; a leasehold. [Obs.]

It is great willfulness in landlords to make any longer farms to their tenants.

Spenser.

3. The land held under lease and by payment of rent for the purpose of cultivation.

4. Any tract of land devoted to agricultural purposes, under the management of a tenant or the owner.

&fist; In English the ideas of a lease, a term, and a rent, continue to be in a great degree inseparable, even from the popular meaning of a farm, as they are entirely so from the legal sense. Burrill.

5. A district of country leased (or farmed) out for the collection of the revenues of government.

The province was devided into twelve farms.

Burke.

6. (O. Eng. Law) A lease of the imposts on particular goods; as, the sugar farm, the silk farm.

Whereas G. H. held the farm of sugars upon a rent of 10,000 marks per annum.

State Trials (1196).

Farm (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Farming.] 1. To lease or let for an equivalent, as land for a rent; to yield the use of to proceeds.

We are enforced to farm our royal realm.

Shak.

2. To give up to another, as an estate, a business, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; as, to farm the taxes.

To farm their subjects and their duties toward these.

Burke.

3. To take at a certain rent or rate.

4. To devote (land) to agriculture; to cultivate, as land; to till, as a farm.

To farm let, To let to farm, to lease on rent.

Farm, v. i. To engage in the business of tilling the soil; to labor as a farmer.

Farm”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being farmed.

Farm”er (?), n. [Cf. F. fermier.] One who farms; as: (a) One who hires and cultivates a farm; a cultivator of leased ground; a tenant. Smart. (b) One who is devoted to the tillage of the soil; one who cultivates a farm; an agriculturist; a husbandman. (c) One who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other duties, to collect, either paying a fixed annuual rent for the privilege; as, a farmer of the revenues. (d) (Mining) The lord of the field, or one who farms the lot and cope of the crown.

Farmer-general [F. fermier-general], one to whom the right of levying certain taxes, in a particular district, was farmed out, under the former French monarchy, for a given sum paid down. — Farmers’ satin, a light material of cotton and worsted, used for coat linings. McElrath. — The king’s farmer (O. Eng. Law), one to whom the collection of a royal revenue was farmed out. Burrill.

Farm”er*ess, n. A woman who farms.

Farm”er*ship, n. Skill in farming.

Farm”er*y (?), n. The buildings and yards necessary for the business of a farm; a homestead. [Eng.]

Farm”house`, n. A dwelling house on a farm; a farmer’s residence.

Farm”ing, a. Pertaining to agriculture; devoted to, adapted to, or engaged in, farming; as, farming tools; farming land; a farming community.

Farm”ing, n. The business of cultivating land.

Far”most` (?), a. Most distant; farthest.

A spacious cave within its farmost part.

Dryden.

Farm”stead (?), n. A farm with the building upon it; a homestead on a farm. Tennyson.

With its pleasant groves and farmsteads.

Carlyle.

Farm”stead*ing, n. A farmstead. [Scot.] Black.

Farm”yard` (?), n. The yard or inclosure attached to a barn, or the space inclosed by the farm buildings.

Far”ness (?), n. [From Far, a.] The state of being far off; distance; remoteness. [R.] Grew.

Far”o (?), n. [Said to be so called because the Egyptian king Pharaoh was formerly represented upon one of the cards.] A gambling game at cards, in which all the other players play against the dealer or banker, staking their money upon the order in which the cards will lie and be dealt from the pack.

Faro bank, the capital which the proprietor of a faro table ventures in the game; also, the place where a game of faro is played. Hoyle.

Fa`ro*ese` (?), n. sing. & pl. An inhabitant, or, collectively, inhabitants, of the Faroe islands.

Far”-off` (?), a. Remote; as, the far-off distance. Cf. Far-off, under Far, adv.

Far*rag*i*nous (?), a. [See Farrago.] Formed of various materials; mixed; as, a farraginous mountain. [R.] Kirwan.

A farraginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers, sexes, and ages.

Sir T. Browne.

||Far*ra”go (?), n. [L. farrago, -aginis, mixed fodder for cattle, mash, medley, fr. far a sort of grain. See Farina.] A mass composed of various materials confusedly mixed; a medley; a mixture.

A confounded farrago of doubts, fears, hopes, wishes, and all the flimsy furniture of a country miss’s brain.

Sheridan.

Far”rand (?), n. [OE. farand beautiful; cf. Gael. farranta neat, stout, stately; or perh. akin to E. fare.] Manner; custom; fashion; humor. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also farand.] Grose.

Far`re*a”tion (?), n. [L. farreatio.] Same as Confarreation.

Far”ri*er (?), n. [OE. farrour, ferrer, OF. ferreor, ferrier, LL. Ferrator, ferrarius equorum, from ferrare to shoe a horse, ferrum a horseshoe, fr. L. ferrum iron. Cf. Ferreous.] 1. A shoer of horses; a veterinary surgeon.

Far”ri*er, v. i. To practice as a farrier; to carry on the trade of a farrier. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Far”ri*er*y (?), n. 1. The art of shoeing horses.

2. The art of preventing, curing, or mitigating diseases of horses and cattle; the veterinary art.

3. The place where a smith shoes horses.

Far”row (făr”r&osl;), n. [AS. fearh a little pig; a akin to OHG. farh, farah, pig, dim. farheli little pig, G. fercel, D. varken pig, Lith. parszas OIr. orc, L. porcus, Gr. po`rkos. Cf. Pork.] A litter of pigs. Shak.

Far”row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Farrowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Farrowing.] To bring forth (young); — said only of swine. Tusser.

Far”row, a. [Cf. Scot. ferry cow a cow that is not with calf, D. vaarkoe, vaars, heifer, G. färse, AS. fearr bull, G. farre. Cf. Heifer.] Not producing young in a given season or year; – - said only of cows.

&fist; If a cow has had a calf, but fails in a subsequent year, she is said to be farrow, or to go farrow.

Far”ry (?), n. A farrow. [Obs.] Perry.

Farse (?), n. [See Farce, n.] (Eccl.) An addition to, or a paraphrase of, some part of the Latin service in the vernacular; — common in English before the Reformation.

Far”see`ing (?), a. 1. Able to see to a great distance; farsighted.

2. Having foresight as regards the future.

Far”sight`ed (?), a. 1. Seeing to great distance; hence, of good judgment regarding the remote effects of actions; sagacious.

2. (Med.) Hypermetropic.

Far”sight`ed*ness, n. 1. Quality of bbeing farsighted.

2. (Med.) Hypermetropia.

Far”-stretched` (?), a. Stretched beyond ordinary limits.

Far”ther (fär”&thlig;&etilde;r), a., compar. of Far. [superl. Farthest (-&thlig;&ebreve;st). See Further.] [For farrer, OE. ferrer, compar. of far; confused with further. Cf. Farthest.] 1. More remote; more distant than something else.

2. Tending to a greater distance; beyond a certain point; additional; further.

Before our farther way the fates allow.

Dryden.

Let me add a farther Truth.

Dryden.

Some farther change awaits us.

MIlton.

Far”ther, adv. 1. At or to a greater distance; more remotely; beyond; as, let us rest with what we have, without looking farther.

2. Moreover; by way of progress in treating a subject; as, farther, let us consider the probable event.

No farther, (used elliptically for) go no farther; say no more, etc.

It will be dangerous to go on. No farther !

Shak.

Far”ther, v. t. To help onward. [R.] See Further.

Far”ther*ance (?), n. [Obs.] See Furtherance.

Far”ther*more` (?), adv. [Obs.] See Furthermore.

Far”ther*most` (?), a. Most remote; farthest.

Far”thest (fär”&thlig;&ebreve;st), a. Superl. of far. [See Farther and cf. Furthest] Most distant or remote; as, the farthest degree. See Furthest.

Far”thest adv. At or to the greatest distance. See Furthest.

Far”thing (?), n. [OE. furthing, AS. feórðung, fr. feórða fourth, feór, feówer, four. See Four.] 1. The fourth of a penny; a small copper coin of Great Britain, being a cent in United States currency.

2. A very small quantity or value. [Obs.]

In her cup was no farthing seen of grease.

Chaucer.

3. A division of land. [Obs.]

Thirty acres make a farthing land; nine farthings a Cornish acre; and four Cornish acres a knight’s fee.

R. Carew.

Far”thin*gale (?), n. [OE. vardingale, fardingale, fr. OF. vertugale, verdugade, F. vertugade, vertugadin, from Sp. verdugado, being named from its hoops, fr. verdugo a young shoot of tree, fr. verde green, fr. L. viridis. See Verdant.] A hoop skirt or hoop petticoat, or other light, elastic material, used to extend the petticoat.

We’ll revel it as bravely as the best, . . .
With ruffs and cuffs, and farthingales and things.

Shak.

||Fas”ces (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of fascis bundle; cf. fascia a band, and Gr. fa`kelos a bundle.], (Rom. Antiq.) A bundle of rods, having among them an ax with the blade projecting, borne before the Roman magistrates as a badge of their authority.

Fas”cet (?), n. (Glass Making) A wire basket on the end of a rod to carry glass bottles, etc., to the annealing furnace; also, an iron rod to be thrust into the mouths of bottles, and used for the same purpose; — called also pontee and punty.

||Fas”ci*a (?), n.; pl. Fasciæ (#). [L., a band: cf. It. fascia. See Fasces, and cf. Fess.] 1. A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller.

2. (Arch.) A flat member of an order or building, like a flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands which make up the architrave, in the Ionic order. See Illust. of Column.

3. (Anat.) The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing all muscles; an aponeurosis.

4. (Zoöl.) A broad well-defined band of color.

Fas”ci*al (?), a. 1. Pertaining to the fasces.

2. (Anat.) Relating to a fascia.

{ Fas”ci*ate (?), Fas”ci*a`ted (?), } a. [L. fasciatus, p. p. of fasciare to envelop with bands, fr. fascia band. See Fasces.] 1. Bound with a fillet, sash, or bandage.

2. (Bot.) (a) Banded or compacted together. (b) Flattened and laterally widened, as are often the stems of the garden cockscomb.

3. (Zoöl.) Broadly banded with color.

Fas`ci*a”tion, n. The act or manner of binding up; bandage; also, the condition of being fasciated.

Fas”ci*cle (?), n. [L. fasciculus, dim. of fascis. See Fasces.] A small bundle or collection; a compact cluster; as, a fascicle of fibers; a fascicle of flowers or roots.

Fas”ci*cled (?), a. Growing in a bundle, tuft, or close cluster; as, the fascicled leaves of the pine or larch; the fascicled roots of the dahlia; fascicled muscle fibers; fascicled tufts of hair.

Fas*cic”u*lar (?), a. Pertaining to a fascicle; fascicled; as, a fascicular root.

Fas*cic”u*lar*ly, adv. In a fascicled manner. Kirwan.

{ Fas*cic”u*late (?), Fas*cic”u*la`ted (?),} a. Grouped in a fascicle; fascicled.

||Fas*cic”u*lus (?), n.; pl. Fasciculi (#). [L. See Fascicle.] 1. A little bundle; a fascicle.

2. A division of a book.

Fas”ci*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fascinated (?), p. pr. & vb. n.. Fascinating (&?;).] [L. fascinare; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to slander, bewitch.] 1. To influence in an uncontrollable manner; to operate on by some powerful or irresistible charm; to bewitch; to enchant.

It has been almost universally believed that . . . serpents can stupefy and fascinate the prey which they are desirous to obtain.

Griffith (Cuvier).

2. To excite and allure irresistibly or powerfully; to charm; to captivate, as by physical or mental charms.

There be none of the passions that have been noted to fascinate or bewitch but love and envy.

Bacon.

Syn. — To charm; enrapture; captivate; enchant; bewitch; attract.

Fas`ci*na”tion (?), n. [L. fascinatio; cf. F. fascination.] 1. The act of fascinating, bewitching, or enchanting; enchantment; witchcraft; the exercise of a powerful or irresistible influence on the affections or passions; unseen, inexplicable influence.

The Turks hang old rags . . . upon their fairest horses, and other goodly creatures, to secure them against fascination.

Waller.

2. The state or condition of being fascinated.

3. That which fascinates; a charm; a spell.

There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.

South.

Fas*cine” (?), n. [F., fr. L. fascina a bundle of sticks, fr. fascis. See Fasces.] (Fort. & Engin.) A cylindrical bundle of small sticks of wood, bound together, used in raising batteries, filling ditches, strengthening ramparts, and making parapets; also in revetments for river banks, and in mats for dams, jetties, etc.

Fas”ci*nous (?), a. [L. fascinum witchcraft, akin to fascinare. See Fascinate.] Caused or acting by witchcraft. [Obs.] “Fascinous diseases.” Harvey.

||Fas*ci”o*la (?), n.;pl. Fasciolæ (#). [See Fasciole.] (Anat.) A band of gray matter bordering the fimbria in the brain; the dentate convolution. Wilder.

Fas”ci*ole (?), n. [L. fasciola a little bandage. See Fascia.] (Zoöl.) A band of minute tubercles, bearing modified spines, on the shells of spatangoid sea urchins. See Spatangoidea.

Fash (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fashing.] [OF. faschier, F. f&?;cher, to anger, vex; cf. Pr. fasticar, fastigar, fr. L. fastidium dilike. See Fastidious.] To vex; to tease; to trouble. [Scot.]

Fash, n. Vexation; anxiety; care. [Scot.]

Without further fash on my part.

De Quincey.

Fash”ion (?), n. [OE. fasoun, facioun, shape, manner, F. facon, orig., a making, fr. L. factio a making, fr. facere to make. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Faction.]

1. The make or form of anything; the style, shape, appearance, or mode of structure; pattern, model; as, the fashion of the ark, of a coat, of a house, of an altar, etc.; workmanship; execution.

The fashion of his countenance was altered.

Luke ix. 29.

I do not like the fashion of your garments.

Shak.

2. The prevailing mode or style, especially of dress; custom or conventional usage in respect of dress, behavior, etiquette, etc.; particularly, the mode or style usual among persons of good breeding; as, to dress, dance, sing, ride, etc., in the fashion.

The innocent diversions in fashion.

Locke.

As now existing, fashion is a form of social regulation analogous to constitutional government as a form of political regulation.

H. Spencer.

3. Polite, fashionable, or genteel life; social position; good breeding; as, men of fashion.

4. Mode of action; method of conduct; manner; custom; sort; way. “After his sour fashion.” Shak.

After a fashion, to a certain extent; in a sort. — Fashion piece (Naut.), one of the timbers which terminate the transom, and define the shape of the stern. — Fashion plate, a pictorial design showing the prevailing style or a new style of dress.

Fash”ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fashioning.] [Cf. F. faconner.] 1. To form; to give shape or figure to; to mold.

Here the loud hammer fashions female toys.

Gay.

Ingenious art . . .
Steps forth to fashion and refine the age.

Cowper.

2. To fit; to adapt; to accommodate; — with to.

Laws ought to be fashioned to the manners and conditions of the people.

Spenser.

3. To make according to the rule prescribed by custom.

Fashioned plate sells for more than its weight.

Locke.

4. To forge or counterfeit. [Obs.] Shak.

Fashioning needle (Knitting Machine), a needle used for widening or narrowing the work and thus shaping it.

Fash”ion*a*ble (?), a. 1. Conforming to the fashion or established mode; according with the prevailing form or style; as, a fashionable dress.

2. Established or favored by custom or use; current; prevailing at a particular time; as, the fashionable philosophy; fashionable opinions.

3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion; as, a fashionable man.

4. Genteel; well-bred; as, fashionable society.

Time is like a fashionable host
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.

Shak.

Fash”ion*a*ble, n. A person who conforms to the fashions; — used chiefly in the plural.

Fash”ion*a*ble*ness, n. State of being fashionable.

Fash”ion*a*bly, adv. In a fashionable manner.

Fash”ioned (?), a. Having a certain style or fashion; as old-fashioned; new- fashioned.

Fash”ion*er (?), n. One who fashions, forms, ar gives shape to anything. [R.]

The fashioner had accomplished his task, and the dresses were brought home.

Sir W. Scott.

Fash”ion*ist (?), n. An obsequious follower of the modes and fashions. [R.] Fuller.

Fash”ion*less, a. Having no fashion.

Fash”ion-mon`ger (?), n. One who studies the fashions; a fop; a dandy. Marston.

Fash”ion-mon`ger*ing, a. Behaving like a fashion-monger. [R.] Shak.

Fas”sa*ite (?), n. (Min.) A variety of pyroxene, from the valley of Fassa, in the Tyrol.

Fast (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fasting.] [AS. fæstan; akin to D. vasten, OHG. fastēn, G. fasten, Icel. & Sw. fasta, Dan. faste, Goth. fastan to keep, observe, fast, and prob. to E. fast firm.] 1. To abstain from food; to omit to take nourishment in whole or in part; to go hungry.

Fasting he went to sleep, and fasting waked.

Milton.

2. To practice abstinence as a religious exercise or duty; to abstain from food voluntarily for a time, for the mortification of the body or appetites, or as a token of grief, or humiliation and penitence.

Thou didst fast and weep for the child.

2 Sam. xii. 21.

Fasting day, a fast day; a day of fasting.

Fast, n. [OE. faste, fast; cf. AS. fæsten, OHG. fasta, G. faste. See Fast, v. i.] 1. Abstinence from food; omission to take nourishment.

Surfeit is the father of much fast.

Shak.

2. Voluntary abstinence from food, for a space of time, as a spiritual discipline, or as a token of religious humiliation.

3. A time of fasting, whether a day, week, or longer time; a period of abstinence from food or certain kinds of food; as, an annual fast.

Fast day, a day appointed for fasting, humiliation, and religious offices as a means of invoking the favor of God. — To break one’s fast, to put an end to a period of abstinence by taking food; especially, to take one’s morning meal; to breakfast. Shak.

Fast, a. [Compar. Faster (?); superl. Fastest (?).] [OE., firm, strong, not loose, AS. f&?;st; akin to OS. fast, D. vast, OHG. fasti, festi, G. fest, Icel. fastr, Sw. & Dan. fast, and perh. to E. fetter. The sense swift comes from the idea of keeping close to what is pursued; a Scandinavian use. Cf. Fast, adv., Fast, v., Avast.] 1. Firmly fixed; closely adhering; made firm; not loose, unstable, or easily moved; immovable; as, to make fast the door.

There is an order that keeps things fast.

Burke.

2. Firm against attack; fortified by nature or art; impregnable; strong.

Outlaws . . . lurking in woods and fast places.

Spenser.

3. Firm in adherence; steadfast; not easily separated or alienated; faithful; as, a fast friend.

4. Permanent; not liable to fade by exposure to air or by washing; durable; lasting; as, fast colors.

5. Tenacious; retentive. [Obs.]

Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells.

Bacon.

6. Not easily disturbed or broken; deep; sound.

All this while in a most fast sleep.

Shak.

7. Moving rapidly; quick in mition; rapid; swift; as, a fast horse.

8. Given to pleasure seeking; disregardful of restraint; reckless; wild; dissipated; dissolute; as, a fast man; a fast liver. Thackeray.

Fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined; inconstant, esp. in the phrases to play at fast and loose, to play fast and loose, to act with giddy or reckless inconstancy or in a tricky manner; to say one thing and do another. “Play fast and loose with faith.” Shak. – - Fast and loose pulleys (Mach.), two pulleys placed side by side on a revolving shaft, which is driven from another shaft by a band, and arranged to disengage and reëngage the machinery driven thereby. When the machinery is to be stopped, the band is transferred from the pulley fixed to the shaft to the pulley which revolves freely upon it, and vice versa. — Hard and fast (Naut.), so completely aground as to be immovable. — To make fast (Naut.), to make secure; to fasten firmly, as a vessel, a rope, or a door.

Fast (?), adv. [OE. faste firmly, strongly, quickly, AS. fæste. See Fast, a.] 1. In a fast, fixed, or firmly established manner; fixedly; firmly; immovably.

We will bind thee fast.

Judg. xv. 13.

2. In a fast or rapid manner; quickly; swiftly; extravagantly; wildly; as, to run fast; to live fast.

Fast by, or Fast beside, close or near to; near at hand.

He, after Eve seduced, unminded slunk
Into the wood fast by.

Milton.

Fast by the throne obsequious Fame resides.

Pope.

Fast, n. That which fastens or holds; especially, (Naut.) a mooring rope, hawser, or chain; – - called, according to its position, a bow, head, quarter, breast, or stern fast; also, a post on a pier around which hawsers are passed in mooring.

Fas”ten (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fastened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fastening (?).] [AS. fæstnian; akin to OHG. festinōn. See Fast, a.] 1. To fix firmly; to make fast; to secure, as by a knot, lock, bolt, etc.; as, to fasten a chain to the feet; to fasten a door or window.

2. To cause to hold together or to something else; to attach or unite firmly; to cause to cleave to something , or to cleave together, by any means; as, to fasten boards together with nails or cords; to fasten anything in our thoughts.

The words Whig and Tory have been pressed to the service of many successions of parties, with very different ideas fastened to them.

Swift.

3. To cause to take close effect; to make to tell; to lay on; as, to fasten a blow. [Obs.] Dryden.

If I can fasten but one cup upon him.

Shak.

To fasten a charge, or a crime, upon, to make his guilt certain, or so probable as to be generally believed. — To fasten one’s eyes upon, to look upon steadily without cessation. Acts iii. 4.

Syn. — To fix; cement; stick; link; affix; annex.

Fas”ten, v. i. To fix one’s self; to take firm hold; to clinch; to cling.

A horse leech will hardly fasten on a fish.

Sir T. Browne.

Fas”ten*er (?), n. One who, or that which, makes fast or firm.

Fas”ten*ing (?), n. Anything that binds and makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, buckle, etc.

Fast”er (?), n. One who abstains from food.

Fast”hand`ed (?), a. Close handed; close-fisted; covetous; avaricious. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Fas”ti (?), n. pl. [L.] 1. The Roman calendar, which gave the days for festivals, courts, etc., corresponding to a modern almanac.

2. Records or registers of important events.

Fas*tid`i*os”i*ty (?), n. Fastidiousness; squeamishness. [Obs.] Swift.

Fas*tid”i*ous (?), a. [L. fastidiosus disdainful, fr. fastidium loathing, aversion, perh. fr. fastus arrogance (of uncertain origin) + taedium loathing. Cf. Tedious, Fash.] Difficult to please; delicate to a fault; suited with difficulty; squeamish; as, a fastidious mind or ear; a fastidious appetite.

Proud youth ! fastidious of the lower world.

Young.

Syn. — Squeamish; critical; overnice; difficult; punctilious. — Fastidious, Squeamish. We call a person fastidious when his taste or feelings are offended by trifling defects or errors; we call him squeamish when he is excessively nice or critical on minor points, and also when he is overscrupulous as to questions of duty. “Whoever examines his own imperfections will cease to be fastidious; whoever restrains his caprice and scrupulosity will cease to be squeamish.” Crabb.

— Fas*tid”i*ous*ly, adv. — Fas*tid”i*ous*ness, n.

{ Fas*tig”i*ate (?), Fas*tig”i*a`ted (?), } a. [L. fastigium gable end, top, height, summit.] 1. Narrowing towards the top.

2. (Bot.) Clustered, parallel, and upright, as the branches of the Lombardy poplar; pointed.

3. (Zoöl.) United into a conical bundle, or into a bundle with an enlarged head, like a sheaf of wheat.

Fast”ish (?), a. Rather fast; also, somewhat dissipated. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Fast”ly, adv. Firmly; surely.

Fast”ness, n. [AS. fæstnes, fr. fæst fast. See Fast, a.] 1. The state of being fast and firm; firmness; fixedness; security; faithfulness.

All . . . places of fastness [are] laid open.

Sir J. Davies.

2. A fast place; a stronghold; a fortress or fort; a secure retreat; a castle; as, the enemy retired to their fastnesses in the mountains.

3. Conciseness of style. [Obs.] Ascham.

4. The state of being fast or swift.

Fas”tu*ous (?), a. [L. fastuosus, from fastus haughtiness, pride: cf. F. fastueux.] Proud; haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Barrow. — Fas”tu*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Fat (?), n. [See Vat, n.] 1. A large tub, cistern, or vessel; a vat. [Obs.]

The fats shall overflow with wine and oil.

Joel ii. 24.

2. A measure of quantity, differing for different commodities. [Obs.] Hebert.

Fat, a. [Compar. Fatter (?); superl. Fattest (?).] [AS. f&aemacr;tt; akin to D. vet, G. fett, feist, Icel. feitr, Sw. fet, Dan. fed, and perh. to Gr. pi^dax spring, fountain, pidy`ein to gush forth, pi`wn fat, Skr. pi to swell.] 1. Abounding with fat; as: (a) Fleshy; characterized by fatness; plump; corpulent; not lean; as, a fat man; a fat ox. (b) Oily; greasy; unctuous; rich; — said of food.

2. Exhibiting the qualities of a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; dull; stupid.

Making our western wits fat and mean.

Emerson.

Make the heart of this people fat.

Is. vi. 10.

3. Fertile; productive; as, a fat soil; a fat pasture.

4. Rich; producing a large income; desirable; as, a fat benefice; a fat office; a fat job.

Now parson of Troston, a fat living in Suffolk.

Carlyle.

5. Abounding in riches; affluent; fortunate. [Obs.]

Persons grown fat and wealthy by long impostures.

Swift.

6. (Typog.) Of a character which enables the compositor to make large wages; — said of matter containing blank, cuts, or many leads, etc.; as, a fat take; a fat page.

Fat lute, a mixture of pipe clay and oil for filling joints.

Fat (?), n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) An oily liquid or greasy substance making up the main bulk of the adipose tissue of animals, and widely distributed in the seeds of plants. See Adipose tissue, under Adipose.

&fist; Animal fats are composed mainly of three distinct fats, tristearin, tripalmitin, and triolein, mixed in varying proportions. As olein is liquid at ordinary temperatures, while the other two fats are solid, it follows that the consistency or hardness of fats depends upon the relative proportion of the three individual fats. During the life of an animal, the fat is mainly in a liquid state in the fat cells, owing to the solubility of the two solid fats in the more liquid olein at the body temperature. Chemically, fats are composed of fatty acid, as stearic, palmitic, oleic, etc., united with glyceryl. In butter fat, olein and palmitin predominate, mixed with another fat characteristic of butter, butyrin. In the vegetable kingdom many other fats or glycerides are to be found, as myristin from nutmegs, a glyceride of lauric acid in the fat of the bay tree, etc.

2. The best or richest productions; the best part; as, to live on the fat of the land.

3. (Typog.) Work. containing much blank, or its equivalent, and, therefore, profitable to the compositor.

Fat acid. (Chem.) See Sebacic acid, under Sebacic. — Fat series, Fatty series (Chem.), the series of the paraffine hydrocarbons and their derivatives; the marsh gas or methane series. — Natural fats (Chem.), the group of oily substances of natural occurrence, as butter, lard, tallow, etc., as distinguished from certain fatlike substance of artificial production, as paraffin. Most natural fats are essentially mixtures of triglycerides of fatty acids.

Fat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. atting (?).] [OE. fatten, AS. f&aemacr;ttian. See Fat, a., and cf. Fatten.] To make fat; to fatten; to make plump and fleshy with abundant food; as, to fat fowls or sheep.

We fat all creatures else to fat us.

Shak.

Fat, v. i. To grow fat, plump, and fleshy.

An old ox fats as well, and is as good, as a young one.

Mortimer.

Fa”tal, a. [L. fatalis, fr. fatum: cf. F. fatal. See Fate.] 1. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate or destiny; necessary; inevitable. [R.]

These thing are fatal and necessary.

Tillotson.

It was fatal to the king to fight for his money.

Bacon.

2. Foreboding death or great disaster. [R.]

That fatal screech owl to our house
That nothing sung but death to us and ours.

Shak.

3. Causing death or destruction; deadly; mortal; destructive; calamitous; as, a fatal wound; a fatal disease; a fatal day; a fatal error.

Fa”tal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. fatalisme.] The doctrine that all things are subject to fate, or that they take place by inevitable necessity.

Fa”tal*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. fataliste.] One who maintains that all things happen by inevitable necessity.

Fa`tal*is”tic (?), a. Implying, or partaking of the nature of, fatalism.

Fa*tal”i*ty (?), n.;pl. Fatalities (#). [L. fatalitas: cf. F. fatalité] 1. The state of being fatal, or proceeding from destiny; invincible necessity, superior to, and independent of, free and rational control.

The Stoics held a fatality, and a fixed, unalterable course of events.

South.

2. The state of being fatal; tendency to destruction or danger, as if by decree of fate; mortaility.

The year sixty-three is conceived to carry with it the most considerable fatality.

Ser T. Browne.

By a strange fatality men suffer their dissenting.

Eikon Basilike.

3. That which is decreed by fate or which is fatal; a fatal event. Dryden.

Fa”tal*ly (?), adv. 1. In a manner proceeding from, or determined by, fate. Bentley.

2. In a manner issuing in death or ruin; mortally; destructively; as, fatally deceived or wounded.

Fa”tal*ness, n. Quality of being fatal. Johnson.

||Fa”ta Mor*ga”na (?). [It.; — so called because this phenomenon was looked upon as the work of a fairy (It. fata) of the name of Morgána. See Fairy.] A kind of mirage by which distant objects appear inverted, distorted, displaced, or multiplied. It is noticed particularly at the Straits of Messina, between Calabria and Sicily.

Fat”back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden.

Fat”-brained` (?), a. Dull of apprehension.

Fate (?), n. [L. fatum a prophetic declaration, oracle, what is ordained by the gods, destiny, fate, fr. fari to speak: cf. OF. fat. See Fame, Fable, Ban, and cf. 1st Fay, Fairy.] 1. A fixed decree by which the order of things is prescribed; the immutable law of the universe; inevitable necessity; the force by which all existence is determined and conditioned.

Necessity and chance
Approach not me; and what I will is fate.

Milton.

Beyond and above the Olympian gods lay the silent, brooding, everlasting fate of which victim and tyrant were alike the instruments.

Froude.

2. Appointed lot; allotted life; arranged or predetermined event; destiny; especially, the final lot; doom; ruin; death.

The great, th’important day, big with the fate
Of Cato and of Rome.

Addison.

Our wills and fates do so contrary run
That our devices still are overthrown.

Shak.

The whizzing arrow sings,
And bears thy fate, Antinous, on its wings.

Pope.

3. The element of chance in the affairs of life; the unforeseen and unestimated conitions considered as a force shaping events; fortune; esp., opposing circumstances against which it is useless to struggle; as, fate was, or the fates were, against him.

A brave man struggling in the storms of fate.

Pope.

Sometimes an hour of Fate’s serenest weather strikes through our changeful sky its coming beams.

B. Taylor.

4. pl. [L. Fata, pl. of fatum.] (Myth.) The three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, sometimes called the Destinies, or Parcæwho were supposed to determine the course of human life. They are represented, one as holding the distaff, a second as spinning, and the third as cutting off the thread.

&fist; Among all nations it has been common to speak of fate or destiny as a power superior to gods and men — swaying all things irresistibly. This may be called the fate of poets and mythologists. Philosophical fate is the sum of the laws of the universe, the product of eternal intelligence and the blind properties of matter. Theological fate represents Deity as above the laws of nature, and ordaining all things according to his will — the expression of that will being the law. Krauth- Fleming.

Syn. — Destiny; lot; doom; fortune; chance.

Fat”ed (?), p. p. & a. 1. Decreed by fate; destined; doomed; as, he was fated to rule a factious people.

One midnight
Fated to the purpose.

Shak.

2. Invested with the power of determining destiny. [Obs.] “The fated sky.” Shak.

3. Exempted by fate. [Obs. or R.] Dryden.

Fate”ful (?), a. . Having the power of serving or accomplishing fate. “The fateful steel.” J. Barlow.

2. Significant of fate; ominous.

The fateful cawings of the crow.

Longfellow.

— Fate”ful*ly, adv.- Fate”ful*ness, n.

Fat”head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A cyprinoid fish of the Mississippi valley (Pimephales promelas); — called also black-headed minnow. (b) A labroid food fish of California; the redfish.

Fa”ther (fä”&thlig;&etilde;r), n. [OE. fader, AS. fæder; akin to OS. fadar, D. vader, OHG. fatar, G. vater, Icel. faðir Sw. & Dan. fader, OIr. athir, L. pater, Gr. path`r, Skr. pitr, perh. fr. Skr. pā protect. √75, 247. Cf. Papa, Paternal, Patriot, Potential, Pablum.] 1. One who has begotten a child, whether son or daughter; a generator; a male parent.

A wise son maketh a glad father.

Prov. x. 1.

2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent; a progenitor; especially, a first ancestor; a founder of a race or family; — in the plural, fathers, ancestors.

David slept with his fathers.

1 Kings ii. 10.

Abraham, who is the father of us all.

Rom. iv. 16.

3. One who performs the offices of a parent by maintenance, affetionate care, counsel, or protection.

I was a father to the poor.

Job xxix. 16.

He hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house.

Gen. xiv. 8.

4. A respectful mode of address to an old man.

And Joash the king of Israel came down unto him [Elisha], . . . and said, O my father, my father!

2 Kings xiii. 14.

5. A senator of ancient Rome.

6. A dignitary of the church, a superior of a convent, a confessor (called also father confessor), or a priest; also, the eldest member of a profession, or of a legislative assembly, etc.

Bless you, good father friar !

Shak.

7. One of the chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first centuries after Christ; — often spoken of collectively as the Fathers; as, the Latin, Greek, or apostolic Fathers.

8. One who, or that which, gives origin; an originator; a producer, author, or contriver; the first to practice any art, profession, or occupation; a distinguished example or teacher.

The father of all such as handle the harp and organ.

Gen. iv. 21.

Might be the father, Harry, to that thought.

Shak.

The father of good news.

Shak.

9. The Supreme Being and Creator; God; in theology, the first person in the Trinity.

Our Father, which art in heaven.

Matt. vi. 9.

Now had the almighty Father from above . . .
Bent down his eye.

Milton.

Adoptive father, one who adopts the child of another, treating it as his own. — Apostolic father, Conscript fathers, etc. See under Apostolic, Conscript, etc. — Father in God, a title given to bishops. — Father of lies, the Devil. — Father of the bar, the oldest practitioner at the bar. — Fathers of the city, the aldermen. — Father of the Faithful. (a) Abraham. Rom. iv. Gal. iii. 6- 9. (b) Mohammed, or one of the sultans, his successors. — Father of the house, the member of a legislative body who has had the longest continuous service. — Most Reverend Father in God, a title given to archbishops and metropolitans, as to the archbishops of Canterbury and York. — Natural father, the father of an illegitimate child. — Putative father, one who is presumed to be the father of an illegitimate child; the supposed father. — Spiritual father. (a) A religious teacher or guide, esp. one instrumental in leading a soul to God. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A priest who hears confession in the sacrament of penance. — The Holy Father (R. C. Ch.), the pope.

Fa”ther (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fathering.] 1. To make one’s self the father of; to beget.

Cowards father cowards, and base things sire base.

Shak.

2. To take as one’s own child; to adopt; hence, to assume as one’s own work; to acknowledge one’s self author of or responsible for (a statement, policy, etc.).

Men of wit
Often fathered what he writ.

Swift.

3. To provide with a father. [R.]

Think you I am no stronger than my sex,
Being so fathered and so husbanded ?

Shak.

To father on or upon, to ascribe to, or charge upon, as one’s offspring or work; to put or lay upon as being responsible. “Nothing can be so uncouth or extravagant, which may not be fathered on some fetch of wit, or some caprice of humor.” Barrow.

Fa”ther*hood (?), n. The state of being a father; the character or authority of a father; paternity.

Fa”ther-in-law` (?), n.; pl. Fathers-in-law (&?;). The father of one’s husband or wife; — correlative to son-in-law and daughter- in-law.

&fist; A man who marries a woman having children already, is sometimes, though erroneously, called their father-in-law.

Fa”ther*land” (?), n. [Imitated fr. D. vaderland. See Father, and Land.] One’s native land; the native land of one’s fathers or ancestors.

Fa”ther-lash`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Cottus bubalis), allied to the sculpin; — called also lucky proach.

Fa”ther*less, a. 1. Destitute of a living father; as, a fatherless child.

2. Without a known author. Beau. & Fl.

Fa”ther*less*ness, n. The state of being without a father.

Fa”ther*li*ness (?), n. [From Fatherly.] The qualities of a father; parantal kindness, care, etc.

Fa”ther long”legs` (?). (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs, 2.

Fa”ther*ly, a. 1. Like a father in affection and care; paternal; tender; protecting; careful.

You have showed a tender, fatherly regard.

Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to a father.

Fa”ther*ship, n. The state of being a father; fatherhood; paternity.

Fath”om (fă&thlig;”ŭm), n. [OE. fadme, faðme, AS. fæðm fathom, the embracing arms; akin to OS. faðmos the outstretched arms, D. vadem, vaam, fathom, OHG. fadom, fadum, G. faden fathom, thread, Icel. faðmr fathom, Sw. famn, Dan. favn; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to spread out, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; outspread, flat, L. patere to lie open, extend. Cf. Patent, Petal.] 1. A measure of length, containing six feet; the space to which a man can extend his arms; — used chiefly in measuring cables, cordage, and the depth of navigable water by soundings.

2. The measure or extant of one’s capacity; depth, as of intellect; profundity; reach; penetration. [R.]

Another of his fathom they have none
To lead their business.

Shak.

Fath”om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fathoming.] 1. To encompass with the arms extended or encircling; to measure by throwing the arms about; to span. [Obs.] Purchas.

2. To measure by a sounding line; especially, to sound the depth of; to penetrate, measure, and comprehend; to get to the bottom of. Dryden.

The page of life that was spread out before me seemed dull and commonplace, only because I had not fathomed its deeper import.

Hawthotne.

Fath”om*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being fathomed.

Fath”om*er (?), n. One who fathoms.

Fath”om*less, a. 1. Incapable of being fathomed; immeasurable; that can not be sounded.

And buckle in a waist most fathomless.

Shak.

2. Incomprehensible.

The fathomless absurdity.

Milton.

Fa*tid”i*cal (?), a. [L. fatidicus; fatum fate + dicere to say, tell.] Having power to foretell future events; prophetic; fatiloquent; as, the fatidical oak. [R.] Howell. — Fa*tid”i*cal*ly, adv.

Fa*tif”er*ous (?), a. [L. fatifer; fatum fate + ferre to bear, bring.] Fate-bringing; deadly; mortal; destructive. [R.] Johnson.

Fat”i*ga*ble (?), a. [L. fatigabilis: cf. F. fatigable. See Fatigue.] Easily tired. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fat”i*gate (?), a. [L. fatigatus, p. p. of fatigare. See Fatigue.] Wearied; tired; fatigued. [Obs.]

Requickened what in flesh was fatigate.

Shak.

Fat”i*gate (?), v. t. To weary; to tire; to fatigue. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Fat`i*ga”tion (?), n. [L. fatigatio: cf. OF. fatigation.] Weariness. [Obs.] W. Montaqu.

Fa*tigue” (?), n. [F., fr. fatiguer to fatigue, L. fatigare; cf. L. affatim sufficiently.] 1. Weariness from bodily labor or mental exertion; lassitude or exhaustion of strength.

2. The cause of weariness; labor; toil; as, the fatigues of war. Dryden.

3. The weakening of a metal when subjected to repeated vibrations or strains.

Fatigue call (Mil.), a summons, by bugle or drum, to perform fatigue duties. — Fatigue dress, the working dress of soldiers. — Fatigue duty (Mil.), labor exacted from soldiers aside from the use of arms. Farrow. — Fatigue party, a party of soldiers on fatigue duty.

Fa*tigue”, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatigued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fatiguing, n.] [Cf. F. fatiguer. See Fatigue, n.] To weary with labor or any bodily or mental exertion; to harass with toil; to exhaust the strength or endurance of; to tire.

Syn. — To jade; tire; weary; bore. See Jade.

Fa*til”o*quent (?), a. [See Fatiloquist.] Prophetic; fatidical. [Obs.] Blount.

Fa*til”o*quist (?), n. [L. fatiloquus declaring fate; fatum fate+ Loqui to speak.] A fortune teller.

{ Fat”i*mite (?), Fat”i*mide (?) }, a. (Hist.) Descended from Fatima, the daughter and only child of Mohammed. — n. A descendant of Fatima.

Fa*tis”cence (?), n. [L. fatiscense, p. pr. of fatiscere to gape or crack open.] A gaping or opening; state of being chinky, or having apertures. Kirwan.

Fat”-kid`neyed (?), a. Gross; lubberly.

Peace, ye fat-kidneyed rascal !

Shak.

Fat”ling (?), n. [Fat + - ling.] A calf, lamb, kid, or other young animal fattened for slaughter; a fat animal; — said of such animals as are used for food.

He sacrificed oxen and fatlings.

2 Sam. vi. 13.

Fat”ly, adv. Grossly; greasily.

Fat”ner (?), n. One who fattens. [R.] See Fattener. Arbuthnit.

Fat”ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fat, plump, or full-fed; corpulency; fullness of flesh.

Their eyes stand out with fatness.

Ps. lxxiii. 7.

2. Hence; Richness; fertility; fruitfulness.

Rich in the fatness of her plenteous soil.

Rowe.

3. That which makes fat or fertile.

The clouds drop fatness.

Philips.

Fat”ten (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fattened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fattening (?).] [See Fat, v. t.] 1. To make fat; to feed for slaughter; to make fleshy or plump with fat; to fill full; to fat.

2. To make fertile and fruitful; to enrich; as, to fatten land; to fatten fields with blood. Dryden.

Fat”ten, v. i. To grow fat or corpulent; to grow plump, thick, or fleshy; to be pampered.

And villains fatten with the brave man’s labor.

Otway.

Fat”ten*er (?), n. One who, or that which, fattens; that which gives fatness or fertility.

Fat”ti*ness (?), n. State or quality of being fatty.

Fat”tish (?), a. Somewhat fat; inclined to fatness.

Coleridge, a puffy, anxious, obstructed-looking, fattish old man.

Carlyle.

Fat”ty (?), a. Containing fat, or having the qualities of fat; greasy; gross; as, a fatty substance.

Fatty acid (Chem.), any one of the paraffin series of monocarbonic acids, as formic acid, acetic, etc.; — so called because the higher members, as stearic and palmitic acids, occur in the natural fats, and are themselves fatlike substances. — Fatty clays. See under Clay. — Fatty degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition, in which the oil globules, naturally present in certain organs, are so multiplied as gradually to destroy and replace the efficient parts of these organs. — Fatty heart, Fatty liver, etc. (Med.), a heart, liver, etc., which have been the subjects of fatty degeneration or infiltration. — Fatty infiltration (Med.), a condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of fat in an organ, without destruction of any essential parts of the latter. — Fatty tumor (Med.), a tumor consisting of fatty or adipose tissue; lipoma.

Fa*tu”i*tous (?), a. Stupid; fatuous.

Fa*tu”i*ty (?), n. [L. fatuitas, fr. fatuus foolish: cf. F. fatuité Cf. Fatuous.] Weakness or imbecility of mind; stupidity.

Those many forms of popular fatuity.

I Taylor.

Fat”u*ous (?), a. [L. fatuus.] 1. Feeble in mind; weak; silly; stupid; foolish; fatuitous. Glanvill.

2. Without reality; illusory, like the ignis fatuus.

Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth.

Danham.

Fat”-wit`ted (?), a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

||Fau`bourg” (fō`b&oomac;r”; E. fō“b&oomac;rg), n. [F.] A suburb of a French city; also, a district now within a city, but formerly without its walls.

Fau”cal (?), a. [L. fauces throat.] Pertaining to the fauces, or opening of the throat; faucial; esp., (Phon.) produced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds found in the Semitic and some other languages.

Ayin is the most difficult of the faucals.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

||Fau”ces (?), n. pl. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx, situated between the soft palate and the base of the tongue; — called also the isthmus of the fauces. On either side of the passage two membranous folds, called the pillars of the fauces, inclose the tonsils.

2. (Bot.) The throat of a calyx, corolla, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) That portion of the interior of a spiral shell which can be seen by looking into the aperture.

Fau”cet (?), n. [F. fausset, perh. fr. L. fauces throat.] 1. A fixture for drawing a liquid, as water, molasses, oil, etc., from a pipe, cask, or other vessel, in such quantities as may be desired; — called also tap, and cock. It consists of a tubular spout, stopped with a movable plug, spigot, valve, or slide.

2. The enlarged end of a section of pipe which receives the spigot end of the next section.

Fau”chion (?), n. See Falchion. [Obs.]

Fau”cial (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the fauces; pharyngeal.

Faugh (?), interj. [Cf. Foh.] An exclamation of contempt, disgust, or abhorrence.

Faul”chion (?), n. See Falchion.

Faul”con (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Falcon.

Fauld (?), n. The arch over the dam of a blast furnace; the tymp arch.

Faule (?), n. A fall or falling band. [Obs.]

These laces, ribbons, and these faules.

Herrick.

Fault (?), n. [OE. faut, faute, F. faute (cf. It., Sp., & Pg. falta), fr. a verb meaning to want, fail, freq., fr. L. fallere to deceive. See Fail, and cf. Default.] 1. Defect; want; lack; default.

One, it pleases me, for fault of a better, to call my friend.

Shak.

2. Anything that fails, that is wanting, or that impairs excellence; a failing; a defect; a blemish.

As patches set upon a little breach
Discredit more in hiding of the fault.

Shak.

3. A moral failing; a defect or dereliction from duty; a deviation from propriety; an offense less serious than a crime.

4. (Geol. & Mining) (a) A dislocation of the strata of the vein. (b) In coal seams, coal rendered worthless by impurities in the seam; as, slate fault, dirt fault, etc. Raymond.

5. (Hunting) A lost scent; act of losing the scent.

Ceasing their clamorous cry till they have singled,
With much ado, the cold fault cleary out.

Shak.

6. (Tennis) Failure to serve the ball into the proper court.

At fault, unable to find the scent and continue chase; hence, in trouble or embarrassment, and unable to proceed; puzzled; thrown off the track. — To find fault, to find reason for blaming or complaining; to express dissatisfaction; to complain; — followed by with before the thing complained of; but formerly by at. “Matter to find fault at.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Syn. — -- Error; blemish; defect; imperfection; weakness; blunder; failing; vice. — Fault, Failing, Defect, Foible. A fault is positive, something morally wrong; a failing is negative, some weakness or falling short in a man’s character, disposition, or habits; a defect is also negative, and as applied to character is the absence of anything which is necessary to its completeness or perfection; a foible is a less important weakness, which we overlook or smile at. A man may have many failings, and yet commit but few faults; or his faults and failings may be few, while his foibles are obvious to all. The faults of a friend are often palliated or explained away into mere defects, and the defects or foibles of an enemy exaggerated into faults. “I have failings in common with every human being, besides my own peculiar faults; but of avarice I have generally held myself guiltless.” Fox. “Presumption and self-applause are the foibles of mankind.” Waterland.

Fault (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faulting.] 1. To charge with a fault; to accuse; to find fault with; to blame. [Obs.]

For that I will not fault thee.

Old Song.

2. (Geol.) To interrupt the continuity of (rock strata) by displacement along a plane of fracture; — chiefly used in the p. p.; as, the coal beds are badly faulted.

Fault, v. i. To err; to blunder, to commit a fault; to do wrong. [Obs.]

If after Samuel’s death the people had asked of God a king, they had not faulted.

Latimer.

Fault”er (?), n. One who commits a fault. [Obs.]

Behold the faulter here in sight.

Fairfax.

Fault”-find`er (?), n. One who makes a practice of discovering others’ faults and censuring them; a scold.

Fault”-find`ing, n. The act of finding fault or blaming; — used derogatively. Also Adj.

Fault”ful (?), a. Full of faults or sins. Shak.

Fault”i*ly (?), adv. In a faulty manner.

Fault”i*ness, n. Quality or state of being faulty.

Round, even to faultiness.

Shak.

Fault”ing, n. (Geol.) The state or condition of being faulted; the process by which a fault is produced.

Fault”less, a. Without fault; not defective or imperfect; free from blemish; free from incorrectness, vice, or offense; perfect; as, a faultless poem.

Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see,
Thinks what ne’er was, nor is, nor e’er shall be.

Pope.

Syn. — Blameless; spotless; perfect. See Blameless.

— Fault”less*ly, adv.- Fault”less*ness, n.

Fault”y (?), a. 1. Containing faults, blemishes, or defects; imperfect; not fit for the use intended.

Created once
So goodly and erect, though faulty since.

Milton.

2. Guilty of a fault, or of faults; hence, blamable; worthy of censure. Shak.

The king doth speak . . . as one which is faulty.

2 Sam. xiv. 13.

Faun (?), n. [L. Faunus, fr. favere to be favorable. See Favor.] (Rom. Myth.) A god of fields and shipherds, diddering little from the satyr. The fauns are usually represented as half goat and half man.

Satyr or Faun, or Sylvan.

Milton.

Fau”na (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. faune. See Faun.] (Zoöl.) The animals of any given area or epoch; as, the fauna of America; fossil fauna; recent fauna.

Fau”nal (?), a. Relating to fauna.

Fau”nist (?), n. One who describes the fauna of country; a naturalist. Gilbert White.

||Fau”nus (?), n.;pl. Fauni (#). [L.] (Myth.) See Faun.

Fau”sen (?), n. [Cf. W. llysowen eel, ll sounding in Welsh almost like fl.] (Zoöl.) A young eel. [Prov. Eng.]

||Fausse`-braye” (?), n. [F. fausse- braie.] (Mil.) A second rampart, exterior to, and parallel to, the main rampart, and considerably below its level.

||Fau`teuil” (?), n. [F. See Faldistory.] 1. An armchair; hence (because the members sit in fauteuils or armchairs), membership in the French Academy.

2. Chair of a presiding officer.

Fau”tor (?), n. [L., contr. fr. favitor, fr. favere to be favorable: cf. F. fauteur. See Favor.] A favorer; a patron; one who gives countenance or support; an abettor. [Obs.]

The king and the fautors of his proceedings.

Latimer.

Fau”tress (?), n. [L. fauutrix: cf. F. fautrice.] A patroness. [Obs.] Chapman.

||Fau`vette” (?), n. [F., dim. fr. fauve fawn-colored.] (Zoöl.) A small singing bird, as the nightingale and warblers.

||Faux (?), n.; pl. Fauces (#). [L.] See Fauces.

||faux` pas” (?). [F. See False, and Pas.] A false step; a mistake or wrong measure.

Fa*vag”i*nous (?), a. [L. favus a honeycomb.] Formed like, or resembling, a honeycomb.

Fa”vas (?), n. See Favus, n., 2. Fairholt.

Fa”vel (?), a. [OF. fauvel, favel, dim. of F. fauve; of German oigin. See Fallow, a.] Yellow; fal&?;ow; dun. [Obs.] Wright.

Fa”vel, n. A horse of a favel or dun color.

To curry favel. See To curry favor, under Favor, n.

Fa”vel, n. [OF. favele, fr. L. fabella short fable, dim. of fabula. See Fable.] Flattery; cajolery; deceit. [Obs.] Skeat.

||Fa*vel”la (?), n. [NL., prob. from L. favus a honeycomb.] (Bot.) A group of spores arranged without order and covered with a thin gelatinous envelope, as in certain delicate red algæ.

Fa*ve”o*late (?), a. [L. favus honeycomb.] Honeycomb; having cavities or cells, somewhat resembling those of a honeycomb; alveolate; favose.

Fa*vil”lous (?), a. [L. favilla sparkling or glowing ashes.] Of or pertaining to ashes. [Obs.]

Light and favillous particles.

Sir T. Browne.

Fa*vo”ni*an (?), a. [L. Favonius the west wind.] Pertaining to the west wind; soft; mild; gentle.

Fa”vor (?), n. [Written also favour.] [OF. favor, F. faveur, L. favor, fr. favere to be favorable, cf. Skr. bhāvaya to further, foster, causative of bhū to become, be. Cf. Be. In the phrase to curry favor, favor is prob. for favel a horse. See 2d Favel.] 1. Kind regard; propitious aspect; countenance; friendly disposition; kindness; good will.

Hath crawled into the favor of the king.

Shak.

2. The act of countenancing, or the condition of being countenanced, or regarded propitiously; support; promotion; befriending.

But found no favor in his lady’s eyes.

Dryden.

And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man.

Luke ii. 52.

3. A kind act or office; kindness done or granted; benevolence shown by word or deed; an act of grace or good will, as distinct from justice or remuneration.

Beg one favor at thy gracious hand.

Shak.

4. Mildness or mitigation of punishment; lenity.

I could not discover the lenity and favor of this sentence.

Swift.

5. The object of regard; person or thing favored.

All these his wondrous works, but chiefly man,
His chief delight and favor.

Milton.

6. A gift or represent; something bestowed as an evidence of good will; a token of love; a knot of ribbons; something worn as a token of affection; as, a marriage favor is a bunch or knot of white ribbons or white flowers worn at a wedding.

Wear thou this favor for me, and stick it in thy cap.

Shak.

7. Appearance; look; countenance; face. [Obs.]

This boy is fair, of female favor.

Shak.

8. (Law) Partiality; bias. Bouvier.

9. A letter or epistle; — so called in civility or compliment; as, your favor of yesterday is received.

10. pl. Love locks. [Obs.] Wright.

Challenge to the favor or for favor (Law), the challenge of a juror on grounds not sufficient to constitute a principal challenge, but sufficient to give rise to a probable suspicion of favor or bias, such as acquaintance, business relation, etc. See Principal challenge, under Challenge. — In favor of, upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. — In favor with, favored, countenanced, or encouraged by. — To curry favor [see the etymology of Favor, above], to seek to gain favor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. — With one’s favor, or By one’s favor, with leave; by kind permission.

But, with your favor, I will treat it here.

Dryden.

Syn. — Kindness; countenance; patronage; support; lenity; grace; gift; present; benefit.

Fa”vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Favored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Favoring.] [Written also favour.] [Cf. OF. favorer, favorir. See Favor, n.] 1. To regard with kindness; to support; to aid, or to have the disposition to aid, or to wish success to; to be propitious to; to countenance; to treat with consideration or tenderness; to show partiality or unfair bias towards.

O happy youth! and favored of the skies.

Pope.

He that favoreth Joab, . . . let him go after Joab.

2 Sam. xx. 11.

[The painter] has favored her squint admirably.

Swift.

2. To afford advantages for success to; to facilitate; as, a weak place favored the entrance of the enemy.

3. To resemble in features; to have the aspect or looks of; as, the child favors his father.

The porter owned that the gentleman favored his master.

Spectator.

Fa”vor*a*ble (?), a. [Written also favourable.] [F. favorable, L. favorabilis favored, popular, pleasing, fr. favor. See Favor, n.] 1. Full of favor; favoring; manifesting partiality; kind; propitious; friendly.

Lend favorable ears to our request.

Shak.

Lord, thou hast been favorable unto thy land.

Ps. lxxxv. 1.

2. Conducive; contributing; tending to promote or facilitate; advantageous; convenient.

A place very favorable for the making levies of men.

Clarendon.

The temper of the climate, favorable to generation, health, and long life.

Sir W. Temple.

3. Beautiful; well-favored. [Obs.] Spenser.

— Fa”vora*ble*ness, n. — Fa”vor*a*bly, sdv.

The faborableness of the present times to all extertions in the cause of liberty.

Burke.

Fa”vored (?), a. 1. Countenanced; aided; regarded with kidness; as, a favored friend.

2. Having a certain favor or appearance; featured; as, well-favored; hard-favored, etc.

Fa”vored*ly (?), adv. In a favored or a favorable manner; favorably. [Obs.] Deut. xvii. 1. Arscham.

Fa”vored*ness, n. Appearance. [Obs.]

Fa”vor*er (?), n. One who favors; one who regards with kindness or friendship; a well-wisher; one who assists or promotes success or prosperity. [Written also favourer.]

And come to us as favorers, not as foes.

Shak.

Fa”vor*ess (?), n. A woman who favors or gives countenance. [Written also fovouress.]

Fa”vor*ing, a. That favors. — Fa”vor*ing*ly, adv.

Fa”vor*ite (?), n. [OF. favorit favored, F. favori, fem. favorite, p. p. of OF. favorir, cf. It. favorito, frm. favorita, fr. favorire to favor. See Favor.] 1. A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor; one treated with partiality; one preferred above others; especially, one unduly loved, trusted, and enriched with favors by a person of high rank or authority.

Committing to a wicked favorite
All public cares.

Milton.

2. pl. Short curls dangling over the temples; — fashionable in the reign of Charles II. [Obs.] Farquhar.

3. (Sporting) The competitor (as a horse in a race) that is judged most likely to win; the competitor standing highest in the betting.

Fa”vor*ite, a. Regarded with particular affection, esteem, or preference; as, a favorite walk; a favorite child. “His favorite argument.” Macaulay.

Fa”vor*it*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. favoritisme.] The disposition to favor and promote the interest of one person or family, or of one class of men, to the neglect of others having equal claims; partiality.

A spirit of favoritism to the Bank of the United States.

A. Hamilton.

Fa”vor*less, a. 1. Unfavored; not regarded with favor; having no countenance or support.

2. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] “Fortune favorless.” Spenser.

Fa*vose” (?), a. [L. favus honeycomb.] 1. (Bot.) Honeycombed. See Faveolate.

2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the disease called favus.

Fav”o*site (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Favosites.

||Fav`o*si”tes (?), n. [NL. See Favose.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil corals abundant in the Silurian and Devonian rocks, having polygonal cells with perforated walls.

||Fa”vus (?), n. [L., honeycomb.] 1. (Med.) A disease of the scalp, produced by a vegetable parasite.

2. A tile or flagstone cut into an hexagonal shape to produce a honeycomb pattern, as in a pavement; — called also favas and sectila. Mollett.

Fawe (?), a. [See Fain.] Fain; glad; delighted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fawk”ner (?), n. [See Falconer.] A falconer. [Obs.] Donne.

Fawn (?), n. [OF. faon the young one of any beast, a fawn, F. faon a fawn, for fedon, fr. L. fetus. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young deer; a buck or doe of the first year. See Buck.

2. The young of an animal; a whelp. [Obs.]

[The tigress] . . . followeth . . . after her fawns.

Holland.

3. A fawn color.

Fawn, a. Of the color of a fawn; fawn-colored.

Fawn, v. i. [Cf. F. faonner.] To bring forth a fawn.

Fawn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fawned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fawning.] [OE. fawnen, fainen, fagnien, to rejoice, welcome, flatter, AS. fægnian to rejoice; akin to Icel. fagna to rejoice, welcome. See Fain.] To court favor by low cringing, frisking, etc., as a dog; to flatter meanly; — often followed by on or upon.

You showed your teeth like apes, and fawned like hounds.

Shak.

Thou with trembling fear,
Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest.

Milton.

Courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him.

Macaulay.

Fawn, n. A servile cringe or bow; mean flattery; sycophancy. Shak.

Fawn”-col`ored (?), a. Of the color of a fawn; light yellowish brown.

Fawn”er (?), n. One who fawns; a sycophant.

Fawn”ing*ly, adv. In a fawning manner.

Faxed (?), a. [AS. feaxede haired, fr. feax hair. Cf. Paxwax.] Hairy. [Obs.] amden.

Fay (?), n. [F. fée. See Fate, and cf. Fairy.] A fairy; an elf. “Yellow-skirted fays.” Milton.

Fay, n. [OF. fei, F. foi. See Faith.] Faith; as, by my fay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fay (fā), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Faying.] [OE. feien, v.t. & i., AS. fēgan to join, unite; akin to OS. fōgian, D. voegen, OHG. fuogen, G. fügen, Sw. foga. See Fair, and cf. Fadge.] (Shipbuilding) To fit; to join; to unite closely, as two pieces of wood, so as to make the surface fit together.

Fay, v. i. (Shipbuilding) To lie close together; to fit; to fadge; — often with in, into, with, or together.

Faying surface, that surface of an object which comes with another object to which it is fastened; — said of plates, angle irons, etc., that are riveted together in shipwork.

Fay”al*ite (?), n. [So called from the island Fayal.] (Min.) A black, greenish, or brownish mineral of the chrysolite group. It is a silicate of iron.

||Fa`y*ence” (?), n. See Fa&?;ence.

Fay”tour (?), n. See Faitour. [Obs.] Spenser.

Faze (?), v. t. See Feeze.

Faz”zo*let` (?), n. [It. fazzoletto.] A handkerchief. [R.] percival.

Fea”ber*ry (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. feabe, theabe, thape.] (Bot.) A gooseberry. [Prov. Eng.] Prior.

Feague (?), v. t. [Cf. G. fegen to sweep, Icel. fægia to cleanse, polish, E. fair, fay, to fit, fey to cleanse.] To beat or whip; to drive. [Obs.] Otway.

Fe”al (?), a. [OF. feal, feel, feeil, fedeil, F. fidèle, L. fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith. See Faith.] Faithful; loyal. [Obs.] Wright.

Fe”al*ty (?), n. [OE. faute, OF. fauté, fealté, feelé, feelteit, fr. L. fidelitas, fr. fidelis faithful. See Feal, and cf. Fidelity.] 1. Fidelity to one’s lord; the feudal obligation by which the tenant or vassal was bound to be faithful to his lord; the special oath by which this obligation was assumed; fidelity to a superior power, or to a government; loyality. It is no longer the practice to exact the performance of fealty, as a feudal obligation. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Tomlins.

2. Fidelity; constancy; faithfulness, as of a friend to a friend, or of a wife to her husband.

He should maintain fealty to God.

I. Taylor.

Makes wicked lightnings of her eyes, and saps
The fealty of our friends.

tennyson.

Swore fealty to the new government.

Macaulay.

&fist; Fealty is distinguished from homage, which is an acknowledgment of tenure, while fealty implies an oath. See Homage. Wharton.

Syn. — Homage; loyality; fidelity; constancy.

Fear (?), n. A variant of Fere, a mate, a companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fear, n. [OE. fer, feer, fere, AS. f&?;r a coming suddenly upon, fear, danger; akin to D. vaar, OHG. fāra danger, G. gefahr, Icel. fār harm, mischief, plague, and to E. fare, peril. See Fare.] 1. A painful emotion or passion excited by the expectation of evil, or the apprehension of impending danger; apprehension; anxiety; solicitude; alarm; dread.

&fist; The degrees of this passion, beginning with the most moderate, may be thus expressed, — apprehension, fear, dread, fright, terror.

Fear is an uneasiness of the mind, upon the thought of future evil likely to befall us.

Locke.

Where no hope is left, is left no fear.

Milton.

2. (Script.) (a) Apprehension of incurring, or solicitude to avoid, God’s wrath; the trembling and awful reverence felt toward the Supreme Belng. (b) Respectful reverence for men of authority or worth.

I will put my fear in their hearts.

Jer. xxxii. 40.

I will teach you the fear of the Lord.

Ps. xxxiv. 11.

render therefore to all their dues; tribute to whom tribute is due . . . fear to whom fear.

Rom. xiii. 7.

3. That which causes, or which is the object of, apprehension or alarm; source or occasion of terror; danger; dreadfulness.

There were they in great fear, where no fear was.

Ps. liii. 5.

The fear of your adventure would counsel you to a more equal enterprise.

Shak.

For fear, in apprehension lest. “For fear you ne’er see chain nor money more.” Shak.

Fear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fearing.] [OE. feren, faeren, to frighten, to be afraid, AS. f&?;ran to terrify. See Fear, n.] 1. To feel a painful apprehension of; to be afraid of; to consider or expect with emotion of alarm or solicitude.

I will fear no evil, for thou art with me.

Ps. xxiii. 4.

With subordinate clause.

I greatly fear my money is not safe.

Shak.

I almost fear to quit your hand.

D. Jerrold.

2. To have a reverential awe of; to solicitous to avoid the displeasure of.

Leave them to God above; him serve and fear.

Milton.

3. To be anxious or solicitous for. [R.]

The sins of the father are to be laid upon the children, therefore . . . I fear you.

Shak.

4. To suspect; to doubt. [Obs.]

Ay what else, fear you not her courage?

Shak.

5. To affright; to terrify; to drive away or prevent approach of by fear. [Obs.]

fear their people from doing evil.

Robynsin (More’s utopia).

Tush, tush! fear boys with bugs.

Shak.

Syn. — To apprehend; dread; reverence; venerate.

Fear, v. i. To be in apprehension of evil; to be afraid; to feel anxiety on account of some expected evil.

I exceedingly fear and quake.

Heb. xii. 21.

Fear”er (?), n. One who fars. Sir P. Sidney.

Fear”ful (?), a. 1. Full of fear, apprehension, or alarm; afraid; frightened.

Anxious amidst all their success, and fearful amidat all their power.

Bp. Warburton.

2. inclined to fear; easily frightened; without courage; timid.

What man is there that is fearful and faint- hearted?

Deut. xx. 8.

3. Indicating, or caused by, fear.

Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.

Shak.

4. Inspiring fear or awe; exciting apprehension or terror; terrible; frightful; dreadful.

This glorious and fearful name, The Lord thy God.

Deut. xxviii. 58.

Death is a fearful thing.

Shak.

In dreams they fearful precipices tread.

Dryden.

Syn. — Apprehensive; afraid; timid; timorous; horrible; distressing; shocking; frightful; dreadful; awful.

Fear”ful*ly, adv. In a fearful manner.

Fear”ful*ness, n. The state of being fearful.

Fear”less, a. Free from fear.

Syn. — Bold; courageous; intrepid; valorous; valiant; brave; undaunted; dauntless; heroic.

— Fear”less*ly, adv. — Fear”less*ness, n.

Fear”naught` (?), n. 1. A fearless person.

2. A stout woolen cloth of great thickness; dreadnaught; also, a warm garment.

Fear”some (?) a. 1. Frightful; causing fear. [Scotch] “This fearsome wind.” Sir W. Scott

2. Easily frightened; timid; timorous. “A silly fearsome thing.” B. Taylor

Fea”si*bil*ity (?) n.; pl. Feasibilities (-tiz). [from Feasible] The quality of being feasible; practicability; also, that which is feasible; as, before we adopt a plan, let us consider its feasibility.

Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities.

Sir T. Browne.

Fea”si*ble (?) a. [F. faisable, fr. faire to make or do, fr. L. facere. See Fact, Feat.] 1. Capable of being done, executed, or effected; practicable.

Always existing before their eyes as a thing feasible in practice.

Burke.

It was not feasible to gratify so many ambitions.

Beaconsfield.

2. Fit to be used or tailed, as land. [R.] R. Trumbull.

Fea”si*ble*ness, n. — Fea”si*bly, adv.

Feast (fēst), n. [OE. feste festival, holiday, feast, OF. feste festival, F. fête, fr. L. festum, pl. festa, fr. festus joyful, festal; of uncertain origin. Cf. Fair, n., Festal, Fête.] 1. A festival; a holiday; a solemn, or more commonly, a joyous, anniversary.

The seventh day shall be a feast to the Lord.

Ex. xiii. 6.

Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the passover.

Luke ii. 41.

&fist; Ecclesiastical feasts are called immovable when they always occur on the same day of the year; otherwise they are called movable.

2. A festive or joyous meal; a grand, ceremonious, or sumptuous entertainment, of which many guests partake; a banquet characterized by tempting variety and abundance of food.

Enough is as good as a feast.

Old Proverb.

Belshazzar the King made a great feast to a thousand of his lords.

Dan. v. 1.

3. That which is partaken of, or shared in, with delight; something highly agreeable; entertainment.

The feast of reason, and the flow of soul.

Pope.

Feast day, a holiday; a day set as a solemn commemorative festival.

Syn. — Entertainment; regale; banquet; treat; carousal; festivity; festival. — Feast, Banquet, Festival, Carousal. A feast sets before us viands superior in quantity, variety, and abundance; a banquet is a luxurious feast; a festival is the joyful celebration by good cheer of some agreeable event. Carousal is unrestrained indulgence in frolic and drink.

Feast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Feasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Feasting.] [OE. festen, cf. OF. fester to rest from work, F. fêter to celebrate a holiday. See Feast, n.] 1. To eat sumptuously; to dine or sup on rich provisions, particularly in large companies, and on public festivals.

And his sons went and feasted in their houses.

Job. i. 4.

2. To be highly gratified or delighted.

With my love’s picture then my eye doth feast.

Shak.

Feast, v. t. 1. To entertain with sumptuous provisions; to treat at the table bountifully; as, he was feasted by the king. Hayward.

2. To delight; to gratify; as, to feast the soul.

Feast your ears with the music a while.

Shak.

Feast”er (?), n. 1. One who fares deliciously.

2. One who entertains magnificently. Johnson.

Feast”ful (?), a. Festive; festal; joyful; sumptuous; luxurious. “Feastful days.” Milton.

— Feast”ful*ly, adv.

Feat (?), n. [OE. fet, OF. fet, fait, F. fait, factum, fr. L. facere, factum, to make or do. Cf. Fact, Feasible, Do.] 1. An act; a deed; an exploit.

The warlike feats I have done.

Shak.

2. A striking act of strength, skill, or cunning; a trick; as, feats of horsemanship, or of dexterity.

Feat, v. t. To form; to fashion. [Obs.]

To the more mature,
A glass that feated them.

Shak.

Feat, a. [Compar. Feater (?); superl. Featest.] [F. fait made, shaped, fit, p. p. of faire to make or do. See Feat, n.] Dexterous in movements or service; skillful; neat; nice; pretty. [Archaic]

Never master had a page . . . so feat.

Shak.

And look how well my garments sit upon me —
Much feater than before.

Shak.

Feat”-bod`ied (?), a. Having a feat or trim body. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Feat”e*ous (?), a. [Cf. OF. faitis, faitice, fetis, well made, fine, L. facticius made by art.] Dexterous; neat. [Obs.] Johnson.

— Feat”e*ous*ly, adv.

Feath”er (f&ebreve;&thlig;”&etilde;r), n. [OE. fether, AS. feðer; akin to D. veder, OHG. fedara, G. feder, Icel. fjöðr, Sw. fjäder, Dan. fjæder, Gr. ptero`n wing, feather, pe`tesqai to fly, Skr. pattra wing, feather, pat to fly, and prob. to L. penna feather, wing. √76, 248. Cf. Pen a feather.] 1. One of the peculiar dermal appendages, of several kinds, belonging to birds, as contour feathers, quills, and down.

&fist; An ordinary feather consists of the quill or hollow basal part of the stem; the shaft or rachis, forming the upper, solid part of the stem; the vanes or webs, implanted on the rachis and consisting of a series of slender laminæ or barbs, which usually bear barbules, which in turn usually bear barbicels and interlocking hooks by which they are fastened together. See Down, Quill, Plumage.

2. Kind; nature; species; — from the proverbial phrase, “Birds of a feather,” that is, of the same species. [R.]

I am not of that feather to shake off
My friend when he must need me.

Shak.

3. The fringe of long hair on the legs of the setter and some other dogs.

4. A tuft of peculiar, long, frizzly hair on a horse.

5. One of the fins or wings on the shaft of an arrow.

6. (Mach. & Carp.) A longitudinal strip projecting as a fin from an object, to strengthen it, or to enter a channel in another object and thereby prevent displacement sidwise but permit motion lengthwise; a spline.

7. A thin wedge driven between the two semicylindrical parts of a divided plug in a hole bored in a stone, to rend the stone. Knight.

8. The angular adjustment of an oar or paddle-wheel float, with reference to a horizontal axis, as it leaves or enters the water.

&fist; Feather is used adjectively or in combination, meaning composed of, or resembling, a feather or feathers; as, feather fan, feather-heeled, feather duster.

Feather alum (Min.), a hydrous sulphate of alumina, resulting from volcanic action, and from the decomposition of iron pyrites; — called also halotrichite. Ure. — Feather bed, a bed filled with feathers. — Feather driver, one who prepares feathers by beating. — Feather duster, a dusting brush of feathers. — Feather flower, an artifical flower made of feathers, for ladies’ headdresses, and other ornamental purposes. — Feather grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa pennata) which has a long feathery awn rising from one of the chaffy scales which inclose the grain. — Feather maker, one who makes plumes, etc., of feathers, real or artificial. — Feather ore (Min.), a sulphide of antimony and lead, sometimes found in capillary forms and like a cobweb, but also massive. It is a variety of Jamesonite. — Feather shot, or Feathered shot (Metal.), copper granulated by pouring into cold water. Raymond. — Feather spray (Naut.), the spray thrown up, like pairs of feathers, by the cutwater of a fast-moving vessel. — Feather star. (Zoöl.) See Comatula. — Feather weight. (Racing) (a) Scrupulously exact weight, so that a feather would turn the scale, when a jockey is weighed or weighted. (b) The lightest weight that can be put on the back of a horse in racing. Youatt. (c) In wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the lightest of the classes into which contestants are divided; — in contradistinction to light weight, middle weight, and heavy weight. — A feather in the cap an honour, trophy, or mark of distinction. [Colloq.] — To be in full feather, to be in full dress or in one’s best clothes. [Collog.] — To be in high feather, to be in high spirits. [Collog.] — To cut a feather. (a) (Naut.) To make the water foam in moving; in allusion to the ripple which a ship throws off from her bows. (b) To make one’s self conspicuous. [Colloq.] — To show the white feather, to betray cowardice, — a white feather in the tail of a cock being considered an indication that he is not of the true game breed.

Feath”er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feathered (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Feathering.] 1. To furnish with a feather or feathers, as an arrow or a cap.

An eagle had the ill hap to be struck with an arrow feathered from her own wing.

L’Estrange.

2. To adorn, as with feathers; to fringe.

A few birches and oaks still feathered the narrow ravines.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To render light as a feather; to give wings to.[R.]

The Polonian story perhaps may feather some tedious hours.

Loveday.

4. To enrich; to exalt; to benefit.

They stuck not to say that the king cared not to plume his nobility and people to feather himself.

Bacon. Dryden.

5. To tread, as a cock. Dryden.

To feather one’s nest, to provide for one’s self especially from property belonging to another, confided to one’s care; — an expression taken from the practice of birds which collect feathers for the lining of their nests. — To feather an oar (Naut), to turn it when it leaves the water so that the blade will be horizontal and offer the least resistance to air while reaching for another stroke. — To tar and feather a person, to smear him with tar and cover him with feathers, as a punishment or an indignity.

Feath”er, v. i. 1. To grow or form feathers; to become feathered; — often with out; as, the birds are feathering out.

2. To curdle when poured into another liquid, and float about in little flakes or “feathers;” as, the cream feathers. [Colloq.]

3. To turn to a horizontal plane; — said of oars.

The feathering oar returns the gleam.

Tickell.

Stopping his sculls in the air to feather accurately.

Macmillan’s Mag.

4. To have the appearance of a feather or of feathers; to be or to appear in feathery form.

A clump of ancient cedars feathering in evergreen beauty down to the ground.

Warren.

The ripple feathering from her bows.

Tennyson.

Feath”er-brained` (?), a. Giddy; frivolous; feather-headed. [Colloq.]

Feath”ered (?), a. 1. Clothed, covered, or fitted with (or as with) feathers or wings; as, a feathered animal; a feathered arrow.

Rise from the ground like feathered Mercury.

Shak.

Nonsense feathered with soft and delicate phrases and pointed with pathetic accent.

Dr. J. Scott.

2. Furnished with anything featherlike; ornamented; fringed; as, land feathered with trees.

3. (Zoöl.) Having a fringe of feathers, as the legs of certian birds; or of hairs, as the legs of a setter dog.

4. (Her.) Having feathers; — said of an arrow, when the feathers are of a tincture different from that of the shaft.

Feath”er-edge` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) The thin, new growth around the edge of a shell, of an oyster.

2. Any thin, as on a board or a razor.

Feath”er-edged` (?), a. Having a feather-edge; also, having one edge thinner than the other, as a board; — in the United States, said only of stuff one edge of which is made as thin as practicable.

Feath”er-few (?), n. (Bot.) Feverfew.

Feath”er-foil` (?), n. [Feather + foil a leaf.] (Bot.) An aquatic plant (Hottonia palustris), having finely divided leaves.

Feath”er-head` (?), n. A frivolous or featherbrained person. [Colloq.] H. James.

Feath”er-head`ed (?), a. Giddy; frivolous; foolish. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Feath”er-heeled` (?), a. Light- heeled; gay; frisky; frolicsome. [Colloq.]

Feath”er*i*ness (?), n. The state or condition of being feathery.

Feath”er*ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Same as Foliation.

2. The act of turning the blade of the oar, as it rises from the water in rowing, from a vertical to a horizontal position. See To feather an oar, under Feather, v. t.

3. A covering of feathers.

Feathering float (Naut.), the float or paddle of a feathering wheel. — Feathering screw (Naut.), a screw propeller, of which the blades may be turned so as to move edgewise through the water when the vessel is moving under sail alone. — Feathering wheel (Naut.), a paddle wheel whose floats turn automatically so as to dip about perpendicularly into the water and leave in it the same way, avoiding beating on the water in the descent and lifting water in the ascent.

Feath”er*less, a. Destitute of feathers.

Feath”er*ly, a. Like feathers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Feath”er-pat”ed (?), a. Feather- headed; frivolous. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Feath”er-veined` (?), a. (Bot.) Having the veins (of a leaf) diverging from the two sides of a midrib.

Feath”er*y (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, feathers; covered with, or as with, feathers; as, feathery spray or snow. Milton.

Ye feathery people of mid air.

Barry Cornwall.

Feat”ly (?), adv. [From Feat, a.] Neatly; dexterously; nimbly. [Archaic]

Foot featly here and there.

Shak.

Feat”ness, n. Skill; adroitness. [Archaic] Johnson.

Fea”ture (?; 135), n. [OE. feture form, shape, feature, OF. faiture fashion, make, fr. L. factura a making, formation, fr. facere, factum, to make. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Facture.] 1. The make, form, or outward appearance of a person; the whole turn or style of the body; esp., good appearance.

What needeth it his feature to descrive?

Chaucer.

Cheated of feature by dissembling nature.

Shak.

2. The make, cast, or appearance of the human face, and especially of any single part of the face; a lineament. (pl.) The face, the countenance.

It is for homely features to keep home.

Milton.

3. The cast or structure of anything, or of any part of a thing, as of a landscape, a picture, a treaty, or an essay; any marked peculiarity or characteristic; as, one of the features of the landscape.

And to her service bind each living creature
Through secret understanding of their feature.

Spenser.

4. A form; a shape. [R.]

So scented the grim feature, and upturned
His nostril wide into the murky air.

Milton.

Fea”tured (?; 135), a. 1. Shaped; fashioned.

How noble, young, how rarely featured!

Shak.

2. Having features; formed into features.

The well-stained canvas or the featured stone.

Young.

Fea”ture*less (?; 135), a. Having no distinct or distinctive features.

Fea”ture*ly, a. Having features; showing marked peculiarities; handsome. [R.]

Featurely warriors of Christian chivalry.

Coleridge.

Feaze (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feazed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Feazing.] [Cf. OE. faseln to ravel, fr. AS. fæs fringe; akin to G. fasen to separate fibers or threads, fasen, faser, thread, filament, OHG. faso.] To untwist; to unravel, as the end of a rope. Johnson.

Feaze, v. t. [See Feese.] To beat; to chastise; also, to humble; to harass; to worry. [Obs.] insworth.

Feaze, n. A state of anxious or fretful excitement; worry; vexation. [Obs.]

Feaz”ings (?), n. pl. [See Feaze, v. t.] (Naut.) The unlaid or ragged end of a rope. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fe*bric”i*tate (?), v. i. [L. febricitare, fr. febris. See Febrile.] To have a fever. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fe*bric”u*lose` (?), a. [L. febriculosus.] Somewhat feverish. [Obs.] Johnson.

Feb`ri*fa”cient (?), a. [L. febris fever + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Febrific. Dunglison.

— n. That which causes fever. Beddoes.

Fe*brif”er*ous (?), a. [L. febris fever + -ferous.] Causing fever; as, a febriferous locality.

Fe*brif”ic (?), a. [L. febris fever + ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy-.] Producing fever. Dunglison.

Fe*brif”u*gal (? or ?), a. [See Febrifuge.] Having the quality of mitigating or curing fever. Boyle.

Feb”ri*fuge (?), n. [L. febris fever + fugare to put to flight, from fugere to flee: cf. F. fébrifuge. see Febrile, Feverfew.] (Med.) A medicine serving to mitigate or remove fever. — a. Antifebrile.

Fe”brile (?; 277), a. [F. fébrile, from L. febris fever. See Fever.] Pertaining to fever; indicating fever, or derived from it; as, febrile symptoms; febrile action. Dunglison.

Feb”ru*a*ry (?), n. [L. Februarius, orig., the month of expiation, because on the fifteenth of this month the great feast of expiation and purification was held, fr. februa, pl., the Roman festival or purification; akin to februare to purify, expiate.] The second month in the year, said to have been introduced into the Roman calendar by Numa. In common years this month contains twenty-eight days; in the bissextile, or leap year, it has twenty-nine days.

Feb`ru*a”tion (?), n. [L. februatio. See february.] Purification; a sacrifice. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fe”cal (fē“kal), a. [Cf. F. fécal. See Feces.] relating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordure; fæcal.

Fec”che (?), v. t. To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe”ces (?), n. pl. dregs; sediment; excrement. See FÆces.

Fe”cial (?), a. [L. fetialis belonging to the fetiales, the Roman priests who sanctioned treaties and demanded satisfaction from the enemy before a formal declaration of war.] Pertaining to heralds, declarations of war, and treaties of peace; as, fecial law. Kent.

Fe”ci*fork` (?), n. [Feces + fork.] (Zoöl.) The anal fork on which the larvæ of certain insects carry their fæces.

Feck”less (?), a. [Perh. a corruption of effectless.] Spiritless; weak; worthless. [Scot]

feck”less*ness n. absence of merit.
[WordNet 1.5]

Fecks (?), n. A corruption of the word faith. Shak.

Fec”u*la (?), n.; pl. FeculÆ [L. faecula burnt tartar or salt of tartar, dim. of faex, faecis, sediment, dregs: cf. F. fécule.] Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply breaking down the texture, washing with water, and subsidence. Especially: (a) The nutritious part of wheat; starch or farina; — called also amylaceous fecula. (b) The green matter of plants; chlorophyll.

Fec”u*lence (?), n. [L. faeculentia dregs, filth: cf. F. féculence.] 1. The state or quality of being feculent; muddiness; foulness.

2. That which is feculent; sediment; lees; dregs.

Fec”u*len*cy (?), n. Feculence.

Fec”u*lent (?), a. [L. faeculentus, fr. faecula: cf. F. féculent. See Fecula.] Foul with extraneous or impure substances; abounding with sediment or excrementitious matter; muddy; thick; turbid.

Both his hands most filthy feculent.

Spenser.

Fec”und (?), a. [L. fecundus, from the root of fetus: cf. F. fécond. see Fetus.] Fruitful in children; prolific. Graunt.

Fec”un*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fecundated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fecundating (?).] [L. fecundare, fr. fecundus. See Fecund.] 1. To make fruitful or prolific. W. Montagu.

2. (Biol.) To render fruitful or prolific; to impregnate; as, in flowers the pollen fecundates the ovum through the stigma.

Fec`un*da”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fécondation.] (Biol.) The act by which, either in animals or plants, material prepared by the generative organs the female organism is brought in contact with matter from the organs of the male, so that a new organism results; impregnation; fertilization.

Fe*cun”di*fy (?), v. t. [Fecund + -fy.] To make fruitful; to fecundate. Johnson.

Fe*cun”di*ty (?), n. [L. fecunditas: cf. F. fécondité. See Fecund.] 1. The quality or power of producing fruit; fruitfulness; especially (Biol.), the quality in female organisms of reproducing rapidly and in great numbers.

2. The power of germinating; as in seeds.

3. The power of bringing forth in abundance; fertility; richness of invention; as, the fecundity of God’s creative power. Bentley.

Fed (?), imp. & p. p. of Feed.

Fed”a*ry (?), n. A feodary. [Obs.] Shak.

Fed”er*al (?), a. [L. foedus league, treaty, compact; akin to fides faith: cf. F. fédéral. see Faith.] 1. Pertaining to a league or treaty; derived from an agreement or covenant between parties, especially between nations; constituted by a compact between parties, usually governments or their representatives.

The Romans compelled them, contrary to all federal right, . . . to part with Sardinia.

Grew.

2. Specifically: (a) Composed of states or districts which retain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty, as the Union of the United States, or the Sonderbund of Switzerland. (b) Consisting or pertaining to such a government; as, the Federal Constitution; a Federal officer. (c) Friendly or devoted to such a government; as, the Federal party. see Federalist.

Federal Congress. See under Congress.

Fed”er*al, n. See Federalist.

Fed”er*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. fédéralisme.] The principles of Federalists or of federal union.

Fed”er*al*ist, n. [Cf. F. fédéraliste.] An advocate of confederation; specifically (Amer. Hist.), a friend of the Constitution of the United States at its formation and adoption; a member of the political party which favored the administration of president Washington.

Fed”er*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Federalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Federalizing (?).] [Cf. F. fédéraliser.] To unite in compact, as different States; to confederate for political purposes; to unite by or under the Federal Constitution. Barlow.

Fed”er*a*ry (?), n. [See Federal.] A partner; a confederate; an accomplice. [Obs.] hak.

Fed”er*ate (?), a. [L. foederatus, p. p. of foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus. See Federal.] United by compact, as sovereignties, states, or nations; joined in confederacy; leagued; confederate; as, federate nations.

Fed`er*a”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fédération.] 1. The act of uniting in a league; confederation.

2. A league; a confederacy; a federal or confederated government. Burke.

Fed”er*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. fédératif.] Uniting in a league; forming a confederacy; federal. “A federative society.” Burke.

Fed”i*ty (?), n. [L. foeditas, fr. foedus foul, filthy.] Turpitude; vileness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fee (fē), n. [OE. fe, feh, feoh, cattle, property, money, fief, AS. feoh cattle, property, money; the senses of “property, money,” arising from cattle being used in early times as a medium of exchange or payment, property chiefly consisting of cattle; akin to OS. fehu cattle, property, D. vee cattle, OHG. fihu, fehu, G. vieh, Icel. fē cattle, property, money, Goth. faíhu, L. pecus cattle, pecunia property, money, Skr. paçu cattle, perh. orig., “a fastened or tethered animal,” from a root signifying to bind, and perh. akin to E. fang, fair, a.; cf. OF. fie, flu, feu, fleu, fief, F. fief, from German, of the same origin. the sense fief is due to the French. √249. Cf. Feud, Fief, Fellow, Pecuniary.] 1. property; possession; tenure. “Laden with rich fee.” Spenser.

Once did she hold the gorgeous East in fee.

Wordsworth.

2. Reward or compensation for services rendered or to be rendered; especially, payment for professional services, of optional amount, or fixed by custom or laws; charge; pay; perquisite; as, the fees of lawyers and physicians; the fees of office; clerk’s fees; sheriff’s fees; marriage fees, etc.

To plead for love deserves more fee than hate.

Shak.

3. (Feud. Law) A right to the use of a superior’s land, as a stipend for services to be performed; also, the land so held; a fief.

4. (Eng. Law) An estate of inheritance supposed to be held either mediately or immediately from the sovereign, and absolutely vested in the owner.

&fist; All the land in England, except the crown land, is of this kind. An absolute fee, or fee simple, is land which a man holds to himself and his heirs forever, who are called tenants in fee simple. In modern writers, by fee is usually meant fee simple. A limited fee may be a qualified or base fee, which ceases with the existence of certain conditions; or a conditional fee, or fee tail, which is limited to particular heirs. Blackstone.

5. (Amer. Law) An estate of inheritance belonging to the owner, and transmissible to his heirs, absolutely and simply, without condition attached to the tenure.

Fee estate (Eng. Law), land or tenements held in fee in consideration or some acknowledgment or service rendered to the lord. — Fee farm (Law), land held of another in fee, in consideration of an annual rent, without homage, fealty, or any other service than that mentioned in the feoffment; an estate in fee simple, subject to a perpetual rent. Blackstone. — Fee farm rent (Eng. Law), a perpetual rent reserved upon a conveyance in fee simple. — Fee fund (Scot. Law), certain court dues out of which the clerks and other court officers are paid. — Fee simple (Law), an absolute fee; a fee without conditions or limits.

Buy the fee simple of my life for an hour and a quarter.

Shak.

— Fee tail (Law), an estate of inheritance, limited and restrained to some particular heirs. Burill.

Fee (fē), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feed (fēd); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeing.] To reward for services performed, or to be performed; to recompense; to hire or keep in hire; hence, to bribe.

The patient . . . fees the doctor.

Dryden.

There’s not a one of them but in his house
I keep a servant feed.

Shak.

Fee”ble (fē“b’l), a. [Compar. Feebler (-bl&etilde;r); superl. Feeblest (-bl&ebreve;st).] [OE. feble, OF. feble, flebe, floibe, floible, foible, F. faible, L. flebilis to be wept over, lamentable, wretched, fr. flere to weep. Cf. Foible.] 1. Deficient in physical strength; weak; infirm; debilitated.

Carried all the feeble of them upon asses.

2 Chron. xxviii. 15.

2. Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency in action or expression; not full, loud, bright, strong, rapid, etc.; faint; as, a feeble color; feeble motion. “A lady’s feeble voice.” Shak.

Fee”ble, v. t. To make feble; to enfeeble. [Obs.]

Shall that victorious hand be feebled here?

Shak.

Fee”ble-mind”ed (?), a. Weak in intellectual power; wanting firmness or constancy; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile. “comfort the feeble-minded.” 1 Thess. v. 14.

— Fee”ble-mind”ed*ness, n.

Fee”ble*ness, n. The quality or condition of being feeble; debility; infirmity.

That shakes for age and feebleness.

Shak.

Fee”bly (?), adv. In a feeble manner.

The restored church . . . contended feebly, and with half a heart.

Macaulay.

Feed (fēd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fed (f&ebreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeding.] [AS. fēdan, fr. fōda food; akin to OS. fōdian, OFries. fēda, fōda, D. voeden, OHG. fuottan, Icel. fæða, Sw. föda, Dan. föde. √75. See Food.] 1. To give food to; to supply with nourishment; to satisfy the physical huger of.

If thine enemy hunger, feed him.

Rom. xii. 20.

Unreasonable creatures feed their young.

Shak.

2. To satisfy; gratify or minister to, as any sense, talent, taste, or desire.

I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.

Shak.

Feeding him with the hope of liberty.

Knolles.

3. To fill the wants of; to supply with that which is used or wasted; as, springs feed ponds; the hopper feeds the mill; to feed a furnace with coal.

4. To nourish, in a general sense; to foster, strengthen, develop, and guard.

Thou shalt feed my people Israel.

2 Sam. v. 2.

Mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed.

B. Cornwall.

5. To graze; to cause to be cropped by feeding, as herbage by cattle; as, if grain is too forward in autumn, feed it with sheep.

Once in three years feed your mowing lands.

Mortimer.

6. To give for food, especially to animals; to furnish for consumption; as, to feed out turnips to the cows; to feed water to a steam boiler.

7. (Mach.) (a) To supply (the material to be operated upon) to a machine; as, to feed paper to a printing press. (b) To produce progressive operation upon or with (as in wood and metal working machines, so that the work moves to the cutting tool, or the tool to the work).

Feed, v. i. 1. To take food; to eat.

Her kid . . . which I afterwards killed because it would not feed.

De Foe.

2. To subject by eating; to satisfy the appetite; to feed one’s self (upon something); to prey; — with on or upon.

Leaving thy trunk for crows to feed upon.

Shak.

3. To be nourished, strengthened, or satisfied, as if by food. “He feeds upon the cooling shade.” Spenser.

4. To place cattle to feed; to pasture; to graze.

If a man . . . shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man’s field.

Ex. xxii. 5.

Feed (?), n. 1. That which is eaten; esp., food for beasts; fodder; pasture; hay; grain, ground or whole; as, the best feed for sheep.

2. A grazing or pasture ground. Shak.

3. An allowance of provender given to a horse, cow, etc.; a meal; as, a feed of corn or oats.

4. A meal, or the act of eating. [R.]

For such pleasure till that hour
At feed or fountain never had I found.

Milton.

5. The water supplied to steam boilers.

6. (Mach.) (a) The motion, or act, of carrying forward the stuff to be operated upon, as cloth to the needle in a sewing machine; or of producing progressive operation upon any material or object in a machine, as, in a turning lathe, by moving the cutting tool along or in the work. (b) The supply of material to a machine, as water to a steam boiler, coal to a furnace, or grain to a run of stones. (c) The mechanism by which the action of feeding is produced; a feed motion.

Feed bag, a nose bag containing feed for a horse or mule. — Feed cloth, an apron for leading cotton, wool, or other fiber, into a machine, as for carding, etc. — Feed door, a door to a furnace, by which to supply coal. — Feed head. (a) A cistern for feeding water by gravity to a steam boiler. (b) (Founding) An excess of metal above a mold, which serves to render the casting more compact by its pressure; — also called a riser, deadhead, or simply feed or head Knight. — Feed heater. (a) (Steam Engine) A vessel in which the feed water for the boiler is heated, usually by exhaust steam. (b) A boiler or kettle in which is heated food for stock. — Feed motion, or Feed gear (Mach.), the train of mechanism that gives motion to the part that directly produces the feed in a machine. — Feed pipe, a pipe for supplying the boiler of a steam engine, etc., with water. — Feed pump, a force pump for supplying water to a steam boiler, etc. — Feed regulator, a device for graduating the operation of a feeder. Knight. — Feed screw, in lathes, a long screw employed to impart a regular motion to a tool rest or tool, or to the work. — Feed water, water supplied to a steam boiler, etc. — Feed wheel (Mach.), a kind of feeder. See Feeder, n., 8.

Feed”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, gives food or supplies nourishment; steward.

A couple of friends, his chaplain and feeder.

Goldsmith.

2. One who furnishes incentives; an encourager. “The feeder of my riots.” Shak.

3. One who eats or feeds; specifically, an animal to be fed or fattened.

With eager feeding, food doth choke the feeder.

Shak.

4. One who fattens cattle for slaughter.

5. A stream that flows into another body of water; a tributary; specifically (Hydraulic Engin.), a water course which supplies a canal or reservoir by gravitation or natural flow.

6. A branch railroad, stage line, or the like; a side line which increases the business of the main line.

7. (Mining) (a) A small lateral lode falling into the main lode or mineral vein. Ure. (b) A strong discharge of gas from a fissure; a blower. Raymond.

8. (Mach.) An auxiliary part of a machine which supplies or leads along the material operated upon.

9. (Steam Engine) A device for supplying steam boilers with water as needed.

Feed”ing, n. 1. the act of eating, or of supplying with food; the process of fattening.

2. That which is eaten; food.

3. That which furnishes or affords food, especially for animals; pasture land.

Feeding bottle. See under Bottle.

Fee`-faw`-fum” (?), n. A nonsensical exclamation attributed to giants and ogres; hence, any expression calculated to impose upon the timid and ignorant. “Impudent fee-faw-fums.” J. H. Newman.

Fee”jee (?), a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Fijian.

Feel (fēl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felt (f&ebreve;lt); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeling.] [AS. fēlan; akin to OS. gifōlian to perceive, D. voelen to feel, OHG. fuolen, G. fühlen, Icel. fālma to grope, and prob. to AS. folm palm of the hand, L. palma. Cf. Fumble, Palm.] 1. To perceive by the touch; to take cognizance of by means of the nerves of sensation distributed all over the body, especially by those of the skin; to have sensation excited by contact of (a thing) with the body or limbs.

Who feel
Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel.

Creecn.

2. To touch; to handle; to examine by touching; as, feel this piece of silk; hence, to make trial of; to test; often with out.

Come near, . . . that I may feel thee, my son.

Gen. xxvii. 21.

He hath this to feel my affection to your honor.

Shak.

3. To perceive by the mind; to have a sense of; to experience; to be affected by; to be sensible of, or sensitive to; as, to feel pleasure; to feel pain.

Teach me to feel another’s woe.

Pope.

Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing.

Eccl. viii. 5.

He best can paint them who shall feel them most.

Pope.

Mankind have felt their strength and made it felt.

Byron.

4. To take internal cognizance of; to be conscious of; to have an inward persuasion of.

For then, and not till then, he felt himself.

Shak.

5. To perceive; to observe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To feel the helm (Naut.), to obey it.

Feel (?), v. i. 1. To have perception by the touch, or by contact of anything with the nerves of sensation, especially those upon the surface of the body.

2. To have the sensibilities moved or affected.

[She] feels with the dignity of a Roman matron

. Burke.

And mine as man, who feel for all mankind.

Pope.

3. To be conscious of an inward impression, state of mind, persuasion, physical condition, etc.; to perceive one’s self to be; — followed by an adjective describing the state, etc.; as, to feel assured, grieved, persuaded.

I then did feel full sick.

Shak.

4. To know with feeling; to be conscious; hence, to know certainly or without misgiving.

Garlands . . . which I feel
I am not worthy yet to wear.

Shak.

5. To appear to the touch; to give a perception; to produce an impression by the nerves of sensation; — followed by an adjective describing the kind of sensation.

Blind men say black feels rough, and white feels smooth.

Dryden.

To feel after, to search for; to seek to find; to seek as a person groping in the dark. “If haply they might feel after him, and find him.” Acts xvii. 27.

— To feel of, to examine by touching.

Feel (?), n. 1. Feeling; perception. [R.]

To intercept and have a more kindly feel of its genial warmth.

Hazlitt.

2. A sensation communicated by touching; impression made upon one who touches or handles; as, this leather has a greasy feel.

The difference between these two tumors will be distinguished by the feel.

S. Sharp.

Feel”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, feels.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the sense organs or certain animals (as insects), which are used in testing objects by touch and in searching for food; an antenna; a palp.

Insects . . . perpetually feeling and searching before them with their feelers or antennæ.

Derham.

3. Anything, as a proposal, observation, etc., put forth or thrown out in order to ascertain the views of others; something tentative.

Feel”ing, a. 1. Possessing great sensibility; easily affected or moved; as, a feeling heart.

2. Expressive of great sensibility; attended by, or evincing, sensibility; as, he made a feeling representation of his wrongs.

Feel”ing, n. 1. The sense by which the mind, through certain nerves of the body, perceives external objects, or certain states of the body itself; that one of the five senses which resides in the general nerves of sensation distributed over the body, especially in its surface; the sense of touch; nervous sensibility to external objects.

Why was the sight
To such a tender ball as the eye confined, . . .
And not, as feeling, through all parts diffused?

Milton.

2. An act or state of perception by the sense above described; an act of apprehending any object whatever; an act or state of apprehending the state of the soul itself; consciousness.

The apprehension of the good
Gives but the greater feeling to the worse.

Shak.

3. The capacity of the soul for emotional states; a high degree of susceptibility to emotions or states of the sensibility not dependent on the body; as, a man of feeling; a man destitute of feeling.

4. Any state or condition of emotion; the exercise of the capacity for emotion; any mental state whatever; as, a right or a wrong feeling in the heart; our angry or kindly feelings; a feeling of pride or of humility.

A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind.

Garrick.

Tenderness for the feelings of others.

Macaulay.

5. That quality of a work of art which embodies the mental emotion of the artist, and is calculated to affect similarly the spectator. Fairholt.

Syn. — Sensation; emotion; passion; sentiment; agitation; opinion. See Emotion, Passion, Sentiment.

Feel”ing*ly, adv. In a feeling manner; pathetically; sympathetically.

Feere (?), n. [See Fere, n.] A consort, husband or wife; a companion; a fere. [Obs.]

Feese (?), n. [Cf. OE. fesien to put to flight, AS. fēsian, f&ymacr;sian, f&ymacr;san, fr. fūs, prompt, willing.] The short run before a leap. [Obs.] Nares.

Feet (?), n. pl. See Foot.

Feet, n. [See Feat, n.] Fact; performance. [Obs.]

Feet”less, a. Destitute of feet; as, feetless birds.

Feeze (?), v. t. [For sense 1, cf. F. visser to screw, vis screw, or 1st E. feaze, v.t.: for sense 2, see Feese.] 1. To turn, as a screw. [Scot] Jamieson.

2. To beat; to chastise; to humble; to worry. [Obs.] [Written also feaze, feize, pheese.] Beau. & Fl.

To feeze up, to work into a passion. [Obs.]

Feeze, n. Fretful excitement. [Obs.] See Feaze.

||Feh”ling (?), n. (Chem.) See Fehling’s solution, under Solution.

Feh”mic (?), a. See Vehmic.

Feign (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Feigning.] [OE. feinen, F. feindre (p. pr. feignant), fr. L. fingere; akin to L. figura figure,and E. dough. See Dough, and cf. Figure, Faint, Effigy, Fiction.] 1. To give a mental existence to, as to something not real or actual; to imagine; to invent; hence, to pretend; to form and relate as if true.

There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart.

Neh. vi. 8.

The poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods.

Shak.

2. To represent by a false appearance of; to pretend; to counterfeit; as, to feign a sickness. Shak.

3. To dissemble; to conceal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Feigned (?), a. Not real or genuine; pretended; counterfeit; insincere; false. “A feigned friend.” Shak.

Give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips.

Ps. xvii. 1.

— Feign”ed*ly (#), adv. — Feign”ed*ness, n.

Her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly.

Jer. iii. 10.

Feigned issue (Law), an issue produced in a pretended action between two parties for the purpose of trying before a jury a question of fact which it becomes necessary to settle in the progress of a cause. Burill. Bouvier.

Feign”er (?), n. One who feigns or pretends.

Feign”ing, a. That feigns; insincere; not genuine; false.

— Feign”ing*ly, adv.

Feine (?), v. t. & i. To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Feint (?), a. [F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign. See Feign.] Feigned; counterfeit. [Obs.]

Dressed up into any feint appearance of it.

Locke.

Feint, n. [F. feinte, fr. feint. See Feint, a.] 1. That which is feigned; an assumed or false appearance; a pretense; a stratagem; a fetch.

Courtley’s letter is but a feint to get off.

Spectator.

2. A mock blow or attack on one part when another part is intended to be struck; — said of certain movements in fencing, boxing, war, etc.

Feint, v. i. To make a feint, or mock attack.

||Fei`tsui” (?), n. (Min.) The Chinese name for a highly prized variety of pale green jade. See Jade.

Feize (?), v. t. See Feeze, v. t.

Fel”an*ders (?), n. pl. See Filanders.

{ Feld”spar` (?), Feld”spath` (?) }, n. [G. feldspath; feld field + spath spar.] (Min.) A name given to a group of minerals, closely related in crystalline form, and all silicates of alumina with either potash, soda, lime, or, in one case, baryta. They occur in crystals and crystalline masses, vitreous in luster, and breaking rather easily in two directions at right angles to each other, or nearly so. The colors are usually white or nearly white, flesh-red, bluish, or greenish.

&fist; The group includes the monoclinic (orthoclastic) species orthoclase or common potash feldspar, and the rare hyalophane or baryta feldspar; also the triclinic species (called in general plagioclase) microcline, like orthoclase a potash feldspar; anorthite or lime feldspar; albite or soda feldspar; also intermediate between the last two species, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, containing both lime and soda in varying amounts. The feldspars are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks, as granite, gneiss, mica, slate, most kinds of basalt and trachyte, etc. The decomposition of feldspar has yielded a large part of the clay of the soil, also the mineral kaolin, an essential material in the making of fine pottery. Common feldspar is itself largely used for the same purpose.

{ Feld*spath”ic (?), Feld*spath”ose (?) }, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, feldspar.

Fele (?), a. [AS. fela, feola; akin to G. viel, gr. &?;. See Full, a.] Many. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe*lic”ify (?), v. t. [L. felix happy + -fy.] To make happy; to felicitate. [Obs.] Quarles.

Fe*lic”i*tate (?), a. [L. felicitatus, p. p. of felicitare to felicitate, fr. felix, -icis, happy. See felicity.] Made very happy. [Archaic]

I am alone felicitate
In your dear highness’ love.

Shak.

Fe*lic”i*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felicitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. felicitating.] [Cf. F. féliciter.] 1. To make very happy; to delight.

What a glorious entertainment and pleasure would fill and felicitate his spirit.

I. Watts.

2. To express joy or pleasure to; to wish felicity to; to call or consider (one’s self) happy; to congratulate.

Every true heart must felicitate itself that its lot is cast in this kingdom.

W. Howitt.

Syn. — See Congratulate.

Fe*lic`i*ta”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. félicitation.] The act of felicitating; a wishing of joy or happiness; congratulation.

Fe*lic”i*tous (?), a. Characterized by felicity; happy; prosperous; delightful; skillful; successful; happily applied or expressed; appropriate.

Felicitous words and images.

M. Arnold.

— Fe*lic”i*tous*ly, adv. — Fe*lic”i*tous*ness, n.

Fe*lic”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Felicities (#). [OE. felicite, F. félicité, fr. L. felicitas, fr. felix, -icis, happy, fruitful; akin to fetus.] 1. The state of being happy; blessedness; blissfulness; enjoyment of good.

Our own felicity we make or find.

Johnson.

Finally, after this life, to attain everlasting joy and felicity.

Book of Common Prayer.

2. That which promotes happiness; a successful or gratifying event; prosperity; blessing.

the felicities of her wonderful reign.

Atterbury.

3. A pleasing faculty or accomplishment; as, felicity in painting portraits, or in writing or talking. “Felicity of expression.” Bp. Warburton.

Syn. — Happiness; bliss; beatitude; blessedness; blissfulness. See Happiness.

Fe”line (?), a. [L. felinus, fr. feles, felis, cat, prob. orig., the fruitful: cf. F. félin. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Catlike; of or pertaining to the genus Felis, or family Felidæ; as, the feline race; feline voracity.

2. Characteristic of cats; sly; stealthy; treacherous; as, a feline nature; feline manners.

||Fe”lis (?), n. [L., cat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, including the domestic cat, the lion, tiger, panther, and similar animals.

Fell (?), imp. of Fall.

Fell, a. [OE. fel, OF. fel cruel, fierce, perfidious; cf. AS. fel (only in comp.) OF. fel, as a noun also accus. felon, is fr. LL. felo, of unknown origin; cf. Arm fall evil, Ir. feal, Arm. falloni treachery, Ir. & Gael. feall to betray; or cf. OHG. fillan to flay, torment, akin to E. fell skin. Cf. Felon.] 1. Cruel; barbarous; inhuman; fierce; savage; ravenous.

While we devise fell tortures for thy faults.

Shak.

2. Eager; earnest; intent. [Obs.]

I am so fell to my business.

Pepys.

Fell, n. [Cf. L. fel gall, bile, or E. fell, a.] Gall; anger; melancholy. [Obs.]

Untroubled of vile fear or bitter fell.

Spenser.

Fell, n. [AS. fell; akin to D. vel, OHG. fel, G. fell, Icel. fell (in comp.), Goth fill in þrutsfill leprosy, L. pellis skin, G. &?;. Cf. Film, Peel, Pell, n.] A skin or hide of a beast with the wool or hair on; a pelt; — used chiefly in composition, as woolfell.

We are still handling our ewes, and their fells, you know, are greasy.

Shak.

Fell (?), n. [Icel. fell, fjally; akin to Sw. fjäll a ridge or chain of mountains, Dan. fjeld mountain, rock and prob. to G. fels rock, or perh. to feld field, E. field.] 1. A barren or rocky hill. T. Gray.

2. A wild field; a moor. Dryton.

Fell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Felling.] [AS. fellan, a causative verb fr. feallan to fall; akin to D. vellen, G. fällen, Icel. fella, Sw. fälla, Dan. fælde. See Fall, v. i.] To cause to fall; to prostrate; to bring down or to the ground; to cut down.

Stand, or I’ll fell thee down.

Shak.

Fell, n. (Mining) The finer portions of ore which go through the meshes, when the ore is sorted by sifting.

Fell, v. t. [Cf. Gael. fill to fold, plait, Sw. fåll a hem.] To sew or hem; — said of seams.

Fell, n. 1. (Sewing) A form of seam joining two pieces of cloth, the edges being folded together and the stitches taken through both thicknesses.

2. (Weaving) The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft.

Fell”a*ble (?), a. Fit to be felled.

||Fel”lah (?), n.; pl. Ar. Fellahin (#), E. Fellahs (#). [Ar.] A peasant or cultivator of the soil among the Egyptians, Syrians, etc. W. M. Thomson.

Fell”er (?), n. One who, or that which, fells, knocks or cuts down; a machine for felling trees.

Fell”er, n. An appliance to a sewing machine for felling a seam.

Fell”fare` (?), n. [Cf. AS. fealafor, and E. fieldfare.] (Zoöl.) The fieldfare.

Fel*lif”lu*ous (?), a. [L. fellifuus; fel gall + fluere to flow.] Flowing with gall. [R.] Johnson.

Fel*lin”ic (?), a. [L. fel, fellis, gall.] Of, relating to, or derived from, bile or gall; as, fellinic acid.

Fell”mon`ger (?), n. A dealer in fells or sheepskins, who separates the wool from the pelts.

Fell”ness, n. [See Fell cruel.] The quality or state of being fell or cruel; fierce barbarity. Spenser.

Fel”loe (?), n. See Felly.

Fel”lon (?), n. Variant of Felon. [Obs.]

Those two were foes the fellonest on ground.

Spenser.

Fel”low (?), n. [OE. felawe, felaghe, Icel. fēlagi, fr. fēlag companionship, prop., a laying together of property; fē property + lag a laying, pl. lög law, akin to liggja to lie. See Fee, and Law, Lie to be low.] 1. A companion; a comrade; an associate; a partner; a sharer.

The fellows of his crime.

Milton.

We are fellows still,
Serving alike in sorrow.

Shak.

That enormous engine was flanked by two fellows almost of equal magnitude.

Gibbon.

&fist; Commonly used of men, but sometimes of women. Judges xi. 37.

2. A man without good breeding or worth; an ignoble or mean man.

Worth makes the man, and want of it, the fellow.

Pope.

3. An equal in power, rank, character, etc.

It is impossible that ever Rome
Should breed thy fellow.

Shak.

4. One of a pair, or of two things used together or suited to each other; a mate; the male.

When they be but heifers of one year, . . . they are let go to the fellow and breed.

Holland.

This was my glove; here is the fellow of it.

Shak.

5. A person; an individual.

She seemed to be a good sort of fellow.

Dickens.

6. In the English universities, a scholar who is appointed to a foundation called a fellowship, which gives a title to certain perquisites and privileges.

7. In an American college or university, a member of the corporation which manages its business interests; also, a graduate appointed to a fellowship, who receives the income of the foundation.

8. A member of a literary or scientific society; as, a Fellow of the Royal Society.

&fist; Fellow is often used in compound words, or adjectively, signifying associate, companion, or sometimes equal. Usually, such compounds or phrases are self- explanatory; as, fellow-citizen, or fellow citizen; fellowstudent, or fellow student; fellow workman, or fellow workman; fellow-mortal, or fellow mortal; fellow-sufferer; bedfellow; playfellow; workfellow.

Were the great duke himself here, and would lift up
My head to fellow pomp amongst his nobles.

Ford.

Fel”low (?), v. t. To suit with; to pair with; to match. [Obs.] Shak.

Fel”low-com”mon*er (?), n. A student at Cambridge University, England, who commons, or dines, at the Fellow’s table.

Fel”low-crea”ture (?; 135), n. One of the same race or kind; one made by the same Creator.

Reason, by which we are raised above our fellow- creatures, the brutes.

I. Watts.

Fel”low*feel” (?), v. t. To share through sympathy; to participate in. [R.] D. Rodgers.

Fel”low-feel”ing, n. 1. Sympathy; a like feeling.

2. Joint interest. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Fel”low*less, a. Without fellow or equal; peerless.

Whose well-built walls are rare and fellowless.

Chapman.

Fel”low*like` (?), a. Like a companion; companionable; on equal terms; sympathetic. [Obs.] Udall.

Fel”low*ly, a. Fellowlike. [Obs.] Shak.

Fel”low*ship (?), n. [Fellow + -ship.] 1. The state or relation of being or associate.

2. Companionship of persons on equal and friendly terms; frequent and familiar intercourse.

In a great town, friends are scattered, so that there is not that fellowship which is in less neighborhods.

Bacon.

Men are made for society and mutual fellowship.

Calamy.

3. A state of being together; companionship; partnership; association; hence, confederation; joint interest.

The great contention of the sea and skies
Parted our fellowship.

Shak.

Fellowship in pain divides not smart

. Milton.

Fellowship in woe doth woe assuage

. Shak.

The goodliest fellowship of famous knights,
Whereof this world holds record.

Tennyson.

4. Those associated with one, as in a family, or a society; a company.

The sorrow of Noah with his fellowship.

Chaucer.

With that a joyous fellowship issued
Of minstrels.

Spenser.

5. (Eng. & Amer. Universities) A foundation for the maintenance, on certain conditions, of a scholar called a fellow, who usually resides at the university.

6. (Arith.) The rule for dividing profit and loss among partners; — called also partnership, company, and distributive proportion.

Good fellowship, companionableness; the spirit and disposition befitting comrades.

There’s neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellowship in thee.

Shak.

Fel”low*ship (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fellowshiped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fellowshiping.] (Eccl.) To acknowledge as of good standing, or in communion according to standards of faith and practice; to admit to Christian fellowship.

Fel”ly (?), adv. In a fell or cruel manner; fiercely; barbarously; savagely. Spenser.

Fel”ly, n.; pl. Fellies (&?;). [OE. feli, felwe, felow, AS. felg, felge; akin to D. velg, G. felge, OHG. felga felly (also, a harrow, but prob. a different word), Dan. felge.] The exterior wooden rim, or a segment of the rim, of a wheel, supported by the spokes. [Written also felloe.]

Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel.

Shak.

||Fe”lo-de-se` (?), n.; pl. Felos-de-se (#). [LL. felo, E. felon + de of, concerning + se self.] (Law) One who deliberately puts an end to his own existence, or loses his life while engaged in the commission of an unlawful or malicious act; a suicide. Burrill.

Fel”on (?), n. [OE., adj., cruel, n., villain, ruffian, traitor, whitlow, F. félon traitor, in OF. also, villain, fr. LL. felo. See Fell, a.] 1. (Law) A person who has committed a felony.

2. A person guilty or capable of heinous crime.

3. (Med.) A kind of whitlow; a painful imflammation of the periosteum of a finger, usually of the last joint.

Syn. — Criminal; convict; malefactor; culprit.

Fel”on, a. Characteristic of a felon; malignant; fierce; malicious; cruel; traitorous; disloyal.

Vain shows of love to vail his felon hate.

Pope.

Fe*lo”ni*ous (?), a. Having the quality of felony; malignant; malicious; villainous; traitorous; perfidious; in a legal sense, done with intent to commit a crime; as, felonious homicide.

O thievish Night,
Why should’st thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars?

Milton.

— Fe*lo”ni*ous*ly, adv. — Fe*lo”ni*ous*ness, n.

Fel”o*nous (?), a. [Cf. OF. feloneus. Cf. Felonious.] Wicked; felonious. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fel”on*ry (?), n. A body of felons; specifically, the convict population of a penal colony. Howitt.

Fel”on*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The bittersweet nightshade (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet.

Fel”o*ny (?), n.; pl. Felonies (#). [OE. felonie cruelty, OF. felonie, F. félonie treachery, malice. See Felon, n.] 1. (Feudal Law) An act on the part of the vassal which cost him his fee by forfeiture. Burrill.

2. (O. Eng. Law) An offense which occasions a total forfeiture either lands or goods, or both, at the common law, and to which capital or other punishment may be added, according to the degree of guilt.

3. A heinous crime; especially, a crime punishable by death or imprisonment.

&fist; Forfeiture for crime having been generally abolished in the United States, the term felony, in American law, has lost this point of distinction; and its meaning, where not fixed by statute, is somewhat vague and undefined; generally, however, it is used to denote an offense of a high grade, punishable either capitally or by a term of imprisonment. In Massachusetts, by statute, any crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison, and no other, is a felony; so in New York. the tendency now is to obliterate the distinction between felonies and misdemeanors; and this has been done partially in England, and completely in some of the States of the Union. The distinction is purely arbitrary, and its entire abolition is only a question of time.

&fist; There is no lawyer who would undertake to tell what a felony is, otherwise than by enumerating the various kinds of offenses which are so called. originally, the word felony had a meaning: it denoted all offenses the penalty of which included forfeiture of goods; but subsequent acts of Parliament have declared various offenses to be felonies, without enjoining that penalty, and have taken away the penalty from others, which continue, nevertheless, to be called felonies, insomuch that the acts so called have now no property whatever in common, save that of being unlawful and purnishable. J. S. Mill.

To compound a felony. See under Compound, v. t.

Fel”site (?), n. [Cf. Feldspar.] (Min.) A finegrained rock, flintlike in fracture, consisting essentially of orthoclase feldspar with occasional grains of quartz.

Fel*sit”ic (?), a. relating to, composed of, or containing, felsite.

{ Fel”spar` (?), Fel”spath` (?) }, n. (Min.) See Feldspar.

Fel*spath”ic (?), a. See Feldspathic.

Fel”stone` (?), n. [From G. feldstein, in analogy with E. felspar.] (Min.) See Felsite.

Felt (?), imp. & p. p. or a. from Feel.

Felt (?), n. [AS. felt; akin to D. vilt, G. filz, and possibly to Gr. &?; hair or wool wrought into felt, L. pilus hair, pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. A cloth or stuff made of matted fibers of wool, or wool and fur, fulled or wrought into a compact substance by rolling and pressure, with lees or size, without spinning or weaving.

It were a delicate stratagem to shoe
A troop of horse with felt.

Shak.

2. A hat made of felt. Thynne.

3. A skin or hide; a fell; a pelt. [Obs.]

To know whether sheep are sound or not, see that the felt be loose.

Mortimer.

Felt grain, the grain of timber which is transverse to the annular rings or plates; the direction of the medullary rays in oak and some other timber. Knight.

Felt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felted; p. pr. & vb. n. Felting.] 1. To make into felt, or a feltike substance; to cause to adhere and mat together. Sir M. Hale.

2. To cover with, or as with, felt; as, to felt the cylinder of a steam engine.

Felt”er (?), v. t. To clot or mat together like felt.

His feltered locks that on his bosom fell.

Fairfax.

Felt”ing, n. 1. The material of which felt is made; also, felted cloth; also, the process by which it is made.

2. The act of splitting timber by the felt grain.

Fel”try (?), n. [OF. feltre.] See Felt, n. [Obs.]

Fe*luc”ca (&?;), n. [It. feluca (cf. Sp. faluca, Pg. falua), fr. Ar. fulk ship, or harrāqah a sort of ship.] (Naut.) A small, swift-sailing vessel, propelled by oars and lateen sails, — once common in the Mediterranean. Sometimes it is constructed so that the helm may be used at either end.

Fel”wort` (?), n. [Probably a corruption of fieldwort.] (Bot.) A European herb (Swertia perennis) of the Gentian family.

Fe”male (?), n. [OE. femel, femal, F. femelle, fr. L. femella, dim. of femina woman. See Feminine.] 1. An individual of the sex which conceives and brings forth young, or (in a wider sense) which has an ovary and produces ova.

The male and female of each living thing.

Drayton.

2. (Bot.) A plant which produces only that kind of reproductive organs which are capable of developing into fruit after impregnation or fertilization; a pistillate plant.

Fe”male, a. 1. Belonging to the sex which conceives and gives birth to young, or (in a wider sense) which produces ova; not male.

As patient as the female dove
When that her golden couplets are disclosed.

Shak.

2. Belonging to an individual of the female sex; characteristic of woman; feminine; as, female tenderness. “Female usurpation.‘b8 Milton.

To the generous decision of a female mind, we owe the discovery of America.

Belknap.

3. (Bot.) Having pistils and no stamens; pistillate; or, in cryptogamous plants, capable of receiving fertilization.

Female rhymes (Pros.), double rhymes, or rhymes (called in French feminine rhymes because they end in e weak, or feminine) in which two syllables, an accented and an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each line.

&fist; A rhyme, in which the final syllables only agree (strain, complain) is called a male rhyme; one in which the two final syllables of each verse agree, the last being short (motion, ocean), is called female. Brande & C.

— Female screw, the spiral-threaded cavity into which another, or male, screw turns. Nicholson. — Female fern (Bot.), a common species of fern with large decompound fronds (Asplenium Filixfæmina), growing in many countries; lady fern.

&fist; The names male fern and female fern were anciently given to two common ferns; but it is now understood that neither has any sexual character.

Syn. — Female, Feminine. We apply female to the sex or individual, as opposed to male; also, to the distinctive belongings of women; as, female dress, female form, female character, etc.; feminine, to things appropriate to, or affected by, women; as, feminine studies, employments, accomplishments, etc. “Female applies to sex rather than gender, and is a physiological rather than a grammatical term. Feminine applies to gender rather than sex, and is grammatical rather than physiological.” Latham.

Fe”mal*ist (?), n. A gallant. [Obs.]

Courting her smoothly like a femalist.

Marston.

Fe”mal*ize (?), v. t. To make, or to describe as, female or feminine. Shaftesbury.

||Feme (f&ebreve;m or făm), n. [OF. feme, F. femme.] (Old Law) A woman. Burrill.

Feme covert (Law), a married woman. See Covert, a., 3. — Feme sole (Law), a single or unmarried woman; a woman who has never been married, or who has been divorced, or whose husband is dead. — Feme sole trader or merchant (Eng. Law), a married woman, who, by the custom of London, engages in business on her own account, inpendently of her husband.

Fem”er*al (?), n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

Fem”er*ell (?), n. [OF. fumeraille part of a chimney. See Fume.] (Arch.) A lantern, or louver covering, placed on a roof, for ventilation or escape of smoke.

Fem”i*nal (?), a. Feminine. [Obs.] West.

Fem`i*nal”i*ty (?), n. Feminity.

Fem”i*nate (?), a. [L. feminatus effeminate.] Feminine. [Obs.]

Fem`i*ne”i*ty (?), n. [L. femineus womanly.] Womanliness; femininity. C. Reade.

Fem”i*nine (?), a. [L. femininus, fr. femina woman; prob. akin to L. fetus, or to Gr. qh^sqai to suck, qh^sai to suckle, Skr. dhā to suck; cf. AS. f&aemacr;mme woman, maid: cf. F. féminin. See Fetus.] 1. Of or pertaining to a woman, or to women; characteristic of a woman; womanish; womanly.

Her letters are remarkably deficient in feminine ease and grace.

Macaulay.

2. Having the qualities of a woman; becoming or appropriate to the female sex; as, in a good sense, modest, graceful, affectionate, confiding; or, in a bad sense, weak, nerveless, timid, pleasure-loving, effeminate.

Her heavenly form
Angelic, but more soft and feminine.

Milton.

Ninus being esteemed no man of war at all, but altogether feminine, and subject to ease and delicacy.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Feminine rhyme. (Pros.) See Female rhyme, under Female, a.

Syn. — See Female, a.

Fem”i*nine, n. 1. A woman. [Obs. or Colloq.]

They guide the feminines toward the palace.

Hakluyt.

2. (Gram.) Any one of those words which are the appellations of females, or which have the terminations usually found in such words; as, actress, songstress, abbess, executrix.

There are but few true feminines in English.

Latham.

Fem”i*nine*ly, adv. In a feminine manner. Byron.

Fem”i*nine*ness, n. The quality of being feminine; womanliness; womanishness.

Fem`i*nin”i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or nature of the female sex; womanliness.

2. The female form. [Obs.]

O serpent under femininitee.

Chaucer.

Fe*min”i*ty (?), n. Womanliness; femininity. [Obs.] “Trained up in true feminity.” Spenser.

Fem`i*ni*za”tion (?), n. The act of feminizing, or the state of being feminized.

Fem”i*nize (?), v. t. [Cf. F. féminiser.] To make womanish or effeminate. Dr. H. More.

Fem”i*nye (?), n. [OF. femenie, feminie, the female sex, realm of women.] The people called Amazons. [Obs.] “[The reign of] feminye.” Chaucer.

||Femme (? or ?), n. [F.] A woman. See Feme, n.

Femme de chambre (?). [F.] A lady’s maid; a chambermaid.

Fem”o*ral (?), a. [L. femur, femoris, thigh: cf. F. fémoral.] Pertaining to the femur or thigh; as, the femoral artery. “Femoral habiliments.” Sir W. Scott.

||Fe”mur (fē“mŭr), n.; pl. Femora (f&ebreve;m”&osl;*r&adot;). [L. thigh.] (Anat.) (a) The thigh bone. (b) The proximal segment of the hind limb containing the thigh bone; the thigh. See Coxa.

Fen (?), n. [AS. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt; akin to D. veen, OFries. fenne, fene, OHG. fenna, G. fenn, Icel. fen, Goth. fani mud.] Low land overflowed, or covered wholly or partially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grasses, or other aquatic plants; boggy land; moor; marsh.

‘Mid reedy fens wide spread.

Wordsworth.

&fist; Fen is used adjectively with the sense of belonging to, or of the nature of, a fen or fens.

Fen boat, a boat of light draught used in marshes. — Fen duck (Zoöl.), a wild duck inhabiting fens; the shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] — Fen fowl (Zoöl.), any water fowl that frequent fens. — Fen goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose of Europe. [Prov. Eng.] — Fen land, swamp land.

Fence (?), n. [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. That which fends off attack or danger; a defense; a protection; a cover; security; shield.

Let us be backed with God and with the seas,
Which he hath given for fence impregnable.

Shak.

A fence betwixt us and the victor’s wrath.

Addison.

2. An inclosure about a field or other space, or about any object; especially, an inclosing structure of wood, iron, or other material, intended to prevent intrusion from without or straying from within.

Leaps o’er the fence with ease into the fold.

Milton.

&fist; In England a hedge, ditch, or wall, as well as a structure of boards, palings, or rails, is called a fence.

3. (Locks) A projection on the bolt, which passes through the tumbler gates in locking and unlocking.

4. Self-defense by the use of the sword; the art and practice of fencing and sword play; hence, skill in debate and repartee. See Fencing.

Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetoric,
That hath so well been taught her dazzing fence.

Milton.

Of dauntless courage and consummate skill in fence.

Macaulay.

5. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where they are received. [Slang] Mayhew.

Fence month (Forest Law), the month in which female deer are fawning, when hunting is prohibited. Bullokar. — Fence roof, a covering for defense. “They fitted their shields close to one another in manner of a fence roof.” Holland. — Fence time, the breeding time of fish or game, when they should not be killed. — Rail fence, a fence made of rails, sometimes supported by posts. — Ring fence, a fence which encircles a large area, or a whole estate, within one inclosure. — Worm fence, a zigzag fence composed of rails crossing one another at their ends; — called also snake fence, or Virginia rail fence. — To be on the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two opposing parties or policies. [Colloq.]

Fence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fenced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Fencing (?).] 1. To fend off danger from; to give security to; to protect; to guard.

To fence my ear against thy sorceries.

Milton.

2. To inclose with a fence or other protection; to secure by an inclosure.

O thou wall! . . . dive in the earth,
And fence not Athens.

Shak.

A sheepcote fenced about with olive trees.

Shak.

To fence the tables (Scot. Church), to make a solemn address to those who present themselves to commune at the Lord’s supper, on the feelings appropriate to the service, in order to hinder, so far as possible, those who are unworthy from approaching the table. McCheyne.

Fence (?), v. i. 1. To make a defense; to guard one’s self of anything, as against an attack; to give protection or security, as by a fence.

Vice is the more stubborn as well as the more dangerous evil, and therefore, in the first place, to be fenced against.

Locke.

2. To practice the art of attack and defense with the sword or with the foil, esp. with the smallsword, using the point only.

He will fence with his own shadow.

Shak.

3. Hence, to fight or dispute in the manner of fencers, that is, by thrusting, guarding, parrying, etc.

They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar;
Their dewlaps and their sides are bat&?;ed in gore.

Dryden.

As when a billow, blown against,
Falls back, the voice with which I fenced
A little ceased, but recommenced.

Tennyson.

Fence”ful (?), a. Affording defense; defensive. [Obs.] Congreve.

Fence”less, a. Without a fence; uninclosed; open; unguarded; defenseless. Milton.

Fen”cer (?), n. One who fences; one who teaches or practices the art of fencing with sword or foil.

As blunt as the fencer’s foils.

Shak.

Fen”ci-ble (?), a. Capable of being defended, or of making or affording defense. [Obs.]

No fort so fencible, nor walls so strong.

Spenser.

Fen”ci*ble, n. (Mil.) A soldier enlisted for home service only; — usually in the pl.

Fen”cing (?), n. 1. The art or practice of attack and defense with the sword, esp. with the smallsword. See Fence, v. i., 2.

2. Disputing or debating in a manner resembling the art of fencers. Shak.

3. The materials used for building fences. [U.S.]

4. The act of building a fence.

5. The aggregate of the fences put up for inclosure or protection; as, the fencing of a farm.

Fen” crick`et (?). (Zoöl.) The mole cricket. [Prov. Eng.]

Fend (?), n. A fiend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fended; p. pr. & vb. n. Fending.] [Abbrev. fr. defend.] To keep off; to prevent from entering or hitting; to ward off; to shut out; — often with off; as, to fend off blows.

With fern beneath to fend the bitter cold.

Dryden.

To fend off a boat or vessel (Naut.), to prevent its running against anything with too much violence.

Fend, v. i. To act on the defensive, or in opposition; to resist; to parry; to shift off.

The dexterous management of terms, and being able to fend . . . with them, passes for a great part of learning.

Locke.

Fen”der (?), n. [From Fend, v. t. & i., cf. Defender.] One who or that which defends or protects by warding off harm; as: (a) A screen to prevent coals or sparks of an open fire from escaping to the floor. (b) Anything serving as a cushion to lessen the shock when a vessel comes in contact with another vessel or a wharf. (c) A screen to protect a carriage from mud thrown off the wheels: also, a splashboard. (d) Anything set up to protect an exposed angle, as of a house, from damage by carriage wheels.

Fend”liche (?), a. Fiendlike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fen”er*ate (?), v. i. [L. faeneratus, p. p. of faenerari lend on interest, fr. faenus interest.] To put money to usury; to lend on interest. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Fen`er*a”tion (?), n. [L. faeneratio.] The act of fenerating; interest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||Fen`es-tel”la (?), n. [L., dim. of fenestra &?; window.] (Arch.) Any small windowlike opening or recess, esp. one to show the relics within an altar, or the like.

||Fe*nes”tra (?), n.; pl. Fenestræ (#). [L., a window.] (Anat.) A small opening; esp., one of the apertures, closed by membranes, between the tympanum and internal ear.

Fe*nes”tral (?), a. [L. fenestra a window.] 1. (Arch.) Pertaining to a window or to windows.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a fenestra.

Fe*nes”tral, n. (Arch.) A casement or window sash, closed with cloth or paper instead of glass. Weale.

Fe*nes”trate (?), a. [L. fenestratus, p. p. of fenestrare to furnish with openings and windows.] 1. Having numerous openings; irregularly reticulated; as, fenestrate membranes; fenestrate fronds.

2. (Zoöl.) Having transparent spots, as the wings of certain butterflies.

Fe*nes”tra*ted (?), a. 1. (Arch.) Having windows; characterized by windows.

2. Same as Fenestrate.

Fen`es*tra”tion (?), n. 1. (Arch.) The arrangement and proportioning of windows; — used by modern writers for the decorating of an architectural composition by means of the window (and door) openings, their ornaments, and proportions.

2. (Anat.) The state or condition of being fenestrated.

Fe*nes”trule (?), n. [L. fenestrula a little window, dim. of fenestra a window.] (Zoöl.) One of the openings in a fenestrated structure.

Fen”gite (?), n. (Min.) A kind of marble or alabaster, sometimes used for windows on account of its transparency.

Fe”ni*an (?), n. [From the Finians or Fenii, the old militia of Ireland, who were so called from Fin or Finn, Fionn, or Fingal, a popular hero of Irish traditional history.] A member of a secret organization, consisting mainly of Irishmen, having for its aim the overthrow of English rule in Ireland.

Fe”ni*an (?), a. Pertaining to Fenians or to Fenianism.

Fe”ni*an*ism (?), n. The principles, purposes, and methods of the Fenians.

Fenks (f&ebreve;&nsm;ks), n. The refuse whale blubber, used as a manure, and in the manufacture of Prussian blue. Ure.

Fen”nec (f&ebreve;n”n&ebreve;k), n. [Ar. fanek.] (Zoöl.) A small, African, foxlike animal (Vulpes zerda) of a pale fawn color, remarkable for the large size of its ears.

Fen”nel (f&ebreve;n”n&ebreve;l), n. [AS. fenol, finol, from L. feniculum, faeniculum, dim. of fenum, faenum, hay: cf. F. fenouil. Cf. Fenugreek. Finochio.] (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Fæniculum (F. vulgare), having very finely divided leaves. It is cultivated in gardens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds.

Smell of sweetest fennel.

Milton.

A sprig of fennel was in fact the theological smelling bottle of the tender sex.

S. G. Goodrich.

Azorean, or Sweet, fennel, (Fæniculum dulce). It is a smaller and stouter plant than the common fennel, and is used as a pot herb. — Dog’s fennel (Anthemis Cotula), a foul- smelling European weed; — called also mayweed. — Fennel flower (Bot.), an herb (Nigella) of the Buttercup family, having leaves finely divided, like those of the fennel. N. Damascena is common in gardens. N. sativa furnishes the fennel seed, used as a condiment, etc., in India. These seeds are the “fitches” mentioned in Isaiah (xxviii. 25). — Fennel water (Med.), the distilled water of fennel seed. It is stimulant and carminative. — Giant fennel (Ferula communis), has stems full of pith, which, it is said, were used to carry fire, first, by Prometheus. — Hog’s fennel, a European plant (Peucedanum officinale) looking something like fennel.

Fen”nish (?), a. Abounding in fens; fenny.

Fen”ny (?), a. [AS. fennig.] Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a fen; abounding in fens; swampy; boggy. “Fenny snake.” Shak.

Fen”owed (?), a. [AS. fynig musty, fynegean to become musty or filthy: cf. fennig fenny, muddy, dirty, fr. fen fen. Cf. Finew.] Corrupted; decayed; moldy. See Vinnewed. [Obs.] Dr. Favour.

Fen”si-ble (?), a. Fencible. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fen”-sucked` (?), a. Sucked out of marches. “Fen-sucked fogs.” Shak.

Fen”u*greek (? or ?), n. [L. faenum Graecum, lit., Greek hay: cf. F. fenugrec. Cf. Fennel.] (Bot.) A plant (trigonella Fœnum Græcum) cultivated for its strong-smelling seeds, which are “now only used for giving false importance to horse medicine and damaged hay.” J. Smith (Pop. Names of Plants, 1881).

Feod (?), n. A feud. See 2d Feud. Blackstone.

Feod”al (?), a. Feudal. See Feudal.

Feo*dal”i*ty (?), n. Feudal tenure; the feudal system. See Feudality. Burke.

Feod”a*ry (?), n. 1. An accomplice.

Art thou a feodary for this act?

Shak.

2. (Eng. Law) An ancient officer of the court of wards. Burrill.

Feod”a*to*ry (?), n. See Feudatory.

Feoff (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feoffed (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Feoffing.] [OE. feffen, OF. feffer, fieffer, F. fieffer, fr. fief fief; cf. LL. feoffare, fefare. See Fief.] (Law) To invest with a fee or feud; to give or grant a corporeal hereditament to; to enfeoff.

Feoff, n. (Law) A fief. See Fief.

Feof*fee” (?; 277), n. [OF. feoffé.] (Law) The person to whom a feoffment is made; the person enfeoffed.

Feoff”ment (?), n. [OF. feoffement, fieffement; cf. LL. feoffamentum.] (Law) (a) The grant of a feud or fee. (b) (Eng. Law) A gift or conveyance in fee of land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by actual delivery of possession. Burrill.

(c) The instrument or deed by which corporeal hereditaments are conveyed. [Obs. in the U.S., Rare in Eng.]

{ Feo”for (?), Feof”fer (?) }, n. [OF. feoour.] (Law) One who enfeoffs or grants a fee.

Fer (?), a. & adv. Far. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe*ra”cious (?), a. [L. ferax, -acis, fr. ferre to bear.] Fruitful; producing abundantly. [R.] Thomson.

Fe*rac”i*ty (?), n. [L. feracitas.] The state of being feracious or fruitful. [Obs.] Beattie.

||Fe”ræ (?), n. pl. [L., wild animals, fem. pl. of ferus wild.] (Zoöl.) A group of mammals which formerly included the Carnivora, Insectivora, Marsupialia, and lemurs, but is now often restricted to the Carnivora.

||Fe”ræ na*tu”ræ (?). [L.] Of a wild nature; — applied to animals, as foxes, wild ducks, etc., in which no one can claim property.

Fe”ral (?), a. [L. ferus. See Fierce.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Wild; untamed; ferine; not domesticated; — said of beasts, birds, and plants.

Fe”ral, a. [L. feralis, belonging to the dead.] Funereal; deadly; fatal; dangerous. [R.] “Feral accidents.” Burton.

Ferde (?), obs. imp. of Fare. Chaucer.

||Fer`-de-lance” (?), n. [F., the iron of a lance, lance head.] (Zoöl.) A large, venomous serpent (Trigonocephalus lanceolatus) of Brazil and the West Indies. It is allied to the rattlesnake, but has no rattle.

Fer”ding (?), n. [See Farthing.] A measure of land mentioned in Domesday Book. It is supposed to have consisted of a few acres only. [Obs.]

Ferd”ness (?), n. [OE. ferd fear. See Fear.] Fearfulness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere (?), n. [OE. fere companion, AS. gefēra, from fēran to go, travel, faran to travel. √78. See Fare.] A mate or companion; — often used of a wife. [Obs.] [Written also fear and feere.] Chaucer.

And Cambel took Cambrina to his fere.

Spenser.

In fere, together; in company. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, a. [Cf. L. ferus wild.] Fierce. [Obs.]

Fere, n. [See Fire.] Fire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, n. [See Fear.] Fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, v. t. & i. To fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer`e*to*ry (?), n. [L. feretrum bier, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to bear, akin to L. ferre, E. bear to support.] A portable bier or shrine, variously adorned, used for containing relics of saints. Mollett.

Fer”forth` (?), adv. Far forth. [Obs.]

As ferforth as, as far as. — So ferforth, to such a degree.

Fer”forth`ly, adv. Ferforth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer”gu*son*ite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral of a brownish black color, essentially a tantalo- niobate of yttrium, erbium, and cerium; — so called after Robert Ferguson.

||Fe”ri*a (?), n.; pl. Feriæ (&?;). (Eccl.) A week day, esp. a day which is neither a festival nor a fast. Shipley.

Fe”ri*al (?), n. Same as Feria.

Fe”ri*al, a. [LL. ferialis, fr. L. ferie holidays: cf. F. férial. See 5th Fair.] 1. Of or pertaining to holidays. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

2. Belonging to any week day, esp. to a day that is neither a festival nor a fast.

Fe`ri*a”tion (?), n. [L. feriari to keep holiday, fr. ferie holidays.] The act of keeping holiday; cessation from work. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fe”rie (?), n. [OF. ferie, fr. L. ferie holidays. See 5th Fair.] A holiday. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Fe”ri*er (?), a., compar. of Fere, fierce. [Obs.]

Rhenus ferier than the cataract.

Marston.

Fe”rine (?), a. [L. ferinus, fr. ferus wild. See Fierce.] Wild; untamed; savage; as, lions, tigers, wolves, and bears are ferine beasts. Sir M. Hale. — n. A wild beast; a beast of prey. — Fe”rine*ly, adv. – - Fe”rine*ness, n.

||Fer*in”gee (?), n. [Per. Farangī, or Ar. Firanjī, properly, a Frank.] The name given to Europeans by the Hindos. [Written also Feringhee.]

Fer”i*ty (?), n. [L. feritas, from ferus wild.] Wildness; savageness; fierceness. [Obs.] Woodward.

Fer”ly (?), a. [AS. f&?;rlic sudden, unexpected. See Fear, n.] Singular; wonderful; extraordinary. [Obs.] — n. A wonder; a marvel. [Obs.]

Who hearkened ever such a ferly thing.

Chaucer.

{ Ferm, Ferme (?), n. }[See Farm.] Rent for a farm; a farm; also, an abode; a place of residence; as, he let his land to ferm. [Obs.]

Out of her fleshy ferme fled to the place of pain.

Spenser.

Fer”ma*cy (?), n. [OE. See Pharmacy.] Medicine; pharmacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer”ment (?), n. [L. fermentum ferment (in senses 1 & 2), perh. for fervimentum, fr. fervere to be boiling hot, boil, ferment: cf. F. ferment. Cf. 1st Barm, Fervent.] 1. That which causes fermentation, as yeast, barm, or fermenting beer.

&fist; Ferments are of two kinds: (a) Formed or organized ferments. (b) Unorganized or structureless ferments. The latter are also called soluble or chemical ferments, and enzymes. Ferments of the first class are as a rule simple microscopic vegetable organisms, and the fermentations which they engender are due to their growth and development; as, the acetic ferment, the butyric ferment, etc. See Fermentation. Ferments of the second class, on the other hand, are chemical substances, as a rule soluble in glycerin and precipitated by alcohol. In action they are catalytic and, mainly, hydrolytic. Good examples are pepsin of the dastric juice, ptyalin of the salvia, and disease of malt.

2. Intestine motion; heat; tumult; agitation.

Subdue and cool the ferment of desire.

Rogers.

the nation is in a ferment.

Walpole.

3. A gentle internal motion of the constituent parts of a fluid; fermentation. [R.]

Down to the lowest lees the ferment ran.

Thomson.

ferment oils, volatile oils produced by the fermentation of plants, and not originally contained in them. These were the quintessences of the alchenists. Ure.

Fer*ment” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fermented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fermenting.] [L. fermentare, fermentatum: cf. F. fermenter. See Ferment, n.] To cause ferment of fermentation in; to set in motion; to excite internal emotion in; to heat.

Ye vigorous swains! while youth ferments your blood.

Pope.

Fer*ment”, v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation; to be in motion, or to be excited into sensible internal motion, as the constituent particles of an animal or vegetable fluid; to work; to effervesce.

2. To be agitated or excited by violent emotions.

But finding no redress, ferment and rage.

Milton.

The intellect of the age was a fermenting intellect.

De Quincey.

Fer*ment`a*bil”i*ty (?), n. Capability of fermentation.

Fer*ment”a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. fermentable.] Capable of fermentation; as, cider and other vegetable liquors are fermentable.

Fer*ment”al (?), a. Fermentative. [Obs.]

Fer`men*ta”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fermentation.] 1. The process of undergoing an effervescent change, as by the action of yeast; in a wider sense (Physiol. Chem.), the transformation of an organic substance into new compounds by the action of a ferment, either formed or unorganized. It differs in kind according to the nature of the ferment which causes it.

2. A state of agitation or excitement, as of the intellect or the feelings.

It puts the soul to fermentation and activity.

Jer. Taylor.

A univesal fermentation of human thought and faith.

C. Kingsley.

Acetous, or Acetic, fermentation, a form of oxidation in which alcohol is converted into vinegar or acetic acid by the agency of a specific fungus or ferment (Mycoderma aceti). The process involves two distinct reactions, in which the oxygen of the air is essential. An intermediate product, aldehyde, is formed in the first process.

1. C2H6O + O = H2O + C2H4O Alcohol. Water. Aldehyde.

2. C2H4O + O = C2H4O2 Aldehyde. Acetic acid.

— Alcoholic fermentation, the fermentation which saccharine bodies undergo when brought in contact with the yeast plant or Torula. The sugar is converted, either directly or indirectly, into alcohol and carbonic acid, the rate of action being dependent on the rapidity with which the Torulæ develop. – - Ammoniacal fermentation, the conversion of the urea of the urine into ammonium carbonate, through the growth of the special urea ferment.

CON2H4 + 2H2O = (NH4)2CO3 Urea. Water. Ammonium carbonate.

Whenever urine is exposed to the air in open vessels for several days it undergoes this alkaline fermentation. — Butyric fermentation, the decomposition of various forms of organic matter, through the agency of a peculiar worm-shaped vibrio, with formation of more or less butyric acid. It is one of the many forms of fermentation that collectively constitute putrefaction. See Lactic fermentation. — Fermentation by an unorganized ferment or enzyme. Fermentations of this class are purely chemical reactions, in which the ferment acts as a simple catalytic agent. Of this nature are the decomposition or inversion of cane sugar into levulose and dextrose by boiling with dilute acids, the conversion of starch into dextrin and sugar by similar treatment, the conversion of starch into like products by the action of diastase of malt or ptyalin of saliva, the conversion of albuminous food into peptones and other like products by the action of pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice or by the ferment of the pancreatic juice. — Fermentation theory of disease (Biol. & Med.), the theory that most if not all, infectious or zymotic disease are caused by the introduction into the organism of the living germs of ferments, or ferments already developed (organized ferments), by which processes of fermentation are set up injurious to health. See Germ theory. — Glycerin fermentation, the fermentation which occurs on mixing a dilute solution of glycerin with a peculiar species of schizomycetes and some carbonate of lime, and other matter favorable to the growth of the plant, the glycerin being changed into butyric acid, caproic acid, butyl, and ethyl alcohol. With another form of bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) ethyl alcohol and butyric acid are mainly formed. — Lactic fermentation, the transformation of milk sugar or other saccharine body into lactic acid, as in the souring of milk, through the agency of a special bacterium (Bacterium lactis of Lister). In this change the milk sugar, before assuming the form of lactic acid, presumably passes through the stage of glucose.

C12H22O11.H2O = 4C3H6O3 Hydrated milk sugar. Lactic acid.

In the lactic fermentation of dextrose or glucose, the lactic acid which is formed is very prone to undergo butyric fermentation after the manner indicated in the following equation: 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) = C4H8O2 (butyric acid) + 2CO2 (carbonic acid) + 2H2 (hydrogen gas). — Putrefactive fermentation. See Putrefaction.

Fer*ment”a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. fermentatif.] Causing, or having power to cause, fermentation; produced by fermentation; fermenting; as, a fermentative process.

— Fer*ment”a*tive*ly, adv. — Fer*ment”a*tive*ness, n.

Fer”mer*ere (?), n. [OF. enfermerier, fr. enfermerie infirmary. See Infirmary.] The officer in a religious house who had the care of the infirmary. [Obs.]

Fer”mil*let (?), n. [OF., dim. of fermeil, fermail, clasp, prob. fr. OF. & F. fermer to make fast, fr. ferme fast. See Firm.] A buckle or clasp. [Obs.] Donne.

Fern (?), adv. Long ago. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fern, a. [AS. fyrn.] Ancient; old. [Obs.] “Pilgrimages to . . . ferne halwes.” [saints]. Chaucer.

Fern (f&etilde;rn), n. [AS. fearn; akin to D. varen, G. farn, farnkraut; cf. Skr. parn.a wing, feather, leaf, sort of plant, or Lith. papartis fern.] (Bot.) An order of cryptogamous plants, the Filices, which have their fructification on the back of the fronds or leaves. They are usually found in humid soil, sometimes grow epiphytically on trees, and in tropical climates often attain a gigantic size.

&fist; The plants are asexual, and bear clustered sporangia, containing minute spores, which germinate and form prothalli, on which are borne the true organs of reproduction. The brake or bracken, the maidenhair, and the polypody are all well known ferns.

Christmas fern. See under Christmas. — Climbing fern (Bot.), a delicate North American fern (Lygodium palmatum), which climbs several feet high over bushes, etc., and is much sought for purposes of decoration. — Fern owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European goatsucker. (b) The short-eared owl. [Prov. Eng.] — Fern shaw, a fern thicket. [Eng.] R. Browning.

Fern”er*y (?), n. A place for rearing ferns.

Fern”ti*cle (?), n. A freckle on the skin, resembling the seed of fern. [Prov. Eng.]

Fern”y (?), a. Abounding in ferns.

Fe*ro”cious (?), a. [L. ferox, -ocis, fierce: cf. F. féroce. See Ferocity.] Fierce; savage; wild; indicating cruelty; ravenous; rapacious; as, ferocious look or features; a ferocious lion.

The humbled power of a ferocious enemy.

Lowth.

Syn. — Ferocious, Fierce, Savage, Barbarous. When these words are applied to human feelings or conduct, ferocious describes the disposition; fierce, the haste and violence of an act; barbarous, the coarseness and brutality by which it was marked; savage, the cruel and unfeeling spirit which it showed. A man is ferocious in his temper, fierce in his actions, barbarous in the manner of carrying out his purposes, savage in the spirit and feelings expressed in his words or deeds.

— Fe*ro”cious*ly, adv. — Fe*ro”cious*ness, n.

It [Christianity] has adapted the ferociousness of war.

Blair.

Fe*roc”i*ty (?), n. [L. ferocitas, fr. ferox, -ocis, fierce, kin to ferus wild: cf. F. ferocité. See Fierce.] Savage wildness or fierceness; fury; cruelty; as, ferocity of countenance.

The pride and ferocity of a Highland chief.

Macaulay.

||Fer*o”her (?), n. (Archæol.) A symbol of the solar deity, found on monuments exhumed in Babylon, Nineveh, etc.

Fe”rous (?), a. [L. ferus. See Fierce.] Wild; savage. [R.] Arthur Wilson.

-fer*ous (?). [L. -fer. fr. ferre to bear. See Bear to support.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing, yielding; as, auriferous, yielding gold; chyliferous, producing chyle.

Fer*ran”dine (? or ?), n. [F.; cf. OF. ferrant iron-gray, from L. ferrum iron.] A stuff made of silk and wool.

I did buy a colored silk ferrandine.

Pepys.

Fer*ra”ra (?), n. A sword bearing the mark of one of the Ferrara family of Italy. These swords were highly esteemed in England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Fer`ra*rese” (?), a. Pertaining to Ferrara, in Italy. — n., sing. & pl. A citizen of Ferrara; collectively, the inhabitants of Ferrara.

Fer”ra*ry (?), n. [L. ferraria iron works. See Ferreous.] The art of working in iron. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fer”rate (?), n. [L. ferrum iron.] (Chem.) A salt of ferric acid.

{ Fer”re (?), Fer”rer (?), a. & adv. } Obs. compar. of Fer.

Fer”re*ous (?), a. [L. ferreus, fr. ferrum iron. Cf. Farrier, Ferrous.] Partaking of, made of, or pertaining to, iron; like iron. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fer”rest (?), a. & adv. Obs. superl. of Fer. Chaucer.

Fer”ret (?), n. [F. furet, cf. LL. furo; prob. fr. L. fur thief (cf. Furtive); cf. Arm. fur wise, sly.] (Zoöl.) An animal of the Weasel family (Mustela or Putorius furo), about fourteen inches in length, of a pale yellow or white color, with red eyes. It is a native of Africa, but has been domesticated in Europe. Ferrets are used to drive rabbits and rats out of their holes.

Fer”ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ferreting.] [Cf. F. fureter. See Ferret, n.] To drive or hunt out of a lurking place, as a ferret does the cony; to search out by patient and sagacious efforts; — often used with out; as, to ferret out a secret.

Master Fer! I’ll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him.

Shak.

Fer”ret, n. [Ital. foretto, dim. of fiore flower; or F. fleuret. Cf. Floret.] A kind of narrow tape, usually made of woolen; sometimes of cotton or silk; — called also ferreting.

Fer”ret, n. [F. feret, dim. or fer iron, L. ferrum.] (Glass Making) The iron used for trying the melted glass to see if is fit to work, and for shaping the rings at the mouths of bottles.

Fer”ret*er (?), n. One who ferrets. Johnson.

Fer”ret-eye` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spur-winged goose; — so called from the red circle around the eyes.

Fer*ret”to (?), n. [It. ferretto di Spagna, dim. of ferro iron, fr. L. ferrum.] Copper sulphide, used to color glass. Hebert.

Fer”ri- (&?;). (Chem.) A combining form indicating ferric iron as an ingredient; as, ferricyanide.

Fer”ri*age (?; 48), n. [From Ferry.] The price or fare to be paid for passage at a ferry.

Fer”ric (?), a. [L. ferrum iron: cf. F. ferrique. See Ferrous.] Pertaining to, derived from, or containing iron. Specifically (Chem.), denoting those compounds in which iron has a higher valence than in the ferrous compounds; as, ferric oxide; ferric acid.

Ferric acid (Chem.), an acid, H_2FeO_4, which is not known in the free state, but forms definite salts, analogous to the chromates and sulphates. — Ferric oxide (Chem.), sesquioxide of iron, Fe_2O_3; hematite. See Hematite.

Fer`ri*cy”a*nate (?), n. [Ferri- + cyanate.] (Chem.) A salt of ferricyanic acid; a ferricyanide.

Fer`ri*cy*an”ic (?), a. [Ferri- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a ferricyanide.

Ferricyanic acid (Chem.), a brown crystalline substance, H_6(CN)12Fe_2, obtained from potassium ferricyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferricyanides; — called also hydro-ferricyanic acid, hydrogen ferricyanide, etc.

Fer`ri*cy”a*nide (?; 104), n. [Ferri- + cyanide.] (Chem.) One of a complex series of double cyanides of ferric iron and some other base.

Potassium ferricyanide (Chem.), red prussiate of potash; a dark, red, crystalline salt, K_6(CN)12Fe_2, consisting of the double cyanide of potassium and ferric iron. From it is derived the ferrous ferricyanate, Turnbull’s blue.

Fer”ri*er (?), n. A ferryman. Calthrop.

Fer*rif”er*ous (?), a. [L. ferrum iron + -ferous: cf. F. ferrifère.] Producing or yielding iron.

Fer`ri*prus”si*ate (? or ?; see Prussiate, 277), n. [Ferri- + prussiate.] (Chem.) A ferricyanate; a ferricyanide. [R.]

Fer`ri*prus”sic (? or ?; see Prussik, 277), a. [Ferri- + prussic.] (Chem.) Ferricyanic. [R.]

Fer”ro- (&?;). (Chem.) A prefix, or combining form, indicating ferrous iron as an ingredient; as, ferrocyanide.

Fer`ro*cal”cite (?), n. [Ferro- + calcite.] Limestone containing a large percentage of iron carbonate, and hence turning brown on exposure.

Fer`ro*cy”a*nate (?), n. [Ferro- + cyanate: cf. F. ferrocyanate.] (Chem.) A salt of ferrocyanic acid; a ferrocyanide.

Fer`ro*cy*an”ic (?), a. [Ferro- + cyanic: cf. F. ferrocyanique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a ferrocyanide.

ferrocyanic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H_4(CN)6Fe, of strong acid properties, obtained from potassium ferrocyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferrocyanides; — called also hydro-ferrocyanic acid, hydrogen ferrocyanide. etc.

Fer`ro*cy”a*nide (? or ?; 104), n. [Ferro- + cyanide.] (Chem.) One of a series of complex double cyanides of ferrous iron and some other base.

Potassium ferrocyanide (Chem.), yellow prussiate of potash; a tough, yellow, crystalline salt, K_4(CN)6Fe, the starting point in the manufacture of almost all cyanogen compounds, and the basis of the ferric ferrocyanate, prussian blue. It is obtained by strongly heating together potash, scrap iron, and animal matter containing nitrogen, as horn, leather, blood, etc., in iron pots.

Fer`ro*prus”si*ate (&?; or &?; or &?;; see Prussiate, 277), n. [Ferro- + prussiate.] (Chem.) A ferrocyanate; a ferocyanide. [R.]

Fer`ro*prus”sic (? or ?; see Prussic, 277), a. [Ferro- + prussic.] (Chem.) Ferrocyanic.

Fer*ro”so- (&?;). (Chem.) See Ferro- .

Fer”ro*type (?), n. [L. ferrum iron + -type.] A photographic picture taken on an iron plate by a collodion process; — familiarly called tintype.

Fer”rous (?), a. [Cf. F. ferreux. See Ferreous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, iron; — especially used of compounds of iron in which the iron has its lower valence; as, ferrous sulphate.

Fer*ru”gi*na`ted (?), a. [See Ferrugo.] Having the color or properties of the rust of iron.

Fer`ru*gin”e*ous (?), a. Ferruginous. [R.]

Fer*ru”gi*nous (?), a. [L. ferruginus, ferrugineus, fr. ferrugo, - ginis, iron rust: cf. F. ferrugineux. See Ferrugo.] 1. Partaking of iron; containing particles of iron. Boyle.

2. Resembling iron rust in appearance or color; brownish red, or yellowish red.

||Fer*ru”go (?), n. [L., iron rust, fr. ferrum iron.] A disease of plants caused by fungi, commonly called the rust, from its resemblance to iron rust in color.

Fer”rule (? or ?; 277), n. [Formerly verrel, F. virole, fr. L. viriola little bracelet, dim. of viriae, pl., bracelets; prob. akin to viere to twist, weave, and E. withe. The spelling with f is due to confusion with L. ferrum iron.] 1. A ring or cap of metal put round a cane, tool, handle, or other similar object, to strengthen it, or prevent splitting and wearing.

2. (Steam Boilers) A bushing for expanding the end of a flue to fasten it tightly in the tube plate, or for partly filling up its mouth.

Fer*ru”mi*nate (?), v. t. [L. ferruminatus, p. p. of ferruminare to cement, solder, fr. ferrumen cement, fr. ferrum iron.] To solder or unite, as metals. [R.] Coleridge.

Fer*ru`mi*na”tion (?), n. [L. ferruminatio: cf. F. ferrumination.] The soldering or uniting of metals. [R.] Coleridge.

Fer”ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ferrying.] [OE. ferien to convey, AS. ferian, from faran to go; akin to Icel. ferja to ferry, Goth. farjan to sail. See Fare.] To carry or transport over a river, strait, or other narrow water, in a boat.

Fer”ry, v. i. To pass over water in a boat or by a ferry.

They ferry over this Lethean sound
Both to and fro.

Milton.

Fer”ry, n.; pl. Ferries (#). [OE. feri; akin to Icel. ferja, Sw. färja, Dan. færge, G. fähre. See Ferry, v. t.] 1. A place where persons or things are carried across a river, arm of the sea, etc., in a ferryboat.

It can pass the ferry backward into light.

Milton.

To row me o’er the ferry.

Campbell.

2. A vessel in which passengers and goods are conveyed over narrow waters; a ferryboat; a wherry.

3. A franchise or right to maintain a vessel for carrying passengers and freight across a river, bay, etc., charging tolls.

Ferry bridge, a ferryboat adapted in its structure for the transfer of railroad trains across a river or bay. — Ferry railway. See under Railway.

Fer”ry*boat` (?), n. A vessel for conveying passengers, merchandise, etc., across streams and other narrow waters.

Fer”ry*man (?), n.; pl. Ferrymen (&?;). One who maintains or attends a ferry.

Fers (?), a. Fierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ferthe (?), a. Fourth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer”tile (? or ?; 277), a. [L. fertilis, fr. ferre to bear, produce: cf. F. fertile. See Bear to support.] 1. Producing fruit or vegetation in abundance; fruitful; able to produce abundantly; prolific; fecund; productive; rich; inventive; as, fertile land or fields; a fertile mind or imagination.

Though he in a fertile climate dwell.

Shak.

2. (Bot.) (a) Capable of producing fruit; fruit-bearing; as, fertile flowers. (b) Containing pollen; — said of anthers.

3. produced in abundance; plenteous; ample.

Henceforth, my early care . . .
Shall tend thee, and the fertile burden ease
Of thy full branches.

Milton.

Syn. — Fertile, Fruitful. Fertile implies the inherent power of production; fruitful, the act. The prairies of the West are fertile by nature, and are turned by cultivation into fruitful fields. The same distinction prevails when these words are used figuratively. A man of fertile genius has by nature great readiness of invention; one whose mind is fruitful has resources of thought and a readiness of application which enable him to think and act effectively.

Fer”tile*ly (? or ?; 277), adv. In a fertile or fruitful manner.

fer”tile*ness, n. Fertility. Sir P. Sidney.

Fer*til”i*tate (?), v. t. To fertilize; to fecundate. Sir T. Browne.

Fer*til”i*ty (?), n. [L. fertilitas: cf. F. fertilité.] The state or quality of being fertile or fruitful; fruitfulness; productiveness; fecundity; richness; abundance of resources; fertile invention; quickness; readiness; as, the fertility of soil, or of imagination. “fertility of resource.” E. Everett.

And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps
Corrupting in its own fertility.

Shak.

Thy very weeds are beautiful; thy waste
More rich than other climes’ fertility.

Byron.

Fer`ti*li*za”tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of rendering fertile.

2. (Biol.) The act of fecundating or impregnating animal or vegetable germs; esp., the process by which in flowers the pollen renders the ovule fertile, or an analogous process in flowerless plants; fecundation; impregnation.

Close fertilization (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by pollen derived from the stamens of the same blossom. — Cross fertilization, fertilization by pollen from some other blossom. See under Cross, a.

Fer”ti*lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fertilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fertilizing (?).] [Cf. F. fertiliser.] 1. To make fertile or enrich; to supply with nourishment for plants; to make fruitful or productive; as, to fertilize land, soil, ground, and meadows.

And fertilize the field that each pretends to gain.

Byron.

2. To fecundate; as, to fertilize flower. A. R. Wallace.

Fer”ti*lizer (?), n. 1. One who fertilizes; the agent that carries the fertilizing principle, as a moth to an orchid. A. R. Wallace.

2. That which renders fertile; a general name for commercial manures, as guano, phosphate of lime, etc.

||Fer”u*la (?), n. [L. ferula giant fennel (its stalks were used in punishing schoolboys), rod, whip, fr. ferire to strike; akin to OHG. berjan, Icel. berja. Cf. Ferule.] 1. A ferule. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. The imperial scepter in the Byzantine or Eastern Empire.

Fer`u*la”ceous (?), a. [L. ferulaceus, fr. ferula rod: cf. F. férulacé.] Pertaining to reeds and canes; having a stalk like a reed; as, ferulaceous plants.

Fer”u*lar (?), n. A ferule. [Obs.] Milton.

Fer”ule (? or ?; 277), n. [L. ferula: cf. F. férule. See Ferula.] A flat piece of wood, used for striking, children, esp. on the hand, in punishment.

Fer”ule (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feruled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Feruling.] To punish with a ferule.

Fe*ru”lic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, asafetida (Ferula asafœtida); as, ferulic acid. [Written also ferulaic.]

Fer”vence (?), n. Heat; fervency. [Obs.]

Fer”ven*cy (?), n. [Cf. OF. fervence. See Fervent.] The state of being fervent or warm; ardor; warmth of feeling or devotion; eagerness.

When you pray, let it be with attention, with fervency, and with perseverance.

Wake.

Fer”vent (?), a. [F. fervent, L. fervens, -entis. p. pr. of fervere o the boiling hot, to boil, glow.] 1. Hot; glowing; boiling; burning; as, a fervent summer.

The elements shall melt with fervent heat.

2 Pet. iii. 10.

2. Warm in feeling; ardent in temperament; earnest; full of fervor; zealous; glowing.

Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit.

Rom. iii. 11.

So spake the fervent angel.

Milton.

A fervent desire to promote the happiness of mankind.

Macaulay.

— Fer”vent*ly, adv. — Fer”vent*ness, n.

Laboring fervently for you in prayers.

Col. iv. 12.

Fer*ves”cent (?), a. [L. fervescens, p. pr. of fervescere to become boiling hot, incho., fr. fervere. See Fervent.] Growing hot.

Fer”vid (?), a. [L. fervidus, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Very hot; burning; boiling.

The mounted sun
Shot down direct his fervid rays.

Milton.

2. Ardent; vehement; zealous.

The fervid wishes, holy fires.

Parnell.

— Fer”vid*ly, adv. — Fer”vid*ness, n.

Fer”vor (?), n. [Written also fervour.] [OF. fervor, fervour, F. ferveur, L. fervor, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Heat; excessive warmth.

The fevor of ensuing day.

Waller.

2. Intensity of feeling or expression; glowing ardor; passion; holy zeal; earnestness. Hooker.

Winged with fervor of her love.

Shak.

Syn. — Fervor, Ardor. Fervor is a boiling heat, and ardor is a burning heat. Hence, in metaphor, we commonly use fervor and its derivatives when we conceive of thoughts or emotions under the image of ebullition, or as pouring themselves forth. Thus we speak of the fervor of passion, fervid declamation, fervid importunity, fervent supplication, fervent desires, etc. Ardent is used when we think of anything as springing from a deepseated glow of soul; as, ardent friendship, ardent zeal, ardent devotedness; burning with ardor for the fight.

Fes”cen*nine (?), a. [L. Fescenninus, fr. Fescennia, a city of Etruria.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the Fescennines. — n. A style of low, scurrilous, obscene poetry originating in fescennia.

Fes”cue (f&ebreve;s”k&usl;), n. [OE. festu, OF. festu, F. fétu, fr. L. festuca stalk, straw.] 1. A straw, wire, stick, etc., used chiefly to point out letters to children when learning to read. “Pedantic fescue.” Sterne.

To come under the fescue of an imprimatur.

Milton.

2. An instrument for playing on the harp; a plectrum. [Obs.] Chapman.

3. The style of a dial. [Obs.]

4. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Festuca.

Fescue grass (Bot.), a genus of grasses (Festuca) containing several species of importance in agriculture. Festuca ovina is sheep’s fescue; F. elatior is meadow fescue.

Fes”cue (f&ebreve;s”k&usl;), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Fescued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fescuing.] To use a fescue, or teach with a fescue. Milton.

Fes”els (?), n. pl. [Written also fasels.] See Phasel. [Obs.] May (Georgics).

{ Fess, Fesse } (?), n. [OF. fesse, faisse, F. fasce, fr. L. fascia band. See Fascia.] (Her.) A band drawn horizontally across the center of an escutcheon, and containing in breadth the third part of it; one of the nine honorable ordinaries.

Fess point (Her.), the exact center of the escutcheon. See Escutcheon.

Fes”si*tude (?), n. [L. fessus wearied, fatigued.] Weariness. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fess”wise (?), adv. In the manner of fess.

Fest (?), n. [See Fist.] The fist. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Fest, Fes”te (?), n. } A feast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fes”tal (?), a. [L. festum holiday, feast. See feast.] Of or pertaining to a holiday or a feast; joyous; festive.

You bless with choicer wine the festal day.

Francis.

Fes”tal*ly, adv. Joyously; festively; mirthfully.

Fes”ten*nine (?), n. A fescennine.

Fes”ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Festered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Festering.] [OE. festern, fr. fester, n.; or fr. OF. festrir, fr. festre, n. See Fester, n.] 1. To generate pus; to become imflamed and suppurate; as, a sore or a wound festers.

Wounds immedicable
Rankle, and fester, and gangrene.

Milton.

Unkindness may give a wound that shall bleed and smart, but it is treachery that makes it fester.

South.

Hatred . . . festered in the hearts of the children of the soil.

Macaulay.

2. To be inflamed; to grow virulent, or malignant; to grow in intensity; to rankle.

Fes`ter, v. t. To cause to fester or rankle.

For which I burnt in inward, swelt’ring hate,
And festered ranking malice in my breast.

Marston.

Fes”ter, n. [OF. festre, L. fistula a sort of ulcer. Cf. Fistula.] 1. A small sore which becomes inflamed and discharges corrupt matter; a pustule.

2. A festering or rankling.

The fester of the chain their necks.

I. Taylor.

Fes”ter*ment (?), n. A festering. [R.] Chalmers.

Fest”eye (?), v. t. [OF. festier, festeer, F. festoyer.] To feast; to entertain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fes”ti*nate (?), a. [L. festinatus, p. p. of festinare to hasten.] Hasty; hurried. [Obs.] — Fes”ti*nate*ly, adv. [Obs.] Shak.

Fes`ti*na”tion (?), n. [L. festinatio.] Haste; hurry. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fes”ti*val (?), a. [OF. festival, fr. L. festivum festive jollity, fr. festivus festive, gay. See Festive.] Pertaining to a fest; festive; festal; appropriate to a festival; joyous; mirthful.

I cannot woo in festival terms.

Shak.

Fes”ti-val, n. A time of feasting or celebration; an anniversary day of joy, civil or religious.

The morning trumpets festival proclaimed.

Milton.

Syn. — Feast; banquet; carousal. See Feast.

Fes”tive (?), a. [L. festivus, fr. festum holiday, feast. See feast, and cf. Festivous.] Pertaining to, or becoming, a feast; festal; joyous; gay; mirthful; sportive. — Fes”tive*ly, adv.

The glad circle round them yield their souls
To festive mirth and wit that knows no gall.

Thomson.

Fes*tiv”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Festivities (#). [L. festivitas: cf. F. festivité.] 1. The condition of being festive; social joy or exhilaration of spirits at an entertaintment; joyfulness; gayety.

The unrestrained festivity of the rustic youth.

Bp. Hurd.

2. A festival; a festive celebration. Sir T. Browne.

Fes”ti*vous (?), a. [See Festive.] Pertaining to a feast; festive. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Fest”lich (?), a. [See Feast, n.] Festive; fond of festive occasions. [Obs.] “A festlich man.” Chaucer.

Fes*toon” (?), n. [F. feston (cf. Sp. feston, It. festone), prob. fr. L. festum festival. See Feast.] 1. A garland or wreath hanging in a depending curve, used in decoration for festivals, etc.; anything arranged in this way.

2. (Arch. & Sculp.) A carved ornament consisting of flowers, and leaves, intermixed or twisted together, wound with a ribbon, and hanging or depending in a natural curve. See Illust. of Bucranium.

Fes*toon”, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Festooned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Festooning.] To form in festoons, or to adorn with festoons.

Fes*toon”y (?), a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, festoons. Sir J. Herschel.

Fes*tu*cine (? or ?), a. [L. festula stalk, straw. Cf. Fescue.] Of a straw color; greenish yellow. [Obs.]

A little insect of a festucine or pale green.

Sir T. Browne.

Fes”tu*cous (?), a. Formed or consisting of straw. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fes”tue (?), n. [See Fescue.] A straw; a fescue. [Obs.] Holland.

Fet (?), n. [Cf. feat, F. fait, and It. fett&?; slice, G. fetzen rag, Icel. fat garment.] A piece. [Obs.] Dryton.

Fet, v. t. [OE. fetten, feten, AS. fetian; akin to AS. fæt a journey, and to E. foot; cf. G. fassen to seize. √ 77. See Foot, and cf. Fetch.] To fetch. [Obs.]

And from the other fifty soon the prisoner fet.

Spenser.

Fet, p. p. of Fette. Fetched. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe”tal (?), a. [From Fetus.] Pertaining to, or connected with, a fetus; as, fetal circulation; fetal membranes.

Fe*ta”tion (?), n. The formation of a fetus in the womb; pregnancy.

Fetch (f&ebreve;ch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fetched 2; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fetching.] [OE. fecchen, AS. feccan, perh. the same word as fetian; or cf. facian to wish to get, OFries. faka to prepare. √ 77. Cf. Fet, v. t.] 1. To bear toward the person speaking, or the person or thing from whose point of view the action is contemplated; to go and bring; to get.

Time will run back and fetch the age of gold.

Milton.

He called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. And as she was going to fetch it he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bred in thine hand.

1 Kings xvii. 11, 12.

2. To obtain as price or equivalent; to sell for.

Our native horses were held in small esteem, and fetched low prices.

Macaulay.

3. To recall from a swoon; to revive; — sometimes with to; as, to fetch a man to.

Fetching men again when they swoon.

Bacon.

4. To reduce; to throw.

The sudden trip in wrestling that fetches a man to the ground.

South.

5. To bring to accomplishment; to achieve; to make; to perform, with certain objects; as, to fetch a compass; to fetch a leap; to fetch a sigh.

I’ll fetch a turn about the garden.

Shak.

He fetches his blow quick and sure.

South.

6. To bring or get within reach by going; to reach; to arrive at; to attain; to reach by sailing.

Meantine flew our ships, and straight we fetched
The siren’s isle.

Chapman.

7. To cause to come; to bring to a particular state.

They could n’t fetch the butter in the churn.

W. Barnes.

To fetch a compass (Naut.), to make a sircuit; to take a circuitious route going to a place. — To fetch a pump, to make it draw water by pouring water into the top and working the handle. — To fetch headway or sternway (Naut.), to move ahead or astern. — To fetch out, to develop. “The skill of the polisher fetches out the colors [of marble]” Addison. — To fetch up. (a) To overtake. [Obs.] “Says [the hare], I can fetch up the tortoise when I please.” L’Estrange. (b) To stop suddenly.

fetch, v. i. To bring one’s self; to make headway; to veer; as, to fetch about; to fetch to windward. Totten.

To fetch away (Naut.), to break loose; to roll slide to leeward. — To fetch and carry, to serve obsequiously, like a trained spaniel.

Fetch, n. 1. A stratagem by which a thing is indirectly brought to pass, or by which one thing seems intended and another is done; a trick; an artifice.

Every little fetch of wit and criticism.

South.

2. The apparation of a living person; a wraith.

The very fetch and ghost of Mrs. Gamp.

Dickens.

Fetch candle, a light seen at night, superstitiously believed to portend a person’s death.

Fetch”er (?), n. One who fetches or brings.

Fete (fēt), n. [See feat.] A feat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fete, n. pl. [See Foot.] Feet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Fête (f&asl;t), n. [F. See Feast.] A festival.

Fête champêtre (&?;) [F.], a festival or entertainment in the open air; a rural festival.

Fête (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fêted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fêting.] [Cf. F. fêter.] To feast; to honor with a festival.

{ Fe”tich, Fe”tish (?), n. }[F. fétiche, from Pg. feitiço, adj., n., sorcery, charm, fr. L. facticius made by art, artifical, factitious. See Factitious.] 1. A material object supposed among certain African tribes to represent in such a way, or to be so connected with, a supernatural being, that the possession of it gives to the possessor power to control that being.

2. Any object to which one is excessively devoted.

{ fe”tich*ism, Fe”tish*ism (? or ?); 277), n. }[Cf. F. fétichisme.] [Written also feticism.] 1. The doctrine or practice of belief in fetiches.

2. Excessive devotion to one object or one idea; abject superstition; blind adoration.

The real and absolute worship of fire falls into two great divisions, the first belonging rather to fetichism, the second to polytheism proper.

Tylor.

{ Fe”tich*ist, Fe”tish*ist, n. } A believer in fetiches.

He was by nature a fetichist.

H. Holbeach.

{ Fe`tich*is”tic (?), Fe`tish*is”tic, a.} Pertaining to, or involving, fetichism.

A man of the fifteenth century, inheriting its strange web of belief and unbelief, of epicurean levity and fetichistic dread.

G. Eliot.

Fe”ti*cide (? or ?), n. [Written also fœticide.] [Fetus + L. caedere to kill.] (Med. & Law) The act of killing the fetus in the womb; the offense of procuring an abortion.

Fe”ti*cism (?), n. See Fetichism.

Fet”id (? or ?; 277), a. [L. fetidus, foetidus, fr. fetere, foetere, to have an ill smell, to stink: cf. F. fétide.] Having an offensive smell; stinking.

Most putrefactions . . . smell either fetid or moldy.

Bacon.

Fet*id”i*ty (? or ?), n. Fetidness.

Fet”id*ness, n. The quality or state of being fetid.

Fe*tif”er*ous (?), a. [Fetus + -ferous.] Producing young, as animals.

Fe”tis (?), a. [OF. fetis, faitis. Cf. Factitious.] Neat; pretty; well made; graceful. [Obs.]

Full fetis was her cloak, as I was ware.

Chaucer.

Fe”tise*ly (?), adv. Neatly; gracefully; properly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe”tish (?), n., Fe”tish*ism (&?; or &?;; 277), n., Fe`tish*is”tic (&?;), a. See Fetich, n., Fetichism, n., Fetichistic, a.

Fet”lock (?), n. [OE. fetlak, fitlock, cf. Icel. fet pace, step, fit webbed foot of water birds, akin to E. foot. √77. See Foot.] The cushionlike projection, bearing a tuft of long hair, on the back side of the leg above the hoof of the horse and similar animals. Also, the joint of the limb at this point (between the great pastern bone and the metacarpus), or the tuft of hair.

Their wounded steeds
Fret fetlock deep in gore.

Shak.

Fe”tor (?), n. [L. fetor, foetor. See Fetid.] A strong, offensive smell; stench; fetidness. Arbuthnot.

Fet”te (? or ?), v. t. [imp. Fette, p. p. Fet.] [See Fet, v. t.] To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fet”ter (f&ebreve;t”t&etilde;r), n. [AS. fetor, feter; akin to OS. feterōs, pl., OD. veter, OHG. fezzera, Icel. fjöturr, L. pedica, Gr. pe`dh, and to E. foot. √ 77. See Foot.] [Chiefly used in the plural, fetters.] 1. A chain or shackle for the feet; a chain by which an animal is confined by the foot, either made fast or disabled from free and rapid motion; a bond; a shackle.

[They] bound him with fetters of brass.

Judg. xvi. 21.

2. Anything that confines or restrains; a restraint.

Passion’s too fierce to be in fetters bound.

Dryden.

Fet”ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fettered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Fettering.] 1. To put fetters upon; to shackle or confine the feet of with a chain; to bind.

My heels are fettered, but my fist is free.

Milton.

2. To restrain from motion; to impose restraints on; to confine; to enchain; as, fettered by obligations.

My conscience! thou art fettered
More than my shanks and wrists.

Shak.

Fet”tered (?), a. (Zoöl.) Seeming as if fettered, as the feet of certain animals which bend backward, and appear unfit for walking.

Fet”ter*er (?), n. One who fetters. Landor.

Fet”ter*less, a. Free from fetters. Marston.

Fet”tle (?), v. t. [OE. & Prov. E., to fettle (in sense 1), fettle, n., order, repair, preparation, dress; prob. akin to E. fit. See Fit, a.] 1. To repair; to prepare; to put in order. [Prov. Eng.] Carlyle.

2. (Metal.) To cover or line with a mixture of ore, cinders, etc., as the hearth of a puddling furnace.

Fet”tle, v. i. To make preparations; to put things in order; to do trifling business. [Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall.

Fet”tle, n. The act of fettling. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

In fine fettle, in good spirits.

Fet”tling (?), n. 1. (Metal.) A mixture of ore, cinders, etc., used to line the hearth of a puddling furnace. [Eng.] [It is commonly called fix in the United States.]

2. (Pottery) The operation of shaving or smoothing the surface of undried clay ware.

Fet”u*ous (?), a. Neat; feat. [Obs.] Herrick.

Fe”tus (?), n.; pl. Fetuses (#). [L. fetus, foetus, a bringing forth, brood, offspring, young ones, cf. fetus fruitful, fructified, that is or was filled with young; akin to E. fawn a deer, fecundity, felicity, feminine, female, and prob. to do, or according to others, to be.] The young or embryo of an animal in the womb, or in the egg; often restricted to the later stages in the development of viviparous and oviparous animals, embryo being applied to the earlier stages. [Written also fœtus.]

||Fet”wah (?), n. [Ar.] A written decision of a Turkish mufti on some point of law. Whitworth.

Feu (?), n. [See 2d Feud, and Fee.] (Scots Law) A free and gratuitous right to lands made to one for service to be performed by him; a tenure where the vassal, in place of military services, makes a return in grain or in money. Burrill.

Feu”ar (?), n. [From Feu.] (Scots Law) One who holds a feu. Sir W. Scott.

Feud (fūd), n. [OE. feide, AS. f&aemacr;hð, fr. fāh hostile; akin to OHG. fēhida, G. fehde, Sw. fejd, D. feide; prob. akin to E. fiend. See Foe.] 1. A combination of kindred to avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all his race.

2. A contention or quarrel; especially, an inveterate strife between families, clans, or parties; deadly hatred; contention satisfied only by bloodshed.

Mutual feuds and battles betwixt their several tribes and kindreds.

Purchas.

Syn. — Affray; fray; broil; contest; dispute; strife.

Feud, n. [LL. feudum, feodum prob. of same origin as E. fief. See Fief, Fee.] (Law) A stipendiary estate in land, held of superior, by service; the right which a vassal or tenant had to the lands or other immovable thing of his lord, to use the same and take the profists thereof hereditarily, rendering to his superior such duties and services as belong to military tenure, etc., the property of the soil always remaining in the lord or superior; a fief; a fee.

Feu”dal (?), a. [F. féodal, or LL. feudalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or feels; as, feudal rights or services; feudal tenures.

2. Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs; embracing tenures by military services; as, the feudal system.

Feu”dal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. féodalisme.] The feudal system; a system by which the holding of estates in land is made dependent upon an obligation to render military service to the kind or feudal superior; feudal principles and usages.

Feu”dal*ist, n. An upholder of feudalism.

Feu*dal”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. féodalité.] The state or quality of being feudal; feudal form or constitution. Burke.

Feu`dal*i*za”tion (?), n. The act of reducing to feudal tenure.

Feu”dal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feudalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Feudalizing (?).] To reduce to a feudal tenure; to conform to feudalism.

Feu”dal*ly, adv. In a feudal manner.

Feu”da*ry (?), a. [LL. feudarius, fr. feudum. See 2d Feud.] Held by, or pertaining to, feudal tenure.

Feu”da*ry, n. 1. A tenant who holds his lands by feudal service; a feudatory. Foxe.

2. A feodary. See Feodary.

Feu”da*ta*ry (?), a. & n. [LL. feudatarius: cf. F. feudataire.] See Feudatory.

Feu”da*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Feudatories (&?;). A tenant or vassal who held his lands of a superior on condition of feudal service; the tenant of a feud or fief.

The grantee . . . was styled the feudatory or vassal.

Blackstone.

[He] had for feudatories great princes.

J. H. Newman.

Feu”da*to*ry, a. Held from another on some conditional tenure; as, a feudatory title. Bacon.

||Feu` de joie” (?). [F., lit., fire of joy.] A fire kindled in a public place in token of joy; a bonfire; a firing of guns in token of joy.

Feud”ist (?), n. [Cf. F. feudiste.] A writer on feuds; a person versed in feudal law. Spelman.

||Feu`illants” (?), n. pl. A reformed branch of the Bernardines, founded in 1577 at Feuillans, near Toulouse, in France.

Feuille”mort` (?), a. [F. feuille morte a dead leaf.] Having the color of a faded leaf. Locke.

||Feu`ille*ton” (? or ?), n. [F., from feulle leaf.] A part of a French newspaper (usually the bottom of the page), devoted to light literature, criticism, etc.; also, the article or tale itself, thus printed.

Feuill”ton*ist (?), n. [F. feuilletoniste.] A writer of feuilletons. F. Harrison.

feu”ter (&?;), v. t. [OE. feutre rest for a lance, OF. feutre, fautre, feltre, felt, cushion, rest for a lance, fr. LL. filtrum, feltrum; of German origin, and akin to E. felt. See Felt, and cf. Filter.] To set close; to fix in rest, as a spear. Spenser.

Feu”ter*er (?), n. [Either fr. G. fütterer feeder, or corrupted fr. OF. vautrier, vaultrier; fr. vaultre, viautre, a kind of hound, fr. L. vertragus, vertraga, a greyhound. The last is of Celtic origin.] A dog keeper. [Obs.] Massinger.

Fe”ver (?), n. [OE. fever, fefer, AS. fefer, fefor, L. febris: cf. F. fièvre. Cf. Febrile.] 1. (Med.) A diseased state of the system, marked by increased heat, acceleration of the pulse, and a general derangement of the functions, including usually, thirst and loss of appetite. Many diseases, of which fever is the most prominent symptom, are denominated fevers; as, typhoid fever; yellow fever.

&fist; Remitting fevers subside or abate at intervals; intermitting fevers intermit or entirely cease at intervals; continued or continual fevers neither remit nor intermit.

2. Excessive excitement of the passions in consequence of strong emotion; a condition of great excitement; as, this quarrel has set my blood in a fever.

An envious fever
Of pale and bloodless emulation.

Shak.

After life’s fitful fever he sleeps well.

Shak.

Brain fever, Continued fever, etc. See under Brain, Continued, etc. — Fever and ague, a form of fever recurring in paroxysms which are preceded by chills. It is of malarial origin. — Fever blister (Med.), a blister or vesicle often found about the mouth in febrile states; a variety of herpes. — Fever bush (Bot.), the wild allspice or spice bush. See Spicewood. — Fever powder. Same as Jame’s powder. — Fever root (Bot.), an American herb of the genus Triosteum (T. perfoliatum); — called also feverwort amd horse gentian. — Fever sore, a carious ulcer or necrosis. Miner.

Fe”ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fevered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fevering.] To put into a fever; to affect with fever; as, a fevered lip. [R.]

The white hand of a lady fever thee.

Shak.

Fe”ver*et (?), n. A slight fever. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Fe”ver*few (?), n. [AS. feferfuge, fr. L. febrifugia. See fever, Fugitive, and cf. Febrifuge.] (Bot.) A perennial plant (Pyrethrum, or Chrysanthemum, Parthenium) allied to camomile, having finely divided leaves and white blossoms; — so named from its supposed febrifugal qualities.

Fe”ver*ish, a. 1. Having a fever; suffering from, or affected with, a moderate degree of fever; showing increased heat and thirst; as, the patient is feverish.

2. Indicating, or pertaining to, fever; characteristic of a fever; as, feverish symptoms.

3. Hot; sultry. “The feverish north.” Dryden.

4. Disordered as by fever; excited; restless; as, the feverish condition of the commercial world.

Strive to keep up a frail and feverish bing.

Milton.

— Fe”ver*ish*ly, adv. — Fe”ver*ish*ness, n.

Fe”ver*ous (?), a. [Cf.F. fiévreux.] 1. Affected with fever or ague; feverish.

His heart, love’s feverous citadel.

Keats.

2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fever; as, a feverous pulse.

All maladies . . . all feverous kinds.

Milton.

3. Having the tendency to produce fever; as, a feverous disposition of the year. [R.] Bacon.

Fe”ver*ous*ly, adv. Feverishly. [Obs.] Donne.

Fe”ver*wort` (?), n. See Fever root, under Fever.

Fe”ver*y (?), a. Feverish. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Few (fū), a. [Compar. Fewer (?); superl. Fewest.] [OE. fewe, feawe, AS. feá, pl. feáwe; akin to OS. fāh, OHG. fō fao, Icel. fār, Sw. få, pl., Dan. faa, pl., Goth. faus, L. paucus, cf. Gr. pay^ros. Cf. Paucity.] Not many; small, limited, or confined in number; — indicating a small portion of units or individuals constituing a whole; often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few people. “Are not my days few?” Job x. 20.

Few know and fewer care.

Proverb.

&fist; Few is often used partitively; as, few of them.

A few, a small number. — In few, in a few words; briefly. Shak.

— No few, not few; more than a few; many. Cowper.

— The few, the minority; — opposed to the many or the majority.

Fe”wel (?), n. [See Fuel.] Fuel. [Obs.] Hooker.

Few”met (?), n. See Fumet. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Few”ness, n. 1. The state of being few; smallness of number; paucity. Shak.

2. Brevity; conciseness. [Obs.] Shak.

Fey (?), a. [AS. f&?;ga, Icel. feigr, OHG. feigi.] Fated; doomed. [Old Eng. & Scot.]

Fey (?), n. [See Fay faith.] Faith. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fey (?), v. t. [Cf. Feague.] To cleanse; to clean out. [Obs.] Tusser.

Feyne (?), v. t. To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Feyre (?), n. A fair or market. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fez (?), n. [F., fr. the town of Fez in Morocco.] A felt or cloth cap, usually red and having a tassel, — a variety of the tarboosh. See Tarboosh. B. Taylor.

||Fia”cre (?), n. [F.] A kind of French hackney coach.

Fi”ance (?), v. t. [F. fiancer. See Affiance.] To betroth; to affiance. [Obs.] Harmar.

||Fi`an`cé” (?), n. [F.] A betrothed man.

||Fi`an`cée” (?), n. [F.] A betrothed woman.

Fi”ants (?), n. [F. fiente dung.] The dung of the fox, wolf, boar, or badger.

Fi”ar (? or ?), n. [See Feuar.] 1. (Scots Law) One in whom the property of an estate is vested, subject to the estate of a life renter.

I am fiar of the lands; she a life renter.

Sir W. Scott.

2. pl. The price of grain, as legally fixed, in the counties of Scotland, for the current year.

||Fi*as”co (?), n.; pl. Fiascoes (#). [It.] A complete or ridiculous failure, esp. of a musical performance, or of any pretentious undertaking.

Fi”at (?), n. [L., let it be done, 3d pers. sing., subj. pres., fr. fieri, used as pass. of facere to make. Cf. Be.] 1. An authoritative command or order to do something; an effectual decree.

His fiat laid the corner stone.

Willis.

2. (Eng. Law) (a) A warrant of a judge for certain processes. (b) An authority for certain proceedings given by the Lord Chancellor’s signature.

Fiat money, irredeemable paper currency, not resting on a specie basis, but deriving its purchasing power from the declaratory fiat of the government issuing it.

Fi*aunt” (?), n. Commission; fiat; order; decree. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fib (?), n. [Prob. fr. fable; cf. Prov. E. fibble-fabble nonsense.] A falsehood; a lie; — used euphemistically.

They are very serious; they don’t tell fibs.

H. James.

Fib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fibbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fibbing (?).] To speak falsely. [Colloq.]

Fib, v. t. To tell a fib to. [R.] De Quincey.

Fib”ber (?), n. One who tells fibs.

{ Fi”ber, Fi”bre }, (&?;), n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle.

2. Any fine, slender thread, or threadlike substance; as, a fiber of spun glass; especially, one of the slender rootlets of a plant.

3. Sinew; strength; toughness; as, a man of real fiber.

Yet had no fibers in him, nor no force.

Chapman.

4. A general name for the raw material, such as cotton, flax, hemp, etc., used in textile manufactures.

Fiber gun, a kind of steam gun for converting, wood, straw, etc., into fiber. The material is shut up in the gun with steam, air, or gas at a very high pressure which is afterward relieved suddenly by letting a lid at the muzzle fly open, when the rapid expansion separates the fibers. — Fiber plants (Bot.), plants capable of yielding fiber useful in the arts, as hemp, flax, ramie, agave, etc.

{ Fi”bered, Fi”bred } (?), a. Having fibers; made up of fibers.

{ Fi”ber-faced`, Fi”bre-faced` } (?), a. Having a visible fiber embodied in the surface of; — applied esp. to a kind of paper for checks, drafts, etc.

{ Fi”ber*less, Fi”bre*less }, a. Having no fibers; destitute of fibers or fiber.

Fi”bri*form (? or ?), a. [L. fibra a fiber + -form.] (Biol.) Having the form of a fiber or fibers; resembling a fiber.

Fi”bril (?), n. [F. fibrille, dim. of fibre, L. fibra.] A small fiber; the branch of a fiber; a very slender thread; a fibrilla. Cheyne.

||Fi*bril”la (?), n.; pl. FibrillÆ (#). [NL. See Fibril.] A minute thread or fiber, as one of the fibrous elements of a muscular fiber; a fibril.

Fi”bril*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to fibrils or fibers; as, fibrillar twitchings.

Fi”bril*la*ry (? or ?), a. Of of pertaining to fibrils.

Fi”bril*la`ted (? or ?), a. Furnished with fibrils; fringed.

Fi`bril*la”tion (?), n. The state of being reduced to fibers. Carpenter.

Fi*bril”lose (? or ?), a. Covered with hairlike appendages, as the under surface of some lichens; also, composed of little strings or fibers; as, fibrillose appendages.

Fi*bril”lous (? or ?), a. [Cf. F. fibraleux.] Pertaining to, or composed of, fibers.

Fi”brin (?), n. [Cf. F. fibrine. See Fiber.] (Physiol. Chem.) 1. A white, albuminous, fibrous substance, formed in the coagulation of the blood either by decomposition of fibrinogen, or from the union of fibrinogen and paraglobulin which exist separately in the blood. It is insoluble in water, but is readily digestible in gastric and pancreatic juice.

2. The white, albuminous mass remaining after washing lean beef or other meat with water until all coloring matter is removed; the fibrous portion of the muscle tissue; flesh fibrin.

3. An albuminous body, resembling animal fibrin in composition, found in cereal grains and similar seeds; vegetable fibrin.

Fibrin factors (Physiol.), the albuminous bodies, paraglobulin and fibrinigen in the blood, which, by the action of the fibrin ferment, are changed into fibrin, in coagulation. — Fibrin ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment which makes its appearance in the blood shortly after it is shed, and is supposed to be the active agent in causing coagulation of the blood, with formation of fibrin.

Fi`bri*na”tion (?), n. (Med.) The state of acquiring or having an excess of fibrin.

Fi”brine (?), a. Belonging to the fibers of plants.

Fi*brin”o*gen (?), n. [Fibrin + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance existing in the blood, and in other animal fluids, which either alone or with fibrinoplastin or paraglobulin forms fibrin, and thus causes coagulation.

Fi`bri*nog”e*nous (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Possessed of properties similar to fibrinogen; capable of forming fibrin.

Fi`bri*no*plas”tic (?), a. (Physiol.Chem.) Like fibrinoplastin; capable of forming fibrin when brought in contact with fibrinogen.

Fi`bri*no*plas”tin (?), n. [Fibrin + Gr. &?; to form, mold.] (Physiol.Chem.) An albuminous substance, existing in the blood, which in combination with fibrinogen forms fibrin; — called also paraglobulin.

Fi”bri*nous (? or ?; 277), a. Having, or partaking of the properties of, fibrin; as, fibrious exudation.

Fi`bro*car”ti*lage (?), n. [L. fibra a fiber + E. cartilage.] (Anat.) A kind of cartilage with a fibrous matrix and approaching fibrous connective tissue in structure. — Fi`bro*car`ti*lag”i*nous (#), a.

Fi`bro*chon*dros”te*al (?), a. [L. fibra a fiber + gr. &?; cartilage + &?; bone.] (Anat.) Partly fibrous, partly cartilaginous, and partly osseous. St. George Mivart.

Fi”broid (?), a. [L. fibra a fiber + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling or forming fibrous tissue; made up of fibers; as, fibroid tumors. – - n. A fibroid tumor; a fibroma.

Fibroid degeneration, a form of degeneration in which organs or tissues are converted into fibroid tissue. — Fibroid phthists, a form of pulmonary consumption associated with the formation of fibrous tissue in the lungs, and the gradual atrophy of the lungs, from the pressure due to the contraction of this tissue.

Fi”bro*in (? or ?), n. [L. fibra a fiber.] (Chem.) A variety of gelatin; the chief ingredient of raw silk, extracted as a white amorphous mass.

Fi”bro*lite (? or ?), n. [L. fibra a fiber + -lite: cf. F. fibrolithe.] (Min.) A silicate of alumina, of fibrous or columnar structure. It is like andalusite in composition; — called also sillimanite, and bucholizite.

||Fi*bro”ma (?), n. [NL. See Fiber, and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor consisting mainly of fibrous tissue, or of same modification of such tissue.

||Fi`bro*spon”gi*æ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fibra a fiber + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges having a fibrous skeleton, including the commercial sponges.

Fi”brous (?), a. [Cf. F. fibreux.] Containing, or consisting of, fibers; as, the fibrous coat of the cocoanut; the fibrous roots of grasses. — Fi”brous*ness, n.

Fi`bro*vas”cu*lar (?), a. [L. fibra a fiber + E. vascular.] (Bot.) Containing woody fiber and ducts, as the stems of all flowering plants and ferns; — opposed to cellular.

Fib”ster (?), n. One who tells fibs. [Jocular]

||Fib”u*la (?), n.; pl. FibulÆ (#). [L., clasp, buckle.] 1. A brooch, clasp, or buckle.

Mere fibulæ, without a robe to clasp.

Wordsworth.

2. (Anat.) The outer and usually the smaller of the two bones of the leg, or hind limb, below the knee.

3. (Surg.) A needle for sewing up wounds.

Fib”u-lar (?), a. Pertaining to the fibula.

||Fib`u*la”re (?), n.; pl. Fibularia (#). [NL. See Fibula.] (Anat.) The bone or cartilage of the tarsus, which articulates with the fibula, and corresponds to the calcaneum in man and most mammals.

Fice (?), n. A small dog; — written also fise, fyce, fiste, etc. [Southern U.S.]

Fi*ché (?), a. (Her.) See FitchÉ.

Fich”tel*ite (?), n. (Min.) A white crystallized mineral resin from the Fichtelgebirge, Bavaria.

Fich”u (?), n. [F., neckerchief.] A light cape, usually of lace, worn by women, to cover the neck and throat, and extending to the shoulders.

Fic”kle (?), a. [OE. fikel untrustworthy, deceitful, AS. ficol, fr. fic, gefic, fraud, deceit; cf. fācen deceit, OS. f&?;kn, OHG. feichan, Icel. feikn portent. Cf. Fidget.] Not fixed or firm; liable to change; unstable; of a changeable mind; not firm in opinion or purpose; inconstant; capricious; as, Fortune’s fickle wheel. Shak.

They know how fickle common lovers are.

Dryden.

Syn. — Wavering; irresolute; unsettled; vacillating; unstable; inconsonant; unsteady; variable; mutable; changeful; capricious; veering; shifting.

Fic”kle*ness (?), n. The quality of being fickle; instability; inconsonancy. Shak.

Fic”kly (?), adv. In a fickle manner. [Obs.] Pepys.

||Fi”co (?), n.; pl. Ficoes (#). [It., a fig, fr. L. ficus. See Fig.] A fig; an insignificant trifle, no more than the snap of one’s thumb; a sign of contempt made by the fingers, expressing. A fig for you.

Steal! foh, a fico for the phrase.

Shak.

Fic”tile (?), a. [L. fictilis. See Fiction.] Molded, or capable of being molded, into form by art; relating to pottery or to molding in any soft material.

Fictile earth is more fragile than crude earth.

Bacon.

The earliest specimens of Italian fictile art.

C. Wordsworth.

Fictile ware, ware made of any material which is molded or shaped while soft; hence, pottery of any sort.

— Fic”tile*ness, n. — Fic*til”i*ty (#), n.

Fic”tion (?), n. [F. fiction, L. fictio, fr. fingere, fictum to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] 1. The act of feigning, inventing, or imagining; as, by a mere fiction of the mind. Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. That which is feigned, invented, or imagined; especially, a feigned or invented story, whether oral or written. Hence: A story told in order to deceive; a fabrication; — opposed to fact, or reality.

The fiction of those golden apples kept by a dragon.

Sir W. Raleigh.

When it could no longer be denied that her flight had been voluntary, numerous fictions were invented to account for it.

Macaulay.

3. Fictitious literature; comprehensively, all works of imagination; specifically, novels and romances.

The office of fiction as a vehicle of instruction and moral elevation has been recognized by most if not all great educators.

Dict. of Education.

4. (Law) An assumption of a possible thing as a fact, irrespective of the question of its truth. Wharton.

5. Any like assumption made for convenience, as for passing more rapidly over what is not disputed, and arriving at points really at issue.

Syn. — Fabrication; invention; fable; falsehood. — Fiction, Fabrication. Fiction is opposed to what is real; fabrication to what is true. Fiction is designed commonly to amuse, and sometimes to instruct; a fabrication is always intended to mislead and deceive. In the novels of Sir Walter Scott we have fiction of the highest order. The poems of Ossian, so called, were chiefly fabrications by Macpherson.

Fic”tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, fiction; fictitious; romantic.”Fictional rather than historical.” Latham.

Fic”tion*ist, n. A writer of fiction. [R.] Lamb.

Fic”tious (?), a. Fictitious. [R.] Prior.

Fic*ti”tious (?), a. [L. fictitius. See Fiction.] Feigned; imaginary; not real; fabulous; counterfeit; false; not genuine; as, fictitious fame.

The human persons are as fictitious as the airy ones.

Pope.

— Fic*ti”tious*ly, adv. — Fic*ti”tious*ness, n.

Fic”tive (?), a. [Cf. F. fictif.] Feigned; counterfeit. “The fount of fictive tears.” Tennyson.

Fic”tor (?), n. [L.] An artist who models or forms statues and reliefs in any plastic material. [R.] Elmes.

||Fi”cus (?), n. [L., a fig.] A genus of trees or shrubs, one species of which (F. Carica) produces the figs of commerce; the fig tree.

&fist; Ficus Indica is the banyan tree; F. religiosa, the peepul tree; F. elastica, the India-rubber tree.

Fid (?), n. [Prov. E. fid a small, thick lump.] 1. (Naut.) A square bar of wood or iron, used to support the topmast, being passed through a hole or mortise at its heel, and resting on the trestle trees.

2. A wooden or metal bar or pin, used to support or steady anything.

3. A pin of hard wood, tapering to a point, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing.

&fist; There are hand fids and standing fids (which are larger than the others, and stand upon a flat base). An iron implement for this purpose is called a marline spike.

4. (Mil.) A block of wood used in mounting and dismounting heavy guns.

Fi*dal”go (?), n. [Pg. See Hidalgo.] The lowest title of nobility in Portugal, corresponding to that of Hidalgo in Spain.

Fid”dle (f&ibreve;d”d’l), n. [OE. fidele, fithele, AS. fiðele; akin to D. vedel, OHG. fidula, G. fiedel, Icel. fiðla, and perh. to E. viol. Cf. Viol.] 1. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music played with a bow; a violin; a kit.

2. (Bot.) A kind of dock (Rumex pulcher) with fiddle-shaped leaves; — called also fiddle dock.

3. (Naut.) A rack or frame of bars connected by strings, to keep table furniture in place on the cabin table in bad weather. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fiddle beetle (Zoöl.), a Japanese carabid beetle (Damaster blaptoides); — so called from the form of the body. — Fiddle block (Naut.), a long tackle block having two sheaves of different diameters in the same plane, instead of side by side as in a common double block. Knight. — Fiddle bow, fiddlestick. — Fiddle fish (Zoöl.), the angel fish. — Fiddle head, an ornament on a ship’s bow, curved like the volute or scroll at the head of a violin. — Fiddle pattern, a form of the handles of spoons, forks, etc., somewhat like a violin. — Scotch fiddle, the itch. (Low) — To play first, or second, fiddle, to take a leading or a subordinate part. [Colloq.]

Fid”dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fiddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fiddling (?).] 1. To play on a fiddle.

Themistocles . . . said he could not fiddle, but he could make a small town a great city.

Bacon.

2. To keep the hands and fingers actively moving as a fiddler does; to move the hands and fingers restlessy or in busy idleness; to trifle.

Talking, and fiddling with their hats and feathers.

Pepys.

Fid”dle (?), v. t. To play (a tune) on a fiddle.

Fid”dle*dee*dee` (?), interj. An exclamatory word or phrase, equivalent to nonsense! [Colloq.]

Fid”dle-fad`dle (?), n. A trifle; trifling talk; nonsense. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Fid”dle-fad`dle, v. i. To talk nonsense. [Colloq.] Ford.

Fid”dler (?), n. [AS. fiðelere.] 1. One who plays on a fiddle or violin.

2. (Zoöl.) A burrowing crab of the genus Gelasimus, of many species. The male has one claw very much enlarged, and often holds it in a position similar to that in which a musician holds a fiddle, hence the name; — called also calling crab, soldier crab, and fighting crab.

3. (Zoöl.) The common European sandpiper (Tringoides hypoleucus); — so called because it continually oscillates its body.

Fiddler crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler, n., 2.

Fid”dle-shaped` (?), a. (Bot.) Inversely ovate, with a deep hollow on each side. Gray.

Fid”dle*stick` (?), n. The bow, strung with horsehair, used in playing the fiddle; a fiddle bow.

Fid”dle*string` (?), n. One of the catgut strings of a fiddle.

Fid”dle*wood` (?), n. [Corrupted fr. F. bois-fidèle, lit., faithful wood; — so called from its durability.] The wood of several West Indian trees, mostly of the genus Citharexylum.

Fi`de*jus”sion (?), n. [L. fidejussio, from fidejubere to be surety or bail; fides faith + jubere to order: cf. F. fidéjussion.] (Civil Law) The act or state of being bound as surety for another; suretyship.

Fi`de*jus”sor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. fidéjusseur.] (Civil Law) A surety; one bound for another, conjointly with him; a guarantor. Blackstone.

Fi*del”i*ty (?), n. [L. fidelitas: cf. F. fidélité. See Fealty.] Faithfulness; adherence to right; careful and exact observance of duty, or discharge of obligations. Especially: (a) Adherence to a person or party to which one is bound; loyalty.

Whose courageous fidelity was proof to all danger.

Macaulay.

The best security for the fidelity of men is to make interest coincide with duty.

A. Hamilton.

(b) Adherence to the marriage contract. (c) Adherence to truth; veracity; honesty.

The principal thing required in a witness is fidelity.

Hooker.

Syn. — Faithfulness; honesty; integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty.

||Fi”des (?), n. [L., faith.] (Roman Muth.) Faith personified as a goddess; the goddess of faith.

Fidge (f&ibreve;j), n. & v. i. See Fidget. [R.] Swift.

Fidg”et (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fidgeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fodgeting.] [From Fidge; cf. OE. fiken to fidget, to flatter, Icel. fika to hasten, Sw. fika to hunt after, AS. befician to deceive. Cf. Fickle.] To move uneasily one way and the other; to move irregularly, or by fits and starts. Moore.

Fidg”et, n. 1. Uneasiness; restlessness. Cowper.

2. pl. A general nervous restlessness, manifested by incessant changes of position; dysphoria. Dunglison.

Fidg”et*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being fidgety.

Fidg”et*y (?), a. Restless; uneasy. Lowell.

||Fid”i*a (?), n. [NL., prob. fr. L. fidus trusty.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, of which one species (the grapevine Fidia, F. longipes) is very injurious to vines in America.

Fi*dic”i*nal (?), a. [L. fidicinus, fr. fidicen, -inis, a lute player.] (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a stringed instrument.

Fi*du”cial (?), a. [L. fiducia trust, confidence; akin to fides faith. See Faith.] 1. Having faith or trust; confident; undoubting; firm. “Fiducial reliance on the promises of God.” Hammond.

2. Having the nature of a trust; fiduciary; as, fiducial power. Spelman.

Fiducial edge (Astron. & Surv.), the straight edge of the alidade or ruler along which a straight line is to be drawn. — Fiducial line or point (Math. & Physics.), a line or point of reference, as for setting a graduated circle or scale used for measurments.

Fi*du”cial*ly, adv. With confidence. South.

Fi*du”ci*a*ry (? or ?), a. [L. fiduciarus, fr. fiducia: cf. F. fiduciaire. See Fiducial.] 1. Involving confidence or trust; confident; undoubting; faithful; firm; as, in a fiduciary capacity. “Fiduciary obedience.” Howell.

2. Holding, held, or founded, in trust. Spelman.

Fi*du”ci*a*ry, n. 1. One who holds a thing in trust for another; a trustee.

Instrumental to the conveying God’s blessing upon those whose fiduciaries they are.

Jer. Taylor.

2. (Theol.) One who depends for salvation on faith, without works; an Antinomian. Hammond.

Fie (?), interj. [OE. fi; cf. D. fif. G. pfui, Icel. f&?;, Sw. & Dan. fy, F. fi, L. fi, phy.] An exclamation denoting contempt or dislike. See Fy. Fuller.

Fief (?), n. [F. fief; of German origin, and the same word as E. fee. See Fee, and cf. Feud, a tief.] (Law) An estate held of a superior on condition of military service; a fee; a feud. See under Benefice, n., 2.

Field (fēld), n. [OE. feld, fild, AS. feld; akin to D. veld, G. feld, Sw. fält, Dan. felt, Icel. fold field of grass, AS. folde earth, land, ground, OS. folda.] 1. Cleared land; land suitable for tillage or pasture; cultivated ground; the open country.

2. A piece of land of considerable size; esp., a piece inclosed for tillage or pasture.

Fields which promise corn and wine.

Byron.

3. A place where a battle is fought; also, the battle itself.

In this glorious and well-foughten field.

Shak.

What though the field be lost?

Milton.

4. An open space; an extent; an expanse. Esp.: (a) Any blank space or ground on which figures are drawn or projected. (b) The space covered by an optical instrument at one view.

Without covering, save yon field of stars.

Shak.

Ask of yonder argent fields above.

Pope.

5. (Her.) The whole surface of an escutcheon; also, so much of it is shown unconcealed by the different bearings upon it. See Illust. of Fess, where the field is represented as gules (red), while the fess is argent (silver).

6. An unresticted or favorable opportunity for action, operation, or achievement; province; room.

Afforded a clear field for moral experiments.

Macaulay.

7. A collective term for all the competitors in any outdoor contest or trial, or for all except the favorites in the betting.

8. (Baseball) That part of the grounds reserved for the players which is outside of the diamond; — called also outfield.

&fist; Field is often used adjectively in the sense of belonging to, or used in, the fields; especially with reference to the operations and equipments of an army during a campaign away from permanent camps and fortifications. In most cases such use of the word is sufficiently clear; as, field battery; field fortification; field gun; field hospital, etc. A field geologist, naturalist, etc., is one who makes investigations or collections out of doors. A survey uses a field book for recording field notes, i.e., measurment, observations, etc., made in field work (outdoor operations). A farmer or planter employs field hands, and may use a field roller or a field derrick. Field sports are hunting, fishing, athletic games, etc.

Coal field (Geol.) See under Coal. — Field artillery, light ordnance mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army. — Field basil (Bot.), a plant of the Mint family (Calamintha Acinos); — called also basil thyme. — Field colors (Mil.), small flags for marking out the positions for squadrons and battalions; camp colors. — Field cricket (Zoöl.), a large European cricket (Gryllus campestric), remarkable for its loud notes. — Field day. (a) A day in the fields. (b) (Mil.) A day when troops are taken into the field for instruction in evolutions. Farrow. (c) A day of unusual exertion or display; a gala day. — Field driver, in New England, an officer charged with the driving of stray cattle to the pound. – - Field duck (Zoöl.), the little bustard (Otis tetrax), found in Southern Europe. — Field glass. (Optics) (a) A binocular telescope of compact form; a lorgnette; a race glass. (b) A small achromatic telescope, from 20 to 24 inches long, and having 3 to 6 draws. (c) See Field lens. — Field lark. (Zoöl.) (a) The skylark. (b) The tree pipit. — Field lens (Optics), that one of the two lenses forming the eyepiece of an astronomical telescope or compound microscope which is nearer the object glass; — called also field glass. — Field madder (Bot.), a plant (Sherardia arvensis) used in dyeing. — Field marshal (Mil.), the highest military rank conferred in the British and other European armies. — Field mouse (Zoöl.), a mouse inhabiting fields, as the campagnol and the deer mouse. See Campagnol, and Deer mouse. — Field officer (Mil.), an officer above the rank of captain and below that of general. — Field officer’s court (U.S.Army), a court-martial consisting of one field officer empowered to try all cases, in time of war, subject to jurisdiction of garrison and regimental courts. Farrow. — Field plover (Zoöl.), the black-bellied plover (Charadrius squatarola); also sometimes applied to the Bartramian sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). — Field spaniel (Zoöl.), a small spaniel used in hunting small game. — Field sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American sparrow (Spizella pusilla). (b) The hedge sparrow. [Eng.] — Field staff> (Mil.), a staff formerly used by gunners to hold a lighted match for discharging a gun. — Field vole (Zoöl.), the European meadow mouse. — Field of ice, a large body of floating ice; a pack. — Field, or Field of view, in a telescope or microscope, the entire space within which objects are seen. — Field magnet. see under Magnet. — Magnetic field. See Magnetic. — To back the field, or To bet on the field. See under Back, v. t. — To keep the field. (a) (Mil.) To continue a campaign. (b) To maintain one’s ground against all comers. — To lay, or back, against the field, to bet on (a horse, etc.) against all comers. — To take the field (Mil.), to enter upon a campaign.

Field (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fielding.] 1. To take the field. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. (Ball Playing) To stand out in the field, ready to catch, stop, or throw the ball.

Field, v. t. (Ball Playing) To catch, stop, throw, etc. (the ball), as a fielder.

Field”ed, a. Engaged in the field; encamped. [Obs.]

To help fielded friends.

Shak.

Field”en (?), a. Consisting of fields. [Obs.]

The fielden country also and plains.

Holland.

Field”er (?), n. (Ball Playing) A ball payer who stands out in the field to catch or stop balls.

Field”fare` (?; 277), n. [OE. feldfare, AS. feldfare; field + faran to travel.] (Zoöl.) a small thrush (Turdus pilaris) which breeds in northern Europe and winters in Great Britain. The head, nape, and lower part of the back are ash-colored; the upper part of the back and wing coverts, chestnut; — called also fellfare.

Field”ing, n. (Ball Playing) The act of playing as a fielder.

Field”piece` (?), n. A cannon mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army; a piece of field artillery; — called also field gun.

Field”work` (?), n. (Mil.) Any temporary fortification thrown up by an army in the field; – - commonly in the plural.

All works which do not come under the head of permanent fortification are called fieldworks.

Wilhelm.

Field”y (?), a. Open, like a field. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Fiend (?), n. [OE. fend, find, fiend, feond, fiend, foe, AS. feónd; akin to OS. fīond, D. vijand enemy, OHG. fīant, G. feind, Icel. fjānd, Sw. & Dan. fiende, Goth. fijands; orig. p. pr. of a verb meaning to hate, AS. feón, feógan, OHG. fī&?;n, Goth. fijan, Skr. pīy to scorn; prob. akin to E. feud a quarrel. √81. Cf. Foe, Friend.] An implacable or malicious foe; one who is diabolically wicked or cruel; an infernal being; — applied specifically to the devil or a demon.

Into this wild abyss the wary fiend
Stood on the brink of Hell and looked a while.

Milton.

O woman! woman! when to ill thy mind
Is bent, all hell contains no fouler fiend.

Pope.

Fiend”ful (?), a. Full of fiendish spirit or arts. Marlowe.

— Fiend”ful*ly, adv.

Fiend”ish (?), a. Like a fiend; diabolically wicked or cruel; infernal; malignant; devilish; hellish. — Fiend”ish*ly, adv. — Fiend”ish*ness, n.

Fiend”like` (?), a. Fiendish; diabolical. Longfellow.

Fiend”ly, a. [AS. feóndlic.] Fiendlike; monstrous; devilish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Fi`e*ras”fer (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, slender fishes, remarkable for their habit of living as commensals in other animals. One species inhabits the gill cavity of the pearl oyster near Panama; another lives within an East Indian holothurian.

Fierce (?), a. [Compar. Fiercer (?); superl. Fiercest (?).] [OE. fers, fiers, OF. fier, nom. fiers, fierce, savage, cruel, F. fier proud, from L. ferus wild, savage, cruel; perh. akin to E. bear the animal. Cf. Feral, Ferocity.] 1. Furious; violent; unrestrained; impetuous; as, a fierce wind.

His fierce thunder drove us to the deep.

Milton.

2. Vehement in anger or cruelty; ready or eager to kill or injure; of a nature to inspire terror; ferocious. “A fierce whisper.” Dickens. “A fierce tyrant.” Pope.

The fierce foe hung upon our broken rear.

Milton.

Thou huntest me as a fierce lion.

Job. x. 16.

3. Excessively earnest, eager, or ardent.

Syn. — Ferocious; savage; cruel; vehement; impetuous; barbarous; fell. See Ferocious.

— Fierce”ly, adv. — Fierce”ness, n.

||Fi”e*ri fa”ci*as (?). [L., cause it to be done.] (Law) A judicial writ that lies for one who has recovered in debt or damages, commanding the sheriff that he cause to be made of the goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the sum claimed. Blackstone. Cowell.

Fi”er*i*ness (?), n. The quality of being fiery; heat; acrimony; irritability; as, a fieriness of temper. Addison.

Fi”er*y (? or ?), a. [Formerly written firy, fr. fire.] 1. Consisting of, containing, or resembling, fire; as, the fiery gulf of Etna; a fiery appearance.

And fiery billows roll below.

I. Watts.

2. Vehement; ardent; very active; impetuous.

Hath thy fiery heart so parched thine entrails?

Shak.

The fiery spirit of his forefathers.

W. Irwing.

3. Passionate; easily provoked; irritable.

You know the fiery quality of the duke.

Shak.

4. Unrestrained; fierce; mettlesome; spirited.

One curbed the fiery steed.

Dryden.

5. heated by fire, or as if by fire; burning hot; parched; feverish. Pope.

The sword which is made fiery.

Hooker.

Fiery cross, a cross constructed of two firebrands, and pitched upon the point of a spear; formerly in Scotland borne by a runner as a signal for the clan to take up arms. Sir W. Scott.

Fife (?), n. [F. fifre, OHG. pfīfa, LL. pipa pipe, pipare to play on the pipe, fr. L. pipire, pipare, to peep, pip, chirp, as a chiken. See Pipe.] (Mus.) A small shrill pipe, resembling the piccolo flute, used chiefly to accompany the drum in military music.

Fife major (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer who superintends the fifers of a regiment. — Fife rail. (Naut.) (a) A rail about the mast, at the deck, to hold belaying pins, etc. (b) A railing around the break of a poop deck.

Fife, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fifed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. fifing.] To play on a fife.

Fif”er (?), n. One who plays on a fife.

Fif”teen` (?), a. [OE. fiftene, AS. fīft&ymacr;ne, fīftēne. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifty.] Five and ten; one more than fourteen.

Fif”teen`, n. 1. The sum of five and ten; fifteen units or objects.

2. A symbol representing fifteen units, as 15, or xv.

Fif”teenth` (?), a. [OE. fiftenthe; cf. fiftethe, AS. fīfteōða. See Fifteen.] 1. Next in order after the fourteenth; — the ordinal of fifteen.

2. Consisting of one of fifteen equal parts or divisions of a thing.

Fif”teenth`, n. 1. One of fifteen equal parts or divisions; the quotient of a unit divided by fifteen.

2. A species of tax upon personal property formerly laid on towns, boroughs, etc., in England, being one fifteenth part of what the personal property in each town, etc., had been valued at. Burrill.

3. (Mus.) (a) A stop in an organ tuned two octaves above the diaposon. (b) An interval consisting of two octaves.

Fifth (?), a. [OE. fifte, fifthe, AS. fīfta. See Five.] 1. Next in order after the fourth; — the ordinal of five.

2. Consisting of one of five equal divisions of a thing.

Fifth monarchy men (Hist.), a fanatical sect in England, of the time of the commonwealth, who maintained that there would be a fifth universal monarchy, during which Christ would reign on earth a thousand years. — Fifth wheel, a horizontal wheel or segment above the fore axle of a carriage and beneath the body, forming an extended support to prevent careening.

Fifth (?), n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by five; one of five equal parts; a fifth part.

2. (Mus.) The interval of three tones and a semitone, embracing five diatonic degrees of the scale; the dominant of any key.

Fifth”ly, adv. In the fifth place; as the fifth in order.

Fif”ti*eth (?), a. [AS. fīftigoða. See Fifty.] 1. Next in order after the forty-ninth; — the ordinal of fifty.

2. Consisting of one of fifty equal parts or divisions.

Fif”ti*eth, n. One of fifty equal parts; the quotient of a unit divided by fifty.

Fif”ty (?), a. [AS. fīftig; akin to OHG. finfzug, fimfzuc, G. fünfzig, funfzig, Goth. fimftigjus. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifteen.] Five times ten; as, fifty men.

Fif”ty, n.; pl. Fifties (&?;). 1. The sum of five tens; fifty units or objects.

2. A symbol representing fifty units, as 50, or l.

Fig (?), n. [F. figue the fruit of the tree, Pr. figa, fr. L. ficus fig tree, fig. Cf. Fico.] 1. (Bot.) A small fruit tree (Ficus Carica) with large leaves, known from the remotest antiquity. It was probably native from Syria westward to the Canary Islands.

2. The fruit of a fig tree, which is of round or oblong shape, and of various colors.

&fist; The fruit of a fig tree is really the hollow end of a stem, and bears numerous achenia inside the cavity. Many species have little, hard, inedible figs, and in only a few does the fruit become soft and pulpy. The fruit of the cultivated varieties is much prized in its fresh state, and also when dried or preserved. See Caprification.

3. A small piece of tobacco. [U.S.]

4. The value of a fig, practically nothing; a fico; — used in scorn or contempt. “A fig for Peter.” Shak.

Cochineal fig. See Conchineal fig. — Fig dust, a preparation of fine oatmeal for feeding caged birds. — Fig faun, one of a class of rural deities or monsters supposed to live on figs. “Therefore shall dragons dwell there with the fig fauns.” Jer. i. 39. (Douay version). — Fig gnat (Zoöl.), a small fly said to be injurious to figs. — Fig leaf, the leaf tree; hence, in allusion to the first clothing of Adam and Eve (Genesis iii.7), a covering for a thing that ought to be concealed; esp., an inadequate covering; a symbol for affected modesty. — Fig marigold (Bot.), the name of several plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum, some of which are prized for the brilliancy and beauty of their flowers. — Fig tree (Bot.), any tree of the genus Ficus, but especially F. Carica which produces the fig of commerce.

Fig, v. t. [See Fico, Fig, n.] 1. To insult with a fico, or contemptuous motion. See Fico. [Obs.]

When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like
The bragging Spaniard.

Shak.

2. To put into the head of, as something useless o&?; contemptible. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Fig, n. Figure; dress; array. [Colloq.]

Were they all in full fig, the females with feathers on their heads, the males with chapeaux bras?

Prof. Wilson.

||Fi`ga`ro” (?), n. [From the name of the barber in Beaumarchais’ “Barber of Seville.”] An adroit and unscrupulous intriguer.

Fig”a*ry (?), n. [Corrupted fr. vagary.] A frolic; a vagary; a whim. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fig”eat`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large beetle (Allorhina nitida) which in the Southern United States destroys figs. The elytra are velvety green with pale borders. (b) A bird. See Figpecker.

Fig”ent (?), a. Fidgety; restless. [Obs.]

Such a little figent thing.

Beau. & Fl.

Fig”gum (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A juggler’s trick; conjuring. [Obs.]

The devil is the author of wicked figgum.

B. Jonson.

Fight (fīt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fought (f&add;t); p. pr. & vb. n. Fighting.] [OE. fihten, fehten, AS. feohtan; akin to D. vechten, OHG. fehtan, G. fechten, Sw. fäkta, Dan. fegte, and perh. to E. fist; cf. L. pugnare to fight, pugnus fist.] 1. To strive or contend for victory, with armies or in single combat; to attempt to defeat, subdue, or destroy an enemy, either by blows or weapons; to contend in arms; — followed by with or against.

You do fight against your country’s foes.

Shak.

To fight with thee no man of arms will deign.

Milton.

2. To act in opposition to anything; to struggle against; to contend; to strive; to make resistance.

To fight shy, to avoid meeting fairly or at close quarters; to keep out of reach.

Fight, v. t. 1. To carry on, or wage, as a conflict, or battle; to win or gain by struggle, as one’s way; to sustain by fighting, as a cause.

He had to fight his way through the world.

Macaulay.

I have fought a good fight.

2 Tim. iv. 7.

2. To contend with in battle; to war against; as, they fought the enemy in two pitched battles; the sloop fought the frigate for three hours.

3. To cause to fight; to manage or maneuver in a fight; as, to fight cocks; to fight one’s ship.

To fight it out, to fight until a decisive and conclusive result is reached.

Fight, n. [OE. fight, feht, AS. feoht. See Fight, v. i.] 1. A battle; an engagement; a contest in arms; a combat; a violent conflict or struggle for victory, between individuals or between armies, ships, or navies, etc.

Who now defies thee thrice to single fight.

Milton.

2. A struggle or contest of any kind.

3. Strength or disposition for fighting; pugnacity; as, he has a great deal of fight in him. [Colloq.]

4. A screen for the combatants in ships. [Obs.]

Up with your fights, and your nettings prepare.

Dryden.

Running fight, a fight in which the enemy is continually chased; also, one which continues without definite end or result.

Syn. — Combat; engagement; contest; struggle; encounter; fray; affray; action; conflict. See Battle.

Fight”er (?), n. [AS. feohtere.] One who fights; a combatant; a warrior. Shak.

Fight”ing, a. 1. Qualified for war; fit for battle.

An host of fighting men.

2 Chron. xxvi. 11.

2. Occupied in war; being the scene of a battle; as, a fighting field. Pope.

A fighting chance, one dependent upon the issue of a struggle. [Colloq.] — Fighting crab (Zoöl.), the fiddler crab. — Fighting fish (Zoöl.), a remarkably pugnacious East Indian fish (Betta pugnax), reared by the Siamese for spectacular fish fights.

Fight”ing*ly, adv. Pugnaciously.

Fight”wite` (?), n. [Fight + wite.] (O.Eng. Law) A mulct or fine imposed on a person for making a fight or quarrel to the disturbance of the peace.

Fig”ment (?), n. [L. figmentum, fr. fingere to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] An invention; a fiction; something feigned or imagined.

Social figments, feints, and formalism.

Mrs. Browning.

It carried rather an appearance of figment and invention . . . than of truth and reality.

Woodward.

Fig”peck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European garden warbler (Sylvia, or Currica, hortensis); — called also beccafico and greater pettychaps.

Fig”-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marine univalve shell of the genus Pyrula, or Ficula, resembling a fig in form.

{ Fig”u*late (?), Fig”u*la`ted (?) }, a. [L. figulatus, p. p. of figulare to shape, fr. figulus potter, fr. fingere to shape.] Made of potter’s clay; molded; shaped. [R.] Johnson.

Fig”u*line (? or ?), n. [F., fr. L. figulina pottery, fr. figulus. See Figulate.] A piece of pottery ornamented with representations of natural objects.

Whose figulines and rustic wares
Scarce find him bread from day to day.

Longfellow.

Fig`ur*a*bil”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. figurabilité.] The quality of being figurable. Johnson.

Fig`ur*a*ble (?), a. [L. figurare to form, shape, fr. figura figure: cf. F. figurable. See Figure.] Capable of being brought to a fixed form or shape.

Lead is figurable, but water is not.

Johnson.

Fig”ur*al (?), a. [From Figure.] 1. Represented by figure or delineation; consisting of figures; as, figural ornaments. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Mus.) Figurate. See Figurate.

Figural numbers. See Figurate numbers, under Figurate.

Fig”u*rant` (? or ?), n. masc. [F., prop. p. pr. of figurer figure, represent, make a figure.] One who dances at the opera, not singly, but in groups or figures; an accessory character on the stage, who figures in its scenes, but has nothing to say; hence, one who figures in any scene, without taking a prominent part.

Fig”u*rante` (? or ?), n. fem. [F.] A female figurant; esp., a ballet girl.

Fig”ur*ate (?), a. [L. figuratus, p. p. of figurare. See Figure.] 1. Of a definite form or figure.

Plants are all figurate and determinate, which inanimate bodies are not.

Bacon.

2. Figurative; metaphorical. [Obs.] Bale.

3. (Mus.) Florid; figurative; involving passing discords by the freer melodic movement of one or more parts or voices in the harmony; as, figurate counterpoint or descant.

Figurate counterpoint or descant (Mus.), that which is not simple, or in which the parts do not move together tone for tone, but in which freer movement of one or more parts mingles passing discords with the harmony; — called also figural, figurative, and figured counterpoint or descant (although the term figured is more commonly applied to a bass with numerals written above or below to indicate the other notes of the harmony). — Figurate numbers (Math.), numbers, or series of numbers, formed from any arithmetical progression in which the first term is a unit, and the difference a whole number, by taking the first term, and the sums of the first two, first three, first four, etc., as the successive terms of a new series, from which another may be formed in the same manner, and so on, the numbers in the resulting series being such that points representing them are capable of symmetrical arrangement in different geometrical figures, as triangles, squares, pentagons, etc. In the following example, the two lower lines are composed of figurate numbers, those in the second line being triangular, and represented thus: —

. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. . . . 1, 3, 6, 10, etc. . . . . . . . etc. 1, 4, 10, 20, etc

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Fig”ur*a`ted (?), a. Having a determinate form.

Fig”ur*ate*ly (?), adv. In a figurate manner.

Fig`u*ra”tion (?), n. [L. figuratio.] 1. The act of giving figure or determinate form; determination to a certain form. Bacon.

2. (Mus.) Mixture of concords and discords.

Fig”ur*a*tive (?), a. [L. figurativus: cf. F. figuratif. See Figurative.] 1. Representing by a figure, or by resemblance; typical; representative.

This, they will say, was figurative, and served, by God’s appointment, but for a time, to shadow out the true glory of a more divine sanctity.

Hooker.

2. Used in a sense that is tropical, as a metaphor; not literal; — applied to words and expressions.

3. Abounding in figures of speech; flowery; florid; as, a highly figurative description.

4. Relating to the representation of form or figure by drawing, carving, etc. See Figure, n., 2.

They belonged to a nation dedicated to the figurative arts, and they wrote for a public familiar with painted form.

J. A. Symonds.

Figurative counterpoint or descant. See under Figurate.

— Fig”ur*a*tive*ly, adv. — Fig”ur*a*tive*ness, n.

Fig”ure (f&ibreve;g”&usl;r; 135), n. [F., figure, L. figura; akin to fingere to form, shape, feign. See Feign.] 1. The form of anything; shape; outline; appearance.

Flowers have all exquisite figures.

Bacon.

2. The representation of any form, as by drawing, painting, modeling, carving, embroidering, etc.; especially, a representation of the human body; as, a figure in bronze; a figure cut in marble.

A coin that bears the figure of an angel.

Shak.

3. A pattern in cloth, paper, or other manufactured article; a design wrought out in a fabric; as, the muslin was of a pretty figure.

4. (Geom.) A diagram or drawing; made to represent a magnitude or the relation of two or more magnitudes; a surface or space inclosed on all sides; — called superficial when inclosed by lines, and solid when inclosed by surfaces; any arrangement made up of points, lines, angles, surfaces, etc.

5. The appearance or impression made by the conduct or career of a person; as, a sorry figure.

I made some figure there.

Dryden.

Gentlemen of the best figure in the county.

Blackstone.

6. Distinguished appearance; magnificence; conspicuous representation; splendor; show.

That he may live in figure and indulgence.

Law.

7. A character or symbol representing a number; a numeral; a digit; as, 1, 2,3, etc.

8. Value, as expressed in numbers; price; as, the goods are estimated or sold at a low figure. [Colloq.]

With nineteen thousand a year at the very lowest figure.

Thackeray.

9. A person, thing, or action, conceived of as analogous to another person, thing, or action, of which it thus becomes a type or representative.

Who is the figure of Him that was to come.

Rom. v. 14.

10. (Rhet.) A mode of expressing abstract or immaterial ideas by words which suggest pictures or images from the physical world; pictorial language; a trope; hence, any deviation from the plainest form of statement.

To represent the imagination under the figure of a wing.

Macaulay.

11. (Logic) The form of a syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle term.

12. (Dancing) Any one of the several regular steps or movements made by a dancer.

13. (Astrol.) A horoscope; the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses. Johnson.

14. (Music) (a) Any short succession of notes, either as melody or as a group of chords, which produce a single complete and distinct impression. Grove.

(b) A form of melody or accompaniment kept up through a strain or passage; a musical phrase or motive; a florid embellishment.

&fist; Figures are often written upon the staff in music to denote the kind of measure. They are usually in the form of a fraction, the upper figure showing how many notes of the kind indicated by the lower are contained in one measure or bar. Thus, 2/4 signifies that the measure contains two quarter notes. The following are the principal figures used for this purpose: —

2/22/42/8 4/22/44/8 3/23/43/8 6/46/46/8

Academy figure, Canceled figures, Lay figure, etc. See under Academy, Cancel, Lay, etc. — Figure caster, or Figure flinger, an astrologer. “This figure caster.” Milton. – - Figure flinging, the practice of astrology. — Figure-of-eight knot, a knot shaped like the figure 8. See Illust. under Knot. — Figure painting, a picture of the human figure, or the act or art of depicting the human figure. — Figure stone (Min.), agalmatolite. — Figure weaving, the art or process of weaving figured fabrics. — To cut a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Fig”ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Figured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Figuring.] [F. figurer, L. figurare, fr. figura. See Figure, n.] 1. To represent by a figure, as to form or mold; to make an image of, either palpable or ideal; also, to fashion into a determinate form; to shape.

If love, alas! be pain I bear,

No thought can figure, and no tongue declare.Prior.

2. To embellish with design; to adorn with figures.

The vaulty top of heaven
Figured quite o’er with burning meteors.

Shak.

3. To indicate by numerals; also, to compute.

As through a crystal glass the figured hours are seen.

Dryden.

4. To represent by a metaphor; to signify or symbolize.

Whose white vestments figure innocence.

Shak.

5. To prefigure; to foreshow.

In this the heaven figures some event.

Shak.

6. (Mus.) (a) To write over or under the bass, as figures or other characters, in order to indicate the accompanying chords. (b) To embellish.

To figure out, to solve; to compute or find the result of. — To figure up, to add; to reckon; to compute the amount of.

Fig”ure, v. i. 1. To make a figure; to be distinguished or conspicious; as, the envoy figured at court.

Sociable, hospitable, eloquent, admired, figuring away brilliantly.

M. Arnold.

2. To calculate; to contrive; to scheme; as, he is figuring to secure the nomination. [Colloq.]

Fig”ured (?), a. 1. Adorned with figures; marked with figures; as, figured muslin.

2. Not literal; figurative. [Obs.] Locke.

3. (Mus.) (a) Free and florid; as, a figured descant. See Figurate, 3. (b) Indicated or noted by figures.

Figured bass. See Continued bass, under Continued.

Fig”ure*head` (?), n. 1. (Naut.) The figure, statue, or bust, on the prow of a ship.

2. A person who allows his name to be used to give standing to enterprises in which he has no responsible interest or duties; a nominal, but not real, head or chief.

Fi*gu”ri*al (?), a. Represented by figure or delineation. [R.] Craig.

||Fi`gu`rine” (? or ?), n. [F., dim. of figure.] A very small figure, whether human or of an animal; especially, one in terra cotta or the like; — distinguished from statuette, which is applied to small figures in bronze, marble, etc.

Fig”ur*ist (?), n. One who uses or interprets figurative expressions. Waterland.

Fig”wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants (Scrophularia), mostly found in the north temperate zones. See Brownwort.

Fi”ji*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Fiji islands or their inhabitants. — n. A native of the Fiji islands. [Written also Feejeean, Feejee.]

Fike (?), n. See Fyke.

Fil (?), obs. imp. of Fall, v. i. Fell. Chaucer.

Fi*la”ceous (? or ?), a. [L. filum thread.] Composed of threads. Bacon.

Fil”a*cer (?), n. [OE. filace a file, or thread, on which the records of the courts of justice were strung, F. filasse tow of flax or hemp, fr. L. filum thread.] (Eng. Law) A former officer in the English Court of Common Pleas; — so called because he filed the writs on which he made out process. [Obs.] Burrill.

Fil”a*ment (?), n. [F. filament, fr. L. filum thread. See File a row.] A thread or threadlike object or appendage; a fiber; esp. (Bot.), the threadlike part of the stamen supporting the anther.

Fil`a*men”ta*ry (?), a. Having the character of, or formed by, a filament.

Fil”a*men*toid` (?), a. [Filament + -oid.] Like a filament.

Fil`a*men”tous (?), a. [Cf. F. filamenteux.] Like a thread; consisting of threads or filaments. Gray.

Fil”an*der (?), n. (Zoöl.) A species of kangaroo (Macropus Brunii), inhabiting New Guinea.

Fil”an*ders (?), n. pl. [F. filandres, fr. L. filum thread.] (Falconry) A disease in hawks, characterized by the presence of small threadlike worms, also of filaments of coagulated blood, from the rupture of a vein; — called also backworm. Sir T. Browne.

Fi”lar (?), a. [L. filum a thread.] Of or pertaining to a thread or line; characterized by threads stretched across the field of view; as, a filar microscope; a filar micrometer.

||Fi*la”ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. filum a thread.] (Zoöl.) A genus of slender, nematode worms of many species, parasitic in various animals. See Guinea worm.

Fil”a*to*ry (?), n. [LL. filatorium place for spinning, fr. filare to spin, fr. L. filum a thread.] A machine for forming threads. [Obs.] W. Tooke.

Fil”a*ture (?; 135), n. [LL. filatura, fr. filare to spin: cf. F. filature. See Filatory.] 1. A drawing out into threads; hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons. Ure.

2. A reel for drawing off silk from cocoons; also, an establishment for reeling silk.

Fil”bert (?), n. [Perh. fr. fill + bread, as filling the bread or husk; cf. G. bartnuss (lit., bread nut) filbert; or perh. named from a St. Philibert, whose day, Aug. 22, fell in the nutting season.] (Bot.) The fruit of the Corylus Avellana or hazel. It is an oval nut, containing a kernel that has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to the palate.

&fist; In England filberts are usually large hazelnuts, especially the nuts from selected and cultivated trees. The American hazelnuts are of two other species.

Filbert gall (Zoöl.), a gall resembling a filbert in form, growing in clusters on grapevines. It is produced by the larva of a gallfly (Cecidomyia).

Filch (f&ibreve;lch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filched (f&ibreve;lcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Filching.] [Cf. AS. feolan to stick to, OHG. felhan, felahan, to hide, Icel. fela, Goth. filhan to hide, bury, Prov. E. feal to hide slyly, OE. felen.] To steal or take privily (commonly, that which is of little value); to pilfer.

Fain would they filch that little food away.

Dryden.

But he that filches from me my good name,
Robs me of that which not enriches him,
And makes me poor indeed.

Shak.

Filch”er (f&ibreve;lch”&etilde;r), n. One who filches; a thief.

Filch”ing*ly, adv. By pilfering or petty stealing.

File (fīl), n. [F. file row (cf. Pr., Sp., Pg., & It. fila), LL. fila, fr. L. filum a thread. Cf. Enfilade, Filament, Fillet.] 1. An orderly succession; a line; a row; as: (a) (Mil) A row of soldiers ranged one behind another; — in contradistinction to rank, which designates a row of soldiers standing abreast; a number consisting the depth of a body of troops, which, in the ordinary modern formation, consists of two men, the battalion standing two deep, or in two ranks.

&fist; The number of files in a company describes its width, as the number of ranks does its depth; thus, 100 men in “fours deep” would be spoken of as 25 files in 4 ranks. Farrow.

(b) An orderly collection of papers, arranged in sequence or classified for preservation and reference; as, files of letters or of newspapers; this mail brings English files to the 15th instant. (c) The line, wire, or other contrivance, by which papers are put and kept in order.

It is upon a file with the duke’s other letters.

Shak.

(d) A roll or list. “A file of all the gentry.” Shak.

2. Course of thought; thread of narration. [Obs.]

Let me resume the file of my narration.

Sir H. Wotton.

File firing, the act of firing by file, or each file independently of others. — File leader, the soldier at the front of any file, who covers and leads those in rear of him. — File marching, the marching of a line two deep, when faced to the right or left, so that the front and rear rank march side by side. Brande & C. —Indian file, or Single file, a line of men marching one behind another; a single row. — On file, preserved in an orderly collection. — Rank and file. (a) The body of soldiers constituing the mass of an army, including corporals and privates. Wilhelm. (b) Those who constitute the bulk or working members of a party, society, etc., in distinction from the leaders.

File (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Filing.] 1. To set in order; to arrange, or lay away, esp. as papers in a methodical manner for preservation and reverence; to place on file; to insert in its proper place in an arranged body of papers.

I would have my several courses and my dishes well filed.

Beau. & Fl.

2. To bring before a court or legislative body by presenting proper papers in a regular way; as, to file a petition or bill. Burrill.

3. (Law) To put upon the files or among the records of a court; to note on (a paper) the fact date of its reception in court.

To file a paper, on the part of a party, is to place it in the official custody of the clerk. To file, on the part of the clerk, is to indorse upon the paper the date of its reception, and retain it in his office, subject to inspection by whomsoever it may concern.

Burrill.

File, v. i. [Cf. F. filer.] (Mil.) To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not abreast, but one after another; — generally with off.

To file with, to follow closely, as one soldier after another in file; to keep pace.

My endeavors
Have ever come too short of my desires,
Yet filed with my abilities.

Shak.

File (fīl), n. [AS. feól; akin to D. viji, OHG. fīla, fīhala, G. feile, Sw. fil, Dan. fiil, cf. Icel. þēl, Russ. pila, and Skr. piç to cut out, adorn; perh. akin to E. paint.] 1. A steel instrument, having cutting ridges or teeth, made by indentation with a chisel, used for abrading or smoothing other substances, as metals, wood, etc.

&fist; A file differs from a rasp in having the furrows made by straight cuts of a chisel, either single or crossed, while the rasp has coarse, single teeth, raised by the pyramidal end of a triangular punch.

2. Anything employed to smooth, polish, or rasp, literally or figuratively.

Mock the nice touches of the critic’s file.

Akenside.

3. A shrewd or artful person. [Slang] Fielding.

Will is an old file in spite of his smooth face.

Thackeray.

Bastard file, Cross file, etc. See under Bastard, Cross, etc. — Cross-cut file, a file having two sets of teeth crossing obliquely. — File blank, a steel blank shaped and ground ready for cutting to form a file. — File cutter, a maker of files. — Second-cut file, a file having teeth of a grade next finer than bastard. — Single-cut file, a file having only one set of parallel teeth; a float. — Smooth file, a file having teeth so fine as to make an almost smooth surface.

File, v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file; to sharpen with a file; as, to file a saw or a tooth.

2. To smooth or polish as with a file. Shak.

File your tongue to a little more courtesy.

Sir W. Scott.

File, v. t. [OE. fulen, filen, foulen, AS. f&?;lan, fr. f&?;l foul. See Foul, and cf. Defile, v. t.] To make foul; to defile. [Obs.]

All his hairy breast with blood was filed.

Spenser.

For Banquo’s issue have I filed my mind.

Shak.

File”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any plectognath fish of the genera Monacanthus, Alutera, balistes, and allied genera; — so called on account of the roughly granulated skin, which is sometimes used in place of sandpaper.

Fil”e*mot (?), n. See Feullemort. Swift.

Fil”er (?), n. One who works with a file.

Fil”ial (?), a. [L. filialis, fr. filius son, filia daughter; akin to e. female, feminine. Cf. Fitz.] 1. Of or pertaining to a son or daughter; becoming to a child in relation to his parents; as, filial obedience.

2. Bearing the relation of a child.

And thus the filial Godhead answering spoke.

Milton.

Fil”ial*ly (?), adv. In a filial manner.

Fil”i*ate (?), v. t. To adopt as son or daughter; to establish filiation between. [R.] Southey.

Fil`i*a”tion (?), n. [LL. filiatio, fr. L. filius son: cf. F. filiation. See Filial.] 1. The relationship of a son or child to a parent, esp. to a father.

The relation of paternity and filiation.

Sir M. Hale.

2. (Law) The assignment of a bastard child to some one as its father; affiliation. Smart.

Fil”i*beg (?), n. [Gael. feileadhbeag, i. e., little kilt; feileadh kilt + beag little, small; cf. filleadh a plait, fold.] Same as Kilt. [Written also philibeg.]

Fil”i*bus`ter (?), n. [Sp. flibuster, flibustero, corrupted fr. E. freebooter. See Freebooter.] A lawless military adventurer, especially one in quest of plunder; a freebooter; — originally applied to buccaneers infesting the Spanish American coasts, but introduced into common English to designate the followers of Lopez in his expedition to Cuba in 1851, and those of Walker in his expedition to Nicaragua, in 1855.

Fil”i*bus*ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fillibustered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Filibustering.] 1. To act as a filibuster, or military freebooter. Bartlett.

2. To delay legislation, by dilatory motions or other artifices. [political cant or slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Fil”i*bus`ter*ism (?), n. The characteristics or practices of a filibuster. Bartlett.

Fil”i*cal (?), a. Belonging to the Filices, r ferns.

Fi*lic”ic (?), a. [L. filix, -icis, a fern.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ferns; as, filicic acid.

Fil”i*cide (?), n. [L. filius son, filia daughter + caedere to kill.] The act of murdering a son or a daughter; also, parent who commits such a murder.

Fi*lic”i*form (?), a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -form: cf. F. filiciforme] Shaped like a fern or like the parts of a fern leaf. Smart.

Fil”i*coid (?), a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -oid: cf. F. filicoiïde.] (Bot.) Fernlike, either in form or in the nature of the method of reproduction.

Fil”i*coid, n. (Bot.) A fernlike plant. Lindley.

Fi*li”e*ty (?), n. [L. filietas.] The relation of a son to a father; sonship; — the correlative of paternity. J. S. Mill.

Fi*lif”er*ous (?), a. [L. filum a thread + -ferous.] Producing threads. Carpenter.

Fil”i*form (?), a. [L. filum thread + -form: cf. F. filiforme.] Having the shape of a thread or filament; as, the filiform papillæ of the tongue; a filiform style or peduncle. See Illust. of AntennÆ.

{ Fil”i*grain, Fil”i*grane } (?), n. [Sp. filigrana (cf. It. filigrana, E. filigrane), fr. L. filuma thread + granum grain. See File a row, and Grain, and cf. Filigree.] Filigree. [Archaic]

With her head . . . touches the crown of filigrane.

Longfellow.

Fil”i*graned (?), a. See Filigreed. [Archaic]

Fil”i*gree (?), n. [Corrupted fr. filigrane.] Ornamental work, formerly with grains or breads, but now composed of fine wire and used chiefly in decorating gold and silver to which the wire is soldered, being arranged in designs frequently of a delicate and intricate arabesque pattern.

Fil”i*gree, a. Relating to, composed of, or resembling, work in filigree; as, a filigree basket. Hence: Fanciful; unsubstantial; merely decorative.

You ask for reality, not fiction and filigree work.

J. C. Shairp.

Fil”i*greed (?), a. Adorned with filigree. Tatler.

Fil”ing (?), n. A fragment or particle rubbed off by the act of filing; as, iron filings.

Fil`i*pen”du*lous (?; 135), a. [L. filum a thread + pendulus hanging, fr. pend&?;re to hang.] (Bot.) Suspended by, or strung upon, a thread; — said of tuberous swellings in the middle or at the extremities of slender, threadlike rootlets.

Fill (?), n. [See Thill.] One of the thills or shafts of a carriage. Mortimer.

Fill horse, a thill horse. Shak.

Fill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Filling.] [OE. fillen, fullen, AS. fyllan, fr. full full; akin to D. vullen, G. füllen, Icel. fylla, Sw. fylla, Dan. fylde, Goth. fulljan. See Full, a.] 1. To make full; to supply with as much as can be held or contained; to put or pour into, till no more can be received; to occupy the whole capacity of.

The rain also filleth the pools.

Ps. lxxxiv. 6.

Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. Anf they filled them up to the brim.

John ii. 7.

2. To furnish an abudant supply to; to furnish with as mush as is desired or desirable; to occupy the whole of; to swarm in or overrun.

And God blessed them, saying. Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas.

Gen. i. 22.

The Syrians filled the country.

1 Kings xx. 27.

3. To fill or supply fully with food; to feed; to satisfy.

Whence should we have so much bread in the wilderness, as to fillso great a multitude?

Matt. xv. 33.

Things that are sweet and fat are more filling.

Bacon.

4. To possess and perform the duties of; to officiate in, as an incumbent; to occupy; to hold; as, a king fills a throne; the president fills the office of chief magistrate; the speaker of the House fills the chair.

5. To supply with an incumbent; as, to fill an office or a vacancy. A. Hamilton.

6. (Naut.) (a) To press and dilate, as a sail; as, the wind filled the sails. (b) To trim (a yard) so that the wind shall blow on the after side of the sails.

7. (Civil Engineering) To make an embankment in, or raise the level of (a low place), with earth or gravel.

To fill in, to insert; as, he filled in the figures. — To fill out, to extend or enlarge to the desired limit; to make complete; as, to fill out a bill. — To fill up, to make quite full; to fill to the brim or entirely; to occupy completely; to complete. “The bliss that fills up all the mind.” Pope. “And fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ.” Col. i. 24.

Fill (?), v. i. 1. To become full; to have the whole capacity occupied; to have an abundant supply; to be satiated; as, corn fills well in a warm season; the sail fills with the wind.

2. To fill a cup or glass for drinking.

Give me some wine; fill full.

Shak.

To back and fill. See under Back, v. i. — To fill up, to grow or become quite full; as, the channel of the river fills up with sand.

Fill, n. [AS. fyllo. See Fill, v. t.] A full supply, as much as supplies want; as much as gives complete satisfaction. “Ye shall eat your fill.” Lev. xxv. 19.

I’ll bear thee hence, where I may weep my fill.

Shak.

Fill”er (?), n. One who, or that which, fills; something used for filling.

‘T is mere filler, to stop a vacancy in the hexameter.

Dryden.

They have six diggers to four fillers, so as to keep the fillers always at work.

Mortimer.

Fill”er, n. [From 1st Fill.] A thill horse. [Prov. Eng.]

Fil”let (?), n. [OE. filet, felet, fr. OF. filet thread, fillet of meat, dim. of fil a thread, fr. L. filum. See Fille a row.] 1. A little band, especially one intended to encircle the hair of the head.

A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair.

Pope.

2. (Cooking) A piece of lean meat without bone; sometimes, a long strip rolled together and tied.

&fist; A fillet of beef is the under side of the sirlom; also called tenderloin. A fillet of veal or mutton is the fleshy part of the thigh. A fillet of fish is a slice of flat fish without bone. “Fillet of a fenny snake.” Shak.

3. A thin strip or ribbon; esp.: (a) A strip of metal from which coins are punched. (b) A strip of card clothing. (c) A thin projecting band or strip.

4. (Mach.) A concave filling in of a reëntrant angle where two surfaces meet, forming a rounded corner.

5. (Arch.) A narrow flat member; especially, a flat molding separating other moldings; a reglet; also, the space between two flutings in a shaft. See Illust. of Base, and Column.

6. (Her.) An ordinary equaling in breadth one fourth of the chief, to the lowest portion of which it corresponds in position.

7. (Mech.) The thread of a screw.

8. A border of broad or narrow lines of color or gilt.

9. The raised molding about the muzzle of a gun.

10. Any scantling smaller than a batten.

11. (Anat.) A fascia; a band of fibers; applied esp. to certain bands of white matter in the brain.

12. (Man.) The loins of a horse, beginning at the place where the hinder part of the saddle rests.

Arris fillet. See under Arris.

Fil”let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Filleting.] To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet.

Fil”let*ing, n. 1. (Arch.) The protecting of a joint, as between roof and parapet wall, with mortar, or cement, where flashing is employed in better work.

2. The material of which fillets are made; also, fillets, collectively.

Fil”li*beg (?), n. A kilt. See Filibeg.

Fil”li*bus`ter (?), n. See Filibuster.

Fill”ing (?), n. 1. That which is used to fill a cavity or any empty space, or to supply a deficiency; as, filling for a cavity in a tooth, a depression in a roadbed, the space between exterior and interior walls of masonry, the pores of open-grained wood, the space between the outer and inner planks of a vessel, etc.

2. The woof in woven fabrics.

3. (Brewing) Prepared wort added to ale to cleanse it.

Back filling. (Arch.) See under Back, a.

Fil”lip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filliped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Filliping.] [For filp, flip. Cf. Flippant.] 1. To strike with the nail of the finger, first placed against the ball of the thumb, and forced from that position with a sudden spring; to snap with the finger. “You filip me o’ the head.” Shak.

2. To snap; to project quickly.

The use of the elastic switch to fillip small missiles with.

Tylor.

Fil”lip, n. 1. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly from the thumb; a smart blow.

2. Something serving to rouse or excite.

I take a glass of grog for a filip.

Dickens.

Fil”li*peen` (?), n. See Philopena.

Fil”lis*ter (?), n. 1. The rabbet on the outer edge of a sash bar to hold the glass and the putty. Knight.

2. A plane for making a rabbet.

Fillister screw had, a short cylindrical screw head, having a convex top.

Fil”ly (?), n.; pl. Fillies (#). [Cf. Icel. fylia, fr. foli foal. See Foal.] 1. (Zoöl.) A female foal or colt; a young mare. Cf. Colt, Foal.

Neighing in likeness of a filly foal.

Shak.

2. A lively, spirited young girl. [Colloq.] Addison.

Film (?), n. [AS. film skin, fr. fell skin; akin to fylmen membrane, OFries. filmene skin. See Fell skin.] 1. A thin skin; a pellicle; a membranous covering, causing opacity; hence, any thin, slight covering.

He from thick films shall purge the visual ray.

Pope.

2. A slender thread, as that of a cobweb.

Her whip of cricket’s bone, the lash of film.

Shak.

Film, v. t. To cover with a thin skin or pellicle.

It will but skin and film the ulcerous place.

Shak.

Film”i*ness (?), n. State of being filmy.

Film”y (?), a. Composed of film or films.

Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly.

Dryden.

Fil`o*plu*ma”ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the structure of a filoplume.

Fil”o*plume (?), n. [L. filum a thread &?; pluma a soft feather.] (Zoöl.) A hairlike feather; a father with a slender scape and without a web in most or all of its length.

Fi”lose` (?), a. [L. filum a thread.] Terminating in a threadlike process.

Fil”ter (?), n. [F. filtre, the same word as feutre felt, LL. filtrum, feltrum, felt, fulled wool, this being used for straining liquors. See Feuter.] Any porous substance, as cloth, paper, sand, or charcoal, through which water or other liquid may passed to cleanse it from the solid or impure matter held in suspension; a chamber or device containing such substance; a strainer; also, a similar device for purifying air.

Filter bed, a pond, the bottom of which is a filter composed of sand gravel. — Filter gallery, an underground gallery or tunnel, alongside of a stream, to collect the water that filters through the intervening sand and gravel; — called also infiltration gallery.

Fil”ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Filtering] [Cf. F. filter. See Filter, n., and cf. Filtrate.] To purify or defecate, as water or other liquid, by causing it to pass through a filter.

Filtering paper, or Filter paper, a porous unsized paper, for filtering.

Fil”ter, v. i. To pass through a filter; to percolate.

Fil”ter, n. Same as Philter.

Filth (?), n. [OE. filthe, fulðe, AS. f&?;lð, fr. fūl foul; akin to OHG. fūlida. See Foul, and cf. File.] 1. Foul matter; anything that soils or defiles; dirt; nastiness.

2. Anything that sullies or defiles the moral character; corruption; pollution.

To purify the soul from the dross and filth of sensual delights.

Tillotson.

Filth disease (Med.), a disease supposed to be due to pollution of the soil or water.

Filth”i*ly (?), adv. In a filthy manner; foully.

Filth”i*ness, n. 1. The state of being filthy.

Let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit.

2 Cor. vii. 1.

2. That which is filthy, or makes filthy; foulness; nastiness; corruption; pollution; impurity.

Carry forth the filthiness out of the holy place.

2 Chron. xxix. 5.

Filth”y (?), a. [Compar. Filthier (?); superl. Filthiest.] Defiled with filth, whether material or moral; nasty; dirty; polluted; foul; impure; obscene. “In the filthy-mantled pool.” Shak.

He which is filthy let him be filthy still.

Rev. xxii. 11.

Syn. — Nasty; foul; dirty; squalid; unclean; sluttish; gross; vulgar; licentious. See Nasty.

Fil”trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Filtrating. (&?;)] [Cf. LL. filtrare. See Filter.] To filter; to defecate; as liquid, by straining or percolation. Arbuthnot.

Fil”trate (?), n. That which has been filtered; the liquid which has passed through the filter in the process of filtration.

Fil*tra”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. filtration.] The act or process of filtering; the mechanical separation of a liquid from the undissolved particles floating in it.

{ Fim”ble, n., or Fim”ble hemp` (f&ibreve;m”b’l h&ebreve;mp`). }[Corrupted from female hemp.] Light summer hemp, that bears no seed.

||Fim”bri*a (?), n.; pl. Fimbriæ (#). [L., fringe. See Fringle.] (Anat.) (a) pl. A fringe, or fringed border. (b) A band of white matter bordering the hippocampus in the brain. — Fim”bri*al (#), a.

Fim*bri*ate (?), a. [L. fimbriatus fibrous, fringed, fr. fimbria fiber, fringe. See Fringe.] Having the edge or extremity bordered by filiform processes thicker than hairs; fringed; as, the fimbriate petals of the pink; the fimbriate end of the Fallopian tube.

Fim”bri*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fimbriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fimbriating.] To hem; to fringe. Fuller.

Fim”bri*a`ted (?), a. 1. Having a fringed border; fimbriate.

2. (Her.) Having a very narrow border of another tincture; — said esp. of an ordinary or subordinary.

Fim”bri*cate (?), a. 1. Fringed; jagged; fimbriate.

2. (Zoöl.) fringed, on one side only, by long, straight hairs, as the antennæ of certain insects.

Fin (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Finning.] [Cf. Fin of a fish.] To carve or cut up, as a chub.

Fin, n. [See Fine, n.] End; conclusion; object. [Obs.] “She knew eke the fin of his intent.” Chaucer.

Fin, n.[OE. finne, fin, AS. finn; akin to D. vin, G. & Dan. finne, Sw. fena, L. pinna, penna, a wing, feather. Cf. pen a feather.] 1. (Zoöl.) An organ of a fish, consisting of a membrane supported by rays, or little bony or cartilaginous ossicles, and serving to balance and propel it in the water.

&fist; Fishes move through the water chiefly by means of the caudal fin or tail, the principal office of the other fins being to balance or direct the body, though they are also, to a certain extent, employed in producing motion.

2. (Zoöl.) A membranous, finlike, swimming organ, as in pteropod and heteropod mollusks.

3. A finlike organ or attachment; a part of an object or product which protrudes like a fin, as: (a) The hand. [Slang] (b) (Com.) A blade of whalebone. [Eng.] McElrath.

(c) (Mech.) A mark or ridge left on a casting at the junction of the parts of a mold. (d) (Mech.) The thin sheet of metal squeezed out between the collars of the rolls in the process of rolling. Raymond.

(e) (Mech.) A feather; a spline.

4. A finlike appendage, as to submarine boats.

Apidose fin. (Zoöl.) See under Adipose, a. — Fin ray (Anat.), one of the hornlike, cartilaginous, or bony, dermal rods which form the skeleton of the fins of fishes. — Fin whale (Zoöl.), a finback. — Paired fins (Zoöl.), the pectoral and ventral fins, corresponding to the fore and hind legs of the higher animals. — Unpaired, or Median, fins (Zoöl.), the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins.

Fin”a*ble (?), a. [From Fine.] Liable or subject to a fine; as, a finable person or offense. Bacon.

Fi”nal (fī“nal), a. [F., fr. L. finalis, fr. finis boundary, limit, end. See Finish.] 1. Pertaining to the end or conclusion; last; terminating; ultimate; as, the final day of a school term.

Yet despair not of his final pardon.

Milton.

2. Conclusive; decisive; as, a final judgment; the battle of Waterloo brought the contest to a final issue.

3. Respecting an end or object to be gained; respecting the purpose or ultimate end in view.

Final cause. See under Cause.

Syn. — Final, Conclusive, Ultimate. Final is now appropriated to that which brings with it an end; as, a final adjustment; the final judgment, etc. Conclusive implies the closing of all discussion, negotiation, etc.; as, a conclusive argument or fact; a conclusive arrangement. In using ultimate, we have always reference to something earlier or proceeding; as when we say, a temporary reverse may lead to an ultimate triumph. The statements which a man finally makes at the close of a negotiation are usually conclusive as to his ultimate intentions and designs.

||Fi*na”le (f&esl;*nä“l&asl;), n. [It. See Final.] Close; termination; as: (a) (Mus.) The last movement of a symphony, sonata, concerto, or any instrumental composition. (b) The last composition performed in any act of an opera. (c) The closing part, piece, or scene in any public performance or exhibition.

Fi*nal”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Finalities (#). [L. finalitas the being last.] 1. The state of being final, finished, or complete; a final or conclusive arrangement; a settlement. Baxter.

2. The relation of end or purpose to its means. Janet.

Fi”nal*ly (?), adv. 1. At the end or conclusion; ultimately; lastly; as, the contest was long, but the Romans finally conquered.

Whom patience finally must crown.

Milton.

2. Completely; beyond recovery.

Not any house of noble English in Ireland was utterly destroyed or finally rooted out.

Sir J. Davies.

Fi*nance” (?), n. [F., fr. LL. financia payment of money, money, fr. finare to pay a fine or subsidy (cf. OF. finer to finish, pay), fr. L. finis end. See Fine, n., Finish.] 1. The income of a ruler or of a state; revenue; public money; sometimes, the income of an individual; often used in the plural for funds; available money; resources.

All the finances or revenues of the imperial crown.

Bacon.

2. The science of raising and expending the public revenue. “Versed in the details of finance.” Macaulay.

Fi*nan”cial (?), a. Pertaining to finance. “Our financial and commercial system.” Macaulay.

Fi*nan”cial*ist, n. A financier.

Fi*nan”cial*ly, adv. In a financial manner. Burke.

Fin`an*cier” (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. financier.] 1. One charged with the administration of finance; an officer who administers the public revenue; a treasurer. Burke.

2. One skilled in financial operations; one acquainted with money matters.

Fin`an*cier”, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Financiered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Financiering.] To conduct financial operations.

Fin”a*ry (?), n. (Iron Works) See Finery.

Fi”na*tive (?), a. Conclusive; decisive; definitive; final. [Obs.] Greene (1593).

Fin”back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any whale of the genera Sibbaldius, Balænoptera, and allied genera, of the family Balænopteridæ, characterized by a prominent fin on the back. The common finbacks of the New England coast are Sibbaldius tectirostris and S. tuberosus.

Finch (f&ibreve;nch), n.; pl. Finches (-&ebreve;z). [AS. finc; akin to D. vink, OHG. fincho, G. fink; cf. W. pinc a finch; also E. spink.] (Zoöl.) A small singing bird of many genera and species, belonging to the family Fringillidæ.

&fist; The word is often used in composition, as in chaffinch, goldfinch, grassfinch, pinefinch, etc.

Bramble finch. See Brambling. — Canary finch, the canary bird. — Copper finch. See Chaffinch. — Diamond finch. See under Diamond. – - Finch falcon (Zoöl.), one of several very small East Indian falcons of the genus Hierax. — To pull a finch, to swindle an ignorant or unsuspecting person. [Obs.] “Privily a finch eke could he pull.” Chaucer.

Finch”backed` (?), a. Streaked or spotted on the back; — said of cattle.

Finched (?), a. Same as Finchbacked.

Find (fīnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Found (found); p. pr. & vb. n. Finding.] [AS. findan; akin to D. vinden, OS. & OHG. findan, G. finden, Dan. finde, icel. & Sw. finna, Goth. finþan; and perh. to L. petere to seek, Gr. pi`ptein to fall, Skr. pat to fall, fly, E. petition.] 1. To meet with, or light upon, accidentally; to gain the first sight or knowledge of, as of something new, or unknown; hence, to fall in with, as a person.

Searching the window for a flint, I found
This paper, thus sealed up.

Shak.

In woods and forests thou art found.

Cowley.

2. To learn by experience or trial; to perceive; to experience; to discover by the intellect or the feelings; to detect; to feel. “I find you passing gentle.” Shak.

The torrid zone is now found habitable.

Cowley.

3. To come upon by seeking; as, to find something lost. (a) To discover by sounding; as, to find bottom. (b) To discover by study or experiment direct to an object or end; as, water is found to be a compound substance. (c) To gain, as the object of desire or effort; as, to find leisure; to find means. (d) To attain to; to arrive at; to acquire.

Seek, and ye shall find.

Matt. vii. 7.

Every mountain now hath found a tongue.

Byron.

4. To provide for; to supply; to furnish; as, to find food for workemen; he finds his nephew in money.

Wages £14 and all found.

London Times.

Nothing a day and find yourself.

Dickens.

5. To arrive at, as a conclusion; to determine as true; to establish; as, to find a verdict; to find a true bill (of indictment) against an accused person.

To find his title with some shows of truth.

Shak.

To find out, to detect (a thief); to discover (a secret) — to solve or unriddle (a parable or enigma); to understand. “Canst thou by searching find out God?” Job. xi. 7. “We do hope to find out all your tricks.” Milton. — To find fault with, to blame; to censure. — To find one’s self, to be; to fare; — often used in speaking of health; as, how do you find yourself this morning?

Find (?), v. i. (Law) To determine an issue of fact, and to declare such a determination to a court; as, the jury find for the plaintiff. Burrill.

Find, n. Anything found; a discovery of anything valuable; especially, a deposit, discovered by archæologists, of objects of prehistoric or unknown origin.

Find”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being found; discoverable. Fuller.

Find”er (?), n. One who, or that which, finds; specifically (Astron.), a small telescope of low power and large field of view, attached to a larger telescope, for the purpose of finding an object more readily.

Find”fault` (?), n. A censurer or caviler. [Obs.]

Find”fault`ing, a. Apt to censure or cavil; faultfinding; captious. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Find”ing, n. 1. That which is found, come upon, or provided; esp. (pl.), that which a journeyman artisan finds or provides for himself; as tools, trimmings, etc.

When a man hath been laboring . . . in the deep mines of knowledge, hath furnished out his findings in all their equipage.

Milton.

2. Support; maintenance; that which is provided for one; expence; provision.

3. (Law) The result of a judicial examination or inquiry, especially into some matter of fact; a verdict; as, the finding of a jury. Burrill.

After his friends finding and his rent.

Chaucer.

Fin”dy (?), a. [AS. finding heavy; cf. Dan. fyndig strong, energetical, fynd strength, energy, emphasis.] Full; heavy; firm; solid; substantial. [Obs.]

A cold May and a windy
Makes the barn fat amd findy.

Old Proverb.

Fine (fīn), a. [Compar. Finer (?); superl. Finest.] [F. fin, LL. finus fine, pure, fr. L. finire to finish; cf. finitus, p. p., finished, completed (hence the sense accomplished, perfect.) See Finish, and cf. Finite.] 1. Finished; brought to perfection; refined; hence, free from impurity; excellent; superior; elegant; worthy of admiration; accomplished; beautiful.

The gain thereof [is better] than fine gold.

Prov. iii. 14.

A cup of wine that’s brisk and fine.

Shak.

Not only the finest gentleman of his time, but one of the finest scholars.

Felton.

To soothe the sick bed of so fine a being [Keats].

Leigh Hunt.

2. Aiming at show or effect; loaded with ornament; overdressed or overdecorated; showy.

He gratified them with occasional . . . fine writing.

M. Arnold.

3. Nice; delicate; subtle; exquisite; artful; skillful; dexterous.

The spider’s touch, how exquisitely fine!

Pope.

The nicest and most delicate touches of satire consist in fine raillery.

Dryden.

He has as fine a hand at picking a pocket as a woman.

T. Gray.

4. Not coarse, gross, or heavy; as: (a) Not gross; subtile; thin; tenous.

The eye standeth in the finer medium and the object in the grosser.

Bacon.

(b) Not coarse; comminuted; in small particles; as, fine sand or flour. (c) Not thick or heavy; slender; filmy; as, a fine thread. (d) Thin; attenuate; keen; as, a fine edge. (e) Made of fine materials; light; delicate; as, fine linen or silk.

5. Having (such) a proportion of pure metal in its composition; as, coins nine tenths fine.

6. (Used ironically.)

Ye have made a fine hand, fellows.

Shak.

&fist; Fine is often compounded with participles and adjectives, modifying them adverbially; a, fine-drawn, fine-featured, fine-grained, fine-spoken, fine-spun, etc.

Fine arch (Glass Making), the smaller fritting furnace of a glasshouse. Knight. — Fine arts. See the Note under Art. — Fine cut, fine cut tobacco; a kind of chewing tobacco cut up into shreds. — Fine goods, woven fabrics of fine texture and quality. McElrath. — Fine stuff, lime, or a mixture of lime, plaster, etc., used as material for the finishing coat in plastering. — To sail fine (Naut.), to sail as close to the wind as possible.

Syn. — Fine, Beautiful. When used as a word of praise, fine (being opposed to coarse) denotes no “ordinary thing of its kind.” It is not as strong as beautiful, in reference to the single attribute implied in the latter term; but when we speak of a fine woman, we include a greater variety of particulars, viz., all the qualities which become a woman, — breeding, sentiment, tact, etc. The term is equally comprehensive when we speak of a fine garden, landscape, horse, poem, etc.; and, though applied to a great variety of objects, the word has still a very definite sense, denoting a high degree of characteristic excellence.

Fine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fined (fīnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fining.] [From Fine, a.] 1. To make fine; to refine; to purify, to clarify; as, to fine gold.

It hath been fined and refined by . . . learned men.

Hobbes.

2. To make finer, or less coarse, as in bulk, texture, etc.; as. to fine the soil. L. H. Bailey.

3. To change by fine gradations; as (Naut.), to fine down a ship’s lines, to diminish her lines gradually.

I often sate at home
On evenings, watching how they fined themselves
With gradual conscience to a perfect night.

Browning.

Fine (?), n. [OE. fin, L. finis end, also in LL., a final agreement or concord between the lord and his vassal; a sum of money paid at the end, so as to make an end of a transaction, suit, or prosecution; mulct; penalty; cf. OF. fin end, settlement, F. fin end. See Finish, and cf. Finance.] 1. End; conclusion; termination; extinction. [Obs.] “To see their fatal fine.” Spenser.

Is this the fine of his fines?

Shak.

2. A sum of money paid as the settlement of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in dispute; especially, a payment of money imposed upon a party as a punishment for an offense; a mulct.

3. (Law) (a) (Feudal Law) A final agreement concerning lands or rents between persons, as the lord and his vassal. Spelman.

(b) (Eng. Law) A sum of money or price paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or privilege, as for admission to a copyhold, or for obtaining or renewing a lease.

Fine for alienation (Feudal Law), a sum of money paid to the lord by a tenant whenever he had occasion to make over his land to another. Burrill. — Fine of lands, a species of conveyance in the form of a fictitious suit compromised or terminated by the acknowledgment of the previous owner that such land was the right of the other party. Burrill. See Concord, n., 4. — In fine, in conclusion; by way of termination or summing up.

Fine, v. t. [From Fine, n.] To impose a pecuniary penalty upon for an offense or breach of law; to set a fine on by judgment of a court; to punish by fine; to mulct; as, the trespassers were fined ten dollars.

Fine, v. i. To pay a fine. See Fine, n., 3 (b). [R.]

Men fined for the king’s good will; or that he would remit his anger; women fined for leave to marry.

Hallam.

Fine, v. t. & i. [OF. finer, F. finir. See Finish, v. t.] To finish; to cease; or to cause to cease. [Obs.]

Fine”draw` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finedrawn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Finedrawing.] To sew up, so nicely that the seam is not perceived; to renter. Marryat.

Fine”draw`er (?), n. One who finedraws.

Fine”drawn` (?), a. Drawn out with too much subtilty; overnice; as, finedrawn speculations.

Fi*neer” (?), v. i. To run in debt by getting goods made up in a way unsuitable for the use of others, and then threatening not to take them except on credit. [R.] Goldsmith.

Fi*neer”, v. t. To veneer.

Fine”less (?), a. [Fine end + -less.] Endless; boundless. [Obs.] Shak.

Fine”ly, adv. In a fine or finished manner.

Fine”ness, n. [From Fine, a.] 1. The quality or condition of being fine.

2. Freedom from foreign matter or alloy; clearness; purity; as, the fineness of liquor.

The fineness of the gold, and chargeful fashion.

Shak.

3. The proportion of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion, or coins.

&fist; The fineness of United States coin is nine tenths, that of English gold coin is eleven twelfths, and that of English silver coin is &frac925×1000;.

4. Keenness or sharpness; as, the fineness of a needle’s point, or of the edge of a blade.

Fin”er (?), n. One who fines or purifies.

Fin”er*y (?), n. 1. Fineness; beauty. [Obs.]

Don’t choose your place of study by the finery of the prospects.

I. Watts.

2. Ornament; decoration; especially, excecially decoration; showy clothes; jewels.

Her mistress’ cast-off finery.

F. W. Robertson.

3. [Cf. Refinery.] (Iron Works) A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling.

Fine”spun` (?), a. Spun so as to be fine; drawn to a fine thread; attenuated; hence, unsubstantial; visionary; as, finespun theories.

Fi`nesse” (? or ?), n. [F., fr. fin fine. See Fine, a.] 1. Subtilty of contrivance to gain a point; artifice; stratagem.

This is the artificialest piece of finesse to persuade men into slavery.

Milton.

2. (Whist Playing) The act of finessing. See Finesse, v. i., 2.

Fi*nesse” (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Finessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Finessing.] 1. To use artifice or stratagem. Goldsmith.

2. (Whist Playing) To attempt, when second or third player, to make a lower card answer the purpose of a higher, when an intermediate card is out, risking the chance of its being held by the opponent yet to play.

Fine”still` (?), v. t. To distill, as spirit from molasses or some saccharine preparation.

Fine”still`er (?), n. One who finestills.

Fin”ew (?), n. [See Fenowed.] Moldiness. [R.]

Fin”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A finback whale. (b) (pl.) True fish, as distinguished from shellfish.

Fin”foot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird (Heliornis fulica) allied to the grebes. The name is also applied to several related species of the genus Podica.

Fin”-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having palmate feet. (b) Having lobate toes, as the coot and grebe.

Fin”ger (f&ibreve;&nsm;“g&etilde;r), n. [AS. finger; akin to D. vinger, OS. & OHG. fingar, G. finger, Icel. fingr, Sw. & Dan. finger, Goth. figgrs; of unknown origin; perh. akin to E. fang.] 1. One of the five terminating members of the hand; a digit; esp., one of the four extremities of the hand, other than the thumb.

2. Anything that does the work of a finger; as, the pointer of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; especially (Mech.) a small projecting rod, wire, or piece, which is brought into contact with an object to effect, direct, or restrain a motion.

3. The breadth of a finger, or the fourth part of the hand; a measure of nearly an inch; also, the length of finger, a measure in domestic use in the United States, of about four and a half inches or one eighth of a yard.

A piece of steel three fingers thick.

Bp. Wilkins.

4. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in playing upon a musical instrument. [R.]

She has a good finger.

Busby.

Ear finger, the little finger. — Finger alphabet. See Dactylology. – - Finger bar, the horizontal bar, carrying slotted spikes, or fingers, through which the vibratory knives of mowing and reaping machines play. — Finger board (Mus.), the part of a stringed instrument against which the fingers press the strings to vary the tone; the keyboard of a piano, organ, etc.; manual. — Finger bowl or glass, a bowl or glass to hold water for rinsing the fingers at table. — Finger flower (Bot.), the foxglove. — Finger grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Panicum sanguinale) with slender radiating spikes; common crab grass. See Crab grass, under Crab. — Finger nut, a fly nut or thumb nut. — Finger plate, a strip of metal, glass, etc., to protect a painted or polished door from finger marks. — Finger post, a guide post bearing an index finger. — Finger reading, reading printed in relief so as to be sensible to the touch; — so made for the blind. — Finger shell (Zoöl.), a marine shell (Pholas dactylus) resembling a finger in form. — Finger sponge (Zoöl.), a sponge having finger-shaped lobes, or branches. — Finger stall, a cover or shield for a finger. — Finger steel, a steel instrument for whetting a currier’s knife.

To burn one’s fingers. See under Burn. — To have a finger in, to be concerned in. [Colloq.] — To have at one’s fingers’ ends, to be thoroughly familiar with. [Colloq.]

Fin”ger (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fingered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fingering.] 1. To touch with the fingers; to handle; to meddle with.

Let the papers lie;
You would be fingering them to anger me.

Shak.

2. To touch lightly; to toy with.

3. (Mus.) (a) To perform on an instrument of music. (b) To mark the notes of (a piece of music) so as to guide the fingers in playing.

4. To take thievishly; to pilfer; to purloin. Shak.

5. To execute, as any delicate work.

Fin”ger, v. i. (Mus.) To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. Busby.

Fin”gered (?), a. 1. Having fingers.

2. (Bot.) Having leaflets like fingers; digitate.

3. (Mus.) Marked with figures designating which finger should be used for each note.

Fin”ger*er (?), n. One who fingers; a pilferer.

Fin”ger*ing, n. 1. The act or process of handling or touching with the fingers.

The mere sight and fingering of money.

Grew.

2. The manner of using the fingers in playing or striking the keys of an instrument of music; movement or management of the fingers in playing on a musical instrument, in typewriting, etc.

3. The marking of the notes of a piece of music to guide or regulate the action or use of the fingers.

4. Delicate work made with the fingers. Spenser.

Fin”ger*ling (?), n. [Finger + -ling.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon. See Parr.

Fin”gle-fan`gle (?), n. [From fangle.] A trifle. [Low] Hudibras.

||Fin”gri*go (?), n.; pl. Fingrigos (#). [So called in Jamaica.] (Bot.) A prickly, climbing shrub of the genus Pisonia. The fruit is a kind of berry.

Fin”i*al (?), n. [L. finire to finish, end. See Finish.] (Arch.) The knot or bunch of foliage, or foliated ornament, that forms the upper extremity of a pinnacle in Gothic architecture; sometimes, the pinnacle itself.

Fin”i*cal (?), a. [From Fine, a.] Affectedly fine; overnice; unduly particular; fastidious. “Finical taste.” Wordsworth.

The gross style consists in giving no detail, the finical in giving nothing else.

Hazlitt.

Syn. — Finical, Spruce, Foppish. These words are applied to persons who are studiously desirous to cultivate finery of appearance. One who is spruce is elaborately nice in dress; one who is finical shows his affectation in language and manner as well as in dress; one who is foppish distinguishes himself by going to the extreme of the fashion in the cut of his clothes, by the tawdriness of his ornaments, and by the ostentation of his manner. “A finical gentleman clips his words and screws his body into as small a compass as possible, to give himself the air of a delicate person; a spruce gentleman strives not to have a fold wrong in his frill or cravat, nor a hair of his head to lie amiss; a foppish gentleman seeks . . . to render himself distinguished for finery.” Crabb.

— Fin”i*cal*ly, adv. — Fin”i*cal*ness, n.

Fin`i*cal”i*ty (?), n. The quality of being finical; finicalness.

{ Fin”ick*ing (?), Fin”ick*y, a. } Finical; unduly particular. [Colloq.]

Fi*nif”ic (? or ?), n. [L. finis end + facere to make.] A limiting element or quality. [R.]

The essential finific in the form of the finite.

Coleridge.

Fin”i*fy (? or ?), v. t. [Fine, a. + -fy.] To make fine; to dress finically. [Obs.]

Hath so pared and finified them [his feet.]

B. Jonson.

Fin”i*kin (?), a. [Fine, a. + -kin.] Precise in trifles; idly busy. [Colloq.] Smart.

Fin”ing (?), n. 1. The act of imposing a fin&?;.

2. The process of fining or refining; clarification; also (Metal.), the conversion of cast iron into suitable for puddling, in a hearth or charcoal fire.

3. That which is used to refine; especially, a preparation of isinglass, gelatin, etc., for clarifying beer.

Fining pot, a vessel in which metals are refined. Prov. xvii. 3.

||Fi”nis (?), n. [L.] An end; conclusion. It is often placed at the end of a book.

Fin”ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Finishing.] [F. finir (with a stem finiss- in several forms, whence E. -ish: see -ish.),fr. L. finire to limit, finish, end, fr. finis boundary, limit, end; perh. for fidnis, and akin findere to cleave, E. fissure.] 1. To arrive at the end of; to bring to an end; to put an end to; to make an end of; to terminate.

And heroically hath finished
A life heroic.

Milton.

2. To bestow the last required labor upon; to complete; to bestow the utmost possible labor upon; to perfect; to accomplish; to polish.

Syn. — To end; terminate; close; conclude; complete; accomplish; perfect.

Fin”ish, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to terminate.

His days may finish ere that hapless time.

Shak.

2. To end; to die. [R.] Shak.

Fin”ish, n. 1. That which finishes, puts an end to&?; or perfects.

2. (Arch.) The joiner work and other finer work required for the completion of a building, especially of the interior. See Inside finish, and Outside finish.

3. (Fine Arts) (a) The labor required to give final completion to any work; hence, minute detail, careful elaboration, or the like. (b) See Finishing coat, under Finishing.

4. The result of completed labor, as on the surface of an object; manner or style of finishing; as, a rough, dead, or glossy finish given to cloth, stone, metal, etc.

5. Completion; — opposed to start, or beginning.

Fin”ished (?), a. Polished to the highest degree of excellence; complete; perfect; as, a finished poem; a finished education.

Finished work (Mach.), work that is made smooth or polished, though not necessarily completed.

Fin”ish*er (?), n. 1. One who finishes, puts an end to, completes, or perfects; esp. used in the trades, as in hatting, weaving, etc., for the workman who gives a finishing touch to the work, or any part of it, and brings it to perfection.

O prophet of glad tidings, finisher
Of utmost hope!

Milton.

2. Something that gives the finishing touch to, or settles, anything. [Colloq.]

Fin”ish*ing, n. The act or process of completing or perfecting; the final work upon or ornamentation of a thing.

Fin”ish*ing, a. Tending to complete or to render fit for the market or for use.

Finishing coat. (a) (Plastering) the final coat of plastering applied to walls and ceilings, usually white and rubbed smooth. (b) (Painting) The final coat of paint, usually differently mixed applied from the others. — Finishing press, a machine for pressing fabrics. — Finishing rolls (Iron Working), the rolls of a train which receive the bar from roughing rolls, and reduce it to its finished shape. Raymond.

Fi”nite (?), a. [L. finitus, p. p. of finire. See Finish, and cf. Fine, a.] Having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded; — opposed to infinite; as, finite number; finite existence; a finite being; a finite mind; finite duration.

Fi”nite*less, a. Infinite. [Obs.] Sir T. browne.

Fi”nite*ly, adv. In a finite manner or degree.

Fi”nite*ness, n. The state of being finite.

Fin”i*tude (?), n. [L. finire. See Finish.] Limitation. Cheyne.

Fin”land*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Finland.

Fin”less, a. (Zoöl.) destitute of fins.

Fin”let (?), n. [Fin + - let.] A little fin; one of the parts of a divided fin.

Fin”like` (?), a. Resembling a fin.

Finn (?), a. A native of Finland; one of the Finn&?; in the ethnological sense. See Finns.

Fin”nan had”die (?). [See Haddock.] Haddock cured in peat smoke, originally at Findon (pron. f&ibreve;n”an), Scotland. the name is also applied to other kinds of smoked haddock. [Written also finnan haddock.]

Finned (?), a. Having a fin, or fins, or anything resembling a fin. Mortimer.

Fin”ner (?), n. (Zoöl.) A finback whale.

Finn”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Finns.

Fin”ni*kin (?), n. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon, with a crest somewhat resembling the mane of a horse. [Written also finikin.]

Finn”ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Finland, to the Finns, or to their language. — n. A Northern Turanian group of languages; the language of the Finns.

Finns (?), n. pl.; sing. Finn. (Ethnol.) (a) Natives of Finland; Finlanders. (b) A branch of the Mongolian race, inhabiting Northern and Eastern Europe, including the Magyars, Bulgarians, Permians, Lapps, and Finlanders. [Written also Fins.]

Fin”ny (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having, or abounding in, fins, as fishes; pertaining to fishes.

2. Abounding in fishes.

With patient angle trolls the finny deep.

Goldsmoth.

||Fi*no”chi*o (?; 277), n. [It. finocchio fennel, LL. fenuclum. See Fennel.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Fœniculum dulce) having a somewhat tuberous stem; sweet fennel. The blanched stems are used in France and Italy as a culinary vegetable.

||Fi”nos (?), n. pl. [Sp., pl., fr. fino fine.] Second best wool from Merino sheep. Gardner.

Fin”pike` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bichir. See Crossopterygii.

Fint (?), 3d pers. sing. pr. of Find, for findeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fin”-toed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having toes connected by a membrane; palmiped; palmated; also, lobate.

||Fiord (fy&?;rd; i or y consonant, § 272), n. [Dan. & Norw. fiord. See Frith.] A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating between high banks or rocks, as on the coasts of Norway and Alaska. [Written also fjord.]

Fi”o*rin (?), n. [Cf. Ir. fiothran a sort of grass.] (Bot.) A species of creeping bent grass (Agrostis alba); — called also fiorin grass.

Fi”o*rite (?), n. (Min.) A variety of opal occuring in the cavities of volcanic tufa, in smooth and shining globular and botryoidal masses, having a pearly luster; – - so called from Fiora, in Ischia.

||Fio`ri*tu”re (?), n. pl. [It., pl. of fioritura a flowering.] (Mus.) Little flowers of ornament introduced into a melody by a singer or player.

Fip”pen*ny bit` (? or ?). [Corruption of five penny bit.] The Spanish half real, or one sixteenth of a dollar, – - so called in Pennsylvania and the adjacent States. [Obs.]

&fist; Before the act of Congress, Feb. 21, 1857, caused the adoption of decimal coins and the withdrawal of foreign coinage from circulation, this coin passed currently for 6¼ cents, and was called in New England a fourpence ha’penny or fourpence; in New York a sixpence; in Pennsylvania, Virginia, etc., a fip; and in Louisiana, a picayune.

Fip”ple (f&etilde;r), n. [perh. fr. L. fibula a clasp, a pin; cf. Prov. E. fible a stick used to stir pottage.] A stopper, as in a wind instrument of music. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fir (f&etilde;r), n. [Dan. fyr, fyrr; akin to Sw. furu, Icel. fura, AS. furh in furhwudu fir wood, G. föhre, OHG. forha pine, vereheih a sort of oak, L. quercus oak.] (Bot.) A genus (Abies) of coniferous trees, often of large size and elegant shape, some of them valued for their timber and others for their resin. The species are distinguished as the balsam fir, the silver fir, the red fir, etc. The Scotch fir is a Pinus.

&fist; Fir in the Bible means any one of several coniferous trees, including, cedar, cypress, and probably three species of pine. J. D. Hooker.

Fire (fīr), n. [OE. fir, fyr, fur AS. f&ymacr;r; akin to D. vuur, OS. & OHG. fiur, G. feuer, Icel. f&ymacr;ri, fūrr, Gr. py^r, and perh. to L. purus pure, E. pure Cf. Empyrean, Pyre.] 1. The evolution of light and heat in the combustion of bodies; combustion; state of ignition.

&fist; The form of fire exhibited in the combustion of gases in an ascending stream or current is called flame. Anciently, fire, air, earth, and water were regarded as the four elements of which all things are composed.

2. Fuel in a state of combustion, as on a hearth, or in a stove or a furnace.

3. The burning of a house or town; a conflagration.

4. Anything which destroys or affects like fire.

5. Ardor of passion, whether love or hate; excessive warmth; consuming violence of temper.

he had fire in his temper.

Atterbury.

6. Liveliness of imagination or fancy; intellectual and moral enthusiasm; capacity for ardor and zeal.

And bless their critic with a poet’s fire.

Pope.

7. Splendor; brilliancy; luster; hence, a star.

Stars, hide your fires.

Shak.

As in a zodiac
representing the heavenly fires.

Milton.

8. Torture by burning; severe trial or affliction.

9. The discharge of firearms; firing; as, the troops were exposed to a heavy fire.

Blue fire, Red fire, Green fire (Pyrotech.), compositions of various combustible substances, as sulphur, niter, lampblack, etc., the flames of which are colored by various metallic salts, as those of antimony, strontium, barium, etc. — Fire alarm (a) A signal given on the breaking out of a fire. (b) An apparatus for giving such an alarm. — Fire annihilator, a machine, device, or preparation to be kept at hand for extinguishing fire by smothering it with some incombustible vapor or gas, as carbonic acid. — Fire balloon. (a) A balloon raised in the air by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire placed in the lower part. (b) A balloon sent up at night with fireworks which ignite at a regulated height. Simmonds. — Fire bar, a grate bar. — Fire basket, a portable grate; a cresset. Knight. — Fire beetle. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. — Fire blast, a disease of plants which causes them to appear as if burnt by fire. — Fire box, the chamber of a furnace, steam boiler, etc., for the fire. — Fire brick, a refractory brick, capable of sustaining intense heat without fusion, usually made of fire clay or of siliceous material, with some cementing substance, and used for lining fire boxes, etc. — Fire brigade, an organized body of men for extinguished fires. — Fire bucket. See under Bucket. — Fire bug, an incendiary; one who, from malice or through mania, persistently sets fire to property; a pyromaniac. [U.S.] — Fire clay. See under Clay. — Fire company, a company of men managing an engine in extinguishing fires. — Fire cross. See Fiery cross. [Obs.] Milton. — Fire damp. See under Damp. — Fire dog. See Firedog, in the Vocabulary. — Fire drill. (a) A series of evolutions performed by fireman for practice. (b) An apparatus for producing fire by friction, by rapidly twirling a wooden pin in a wooden socket; — used by the Hindoos during all historic time, and by many savage peoples. — Fire eater. (a) A juggler who pretends to eat fire. (b) A quarrelsome person who seeks affrays; a hotspur. [Colloq.] — Fire engine, a portable forcing pump, usually on wheels, for throwing water to extinguish fire. — Fire escape, a contrivance for facilitating escape from burning buildings. — Fire gilding (Fine Arts), a mode of gilding with an amalgam of gold and quicksilver, the latter metal being driven off afterward by heat. — Fire gilt (Fine Arts), gold laid on by the process of fire gilding. — Fire insurance, the act or system of insuring against fire; also, a contract by which an insurance company undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium or small percentage — usually made periodically — to indemnify an owner of property from loss by fire during a specified period. — Fire irons, utensils for a fireplace or grate, as tongs, poker, and shovel. — Fire main, a pipe for water, to be used in putting out fire. — Fire master (Mil), an artillery officer who formerly supervised the composition of fireworks. — Fire office, an office at which to effect insurance against fire. — Fire opal, a variety of opal giving firelike reflections. — Fire ordeal, an ancient mode of trial, in which the test was the ability of the accused to handle or tread upon red-hot irons. Abbot. — Fire pan, a pan for holding or conveying fire, especially the receptacle for the priming of a gun. — Fire plug, a plug or hydrant for drawing water from the main pipes in a street, building, etc., for extinguishing fires. — Fire policy, the writing or instrument expressing the contract of insurance against loss by fire. — Fire pot. (a) (Mil.) A small earthen pot filled with combustibles, formerly used as a missile in war. (b) The cast iron vessel which holds the fuel or fire in a furnace. (c) A crucible. (d) A solderer’s furnace. — Fire raft, a raft laden with combustibles, used for setting fire to an enemy’s ships. — Fire roll, a peculiar beat of the drum to summon men to their quarters in case of fire. — Fire setting (Mining), the process of softening or cracking the working face of a lode, to facilitate excavation, by exposing it to the action of fire; — now generally superseded by the use of explosives. Raymond. — Fire ship, a vessel filled with combustibles, for setting fire to an enemy’s ships. — Fire shovel, a shovel for taking up coals of fire. — Fire stink, the stench from decomposing iron pyrites, caused by the formation of sulphureted hydrogen. Raymond. — Fire surface, the surfaces of a steam boiler which are exposed to the direct heat of the fuel and the products of combustion; heating surface. — Fire swab, a swab saturated with water, for cooling a gun in action and clearing away particles of powder, etc. Farrow. — Fire teaser, in England, the fireman of a steam emgine. — Fire water, ardent spirits; — so called by the American Indians. — Fire worship, the worship of fire, which prevails chiefly in Persia, among the followers of Zoroaster, called Chebers, or Guebers, and among the Parsees of India. — Greek fire. See under Greek. — On fire, burning; hence, ardent; passionate; eager; zealous. — Running fire, the rapid discharge of firearms in succession by a line of troops. — St. Anthony’s fire, erysipelas; — an eruptive fever which St. Anthony was supposed to cure miraculously. Hoblyn. — St. Elmo’s fire. See under Saint Elmo. — To set on fire, to inflame; to kindle. — To take fire, to begin to burn; to fly into a passion.

Fire (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fring.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; as, to fire a house or chimney; to fire a pile.

2. To subject to intense heat; to bake; to burn in a kiln; as, to fire pottery.

3. To inflame; to irritate, as the passions; as, to fire the soul with anger, pride, or revenge.

Love had fired my mind.

Dryden.

4. To animate; to give life or spirit to; as, to fire the genius of a young man.

5. To feed or serve the fire of; as, to fire a boiler.

6. To light up as if by fire; to illuminate.

[The sun] fires the proud tops of the eastern pines.

Shak.

7. To cause to explode; as, to fire a torpedo; to disharge; as, to fire a musket or cannon; to fire cannon balls, rockets, etc.

8. To drive by fire. [Obs.]

Till my bad angel fire my good one out.

Shak.

9. (Far.) To cauterize.

To fire up, to light up the fires of, as of an engine.

Fire, v. i. 1. To take fire; to be kindled; to kindle.

2. To be irritated or inflamed with passion.

3. To discharge artillery or firearms; as, they fired on the town.

To fire up, to grow irritated or angry. “He . . . fired up, and stood vigorously on his defense.” Macaulay.

Fire”arm` (-ärm`), n. A gun, pistol, or any weapon from which a shot is discharged by the force of an explosive substance, as gunpowder.

Fire”back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of pheasants of the genus Euplocamus, having the lower back a bright, fiery red. They inhabit Southern Asia and the East Indies.

Fire”ball` (?), n. (a) (Mil.) A ball filled with powder or other combustibles, intended to be thrown among enemies, and to injure by explosion; also, to set fire to their works and light them up, so that movements may be seen. (b) A luminous meteor, resembling a ball of fire passing rapidly through the air, and sometimes exploding.

Fire”bare` (?), n. A beacon. [Obs.] Burrill.

Fire” bee`tle (?). (Zoöl.) A very brilliantly luminous beetle (Pyrophorus noctilucus), one of the elaters, found in Central and South America; — called also cucujo. The name is also applied to other species. See Firefly.

Fire”bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Baltimore oriole.

Fire”board` (?), n. A chimney board or screen to close a fireplace when not in use.

Fire”bote` (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) An allowance of fuel. See Bote.

Fire”brand` (?), n. 1. A piece of burning wood. L’Estrange.

2. One who inflames factions, or causes contention and mischief; an incendiary. Bacon.

Fire”crack`er (?), n. See Cracker., n., 3.

Fire”crest` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small European kinglet (Regulus ignicapillus), having a bright red crest; — called also fire-crested wren.

Fire”dog` (?), n. A support for wood in a fireplace; an andiron.

Fire”drake` (?), n. [AS. f&ymacr;rdraca; f&ymacr;r fire + draca a dragon. See Fire, and Drake a dragon.] [Obs.] 1. A fiery dragon. Beau. & Fl.

2. A fiery meteor; an ignis fatuus; a rocket.

3. A worker at a furnace or fire. B. Jonson.

Fire”-fanged` (?), a. [Fire + fanged seized.] Injured as by fire; burned; — said of manure which has lost its goodness and acquired an ashy hue in consequence of heat generated by decomposition.

Fire”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A singular marine fish of the genus Pterois, family Scorpænidæ, of several species, inhabiting the Indo-Pacific region. They are usually red, and have very large spinose pectoral and dorsal fins.

Fire”flaire` (?), n. [Fire + Prov. E. flaire a ray.] (Zoöl.) A European sting ray of the genus Trygon (T. pastinaca); — called also fireflare and fiery flaw.

Fire”flame` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European band fish (Cepola rubescens).

Fire”fly` (?), n.; pl. Fireflies (&?;). (Zoöl.) Any luminous winged insect, esp. luminous beetles of the family Lampyridæ.

&fist; The common American species belong to the genera Photinus and Photuris, in which both sexes are winged. The name is also applied to luminous species of Elateridæ. See Fire beetle.

Fire”less, a. Destitute of fire.

Fire”lock`, n. An old form of gunlock, as the flintlock, which ignites the priming by a spark; perhaps originally, a matchlock. Hence, a gun having such a lock.

Fire”man (?), n.; pl. Firemen (-men). 1. A man whose business is to extinguish fires in towns; a member of a fire company.

2. A man who tends the fires, as of a steam engine; a stocker.

Fire”-new` (?), a. Fresh from the forge; bright; quite new; brand-new. Charles reade.

Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current.

Shak.

Fire”place` (?), n. The part a chimney appropriated to the fire; a hearth; — usually an open recess in a wall, in which a fire may be built.

Fire”proof` (?), a. Proof against fire; incombustible.

Fire”proof`ing (?), n. The act or process of rendering anything incombustible; also, the materials used in the process.

Fir”er (?), n. One who fires or sets fire to anything; an incendiary. [R.] R. Carew.

Fire”-set` (?), n. A set of fire irons, including, commonly, tongs, shovel, and poker.

Fire”side` (?), n. A place near the fire or hearth; home; domestic life or retirement.

Fire”stone` (?; 110), n. [AS. f&ymacr;rstān flint; f&ymacr;r fire + stān stone.] 1. Iron pyrites, formerly used for striking fire; also, a flint.

2. A stone which will bear the heat of a furnace without injury; — especially applied to the sandstone at the top of the upper greensand in the south of England, used for lining kilns and furnaces. Ure.

Fire”tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart; — called also fireflirt. [prov. Eng.]

Fire”ward`en (?), n. An officer who has authority to direct in the extinguishing of fires, or to order what precautions shall be taken against fires; — called also fireward.

Fire”weed` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An American plant (Erechthites hiercifolia), very troublesome in spots where brushwood has been burned. (b) The great willow-herb (Epilobium spicatum).

Fire”wood` (?), n. Wood for fuel.

Fire”work` (?), n. 1. A device for producing a striking display of light, or a figure or figures in plain or colored fire, by the combustion of materials that burn in some peculiar manner, as gunpowder, sulphur, metallic filings, and various salts. The most common feature of fireworks is a paper or pasteboard tube filled with the combustible material. A number of these tubes or cases are often combined so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of figures in fire, often variously colored. The skyrocket is a common form of firework. The name is also given to various combustible preparations used in war.
[1913 Webster]

2. pl. A pyrotechnic exhibition. [Obs. in the sing.]

Night before last, the Duke of Richmond gave a firework.

Walpole.

Fire”worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small tortricid moth which eats the leaves of the cranberry, so that the vines look as if burned; — called also cranberry worm.

Fir”ing, n. 1. The act of discharging firearms.

2. The mode of introducing fuel into the furnace and working it. Knight.

3. The application of fire, or of a cautery. Dunglison.

4. The process of partly vitrifying pottery by exposing it to intense heat in a kiln.

5. Fuel; firewood or coal. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Firing iron, an instrument used in cauterizing.

Firk (?), v. t. [Cf. OE. ferken to proceed, hasten, AS. fercian to bring, assist; perh. akin to faran to go, E. fare.] To beat; to strike; to chastise. [Obs.]

I’ll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him.

Shak.

Firk, v. i. To fly out; to turn out; to go off. [Obs.]

A wench is a rare bait, with which a man

No sooner’s taken but he straight firks mad.B.Jonson.

Firk, n. A freak; trick; quirk. [Obs.] Ford.

Fir”kin (?), n. [From AS. feówer four (or an allied word, perh. Dutch or Danish) + -kin. See Four.] 1. A varying measure of capacity, usually being the fourth part of a barrel; specifically, a measure equal to nine imperial gallons. [Eng.]

2. A small wooden vessel or cask of indeterminate size, — used for butter, lard, etc. [U.S.]

Fir”lot (?), n. [Scot., the fourth part of a boll of grain, from a word equiv. to E. four + lot part, portion. See Firkin.] A dry measure formerly used in Scotland; the fourth part of a boll of grain or meal. The Linlithgow wheat firlot was to the imperial bushel as 998 to 1000; the barley firlot as 1456 to 1000. Brande & C.

Firm (?), a. [Compar. Firmer (?); superl. Firmest.] [OE. ferme, F. ferme, fr.L. firmus; cf. Skr. dharman support, law, order, dh&?; to hold fast, carry. Cf. Farm, Throne.] 1. Fixed; hence, closely compressed; compact; substantial; hard; solid; — applied to the matter of bodies; as, firm flesh; firm muscles, firm wood.

2. Not easily excited or disturbed; unchanging in purpose; fixed; steady; constant; stable; unshaken; not easily changed in feelings or will; strong; as, a firm believer; a firm friend; a firm adherent.

Under spread ensigns, moving nigh, in slow
But firm battalion.

Milton.

By one man’s firm obediency fully tried.

Milton.

3. Solid; — opposed to fluid; as, firm land.

4. Indicating firmness; as, a firm tread; a firm countenance.

Syn. — Compact; dense; hard; solid; stanch; robust; strong; sturdly; fixed; steady; resolute; constant.

Firm, n. [It. firma the (firm, sure, or confirming) signature or subscription, or Pg. firma signature, firm, cf. Sp. firma signature; all fr. L. firmus, adj., firm. See Firm, a.] The name, title, or style, under which a company transacts business; a partnership of two or more persons; a commercial house; as, the firm of Hope & Co.

Firm, v. t. [OE. fermen to make firm, F. fermer, fr. L. firmare to make firm. See Firm, a.] 1. To fix; to settle; to confirm; to establish. [Obs.]

And Jove has firmed it with an awful nod.

Dryden.

2. To fix or direct with firmness. [Obs.]

He on his card and compass firms his eye.

Spenser.

Fir”ma*ment (?), n. [L. firmamentum, fr. firmare to make firm: cf. F. firmament. See Firm, v. & a.] 1. Fixed foundation; established basis. [Obs.]

Custom is the . . . firmament of the law.

Jer. Taylor.

2. The region of the air; the sky or heavens.

And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

Gen. i. 6.

And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament.

Gen. i. 14.

&fist; In Scripture, the word denotes an expanse, a wide extent; the great arch or expanse over out heads, in which are placed the atmosphere and the clouds, and in which the stars appear to be placed, and are really seen.

3. (Old Astron.) The orb of the fixed stars; the most rmote of the celestial spheres.

Fir`ma*men”tal (?), a. Pertaining to the firmament; celestial; being of the upper regions. Dryden.

Fir”man (? or ?), n.; pl. Firmans (#) or (#). [Pers. fermān.] In Turkey and some other Oriental countries, a decree or mandate issued by the sovereign; a royal order or grant; — generally given for special objects, as to a traveler to insure him protection and assistance. [Written also firmaun.]

Firm”er-chis”el (?), n. A chisel, thin in proportion to its width. It has a tang to enter the handle instead of a socket for receiving it. Knight.

Firm”i*tude (?), n. [L. firmitudo. See Firm.] Strength; stability. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Firm”i*ty (?), n. [L. firmitas.] Strength; firmness; stability. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Firm”less, a. 1. Detached from substance. [Obs.]

Does passion still the firmless mind control?

Pope.

2. Infirm; unstable. “Firmless sands.” Sylvester.

Firm”ly, adv. In a firm manner.

Firm”ness, n. The state or quality of being firm.

Syn. — Firmness, Constancy. Firmness belongs to the will, and constancy to the affections and principles; the former prevents us from yielding, and the latter from fluctuating. Without firmness a man has no character; “without constancy,” says Addison, “there is neither love, friendship, nor virtue in the world.”

Firms (?), n. pl. [From Firm, a.] (Arch.) The principal rafters of a roof, especially a pair of rafters taken together. [Obs.]

Fir”ring (?), n. (Arch.) See Furring.

Fir”ry (?), a. Made of fir; abounding in firs.

In firry woodlands making moan.

Tennyson.

First (?), a. [OE. first, furst, AS. fyrst; akin to Icel. fyrstr, Sw. & Dan. förste, OHG. furist, G. fürst prince; a superlatiye form of E. for, fore. See For, Fore, and cf. Formeer, Foremost.] 1. Preceding all others of a series or kind; the ordinal of one; earliest; as, the first day of a month; the first year of a reign.

2. Foremost; in front of, or in advance of, all others.

3. Most eminent or exalted; most excellent; chief; highest; as, Demosthenes was the first orator of Greece.

At first blush. See under Blush. — At first hand, from the first or original source; without the intervention of any agent.

It is the intention of the person to reveal it at first hand, by way of mouth, to yourself.

Dickens.

— First coat (Plastering), the solid foundation of coarse stuff, on which the rest is placed; it is thick, and crossed with lines, so as to give a bond for the next coat. — First day, Sunday; — so called by the Friends. — First floor. (a) The ground floor. [U.S.] (b) The floor next above the ground floor. [Eng.] — First fruit or fruits. (a) The fruits of the season earliest gathered. (b) (Feudal Law) One year’s profits of lands belonging to the king on the death of a tenant who held directly from him. (c) (Eng. Eccl. Law) The first year’s whole profits of a benefice or spiritual living. (d) The earliest effects or results.

See, Father, what first fruits on earth are sprung
From thy implanted grace in man!

Milton.

— First mate, an officer in a merchant vessel next in rank to the captain. — First name, same as Christian name. See under Name, n. — First officer (Naut.), in the merchant service, same as First mate (above). — First sergeant (Mil.), the ranking non-commissioned officer in a company; the orderly sergeant. Farrow. — First watch (Naut.), the watch from eight to twelve at midnight; also, the men on duty during that time. — First water, the highest quality or purest luster; — said of gems, especially of diamond and pearls.

Syn. — Primary; primordial; primitive; primeval; pristine; highest; chief; principal; foremost.

First (?), adv. Before any other person or thing in time, space, rank, etc.; — much used in composition with adjectives and participles.

Adam was first formed, then Eve.

1 Tim. ii. 13.

At first, At the first, at the beginning or origin. — First or last, at one time or another; at the beginning or end.

And all are fools and lovers first or last.

Dryden.

First, n. (Mus.) The upper part of a duet, trio, etc., either vocal or instrumental; — so called because it generally expresses the air, and has a preëminence in the combined effect.

First”born` (?), a. First brought forth; first in the order of nativity; eldest; hence, most excellent; most distinguished or exalted.

First”-class` (?), a. Of the best class; of the highest rank; in the first division; of the best quality; first-rate; as, a first-class telescope.

First-class car or First-class railway carriage, any passenger car of the highest regular class, and intended for passengers who pay the highest regular rate; — distinguished from a second-class car.

First”-hand` (?), a. Obtained directly from the first or original source; hence, without the intervention of an agent.

One sphere there is . . . where the apprehension of him is first-hand and direct; and that is the sphere of our own mind.

J. Martineau.

First”ling (?), n. [First + - ling.] 1. The first produce or offspring; — said of animals, especially domestic animals; as, the firstlings of his flock. Milton.

2. The thing first thought or done.

The very firstlings of my heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand.

Shak.

First”ling, a. Firstborn.

All the firstling males.

Deut. xv. 19.

First”ly, adv. In the first place; before anything else; — sometimes improperly used for first.

First”-rate` (?), a. Of the highest excellence; preëminent in quality, size, or estimation.

Our only first-rate body of contemporary poetry is the German.

M. Arnold.

Hermocrates . . . a man of first-rate ability.

Jowett (Thucyd).

First”-rate`, n. (Naut.) A war vessel of the highest grade or the most powerful class.

Firth (?), n. [Scot. See Frith.] (geog.) An arm of the sea; a frith.

Fir” tree` (?). See Fir.

Fisc (?), n. [F. fisc, fr. L. fiscus basket, money basket, treasury; prob. akin to fascis bundle. See Fasces.] A public or state treasury. Burke.

Fis”cal (?), a. [F. fiscal, L. fiscalis, fr. fiscus. See Fisc.] Pertaining to the public treasury or revenue.

The fiscal arreangements of government.

A>Hamilton.

Fis”cal, n. 1. The income of a prince or a state; revenue; exhequer. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A treasurer. H. Swinburne.

3. A public officer in Scotland who prosecutes in petty criminal cases; — called also procurator fiscal.

4. The solicitor in Spain and Portugal; the attorney-general.

Fi*set”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to fustet or fisetin.

Fis”e*tin (?), n. [G. fisettholz a species of fustic.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance extracted from fustet, and regarded as its essential coloring principle; — called also fisetic acid.

Fish (?), n. [F. fiche peg, mark, fr. fisher to fix.] A counter, used in various games.

Fish, n.; pl. Fishes (#), or collectively, Fish. [OE. fisch, fisc, fis, AS. fisc; akin to D. visch, OS. & OHG. fisk, G. fisch, Icel. fiskr, Sw. & Dan. fisk, Goth. fisks, L. piscis, Ir. iasg. Cf. Piscatorial. In some cases, such as fish joint, fish plate, this word has prob. been confused with fish, fr. F. fichea peg.] 1. A name loosely applied in popular usage to many animals of diverse characteristics, living in the water.

2. (Zoöl.) An oviparous, vertebrate animal usually having fins and a covering scales or plates. It breathes by means of gills, and lives almost entirely in the water. See Pisces.

&fist; The true fishes include the Teleostei (bony fishes), Ganoidei, Dipnoi, and Elasmobranchii or Selachians (sharks and skates). Formerly the leptocardia and Marsipobranciata were also included, but these are now generally regarded as two distinct classes, below the fishes.

3. pl. The twelfth sign of the zodiac; Pisces.

4. The flesh of fish, used as food.

5. (Naut.) (a) A purchase used to fish the anchor. (b) A piece of timber, somewhat in the form of a fish, used to strengthen a mast or yard.

&fist; Fish is used adjectively or as part of a compound word; as, fish line, fish pole, fish spear, fish-bellied.

Age of Fishes. See under Age, n., 8. — Fish ball, fish (usually salted codfish) shared fine, mixed with mashed potato, and made into the form of a small, round cake. [U.S.] — Fish bar. Same as Fish plate (below). — Fish beam (Mech.), a beam one of whose sides (commonly the under one) swells out like the belly of a fish. Francis. — Fish crow (Zoöl.), a species of crow (Corvus ossifragus), found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It feeds largely on fish. — Fish culture, the artifical breeding and rearing of fish; pisciculture. — Fish davit. See Davit. — Fish day, a day on which fish is eaten; a fast day. — Fish duck (Zoöl.), any species of merganser. — Fish fall, the tackle depending from the fish davit, used in hauling up the anchor to the gunwale of a ship. — Fish garth, a dam or weir in a river for keeping fish or taking them easily. – - Fish glue. See Isinglass. — Fish joint, a joint formed by a plate or pair of plates fastened upon two meeting beams, plates, etc., at their junction; — used largely in connecting the rails of railroads. — Fish kettle, a long kettle for boiling fish whole. — Fish ladder, a dam with a series of steps which fish can leap in order to ascend falls in a river. — Fish line, or Fishing line, a line made of twisted hair, silk, etc., used in angling. — Fish louse (Zoöl.), any crustacean parasitic on fishes, esp. the parasitic Copepoda, belonging to Caligus, Argulus, and other related genera. See Branchiura. — Fish maw (Zoöl.), the stomach of a fish; also, the air bladder, or sound. — Fish meal, fish desiccated and ground fine, for use in soups, etc. — Fish oil, oil obtained from the bodies of fish and marine animals, as whales, seals, sharks, from cods’ livers, etc. — Fish owl (Zoöl.), a fish-eating owl of the Old World genera Scotopelia and Ketupa, esp. a large East Indian species (K. Ceylonensis). — Fish plate, one of the plates of a fish joint. — Fish pot, a wicker basket, sunk, with a float attached, for catching crabs, lobsters, etc. — Fish pound, a net attached to stakes, for entrapping and catching fish; a weir. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. — Fish slice, a broad knife for dividing fish at table; a fish trowel. — Fish slide, an inclined box set in a stream at a small fall, or ripple, to catch fish descending the current. Knight. — Fish sound, the air bladder of certain fishes, esp. those that are dried and used as food, or in the arts, as for the preparation of isinglass. — Fish story, a story which taxes credulity; an extravagant or incredible narration. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. — Fish strainer. (a) A metal colander, with handles, for taking fish from a boiler. (b) A perforated earthenware slab at the bottom of a dish, to drain the water from a boiled fish. — Fish trowel, a fish slice. — Fish weir or wear, a weir set in a stream, for catching fish. — Neither fish nor flesh (Fig.), neither one thing nor the other.

Fish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fishing.] 1. To attempt to catch fish; to be employed in taking fish, by any means, as by angling or drawing a net.

2. To seek to obtain by artifice, or indirectly to seek to draw forth; as, to fish for compliments.

Any other fishing question.

Sir W. Scott.

Fish, v. t. [OE. fischen, fisken, fissen, AS. fiscian; akin to G. fischen, OHG. fisc&?;n, Goth. fisk&?;n. See Fish the animal.] 1. To catch; to draw out or up; as, to fish up an anchor.

2. To search by raking or sweeping. Swift.

3. To try with a fishing rod; to catch fish in; as, to fish a stream. Thackeray.

4. To strengthen (a beam, mast, etc.), or unite end to end (two timbers, railroad rails, etc.) by bolting a plank, timber, or plate to the beam, mast, or timbers, lengthwise on one or both sides. See Fish joint, under Fish, n.

To fish the anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor.

Fish”-bel`lied (?), a. Bellying or swelling out on the under side; as, a fish-bellied rail. Knight.

Fish”block` (?), n. See Fish tackle.

Fish”er (?), n. [AS. fiscere.] 1. One who fishes.

2. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela Canadensis); the pekan; the “black cat.”

Fish”er*man (?), n.; pl. Fishermen (&?;). 1. One whose occupation is to catch fish.

2. (Naut.) A ship or vessel employed in the business of taking fish, as in the cod fishery.

Fish”er*y (?), n.; pl. Fisheries (&?;). 1. The business or practice of catching fish; fishing. Addison.

2. A place for catching fish.

3. (Law) The right to take fish at a certain place, or in particular waters. Abbott.

Fish”ful (?), a. Abounding with fish. [R.] “My fishful pond.” R. Carew.

Fish”gig` (?), n. A spear with barbed prongs used for harpooning fish. Knight.

Fish”hawk` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The osprey (Pandion haliaëtus), found both in Europe and America; — so called because it plunges into the water and seizes fishes in its talons. Called also fishing eagle, and bald buzzard.

Fish”hook` (?), n. 1. A hook for catching fish.

2. (Naut.) A hook with a pendant, to the end of which the fish-tackle is hooked. Dana.

Fish”i*fy (?), v. t. To change to fish. [R.] Shak.

Fish”i*ness, n. The state or quality of being fishy or fishlike. Pennant.

Fish”ing, n. 1. The act, practice, or art of one who fishes.

2. A fishery. Spenser.

Fish”ing, a. [From Fishing, n.] Pertaining to fishing; used in fishery; engaged in fishing; as, fishing boat; fishing tackle; fishing village.

Fishing fly, an artificial fly for fishing. — Fishing line, a line used in catching fish. — Fishing net, a net of various kinds for catching fish; including the bag net, casting net, drag net, landing net, seine, shrimping net, trawl, etc. — Fishing rod, a long slender rod, to which is attached the line for angling. — Fishing smack, a sloop or other small vessel used in sea fishing. — Fishing tackle, apparatus used in fishing, as hook, line, rod, etc. — Fishing tube (Micros.), a glass tube for selecting a microscopic object in a fluid.

Fish”like (?), a. Like fish; suggestive of fish; having some of the qualities of fish.

A very ancient and fishlike smell.

Shak.

Fish”mon`ger (?), n. A dealer in fish.

Fish”skin` (?), n. 1. The skin of a fish (dog fish, shark, etc.)

2. (Med.) See Ichthyosis.

Fish”-tac`kle (?), n. A tackle or purchase used to raise the flukes of the anchor up to the gunwale. The block used is called the fish-block.

Fish”-tail` (?), a. Like the of a fish; acting, or producing something, like the tail of a fish.

Fish-tail burner, a gas burner that gives a spreading flame shaped somewhat like the tail of a fish. — Fish-tail propeller (Steamship), a propeller with a single blade that oscillates like the tail of a fish when swimming.

Fish”wife` (?), n. A fishwoman.

Fish”wom`an (?), n.; pl. Fishwomen (&?;). A woman who retails fish.

Fish”y (?), a. 1. Consisting of fish; fishlike; having the qualities or taste of fish; abounding in fish. Pope.

2. Extravagant, like some stories about catching fish; improbable; also, rank or foul. [Colloq.]

Fisk (?), v. i. [Cf. Sw. fjeska to bustle about.] To run about; to frisk; to whisk. [Obs.]

He fisks abroad, and stirreth up erroneous opinions.

Latimer.

Fis`si*gem*ma”tion (?), n. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. gemmation.] (Biol.) A process of reproduction intermediate between fission and gemmation.

Fis”sile (?), a. [L. fissilis, fr. fissus, p. p. of findere to split. See Fissure.] Capable of being split, cleft, or divided in the direction of the grain, like wood, or along natural planes of cleavage, like crystals.

This crystal is a pellucid, fissile stone.

Sir I. Newton.

Fis`si*lin”gual (?), a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. lingual.] (Zoöl.) Having the tongue forked.

||Fis`si*lin”gui*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. o f findere to split) + lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) A group of Lacertilia having the tongue forked, including the common lizards. [Written also Fissilingues.]

Fis*sil”i*ty (?), n. Quality of being fissile.

Fis”sion (?), n. [L. fissio. See Fissure.] 1. A cleaving, splitting, or breaking up into parts.

2. (Biol.) A method of asexual reproduction among the lowest (unicellular) organisms by means of a process of self-division, consisting of gradual division or cleavage of the into two parts, each of which then becomes a separate and independent organisms; as when a cell in an animal or plant, or its germ, undergoes a spontaneous division, and the parts again subdivide. See Segmentation, and Cell division, under Division.

3. (Zoöl.) A process by which certain coral polyps, echinoderms, annelids, etc., spontaneously subdivide, each individual thus forming two or more new ones. See Strobilation.

Fis`si*pal”mate (?), a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + palma palm.] (Zoöl.) Semipalmate and loboped, as a grebe’s foot. See Illust. under Aves.

||Fis*sip”a*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Fissiparous.] (Zoöl.) Animals which reproduce by fission.

Fis*sip”a*rism (?), n. [See Fissiparous.] (Biol.) Reproduction by spontaneous fission.

Fis`si*par”i*ty (?), n. (Biol.) Quality of being fissiparous; fissiparism.

Fis*sip”a*rous (?), a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. fissipare.] (Biol.) Reproducing by spontaneous fission. See Fission. — Fis*sip”a*rous*ly, adv.

Fis`si*pa”tion (?), n. (Biol.) Reproduction by fission; fissiparism.

{ Fis”si*ped (?), Fis*sip”e*dal (?) }, a. [Cf. F. fissipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the toes separated to the base. [See Aves.]

Fis”si*ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fissipedia.

||Fis`si*pe”di*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. of findere to cleave) + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Carnivora, including the dogs, cats, and bears, in which the feet are not webbed; — opposed to Pinnipedia.

Fis`si*ros”tral (?), a. [Cf. F. fissirostre.] (Zoöl.) Having the bill cleft beyond the horny part, as in the case of swallows and goatsuckers.

||Fis`si*ros”tres (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. of findere to cleave) + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds having the bill deeply cleft.

Fis”sur*al (?), a. Pertaining to a fissure or fissures; as, the fissural pattern of a brain.

Fis`su*ra”tion (?), n. (Anat.) The act of dividing or opening; the state of being fissured.

Fis”sure (?), n. [L. fissura, fr. findere, fissum, to cleave, split; akin to E. bite: cf. F. fissure.] A narrow opening, made by the parting of any substance; a cleft; as, the fissure of a rock.

Cerebral fissures (Anat.), the furrows or clefts by which the surface of the cerebrum is divided; esp., the furrows first formed by the infolding of the whole wall of the cerebrum. — Fissure needle (Surg.), a spiral needle for catching together the gaping lips of wounds. Knight. — Fissure of rolando (Anat.), the furrow separating the frontal from the parietal lobe in the cerebrum. — Fissure of Sylvius (Anat.), a deep cerebral fissure separating the frontal from the temporal lobe. See Illust. under Brain. — Fissure vein (Mining), a crack in the earth’s surface filled with mineral matter. Raymond.

Fis”sure (?), v. t. To cleave; to divide; to crack or fracture.

||Fis`su*rel”la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. fissura a fissure.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropod mollusks, having a conical or limpetlike shell, with an opening at the apex; — called also keyhole limpet.

Fist (f&ibreve;st), n. [OE. fist, fust, AS. f&ymacr;st; akin to D. vuist, OHG. fūst, G. faust, and prob. to L. pugnus, Gr. pygmh` fist, py`x with the fist. Cf. Pugnacious, Pigmy.] 1. The hand with the fingers doubled into the palm; the closed hand, especially as clinched tightly for the purpose of striking a blow.

Who grasp the earth and heaven with my fist.

Herbert.

2. The talons of a bird of prey. [Obs.]

More light than culver in the falcon’s fist.

Spenser.

3. (print.) the index mark [&fist;], used to direct special attention to the passage which follows.

Hand over fist (Naut.), rapidly; hand over hand.

Fist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fisting.] 1. To strike with the fist. Dryden.

2. To gripe with the fist. [Obs.] Shak.

Fist”ic (?), a. [From Fist.] Pertaining to boxing, or to encounters with the fists; puglistic; as, fistic exploits; fistic heroes. [Colloq.]

Fist”i*cuff (?), n. A cuff or blow with the fist or hand; (pl.) a fight with the fists; boxing. Swift.

Fis”ti*nut (?), n. [Cf. Fr. fistinq, fistuq. See Pistachio.] A pistachio nut. [Obs.] Johnson.

||Fis*tu”ca (?), n. [L.] An instrument used by the ancients in driving piles.

||Fis”tu*la (?; 135), n.; pl. Fistulæ (#). [L.] 1. A reed; a pipe.

2. A pipe for convejing water. [Obs.] Knight.

3. (Med.) A permanent abnormal opening into the soft parts with a constant discharge; a deep, narrow, chronic abscess; an abnormal opening between an internal cavity and another cavity or the surface; as, a salivary fistula; an anal fistula; a recto-vaginal fistula.

Incomplete fistula (Med.), a fistula open at one end only.

Fis”tu*lar (?), a. [L. fistularis: cf. F. fistulaire.] Hollow and cylindrical, like a pipe or reed. Johnson.

||Fis`tu*la”ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. fistula pipe.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, having the head prolonged into a tube, with the mouth at the extremity.

Fis`tu*la”ri*oid (?), a. [Fistularia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Fistularia.

Fis”tu*late (?; 135), v. t. & i. [Cf. L. fistulatus furnished with pipes.] To make hollow or become hollow like a fistula, or pipe. [Obs.] “A fistulated ulcer.” Fuller.

Fis”tule (?; 135), n. A fistula.

Fis”tu*li*form (? or ?), a. [Fistula + -form.] Of a fistular form; tubular; pipe-shaped.

Stalactite often occurs fistuliform.

W. Philips.

Fis”tu*lose` (?; 135), a. [L. fistulosus.] Formed like a fistula; hollow; reedlike. Craig.

Fis”tu*lous (?), a. [Cf. F. fistuleux.] 1. Having the form or nature of a fistula; as, a fistulous ulcer.

2. Hollow, like a pipe or reed; fistulose. Lindley.

Fit (?), imp. & p. p. of Fight. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Fit, n. [AS. fitt a song.] In Old English, a song; a strain; a canto or portion of a ballad; a passus. [Written also fitte, fytte, etc.]

To play some pleasant fit.

Spenser.

Fit, a. [Compar. Fitter (?); superl. Fittest (?).] [OE. fit, fyt; cf. E. feat neat, elegant, well made, or icel. fitja to web, knit, OD. vitten to suit, square, Goth. fētjan to adorn. √77.] 1. Adapted to an end, object, or design; suitable by nature or by art; suited by character, qualitties, circumstances, education, etc.; qualified; competent; worthy.

That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in.

Shak.

Fit audience find, though few.

Milton.

2. Prepared; ready. [Obs.]

So fit to shoot, she singled forth among
her foes who first her quarry’s strength should feel.

Fairfax.

3. Conformed to a standart of duty, properiety, or taste; convenient; meet; becoming; proper.

Is it fit to say a king, Thou art wicked?

Job xxxiv. 18.

Syn. — Suitable; proper; appropriate; meet; becoming; expedient; congruous; correspondent; apposite; apt; adapted; prepared; qualified; competent; adequate.

Fit (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fitted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fitting (?).] 1. To make fit or suitable; to adapt to the purpose intended; to qualify; to put into a condition of readiness or preparation.

The time is fitted for the duty.

Burke.

The very situation for which he was peculiarly fitted by nature.

Macaulay.

2. To bring to a required form and size; to shape aright; to adapt to a model; to adjust; — said especially of the work of a carpenter, machinist, tailor, etc.

The carpenter . . . marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes.

Is. xliv. 13.

3. To supply with something that is suitable or fit, or that is shaped and adjusted to the use required.

No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves.

Shak.

4. To be suitable to; to answer the requirements of; to be correctly shaped and adjusted to; as, if the coat fits you, put it on.

That’s a bountiful answer that fits all questions.

Shak.

That time best fits the work.

Shak.

To fit out, to supply with necessaries or means; to furnish; to equip; as, to fit out a privateer. — To fit up, to furnish with things suitable; to make proper for the reception or use of any person; to prepare; as, to fit up a room for a guest.

Fit (?), v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming.

Nor fits it to prolong the feast.

Pope.

2. To be adjusted to a particular shape or size; to suit; to be adapted; as, his coat fits very well.

Fit, n. 1. The quality of being fit; adjustment; adaptedness; as of dress to the person of the wearer.

2. (Mach.) (a) The coincidence of parts that come in contact. (b) The part of an object upon which anything fits tightly.

Fit rod (Shipbuilding), a gauge rod used to try the depth of a bolt hole in order to determine the length of the bolt required. Knight.

Fit, n. [AS. fit strife, fight; of uncertain origin. √ 77.] 1. A stroke or blow. [Obs. or R.]

Curse on that cross, quoth then the Sarazin,
That keeps thy body from the bitter fit.

Spenser.

2. A sudden and violent attack of a disorder; a stroke of disease, as of epilepsy or apoplexy, which produces convulsions or unconsciousness; a convulsion; a paroxysm; hence, a period of exacerbation of a disease; in general, an attack of disease; as, a fit of sickness.

And when the fit was on him, I did mark
How he did shake.

Shak.

3. A mood of any kind which masters or possesses one for a time; a temporary, absorbing affection; a paroxysm; as, a fit of melancholy, of passion, or of laughter.

All fits of pleasure we balanced by an equal degree of pain.

Swift.

The English, however, were on this subject prone to fits of jealously.

Macaulay.

4. A passing humor; a caprice; a sudden and unusual effort, activity, or motion, followed by relaxation or inaction; an impulsive and irregular action.

The fits of the season.

Shak.

5. A darting point; a sudden emission. [R.]

A tongue of light, a fit of flame.

Coleridge.

By fits, By fits and starts, by intervals of action and repose; impulsively and irregularly; intermittently.

Fitch (?; 224), n.; pl. Fitches (#). [See Vetch.] 1. (Bot.) A vetch. [Obs.]

2. pl. (Bot.) A word found in the Authorized Version of the Bible, representing different Hebrew originals. In Isaiah xxviii. 25, 27, it means the black aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, still used as a flavoring in the East. In Ezekiel iv. 9, the Revised Version now reads spelt.

Fitch, n. [Contr. of fitched.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; also, its fur.

Fitch”é (?), a. [Cf. F. fiché, lit. p. p. of ficher to fasten, OF. fichier to pierce. Cf. 1st Fish.] (Her.) Sharpened to a point; pointed.

Cross fitché, a cross having the lower arm pointed.

Fitched (?), a. (her.) Fitché. [Also fiched.]

{ Fitch”et (?), Fitch”ew (?) }, n. [Cf. OF. fisseau, fissel, OD. fisse, visse, vitsche, D. vies nasty, loathsome, E. fizz.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat (Putorius fœtidus). See Polecat.

Fitch”y (?), a. Having fitches or vetches.

Fitch”y, a. [See Fitché.] (Her.) Fitché.

Fit”ful (?), a. [From 7th Fit.] Full of fits; irregularly variable; impulsive and unstable.

After life’s fitful fever, he sleeps well.

Shak.

— Fit”ful*ly, adv. — Fit”ful*ness, n.

The victorious trumpet peal
Dies fitfully away.

Macaulay.

{ Fith”el (?), Fith”ul (?) }, n. [OE. See Fiddle.] A fiddle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fit”ly (?), adv. In a fit manner; suitably; properly; conveniently; as, a maxim fitly applied.

Fit”ment (?), n. The act of fitting; that which is proper or becoming; equipment. [Obs.] Shak.

Fit”ness, n. The state or quality of being fit; as, the fitness of measures or laws; a person’s fitness for office.

Fitt (?), n. See 2d Fit.

Fit”ta*ble (?), a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Fit”ted*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being fitted; adaptation. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Fit”ter (?), n. 1. One who fits or makes to fit; esp.: (a) One who tries on, and adjusts, articles of dress. (b) One who fits or adjusts the different parts of machinery to each other.

2. A coal broker who conducts the sales between the owner of a coal pit and the shipper. [Eng.] Simmonds.

Fit”ter, n. A little piece; a flitter; a flinder. [Obs.]

Where’s the Frenchman? Alas, he’s all fitters.

Beau. & Fl.

Fit”ting (?), n. Anything used in fitting up; especially (pl.), necessary fixtures or apparatus; as, the fittings of a church or study; gas fittings.

Fit”ting, a. Fit; appropriate; suitable; proper. — Fit”ting*ly, adv. — Fit”ting*ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

Fit”weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Eryngium fœtidum) supposed to be a remedy for fits.

Fitz (?), n. [OF. fils, filz, fiz, son, F. fils, L. filius. See Filial.] A son; — used in compound names, to indicate paternity, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes of the blood; as, Fitzroy, the son of the king; Fitzclarence, the son of the duke of Clarence.

Five (?), a. [OE. fif, five, AS. fīf, fīfe; akin to D. vijf, OS. fīf, OHG. finf, funf, G. fünf, Icel. fimm, Sw. & Sw. Dan. fem, Goth. fimf, Lith. penki, W. pump, OIr. cóic, L. quinque, Gr. &?;, Æol. &?;, Skr. pa&?;can. √303. Cf. Fifth, Cinque, Pentagon, Punch the drink, Quinary.] Four and one added; one more than four.

Five nations (Ethnol.), a confederacy of the Huron-Iroquois Indians, consisting of five tribes: Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas, Oneidas, and Senecas. They inhabited the region which is now the State of new York.

Five (fīv), n. 1. The number next greater than four, and less than six; five units or objects.

Five of them were wise, and five were foolish.

Matt. xxv. 2.

2. A symbol representing this number, as 5, or V.

Five”-fin`ger (?), n. 1. (Bot.) See Cinquefoil.

2. (Zoöl.) A starfish with five rays, esp. Asterias rubens.

Five”fold` (?), a. & adv. In fives; consisting of five in one; five repeated; quintuple.

Five”-leaf` (?), n. Cinquefoil; five-finger.

{ Five”-leafed` (?), Five”-leaved` (?) }, a. (Bot.) Having five leaflets, as the Virginia creeper.

Five”ling (?), n. (Min.) A compound or twin crystal consisting of five individuals.

Fives (fīvz), n. pl. A kind of play with a ball against a wall, resembling tennis; — so named because three fives, or fifteen, are counted to the game. Smart.

Fives court, a place for playing fives.

Fives, n. [See Vives.] A disease of the glands under the ear in horses; the vives. Shak.

Five`-twen”ties (?), n. pl. Five- twenty bonds of the United States (bearing six per cent interest), issued in 1862, ‘64, and ‘65, redeemable after five and payable in twenty years.

Fix (f&ibreve;ks), a. [OE., fr. L. fixus, p. p. of figere to fix; cf. F. fixe.] Fixed; solidified. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fixed (f&ibreve;kst); p. pr. & vb. n. Fixing.] [Cf. F. fixer.] 1. To make firm, stable, or fast; to set or place permanently; to fasten immovably; to establish; to implant; to secure; to make definite.

An ass’s nole I fixed on his head.

Shak.

O, fix thy chair of grace, that all my powers
May also fix their reverence.

Herbert.

His heart is fixed, trusting in the Lord.

Ps. cxii. 7.

And fix far deeper in his head their stings.

Milton.

2. To hold steadily; to direct unwaveringly; to fasten, as the eye on an object, the attention on a speaker.

Sat fixed in thought the mighty Stagirite.

Pope.

One eye on death, and one full fix’d on heaven.

Young.

3. To transfix; to pierce. [Obs.] Sandys.

4. (Photog.) To render (an impression) permanent by treating with such applications as will make it insensible to the action of light. Abney.

5. To put in order; to arrange; to dispose of; to adjust; to set to rights; to set or place in the manner desired or most suitable; hence, to repair; as, to fix the clothes; to fix the furniture of a room. [Colloq. U.S.]

6. (Iron Manuf.) To line the hearth of (a puddling furnace) with fettling.

Syn. — To arrange; prepare; adjust; place; establish; settle; determine.

Fix, v. i. 1. To become fixed; to settle or remain permanently; to cease from wandering; to rest.

Your kindness banishes your fear,
Resolved to fix forever here.

Waller.

2. To become firm, so as to resist volatilization; to cease to flow or be fluid; to congeal; to become hard and malleable, as a metallic substance. Bacon.

To fix on, to settle the opinion or resolution about; to determine regarding; as, the contracting parties have fixed on certain leading points.

Fix, n. 1. A position of difficulty or embarassment; predicament; dilemma. [Colloq.]

Is he not living, then? No. is he dead, then? No, nor dead either. Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, — so that he is in an almighty fix.

De Quincey.

2. (Iron Manuf.) fettling. [U.S.]

Fix”a*ble (-&adot;*b’l), a. Capable of being fixed.

Fix*a”tion (f&ibreve;ks*ā“shŭn), n. [Cf. F. fixation.] 1. The act of fixing, or the state of being fixed.

An unalterable fixation of resolution.

Killingbeck.

To light, created in the first day, God gave no proper place or fixation.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Marked stiffness or absolute fixation of a joint.

Quain.

A fixation and confinement of thought to a few objects.

Watts.

2. The act of uniting chemically with a solid substance or in a solid form; reduction to a non-volatile condition; — said of gaseous elements.

3. The act or process of ceasing to be fluid and becoming firm. Glanvill.

4. A state of resistance to evaporation or volatilization by heat; — said of metals. Bacon.

Fix”a*tive (?), n. That which serves to set or fix colors or drawings, as a mordant.

Fixed (f&ibreve;kst), a. 1. Securely placed or fastened; settled; established; firm; imovable; unalterable.

2. (Chem.) Stable; non- volatile.

Fixed air (Old Chem.), carbonic acid or carbon dioxide; — so called by Dr. Black because it can be absorbed or fixed by strong bases. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. — Fixed alkali (Old Chem.), a non-volatile base, as soda, or potash, in distinction from the volatile alkali ammonia. — Fixed ammunition (Mil.), a projectile and powder inclosed together in a case ready for loading. — Fixed battery (Mil.), a battery which contains heavy guns and mortars intended to remain stationary; — distinguished from movable battery. — Fixed bodies, those which can not be volatilized or separated by a common menstruum, without great difficulty, as gold, platinum, lime, etc. — Fixed capital. See the Note under Capital, n., 4. — Fixed fact, a well established fact. [Colloq.] — Fixed light, one which emits constant beams; — distinguished from a flashing, revolving, or intermittent light. — Fixed oils (Chem.), non-volatile, oily substances, as stearine and olein, which leave a permanent greasy stain, and which can not be distilled unchanged; — distinguished from volatile or essential oils. — Fixed pivot (Mil.), the fixed point about which any line of troops wheels. — Fixed stars (Astron.), such stars as always retain nearly the same apparent position and distance with respect to each other, thus distinguished from planets and comets.

Fix”ed*ly (f&ibreve;ks”&ebreve;d*l&ybreve;), adv. In a fixed, stable, or constant manner.

Fix”ed*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being fixed; stability; steadfastness.

2. The quality of a body which resists evaporation or volatilization by heat; solidity; cohesion of parts; as, the fixedness of gold.

Fix*id”i*ty (f&ibreve;ks*&ibreve;d”&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n. Fixedness. [Obs.] Boyle.

Fix”ing (f&ibreve;ks”&ibreve;ng), n. 1. The act or process of making fixed.

2. That which is fixed; a fixture.

3. pl. Arrangements; embellishments; trimmings; accompaniments. [Colloq. U.S.]

Fix”i*ty (-&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n. [Cf. F. fixité.] 1. Fixedness; as, fixity of tenure; also, that which is fixed.

2. Coherence of parts. Sir I. Newton.

Fix”ture (f&ibreve;ks”t&usl;r; 135), n. [Cf. Fixure.] 1. That which is fixed or attached to something as a permanent appendage; as, the fixtures of a pump; the fixtures of a farm or of a dwelling, that is, the articles which a tenant may not take away.

2. State of being fixed; fixedness.

The firm fixture of thy foot.

Shak.

3. (Law) Anything of an accessory character annexed to houses and lands, so as to constitute a part of them. This term is, however, quite frequently used in the peculiar sense of personal chattels annexed to lands and tenements, but removable by the person annexing them, or his personal representatives. In this latter sense, the same things may be fixtures under some circumstances, and not fixtures under others. Wharton (Law Dict.). Bouvier.

&fist; This word is frequently substituted for fixure (formerly the word in common use) in new editions of old works.

Fix”ure (-&usl;r), n. [L. fixura a fastening, fr. figere to fix. See Fix, and cf. Fixture.] Fixed position; stable condition; firmness. [Obs.] Shak.

Fiz”gig` (f&ibreve;z”g&ibreve;g), n. A fishgig. [Obs.] Sandys.

Fiz”gig`, n. [Fizz + gig whirling thing.] A firework, made of damp powder, which makes a fizzing or hissing noise when it explodes.

Fiz”gig`, n. [See Gig a flirt.] A gadding, flirting girl. Gosson.

Fizz (f&ibreve;z), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzed (f&ibreve;zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzing.] [Cf. Icel. fīsa to break wind, Dan. fise to foist, fizzle, OSw. fisa, G. fisten, feisten. Cf. Foist.] To make a hissing sound, as a burning fuse.

Fizz, n. A hissing sound; as, the fizz of a fly.

Fiz”zle (f&ibreve;z”z’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzled (-z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzling (-zl&ibreve;ng).] [See Fizz.] 1. To make a hissing sound.

It is the easiest thing, sir, to be done,
As plain as fizzling.

B. Jonson.

2. To make a ridiculous failure in an undertaking. [Colloq. or Low]

To fizzle out, to burn with a hissing noise and then go out, like wet gunpowder; hence, to fail completely and ridiculously; to prove a failure. [Colloq.]

Fiz”zle, n. A failure or abortive effort. [Colloq.]

||Fjord (fyôrd), n. See Fiord.

Flab”ber*gast (?), v. t. [Cf. Flap, and Aghast.] To astonish; to strike with wonder, esp. by extraordinary statements. [Jocular] Beaconsfield.

Flab`ber*gas*ta”tion (?), n. The state of being flabbergasted. [Jocular] London Punch.

Flab”bi*ly (?), adv. In a flabby manner.

Flab”bi*ness, n. Quality or state of being flabby.

Flab”by (?), a. [See Flap.] Yielding to the touch, and easily moved or shaken; hanging loose by its own weight; wanting firmness; flaccid; as, flabby flesh.

Fla”bel (?), n. [L. flabellum a fan, dim. of flabrum a breeze, fr. flare to blow.] A fan. [Obs.] Huloet.

Fla*bel”late (?), a. [L. flabellatus, p. p. of flabellare to fan, fr. flabellum. See Flabbel.] (Bot.) Flabelliform.

Flab`el*la”tion (?), n. The act of keeping fractured limbs cool by the use of a fan or some other contrivance. Dunglison.

Fla*bel”li*form (?), a. [L. flabellum a fan + -form: cf. F. flabeliforme.] Having the form of a fan; fan-shaped; flabellate.

Fla*bel”li*nerved` (?), a. [L. flabellum a fan + E. nerve.] (Bot.) Having many nerves diverging radiately from the base; — said of a leaf.

||Fla*bel”lum (?), n. [L. See Flabel.] (Eccl.) A fan; especially, the fan carried before the pope on state occasions, made in ostrich and peacock feathers. Shipley.

Flab”ile (?), a. [L. flabilis.] Liable to be blown about. Bailey.

Flac”cid (?), a. [L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus flabby: cf. OF. flaccide.] Yielding to pressure for want of firmness and stiffness; soft and weak; limber; lax; drooping; flabby; as, a flaccid muscle; flaccid flesh.

Religious profession . . . has become flacced.

I. Taylor.

— Flac”cid*ly (#), adv. — Flac”cid*ness, n.

Flac*cid”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. flaccidité.] The state of being flaccid.

Flack”er (?), v. i. [OE. flakeren, fr. flacken to move quickly to and fro; cf. icel. flakka to rove about, AS. flacor fluttering, flying, G. flackern to flare, flicker.] To flutter, as a bird. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Flack”et (?), n. [OF. flasquet little flask, dim. of flasque a flask.] A barrel-shaped bottle; a flagon.

Flag (flăg), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flagging (?).] [Cf. Icel. flaka to droop, hang loosely. Cf. Flacker, Flag an ensign.] 1. To hang loose without stiffness; to bend down, as flexible bodies; to be loose, yielding, limp.

As loose it [the sail] flagged around the mast.

T. Moore.

2. To droop; to grow spiritless; to lose vigor; to languish; as, the spirits flag; the streugth flags.

The pleasures of the town begin to flag.

Swift.

Syn. — To droop; decline; fail; languish; pine.

Flag (flăg), v. t. 1. To let droop; to suffer to fall, or let fall, into feebleness; as, to flag the wings. prior.

2. To enervate; to exhaust the vigor or elasticity of.

Nothing so flags the spirits.

Echard.

Flag, n. [Cf. LG. & G. flagge, Sw. flagg, Dan. flag, D. vlag. See Flag to hang loose.] 1. That which flags or hangs down loosely.

2. A cloth usually bearing a device or devices and used to indicate nationality, party, etc., or to give or ask information; — commonly attached to a staff to be waved by the wind; a standard; a banner; an ensign; the colors; as, the national flag; a military or a naval flag.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A group of feathers on the lower part of the legs of certain hawks, owls, etc. (b) A group of elongated wing feathers in certain hawks. (c) The bushy tail of a dog, as of a setter.

Black flag. See under Black. — Flag captain, Flag leutenant, etc., special officers attached to the flagship, as aids to the flag officer. — Flag officer, the commander of a fleet or squadron; an admiral, or commodore. — Flag of truse, a white flag carried or displayed to an enemy, as an invitation to conference, or for the purpose of making some communication not hostile. — Flag share, the flag officer’s share of prize money. — Flag station (Railroad), a station at which trains do not stop unless signaled to do so, by a flag hung out or waved. — National flag, a flag of a particular country, on which some national emblem or device, is emblazoned. — Red flag, a flag of a red color, displayed as a signal of danger or token of defiance; the emblem of anarchists. — To dip, the flag, to mlower it and quickly restore it to its place; — done as a mark of respect. — To hang out the white flag, to ask truce or quarter, or, in some cases, to manifest a friendly design by exhibiting a white flag. — To hang the flag half-mast high or half- staff, to raise it only half way to the mast or staff, as a token or sign of mourning. — To strike, or lower, the flag, to haul it down, in token of respect, submission, or, in an engagement, of surrender. — Yellow flag, the quarantine flag of all nations; also carried at a vessel’s fore, to denote that an infectious disease is on board.

Flag, v. t. [From Flag an ensign.] 1. To signal to with a flag; as, to flag a train.

2. To convey, as a message, by means of flag signals; as, to flag an order to troops or vessels at a distance.

Flag, n. [From Flag to hang loose, to bend down.] (Bot.) An aquatic plant, with long, ensiform leaves, belonging to either of the genera Iris and Acorus.

Cooper’s flag, the cat-tail (Typha latifolia), the long leaves of which are placed between the staves of barrels to make the latter water-tight. — Corn flag. See under 2d Corn. — Flag broom, a coarse of broom, originally made of flags or rushes. — Flag root, the root of the sweet flag. — Sweet flag. See Calamus, n., 2.

Flag, v. t. To furnish or deck out with flags.

Flag, n. [Icel. flaga, cf. Icel. flag spot where a turf has been cut out, and E. flake layer, scale. Cf. Floe.] 1. A flat stone used for paving. Woodward.

2. (Geol.) Any hard, evenly stratified sandstone, which splits into layers suitable for flagstones.

Flag, v. t. To lay with flags of flat stones.

The sides and floor are all flagged with . . . marble.

Sandys.

Flag”el*lant (?), n. [L. flagellans, p. p. of flagellare: cf.F. flagellant. See Flagellate.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a fanatical sect which flourished in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, and maintained that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacrament; — called also disciplinant.

||Flag`el*la”ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr.L. flagellatus, p. p. See Flagellate, v. t.] (Zoöl.) An order of Infusoria, having one or two long, whiplike cilia, at the anterior end. It includes monads. See Infusoria, and Monad.

Flag”el*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flagellated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flagellating (?).] [L. flagellatus, p. p. of flagellare to scoure, fr. flagellum whip, dim. of flagrum whip, scoure; cf. fligere to strike. Cf. Flall.] To whip; to scourge; to flog.

Fla*gel”late (?), a. 1. Flagelliform.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Flagellata.

Flag`el*la”tion (?), n. [L. flagellatio: cf. F. flagellation.] A beating or flogging; a whipping; a scourging. Garth.

Flag”el*la`tor (?), n. One who practices flagellation; one who whips or scourges.

Fla*gel”li*form (?), a. [L. flagellum a whip + -form.] Shaped like a whiplash; long, slender, round, flexible, and (comming) tapering.

||Fla*gel”lum (?), n.; pl. E. Flagellums (#), L. Flagella (#). [L., a whip. See Flagellate, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) A young, flexible shoot of a plant; esp., the long trailing branch of a vine, or a slender branch in certain mosses.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A long, whiplike cilium. See Flagellata. (b) An appendage of the reproductive apparatus of the snail. (c) A lashlike appendage of a crustacean, esp. the terminal ortion of the antennæ and the epipodite of the maxilipeds. See Maxilliped.

Flag”eo*let` (?), n. [F. flageolet, dim. of OF. flaj&?;l (as if fr. a LL. flautio;us), of flaüte, flahute, F. fl&?;te. See Flute.] (Mus.) A small wooden pipe, having six or more holes, and a mouthpiece inserted at one end. It produces a shrill sound, softer than of the piccolo flute, and is said to have superseded the old recorder.

Flageolet tones (Mus.), the naturel harmonics or overtones of stringed instruments.

Flag”gi*ness (?), n. The condition of being flaggy; laxity; limberness. Johnson.

Flag”ging (?), n. A pavement or sidewalk of flagstones; flagstones, collectively.

Flag”ging, a. Growing languid, weak, or spiritless; weakening; delaying. — Flag”ging*ly, adv.

Flag”gy (?), a. 1. Weak; flexible; limber. “Flaggy wings.” Spenser.

2. Tasteless; insipid; as, a flaggy apple. [Obs.] Bacon.

Flag”gy, a. [From 5th Flag.] Abounding with the plant called flag; as, a flaggy marsh.

Flag”i*tate (?), v. t. [L. flagitatus, p. p. of flagitare to demand. See Flagitious.] To importune; to demand fiercely or with passion. [Archaic] Carcyle.

Flag`i*ta”tion (?), n. [L. flagitatio.] Importunity; urgent demand. [Archaic] Carlyle.

Fla*gi”tious (?), a. [L. flagitiosus, fr. flagitium a shameful or disgraceful act, orig., a burning desire, heat of passion, from flagitare to demand hotly, fiercely; cf. flagrare to burn, E. flagrant.] 1. Disgracefully or shamefully criminal; grossly wicked; scandalous; shameful; — said of acts, crimes, etc.

Debauched principles and flagitious practices.

I. Taylor.

2. Guilty of enormous crimes; corrupt; profligate; — said of persons. Pope.

3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices; as, flagitious times. Pope.

Syn. — Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; profligate; abandoned. See Atrocious.

— Fla*gi”tious*ly, adv. — Fla*gi”tious*ness, n.

A sentence so flagitiously unjust.

Macaulay.

Flag”man (?), n.; pl. Flagmen (&?;). One who makes signals with a flag.

Flag”on (?), n. [F. flacon, for flascon, fr. OF. flasche, from LL. flasco. See Flask.] A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying liquors. It is generally larger than a bottle, and of leather or stoneware rather than of glass.

A trencher of mutton chops, and a flagon of ale.

Macaulay.

Fla”grance (?), n. Flagrancy. Bp. Hall.

Fla”gran*cy (?), n.; pl. Flagrancies (#). [L. flagrantia a burning. See Flagrant.] 1. A burning; great heat; inflammation. [Obs.]

Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes.

Bacon.

2. The condition or quality of being flagrant; atrocity; heiniousness; enormity; excess. Steele.

Fla”grant (?), a. [L. flagrans, -antis, p. pr. of flagrate to burn, akin to Gr. &?;: cf. F. flagrant. Cf. Flame, Phlox.] 1. Flaming; inflamed; glowing; burning; ardent.

The beadle’s lash still flagrant on their back.

Prior.

A young man yet flagrant from the lash of the executioner or the beadle.

De Quincey.

Flagrant desires and affections.

Hooker.

2. Actually in preparation, execution, or performance; carried on hotly; raging.

A war the most powerful of the native tribes was flagrant.

Palfrey.

3. Flaming into notice; notorious; enormous; heinous; glaringly wicked.

Syn. — Atrocious; flagitious; glaring. See Atrocious.

Fla”grant*ly, adv. In a flagrant manner.

Fla”grate (?), v. t. [L. flagrare, flagratum, v.i. & t., to burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Greenhill.

Fla*gra”tion (?), n. A conflagration. [Obs.]

Flag”ship` (?), n. (Naut.) The vessel which carries the commanding officer of a fleet or squadron and flies his distinctive flag or pennant.

Flag”staff` (?), n.; pl. -staves (&?;) or -staffs (&?;). A staff on which a flag is hoisted.

Flag”stone` (?), n. A flat stone used in paving, or any rock which will split into such stones. See Flag, a stone.

Flag”worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub found among flags and sedge.

Flail (?), n. [L. flagellum whip, scourge, in LL., a threshing flail: cf. OF. flael, flaiel, F. fléau. See Flagellum.] 1. An instrument for threshing or beating grain from the ear by hand, consisting of a wooden staff or handle, at the end of which a stouter and shorter pole or club, called a swipe, is so hung as to swing freely.

His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn.

Milton.

2. An ancient military weapon, like the common flail, often having the striking part armed with rows of spikes, or loaded. Fairholt.

No citizen thought himself safe unless he carried under his coat a small flail, loaded with lead, to brain the Popish assassins.

Macaulay.

Flail”y (?), a. Acting like a flail. [Obs.] Vicars.

Flain (?), obs. p. p. of Flay. Chaucer.

Flake (flāk), n. [Cf. Icel. flaki, fleki, Dan. flage, D. vlaak.] 1. A paling; a hurdle. [prov. Eng.]

2. A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fast or interwoven, supported by stanchions, for drying codfish and other things.

You shall also, after they be ripe, neither suffer them to have straw nor fern under them, but lay them either upon some smooth table, boards, or flakes of wands, and they will last the longer.

English Husbandman.

3. (Naut.) A small stage hung over a vessel’s side, for workmen to stand on in calking, etc.

Flake (flāk), n. [Cf. Icel. flakna to flake off, split, flagna to flake off, Sw. flaga flaw, flake, flake plate, Dan. flage snowflake. Cf. Flag a flat stone.] 1. A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike layer of anything; a film; flock; lamina; layer; scale; as, a flake of snow, tallow, or fish. “Lottle flakes of scurf.” Addison.

Great flakes of ice encompassing our boat.

Evelyn.

2. A little particle of lighted or incandescent matter, darted from a fire; a flash.

With flakes of ruddy fire.

Somerville.

3. (Bot.) A sort of carnation with only two colors in the flower, the petals having large stripes.

Flake knife (Archæol.), a cutting instrument used by savage tribes, made of a flake or chip of hard stone. Tylor. — Flake stand, the cooling tub or vessel of a still worm. Knight. — Flake white. (Paint.) (a) The purest white lead, in the form of flakes or scales. (b) The trisnitrate of bismuth. Ure.

Flake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaking.] To form into flakes. Pope.

Flake, v. i. To separate in flakes; to peel or scale off.

Flak”i*ness (?), n. The state of being flaky.

Flak”y (?), a. Consisting of flakes or of small, loose masses; lying, or cleaving off, in flakes or layers; flakelike.

What showers of mortal hail, what flaky fires!

Watts.

A flaky weight of winter’s purest snows.

Wordsworth.

Flam (flăm), n. [Cf. AS. fleám, fl&aemacr;m, flight. √ 84 . Cf. Flimflam.] A freak or whim; also, a falsehood; a lie; an illusory pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.]

A perpetual abuse and flam upon posterity.

South.

Flam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flammed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flamming.] To deceive with a falsehood. [Obs.]

God is not to be flammed off with lies.

South.

Flam”beau (?); n.; pl. Flambeaux (#) or Flambeaus (#). [F., fr. OF. flambe flame, for flamble, from L. flammula a little flame, dim. of flamma flame. See Flame.] A flaming torch, esp. one made by combining together a number of thick wicks invested with a quick-burning substance (anciently, perhaps, wax; in modern times, pitch or the like); hence, any torch.

Flam*boy”ant (?), a. [F.] (Arch.) Characterized by waving or flamelike curves, as in the tracery of windows, etc.; — said of the later (15th century) French Gothic style.

Flam*boy”er (?), n. [F. flamboyer to be bright.] (Bot.) A name given in the East and West Indies to certain trees with brilliant blossoms, probably species of Cæsalpinia.

Flame (flām), n. [OE. flame, flaume, flaumbe, OF. flame, flambe, F. flamme, fr. L. flamma, fr. flamma, fr. flagrare to burn. See Flagrant, and cf. Flamneau, Flamingo.] 1. A stream of burning vapor or gas, emitting light and heat; darting or streaming fire; a blaze; a fire.

2. Burning zeal or passion; elevated and noble enthusiasm; glowing imagination; passionate excitement or anger. “In a flame of zeal severe.” Milton.

Where flames refin’d in breasts seraphic glow.

Pope.

Smit with the love of sister arts we came,
And met congenial, mingling flame with flame.

Pope.

3. Ardor of affection; the passion of love. Coleridge.

4. A person beloved; a sweetheart. Thackeray.

Syn. — Blaze; brightness; ardor. See Blaze.

Flame bridge, a bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. — Flame color, brilliant orange or yellow. B. Jonson. — Flame engine, an early name for the gas engine. — Flame manometer, an instrument, invented by Koenig, to obtain graphic representation of the action of the human vocal organs. See Manometer. — Flame reaction (Chem.), a method of testing for the presence of certain elements by the characteristic color imparted to a flame; as, sodium colors a flame yellow, potassium violet, lithium crimson, boracic acid green, etc. Cf. Spectrum analysis, under Spectrum. — Flame tree (Bot.), a tree with showy scarlet flowers, as the Rhododendron arboreum in India, and the Brachychiton acerifolium of Australia.

Flame, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaming.] [OE. flamen, flaumben, F. flamber, OF. also, flamer. See Flame, n.] 1. To burn with a flame or blaze; to burn as gas emitted from bodies in combustion; to blaze.

The main blaze of it is past, but a small thing would make it flame again.

Shak.

2. To burst forth like flame; to break out in violence of passion; to be kindled with zeal or ardor.

He flamed with indignation.

Macaulay.

Flame, v. t. To kindle; to inflame; to excite.

And flamed with zeal of vengeance inwardly.

Spenser.

Flame”-col`ored (?), a. Of the color of flame; of a bright orange yellow color. Shak.

Flame”less, a. Destitute of flame. Sandys.

Flame”let (?), n. [Flame + - let.] A small flame.

The flamelets gleamed and flickered.

Longfellow.

Fla”men (?), n.; pl. E. Flammens (#), L. Flamines (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A priest devoted to the service of a particular god, from whom he received a distinguishing epithet. The most honored were those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, called respectively Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis.

Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.

Milton.

Fla*min”e*ous (?), a. Pertaining to a flamen; flaminical.

Flam”ing (?), a. 1. Emitting flames; afire; blazing; consuming; illuminating.

2. Of the color of flame; high-colored; brilliant; dazzling. “In flaming yellow bright.” Prior.

3. Ardent; passionate; burning with zeal; irrepressibly earnest; as, a flaming proclomation or harangue.

Flam”ing*ly, adv. In a flaming manner.

Fla*min”go (?), n.; pl. Flamingoes (#). [Sp. flamenco, cf. Pg. flamingo, Prov. flammant, F. flamant; prop. a p. pr. meaning flaming. So called in allusion to its color. See Flame.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Phœnicopterus. The flamingoes have webbed feet, very long legs, and a beak bent down as if broken. Their color is usually red or pink. The American flamingo is P. ruber; the European is P. antiquorum.

Fla*min”i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to a flamen. Milton.

Flam`ma*bil”ity (?), n. The quality of being flammable; inflammability. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Flam”ma*ble (?), a. Inflammable. [Obs.]

Flam*ma”tion (?), n. The act of setting in a flame or blaze. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.

Flam”me*ous (?), a. [L. flammeus from flamma flame.] Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, flame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Flam*mif”er*ous (?), a. [L. flammifer; flamma flame + ferre to bear.] Producing flame.

Flam*miv”o*mous (?), a. [L. flammivomus; flamma flame + vomere to vomit.] Vomiting flames, as a volcano. W. Thompson. (1745).

Flam”mu*la`ted (?), a. [L. flammula little flame, dim. fr. flamma flame.] Of a reddish color.

Flam”y (?), a. [From Flame.] Flaming; blazing; flamelike; flame-colored; composed of flame. Pope.

Flanch (?), n.; pl. Flanches (#). [Prov. E., a projection, OF. flanche flank. See Flank.] 1. A flange. [R.]. (Her.) A bearing consisting of a segment of a circle encroaching on the field from the side.

&fist; Flanches are always in pairs. A pair of flanches is considered one of the subordinaries.

Flanched (?), a. (Her.) Having flanches; — said of an escutcheon with those bearings.

Flan`co*nade” (?), n. [F.] (Fencing) A thrust in the side.

||Fla`neur” (?), n. [F., fr. flâner to stroll.] One who strolls about aimlessly; a lounger; a loafer.

Flang (?), n. A miner’s two- pointed pick.

Flange (flănj), n. [Prov. E. flange to project, flanch a projection. See Flanch, Flank.] 1. An external or internal rib, or rim, for strength, as the flange of an iron beam; or for a guide, as the flange of a car wheel (see Car wheel.); or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc. Knight.

2. A plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe.

Blind flange, a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. — Flange joint, a joint, as that of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Knight. – - Flange rail, a rail with a flange on one side, to keep wheels, etc. from running off. — Flange turning, the process of forming a flange on a wrought iron plate by bending and hammering it when hot.

Flange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanged (flănjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanging (flăn”j&ibreve;ng).] (Mach.) To make a flange on; to furnish with a flange.

Flange, v. i. To be bent into a flange.

Flanged (flănjd), a. Having a flange or flanges; as, a flanged wheel.

Flank (flă&nsm;k), n. [F. flanc, prob. fr. L. flaccus flabby, with n inserted. Cf. Flaccid, Flanch, Flange.] 1. The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the ribs and the hip. See Illust. of Beef.

2. (Mil.) (a) The side of an army, or of any division of an army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion; the extreme right or left; as, to attack an enemy in flank is to attack him on the side.

When to right and left the front

Divided, and to either flank retired.

Milton.

(b) (Fort.) That part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the curtain, the flank and face of the opposite bastion; any part of a work defending another by a fire along the outside of its parapet. See Illust. of Bastion.

3. (Arch.) The side of any building. Brands.

4. That part of the acting surface of a gear wheel tooth that lies within the pitch line.

Flank attack (Mil.), an attack upon the side of an army or body of troops, distinguished from one upon its front or rear. — Flank company (Mil.), a certain number of troops drawn up on the right or left of a battalion; usually grenadiers, light infantry, or riflemen. — Flank defense (Fort.), protection of a work against undue exposure to an enemy’s direct fire, by means of the fire from other works, sweeping the ground in its front. — Flank en potence (Mil.), any part of the right or left wing formed at a projecting angle with the line. — Flank files, the first men on the right, and the last on the left, of a company, battalion, etc. — Flank march, a march made parallel or obliquely to an enemy’s position, in order to turn it or to attack him on the flank. — Flank movement, a change of march by an army, or portion of one, in order to turn one or both wings of the enemy, or to take up a new position. — Flanks of a frontier, salient points in a national boundary, strengthened to protect the frontier against hostile incursion. — Flank patrol, detachments acting independently of the column of an army, but patrolling along its flanks, to secure it against surprise and to observe the movements of the enemy.

Flank (flă&nsm;k), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanked (flă&nsm;kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanking.] [Cf. F. flanquer. See Flank, n., and cf. Flanker, v. t.] 1. To stand at the flank or side of; to border upon.

Stately colonnades are flanked with trees.

Pitt.

2. To overlook or command the flank of; to secure or guard the flank of; to pass around or turn the flank of; to attack, or threaten to attack; the flank of.

Flank, v. i. 1. To border; to touch. Bp. Butler.

2. To be posted on the side.

Flank”er (?), n. One who, or that which, flanks, as a skirmisher or a body of troops sent out upon the flanks of an army toguard a line of march, or a fort projecting so as to command the side of an assailing body.

They threw out flankers, and endeavored to dislodge their assailants.

W. Irwing.

Flank”er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flankered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flankering.] [See Flank, v. t.] 1. To defend by lateral fortifications. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

2. To attack sideways. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Flan”nel (flăn”n&ebreve;l), n. [F. flanelle, cf. OF. flaine a pillowcase, a mattress (?); fr. W. gwlanen flannel, fr. gwlan wool; prob. akin to E. wool. Cf. Wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. Shak.

Adam’s flannel. (Bot.) See under Adam. — Canton flannel, Cotton flannel. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton.

Flan”neled (?), a. Covered or wrapped in flannel.

Flan”nen (?), a. Made or consisting of flannel. [Obs.] “Flannen robes.” Dryden.

Flap (?), n. [OE. flappe, flap, blow, bly-flap; cf. D. flap, and E. flap, v.] Anything broad and limber that hangs loose, or that is attached by one side or end and is easily moved; as, the flap of a garment.

A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx.

Sir T. Browne.

2. A hinged leaf, as of a table or shutter.

3. The motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke or sound made with it; as, the flap of a sail or of a wing.

4. pl. (Far.) A disease in the lips of horses.

Flap tile, a tile with a bent up portion, to turn a corner or catch a drip. — Flap valve (Mech.), a valve which opens and shuts upon one hinged side; a clack valve.

Flap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flapping (?).] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. flappen, E. flap, n., flop, flippant, fillip.] 1. To beat with a flap; to strike.

Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings.

Pope.

2. To move, as something broad and flaplike; as, to flap the wings; to let fall, as the brim of a hat.

To flap in the mouth, to taunt. [Obs.] W. Cartwright.

Flap, v. i. 1. To move as do wings, or as something broad or loose; to fly with wings beating the air.

The crows flapped over by twos and threes.

Lowell.

2. To fall and hang like a flap, as the brim of a hat, or other broad thing. Gay.

Flap”drag`on (?), n. 1. A game in which the players catch raisins out burning brandy, and swallow them blazing. Johnson.

2. The thing thus caught and eaten. Johnson.

Cakes and ale, and flapdragons and mummer’s plays, and all the happy sports of Christians night.

C. Kingsley.

Flap”drag`on, v. t. To swallow whole, as a flapdragon; to devour. [Obs.]

See how the sea flapdragoned it.

Shak.

Flap”-eared` (?), a. Having broad, loose, dependent ears. Shak.

Flap”jack` (?), n. 1. A fklat cake turned on the griddle while cooking; a griddlecake or pacake.

2. A fried dough cake containing fruit; a turnover. [Prov. Eng.]

Flap”-mouthed` (?), a. Having broad, hangling lips. [R.] Shak.

Flap”per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, flaps.

2. See Flipper. “The flapper of a porpoise.” Buckley.

Flapper skate (Zoöl.), a European skate (Raia intermedia).

Flare (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaring.] [Cf. Norw. flara to blaze, flame, adorn with tinsel, dial. Sw. flasa upp, and E. flash, or flacker.] 1. To burn with an unsteady or waving flame; as, the candle flares.

2. To shine out with a sudden and unsteady light; to emit a dazzling or painfully bright light.

3. To shine out with gaudy colors; to flaunt; to be offensively bright or showy.

With ribbons pendant, flaring about her head.

Shak.

4. To be exposed to too much light. [Obs.]

Flaring in sunshine all the day.

Prior.

5. To open or spread outwards; to project beyond the perpendicular; as, the sides of a bowl flare; the bows of a ship flare.

To flare up, to become suddenly heated or excited; to burst into a passion. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Flare, n. 1. An unsteady, broad, offensive light.

2. A spreading outward; as, the flare of a fireplace.

Flare, n. Leaf of lard. “Pig’s flare.” Dunglison.

Flare”-up` (?), n. A sudden burst of anger or passion; an angry dispute. [Colloq.]

Flar”ing (?), a. 1. That flares; flaming or blazing unsteadily; shining out with a dazzling light.

His [the sun’s] flaring beams.

Milton.

2. Opening or speading outwards.

Flar”ing*ly, adv. In a flaring manner.

Flash (flăsh), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flashed (flăsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Flashing.] [Cf. OE. flaskien, vlaskien to pour, sprinkle, dial. Sw. flasa to blaze, E. flush, flare.] 1. To burst or break forth with a sudden and transient flood of flame and light; as, the lighting flashes vividly; the powder flashed.

2. To break forth, as a sudden flood of light; to burst instantly and brightly on the sight; to show a momentary brilliancy; to come or pass like a flash.

Names which have flashed and thundered as the watch words of unnumbered struggles.

Talfourd.

The object is made to flash upon the eye of the mind.

M. Arnold.

A thought flashed through me, which I clothed in act.

Tennyson.

3. To burst forth like a sudden flame; to break out violently; to rush hastily.

Every hour
He flashes into one gross crime or other.

Shak.

To flash in the pan, to fail of success. [Colloq.] See under Flash, a burst of light. Bartlett.

Syn. — Flash, Glitter, Gleam, Glisten, Glister. Flash differs from glitter and gleam, denoting a flood or wide extent of light. The latter words may express the issuing of light from a small object, or from a pencil of rays. Flash differs from other words, also, in denoting suddenness of appearance and disappearance. Flashing differs from exploding or disploding in not being accompanied with a loud report. To glisten, or glister, is to shine with a soft and fitful luster, as eyes suffused with tears, or flowers wet with dew.

Flash (flăsh), v. t. 1. To send out in flashes; to cause to burst forth with sudden flame or light.

The chariot of paternal Deity,
Flashing thick flames.

Milton.

2. To convey as by a flash; to light up, as by a sudden flame or light; as, to flash a message along the wires; to flash conviction on the mind.

3. (Glass Making) To cover with a thin layer, as objects of glass with glass of a different color. See Flashing, n., 3 (b).

4. To trick up in a showy manner.

Limning and flashing it with various dyes.

A. Brewer.

5. [Perh. due to confusion between flash of light and plash, splash.] To strike and throw up large bodies of water from the surface; to splash. [Obs.]

He rudely flashed the waves about.

Spenser.

Flashed glass. See Flashing, n., 3.

Flash, n.; pl. Flashes (&?;). 1. A sudden burst of light; a flood of light instantaneously appearing and disappearing; a momentary blaze; as, a flash of lightning.

2. A sudden and brilliant burst, as of wit or genius; a momentary brightness or show.

The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind.

Shak.

No striking sentiment, no flash of fancy.

Wirt.

3. The time during which a flash is visible; an instant; a very brief period.

The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash.

Bacon.

4. A preparation of capsicum, burnt sugar, etc., for coloring and giving a fictitious strength to liquors.

Flash light, or Flashing light, a kind of light shown by lighthouses, produced by the revolution of reflectors, so as to show a flash of light every few seconds, alternating with periods of dimness. Knight. — Flash in the pan, the flashing of the priming in the pan of a flintlock musket without discharging the piece; hence, sudden, spasmodic effort that accomplishes nothing.

Flash, a. 1. Showy, but counterfeit; cheap, pretentious, and vulgar; as, flash jewelry; flash finery.

2. Wearing showy, counterfeit ornaments; vulgarly pretentious; as, flash people; flash men or women; — applied especially to thieves, gamblers, and prostitutes that dress in a showy way and wear much cheap jewelry.

Flash house, a house frequented by flash people, as thieves and whores; hence, a brothel. “A gang of footpads, reveling with their favorite beauties at a flash house.” Macaulay.

Flash, n. Slang or cant of thieves and prostitutes.

Flash, n. [OE. flasche, flaske; cf. OF. flache, F. flaque.] 1. A pool. [Prov. Eng.] Haliwell.

2. (Engineering) A reservoir and sluiceway beside a navigable stream, just above a shoal, so that the stream may pour in water as boats pass, and thus bear them over the shoal.

Flash wheel (Mech.), a paddle wheel made to revolve in a breast or curved water way, by which water is lifted from the lower to the higher level.

Flash”board` (?), n. A board placed temporarily upon a milldam, to raise the water in the pond above its usual level; a flushboard. [U.S.]

Flash”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, flashes.

2. A man of more appearance of wit than reality.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A large sparoid fish of the Atlantic coast and all tropical seas (Lobotes Surinamensis). (b) The European red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio); — called also flusher.

Flash”i*ly (?), adv. In a flashy manner; with empty show.

Flash”i*ness, n. The quality of being flashy.

Flash”ing, n. 1. (Engineering) The creation of an artifical flood by the sudden letting in of a body of water; — called also flushing.

2. (Arch.) Pieces of metal, built into the joints of a wall, so as to lap over the edge of the gutters or to cover the edge of the roofing; also, similar pieces used to cover the valleys of roofs of slate, shingles, or the like. By extension, the metal covering of ridges and hips of roofs; also, in the United States, the protecting of angles and breaks in walls of frame houses with waterproof material, tarred paper, or the like. Cf. Filleting.

3. (Glass Making) (a) The reheating of an article at the furnace aperture during manufacture to restore its plastic condition; esp., the reheating of a globe of crown glass to allow it to assume a flat shape as it is rotated. (b) A mode of covering transparent white glass with a film of colored glass. Knight.

Flashing point (Chem.), that degree of temperature at which a volatile oil gives off vapor in sufficient quantity to burn, or flash, on the approach of a flame, used as a test of the comparative safety of oils, esp. kerosene; a flashing point of 100° F. is regarded as a fairly safe standard. The burning point of the oil is usually from ten to thirty degree above the flashing point of its vapor.

Flash”y (?), a. 1. Dazzling for a moment; making a momentary show of brilliancy; transitorily bright.

A little flashy and transient pleasure.

Barrow.

2. Fiery; vehement; impetuous.

A temper always flashy.

Burke.

3. Showy; gay; gaudy; as, a flashy dress.

4. Without taste or spirit.

Lean and flashy songs.

Milton.

Flask (?), n. [AS. flasce, flaxe; akin to D. flesch, OHG. flasca, G. flasche, Icel. & Sw. flaska, Dan. flaske, OF. flasche, LL. flasca, flasco; of uncertain origin; cf. L. vasculum, dim. of vas a vessel, Gr. &?;, &?;, &?;. Cf. Flagon, Flasket.] 1. A small bottle-shaped vessel for holding fluids; as, a flask of oil or wine.

2. A narrow-necked vessel of metal or glass, used for various purposes; as of sheet metal, to carry gunpowder in; or of wrought iron, to contain quicksilver; or of glass, to heat water in, etc.

3. A bed in a gun carriage. [Obs.] Bailey.

4. (Founding) The wooden or iron frame which holds the sand, etc., forming the mold used in a foundry; it consists of two or more parts; viz., the cope or top; sometimes, the cheeks, or middle part; and the drag, or bottom part. When there are one or more cheeks, the flask is called a three part flask, four part flask, etc.

Erlenmeyer flask, a thin glass flask, flat- bottomed and cone-shaped to allow of safely shaking its contents laterally without danger of spilling; — so called from Erlenmeyer, a German chemist who invented it. — Florence flask. [From Florence in Italy.] (a) Same as Betty, n., 3. (b) A glass flask, round or pear-shaped, with round or flat bottom, and usually very thin to allow of heating solutions. — Pocket flask, a kind of pocket dram bottle, often covered with metal or leather to protect it from breaking.

Flask”et (?), n. [Cf. W. fflasged a vessel of straw or wickerwork, fflasg flask, basket, and E. flask.] 1. A long, shallow basket, with two handles. [Eng.]

In which they gathered flowers to fill their flasket.

Spenser.

2. A small flask.

3. A vessel in which viands are served. [Obs.] Pope.

Flat (?), a. [Compar. Flatter (?); superl. Flattest (?).] [Akin to Icel. flatr, Sw. flat, Dan. flad, OHG. flaz, and AS. flet floor, G. flötz stratum, layer.] 1. Having an even and horizontal surface, or nearly so, without prominences or depressions; level without inclination; plane.

Though sun and moon
Were in the flat sea sunk.

Milton.

2. Lying at full length, or spread out, upon the ground; level with the ground or earth; prostrate; as, to lie flat on the ground; hence, fallen; laid low; ruined; destroyed.

What ruins kingdoms, and lays cities flat!

Milton.

I feel . . . my hopes all flat.

Milton.

3. (Fine Arts) Wanting relief; destitute of variety; without points of prominence and striking interest.

A large part of the work is, to me, very flat.

Coleridge.

4. Tasteless; stale; vapid; insipid; dead; as, fruit or drink flat to the taste.

5. Unanimated; dull; uninteresting; without point or spirit; monotonous; as, a flat speech or composition.

How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world.

Shak.

6. Lacking liveliness of commercial exchange and dealings; depressed; dull; as, the market is flat.

7. Clear; unmistakable; peremptory; absolute; positive; downright.

Flat burglary as ever was committed.

Shak.

A great tobacco taker too, — that’s flat.

Marston.

8. (Mus.) (a) Below the true pitch; hence, as applied to intervals, minor, or lower by a half step; as, a flat seventh; A flat. (b) Not sharp or shrill; not acute; as, a flat sound.

9. (Phonetics) Sonant; vocal; — applied to any one of the sonant or vocal consonants, as distinguished from a nonsonant (or sharp) consonant.

Flat arch. (Arch.) See under Arch, n., 2. (b). — Flat cap, cap paper, not folded. See under Paper. — Flat chasing, in fine art metal working, a mode of ornamenting silverware, etc., producing figures by dots and lines made with a punching tool. Knight. — Flat chisel, a sculptor’s chisel for smoothing. — Flat file, a file wider than its thickness, and of rectangular section. See File. — Flat nail, a small, sharp- pointed, wrought nail, with a flat, thin head, larger than a tack. Knight. — Flat paper, paper which has not been folded. — Flat rail, a railroad rail consisting of a simple flat bar spiked to a longitudinal sleeper. — Flat rods (Mining), horizontal or inclined connecting rods, for transmitting motion to pump rods at a distance. Raymond. — Flat rope, a rope made by plaiting instead of twisting; gasket; sennit. Some flat hoisting ropes, as for mining shafts, are made by sewing together a number of ropes, making a wide, flat band. Knight. — Flat space. (Geom.) See Euclidian space. — Flat stitch, the process of wood engraving. [Obs.] — Flat tint (Painting), a coat of water color of one uniform shade. — To fall flat (Fig.), to produce no effect; to fail in the intended effect; as, his speech fell flat.

Of all who fell by saber or by shot,
Not one fell half so flat as Walter Scott.

Lord Erskine.

Flat (?), adv. 1. In a flat manner; directly; flatly.

Sin is flat opposite to the Almighty.

Herbert.

2. (Stock Exchange) Without allowance for accrued interest. [Broker’s Cant]

Flat, n. 1. A level surface, without elevation, relief, or prominences; an extended plain; specifically, in the United States, a level tract along the along the banks of a river; as, the Mohawk Flats.

Envy is as the sunbeams that beat hotter upon a bank, or steep rising ground, than upon a flat.

Bacon.

2. A level tract lying at little depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide; a shoal; a shallow; a strand.

Half my power, this night
Passing these flats, are taken by the tide.

Shak.

3. Something broad and flat in form; as: (a) A flat-bottomed boat, without keel, and of small draught. (b) A straw hat, broad- brimmed and low-crowned. (c) (Railroad Mach.) A car without a roof, the body of which is a platform without sides; a platform car. (d) A platform on wheel, upon which emblematic designs, etc., are carried in processions.

4. The flat part, or side, of anything; as, the broad side of a blade, as distinguished from its edge.

5. (Arch.) A floor, loft, or story in a building; especially, a floor of a house, which forms a complete residence in itself.

6. (Mining) A horizontal vein or ore deposit auxiliary to a main vein; also, any horizontal portion of a vein not elsewhere horizontal. Raymond.

7. A dull fellow; a simpleton; a numskull. [Colloq.]

Or if you can not make a speech,
Because you are a flat.

Holmes.

8. (Mus.) A character [♭] before a note, indicating a tone which is a half step or semitone lower.

9. (Geom.) A homaloid space or extension.

Flat (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flatted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flatting (?).] 1. To make flat; to flatten; to level.

2. To render dull, insipid, or spiritless; to depress.

Passions are allayed, appetites are flatted.

Barrow.

3. To depress in tone, as a musical note; especially, to lower in pitch by half a tone.

Flat, v. i. 1. To become flat, or flattened; to sink or fall to an even surface. Sir W. Temple.

2. (Mus.) To fall form the pitch.

To flat out, to fail from a promising beginning; to make a bad ending; to disappoint expectations. [Colloq.]

Flat”bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Flatyrynchus. They belong to the family of flycatchers.

Flat”boat` (?), n. A boat with a flat bottom and square ends; — used for the transportation of bulky freight, especially in shallow waters.

Flat”-bot`tomed (?), a. Having an even lower surface or bottom; as, a flat-bottomed boat.

Flat”cap` (?), n. A kind of low crowned cap formerly worn by all classes in England, and continued in London after disuse elsewhere; — hence, a citizen of London. Marston.

Flat”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Pleuronectidæ; esp., the winter flounder (Pleuronectes Americanus). The flatfishes have the body flattened, swim on the side, and have eyes on one side, as the flounder, turbot, and halibut. See Flounder.

Flat” foot` (?). (Med.) A foot in which the arch of the instep is flattened so that the entire sole of the foot rests upon the ground; also, the deformity, usually congential, exhibited by such a foot; splayfoot.

Flat”-foot`ed, a. 1. Having a flat foot, with little or no arch of the instep.

2. Firm-footed; determined. [Slang, U.S.]

Flat”head` (?), a. Characterized by flatness of head, especially that produced by artificial means, as a certain tribe of American Indians.

Flat”head`, n. (Ethnol.) A Chinook Indian. See Chinook, n., 1.

Flat”-head`ed (?), a. Having a head with a flattened top; as, a flat-headed nail.

Flat”i`ron (?), n. An iron with a flat, smooth surface for ironing clothes.

Fla”tive (?), a. [L. flare, flatum to blow.] Producing wind; flatulent. [Obs.] A. Brewer.

Flat”ling (?), adv. [Flat, a. + adverbial suff. -ling.] With the flat side, as of a sword; flatlong; in a prostrate position. [Obs.] Spenser.

Flat”long (?; 115), adv. With the flat side downward; not edgewise. Shak.

Flat”ly, adv. In a flat manner; evenly; horizontally; without spirit; dully; frigidly; peremptorily; positively; plainly. “He flatly refused his aid.” Sir P. Sidney.

He that does the works of religion slowly, flatly, and without appetite.

Jer. Taylor.

Flat”ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being flat.

2. Eveness of surface; want of relief or prominence; the state of being plane or level.

3. Want of vivacity or spirit; prostration; dejection; depression.

4. Want of variety or flavor; dullness; insipidity.

5. Depression of tone; the state of being below the true pitch; — opposed to sharpness or acuteness.

Fla*tour” (?), n. [OF.] A flatterer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flat”ten (flăt”t’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flattening.] [From Flat, a.] 1. To reduce to an even surface or one approaching evenness; to make flat; to level; to make plane.

2. To throw down; to bring to the ground; to prostrate; hence, to depress; to deject; to dispirit.

3. To make vapid or insipid; to render stale.

4. (Mus.) To lower the pitch of; to cause to sound less sharp; to let fall from the pitch.

To flatten a sail (Naut.), to set it more nearly fore-and-aft of the vessel. — Flattening oven, in glass making, a heated chamber in which split glass cylinders are flattened for window glass.

Flat”ten, v. i. To become or grow flat, even, depressed, dull, vapid, spiritless, or depressed below pitch.

Flat”ter (flăt”t&etilde;r), n. 1. One who, or that which, makes flat or flattens.

2. (Metal Working) (a) A flat-faced fulling hammer. (b) A drawplate with a narrow, rectangular orifice, for drawing flat strips, as watch springs, etc.

Flat”ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flattering.] [OE. flateren, cf. OD. flatteren; akin to G. flattern to flutter, Icel. fla&?;ra to fawn, flatter: cf. F. flatter. Cf. Flitter, Flutter, Flattery.] 1. To treat with praise or blandishments; to gratify or attempt to gratify the self-love or vanity of, esp. by artful and interested commendation or attentions; to blandish; to cajole; to wheedle.

When I tell him he hates flatterers,
He says he does, being then most flattered.

Shak.

A man that flattereth his neighbor, spreadeth a net for his feet.

Prov. xxix. 5.

Others he flattered by asking their advice.

Prescott.

2. To raise hopes in; to encourage or favorable, but sometimes unfounded or deceitful, representations.

3. To portray too favorably; to give a too favorable idea of; as, his portrait flatters him.

Flat”ter, v. i. To use flattery or insincere praise.

If it may stand him more in stead to lie,
Say and unsay, feign, flatter, or adjure.

Milton.

Flat”ter*er (?), n. One who flatters.

The most abject flaterers degenerate into the greatest tyrants.

Addison.

Flat”ter*ing, a. That flatters (in the various senses of the verb); as, a flattering speech.

Lay not that flattering unction to your soul.

Shak.

A flattering painter, who made it his care,
To draw men as they ought be, not as they are.

Goldsmith.

Flat”ter*ing*ly, adv. With flattery.

Flat”ter*y (?), n.; pl. Flatteries (#). [OE. flaterie, OF. flaterie, F. flaterie, fr. flater to flatter, F. flatter; of uncertain origin. See Flatter, v. t.] The act or practice of flattering; the act of pleasing by artful commendation or compliments; adulation; false, insincere, or excessive praise.

Just praise is only a debt, but flattery is a present.

Rambler.

Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver.

Burke.

Syn. — Adulation; compliment; obsequiousness. See Adulation.

Flat”ting (?), n. 1. The process or operation of making flat, as a cylinder of glass by opening it out.

2. A mode of painting,in which the paint, being mixed with turpentine, leaves the work without gloss. Gwilt.

3. A method of preserving gilding unburnished, by touching with size. Knolles.

4. The process of forming metal into sheets by passing it between rolls.

Flatting coat, a coat of paint so put on as to have no gloss. — Flatting furnace. Same as flattening oven, under Flatten. — Flatting mill. (a) A rolling mill producing sheet metal; esp., in mints, the ribbon from which the planchets are punched. (b) A mill in which grains of metal are flatted by steel rolls, and reduced to metallic dust, used for purposes of ornamentation.

Flat”tish (?), a. Somewhat flat. Woodward.

{ Flat”u*lence (?), Flat”u*len*cy (?) }, n. [Cf. F. flatulence.] The state or quality of being flatulent.

Flat”u*lent (?), a. [L. flatus a blowing, flatus ventris windiness, flatulence, fr. flare to blow: cf. F. flatulent. See Blow.] 1. Affected with flatus or gases generated in the alimentary canal; windy.

2. Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stomach.

Vegetables abound more with aërial particles than animal substances, and therefore are more flatulent.

Arbuthnot.

3. Turgid with flatus; as, a flatulent tumor. Quincy.

4. Pretentious without substance or reality; puffy; empty; vain; as, a flatulent vanity.

He is too flatulent sometimes, and sometimes too dry.

Dryden.

Flat”u*lent*ly, adv. In a flatulent manner; with flatulence.

Flat`u*os”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. flatuosité.] Flatulence. [Obs.] Bacon.

Flat”u*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. flatueux.] Windy; generating wind. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Fla”tus (?), n.; pl. E. Flatuses (#), L. Flatus. [L., fr. flare to blow.] 1. A breath; a puff of wind. Clarke.

2. Wind or gas generated in the stomach or other cavities of the body. Quincy.

Flat”ware` (?), n. Articles for the table, as china or silverware, that are more or less flat, as distinguished from hollow ware.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Flat”wise` (?), a. or adv. With the flat side downward, or next to another object; not edgewise.

Flat”worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any worm belonging to the Plathelminthes; also, sometimes applied to the planarians.

Flaun”drish (? or ?), a. Flemish. [Obs.]

Flaunt (flänt or fl&add;nt; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flaunted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Flaunting.] [Cf. dial. G. flandern to flutter, wave; perh. akin to E. flatter, flutter.] To throw or spread out; to flutter; to move ostentatiously; as, a flaunting show.

You flaunt about the streets in your new gilt chariot.

Arbuthnot.

One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade.

Pope.

Flaunt, v. t. To display ostentatiously; to make an impudent show of.

Flaunt, n. Anything displayed for show. [Obs.]

In these my borrowed flaunts.

Shak.

Flaunt”ing*ly, adv. In a flaunting way.

Flau”tist (?), n. [It. flauto a flute See Flute.] A player on the flute; a flutist.

||Flau”to (flou”t&osl;), n. [It.] A flute.

Flaute piccolo (&?;) [It., little flute], an octave flute. — Flauto traverso (&?;) [It., transverse flute], the German flute, held laterally, instead of being played, like the old flûte à bec, with a mouth piece at the end.

Fla*van”i*line (? or ?; 104), n. [L. flavus yellow + E. aniline.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, organic dyestuff, C_16H_14N_2, of artifical production. It is a strong base, and is a complex derivative of aniline and quinoline.

Fla*ves”cent (?), a. [L. flavescens, p. pr. of flavescere to turn yellow.] Turning yellow; yellowish.

Fla*vic”o*mous (?), a. [L. flavicomus; flavus yellow + coma hair.] Having yellow hair. [R.]

Fla”vin (?), n. [L. flavus yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow, vegetable dyestuff, resembling quercitron.

Fla”vine (?; 104), n. (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, organic base, C_13H_12N_2O, obtained artificially.

Fla”vol (?), n. [L. flavus yellow + -oil.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from anthraquinone, and regarded as a hydroxyl derivative of it.

Fla”vor (?), n. [OF. fleur, flaur (two syllables), odor, cf. F. fleurer to emit an odor, It. flatore a bad odor, prob. fr. L. flare to bow, whence the sense of exhalation. Cf. Blow.] [Written also flavour.] 1. That quality of anything which affects the smell; odor; fragrances; as, the flavor of a rose.

2. That quality of anything which affects the taste; that quality which gratifies the palate; relish; zest; savor; as, the flavor of food or drink.

3. That which imparts to anything a peculiar odor or taste, gratifying to the sense of smell, or the nicer perceptions of the palate; a substance which flavors.

4. That quality which gives character to any of the productions of literature or the fine arts.

Fla”vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flavored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flavoring.] To give flavor to; to add something (as salt or a spice) to, to give character or zest.

Fla”vored (?), a. Having a distinct flavor; as, high-flavored wine.

Fla”vor*less (?), a. Without flavor; tasteless.

Fla”vor*ous (?), a. Imparting flavor; pleasant to the taste or smell; sapid. Dryden.

Fla”vous (?), a. [L. flavus.] Yellow. [Obs.]

Flaw (fl&add;), n. [OE. flai, flaw flake; cf. Sw. flaga flaw, crack, breach, flake, D. vlaag gust of wind, Norw. flage, flaag, and E. flag a flat stone.] 1. A crack or breach; a gap or fissure; a defect of continuity or cohesion; as, a flaw in a knife or a vase.

This heart
Shall break into a hundered thousand flaws.

Shak.

2. A defect; a fault; as, a flaw in reputation; a flaw in a will, in a deed, or in a statute.

Has not this also its flaws and its dark side?

South.

3. A sudden burst of noise and disorder; a tumult; uproar; a quarrel. [Obs.]

And deluges of armies from the town
Came pouring in; I heard the mighty flaw.

Dryden.

4. A sudden burst or gust of wind of short duration.

Snow, and hail, and stormy gust and flaw.

Milton.

Like flaws in summer laying lusty corn.

Tennyson.

Syn. — Blemish; fault; imperfection; spot; speck.

Flaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flawed (fl&add;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Flawing.] 1. To crack; to make flaws in.

The brazen caldrons with the frosts are flawed.

Dryden.

2. To break; to violate; to make of no effect. [Obs.]

France hath flawed the league.

Shak.

Flaw”less, a. Free from flaws. Boyle.

Flawn (fl&add;n), n. [OF. flaon, F. flan, LL. flado, fr. OHG. flado, G. fladen, a sort of pancake; cf. Gr. &?; broad. See Place.] A sort of flat custard or pie. [Obs.] Tusser.

Flaw”ter (?), v. t. [Cf. Flay.] To scrape or pare, as a skin. [Obs.] Johnson.

Flaw”y (?), a. 1. Full of flaws or cracks; broken; defective; faulty. Johnson.

2. Subject to sudden flaws or gusts of wind.

Flax (flăks), n. [AS. fleax; akin to D. vlas, OHG. flahs, G. flachs, and prob. to flechten to braid, plait,m twist, L. plectere to weave, plicare to fold, Gr. &?; to weave, plait. See Ply.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Linum, esp. the L. usitatissimum, which has a single, slender stalk, about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers. The fiber of the bark is used for making thread and cloth, called linen, cambric, lawn, lace, etc. Linseed oil is expressed from the seed.

2. The skin or fibrous part of the flax plant, when broken and cleaned by hatcheling or combing.

Earth flax (Min.), amianthus. — Flax brake, a machine for removing the woody portion of flax from the fibrous. — Flax comb, a hatchel, hackle, or heckle. — Flax cotton, the fiber of flax, reduced by steeping in bicarbonate of soda and acidulated liquids, and prepared for bleaching and spinning like cotton. Knight. — Flax dresser, one who breaks and swingles flax, or prepares it for the spinner. — Flax mill, a mill or factory where flax is spun or linen manufactured. — Flax puller, a machine for pulling flax plants in the field. — Flax wench. (a) A woman who spins flax. [Obs.] (b) A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. — Mountain flax (Min.), amianthus. — New Zealand flax (Bot.) See Flax- plant.

Flax”en (?), a. Made of flax; resembling flax or its fibers; of the color of flax; of a light soft straw color; fair and flowing, like flax or tow; as, flaxen thread; flaxen hair.

Flax”-plant` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant in new Zealand (Phormium tenax), allied to the lilies and aloes. The leaves are two inches wide and several feet long, and furnish a fiber which is used for making ropes, mats, and coarse cloth.

Flax”seed` (?), n. The seed of the flax; linseed.

Flax”weed` (?), n. (Bot.) See Toadflax.

Flax”y (?), a. Like flax; flaxen. Sir M. Sandys.

Flay (flā), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flayed (flād); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaying.] [OE. flean, flan, AS. fleán; akin to D. vlaen, Icel. flā, Sw. flå, Dan. flaae, cf. Lith. pleszti to tear, plyszti, v.i., to burst, tear; perh. akin to E. flag a flat stone, flaw.] To skin; to strip off the skin or surface of; as, to flay an ox; to flay the green earth.

With her nails
She ‘ll flay thy wolfish visage.

Shak.

Flay”er (?), n. One who strips off the skin.

Flea (flē), v. t. [See Flay.] To flay. [Obs.]

He will be fleaed first
And horse collars made of’s skin.

J. Fletcher.

Flea, n. [OE. fle, flee, AS. fleá, fleáh; akin to D. vtoo, OHG. flōh, G. floh, Icel. flō, Russ. blocha; prob. from the root of E. flee. √84. See Flee.] (Zoöl.) An insect belonging to the genus Pulex, of the order Aphaniptera. Fleas are destitute of wings, but have the power of leaping energetically. The bite is poisonous to most persons. The human flea (Pulex irritans), abundant in Europe, is rare in America, where the dog flea (P. canis) takes its place. See Aphaniptera, and Dog flea. See Illustration in Appendix.

A flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, annoying like a flea; an irritating repulse; as, to put a flea in one’s ear; to go away with a flea in one’s ear. — Beach flea, Black flea, etc. See under Beach, etc.

Flea”bane` (?), n. (Bot.) One of various plants, supposed to have efficacy in driving away fleas. They belong, for the most part, to the genera Conyza, Erigeron, and Pulicaria.

Flea”-bee`tle (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small beetle of the family Halticidæ, of many species. They have strong posterior legs and leap like fleas. The turnip flea-beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) and that of the grapevine (Graptodera chalybea) are common injurious species.

Flea”-bite` (?), n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red spot caused by the bite.

2. A trifling wound or pain, like that of the bite of a flea. Harvey.

Flea”-bit`ten (?), a. 1. Bitten by a flea; as, a flea-bitten face.

2. White, flecked with minute dots of bay or sorrel; — said of the color of a horse.

Fleagh (flē), obs. imp. of Fly.

Fleak (flēk), n. A flake; a thread or twist. [Obs.]

Little long fleaks or threads of hemp.

Dr. H. More.

Fleak”ing, n. A light covering of reeds, over which the main covering is laid, in thatching houses. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Flea”-louse` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidæ, of many species. That of the pear tree is Psylla pyri.

Fleam (?), n. [F. flamme, OF. flieme, fr. LL. flevotomum, phlebotomum; cf. D. vlijm. See Phlebotomy.] (Surg. & Far.) A sharp instrument used for opening veins, lancing gums, etc.; a kind of lancet.

Fleam tooth, a tooth of a saw shaped like an isosceles triangle; a peg tooth. Knight.

Fleam”y (?), a. Bloody; clotted. [Obs. or Prov.]

Foamy bubbling of a fleamy brain.

Marston.

Flear (?), v. t. & i. See Fleer.

Flea”wort` (?), n. (Bot.) An herb used in medicine (Plantago Psyllium), named from the shape of its seeds. Loudon.

||Flèche (?), n. [F. flèche, prop., an arrow.] (Fort.) A simple fieldwork, consisting of two faces forming a salient angle pointing outward and open at the gorge.

Fleck (fl&ebreve;k), n. A flake; also, a lock, as of wool. [Obs.] J. Martin.

Fleck (?), n. [Cf. Icel. flekkr; akin to Sw. fläck, D. vlek, G. fleck, and perh. to E. flitch.] A spot; a streak; a speckle. “A sunny fleck.” Longfellow.

Life is dashed with flecks of sin.

tennyson.

Fleck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flecking.] [Cf. Icel. flekka, Sw. fläcka, D. vlekken, vlakken, G. flecken. See Fleck, n.] To spot; to streak or stripe; to variegate; to dapple.

Both flecked with white, the true Arcadian strain.

Dryden.

A bird, a cloud, flecking the sunny air.

Trench.

Fleck”er (?), v. t. To fleck. Johnson.

Fleck”less, a. Without spot or blame. [R.]

My consnience will not count me fleckless.

Tennyson.

Flec”tion (?), n. [See Flexion.] 1. The act of bending, or state of being bent.

2. The variation of words by declension, comparison, or conjugation; inflection.

Flec”tion*al (?), a. Capable of, or pertaining to, flection or inflection.

A flectional word is a phrase in the bud.

Earle.

Flec”tor (?), n. A flexor.

Fled (?), imp. & p. p. of Flee.

Fledge (?), a. [OE. flegge, flygge; akin to D. vlug, G. flügge, flücke, OHG. flucchi, Icel. fleygr, and to E. fly. √84. See Fly, v. i.] Feathered; furnished with feathers or wings; able to fly.

His shoulders, fledge with wings.

Milton.

Fledge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fledged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fledging.] 1. To furnish with feathers; to supply with the feathers necessary for flight.

The birds were not as yet fledged enough to shift for themselves.

L’Estrange.

2. To furnish or adorn with any soft covering.

Your master, whose chin is not yet fledged.

Shak.

Fledge”ling (?), n. A young bird just fledged.

Flee (flē), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fled (fl&ebreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeing.] [OE. fleon, fleen, AS. fleón (imperf. fleáh); akin to D. vlieden, OHG. & OS. fliohan, G. fliehen, Icel. fl&ymacr;ja (imperf. fl&ymacr;ði), Dan. flye, Sw. fly (imperf. flydde), Goth. þliuhan. √84. Cf. Flight.] To run away, as from danger or evil; to avoid in an alarmed or cowardly manner; to hasten off; — usually with from. This is sometimes omitted, making the verb transitive.

[He] cowardly fled, not having struck one stroke.

Shak.

Flee fornication.

1 Cor. vi. 18.

So fled his enemies my warlike father.

Shak.

&fist; When great speed is to be indicated, we commonly use fly, not flee; as, fly hence to France with the utmost speed. “Whither shall I fly to ‘scape their hands?” Shak. See Fly, v. i., 5.

Fleece (flēs), n. [OE. flees, AS. fleós; akin to D. flies, vlies .] 1. The entire coat of wool that covers a sheep or other similar animal; also, the quantity shorn from a sheep, or animal, at one time.

Who shore me
Like a tame wether, all my precious fleece.

Milton.

2. Any soft woolly covering resembling a fleece.

3. (Manuf.) The fine web of cotton or wool removed by the doffing knife from the cylinder of a carding machine.

Fleece wool, wool shorn from the sheep. — Golden fleece. See under Golden.

Fleece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleeced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece, or natural covering of wool.

2. To strip of money or other property unjustly, especially by trickery or fraud; to bring to straits by oppressions and exactions.

Whilst pope and prince shared the wool betwixt them, the people were finely fleeced.

Fuller.

3. To spread over as with wool. [R.] Thomson.

Fleeced (?), a. 1. Furnished with a fleece; as, a sheep is well fleeced. Spenser.

2. Stripped of a fleece; plundered; robbed.

Fleece”less (?), a. Without a fleece.

Flee”cer (?), n. One who fleeces or strips unjustly, especially by trickery or fraund. Prynne.

Flee”cy (?), a. Covered with, made of, or resembling, a fleece. “Fleecy flocks.” Prior.

Fleen (?), n. pl. Obs. pl. of Flea. Chaucer.

Fle”er (?), n. One who flees. Ld. Berners.

Fleer (?), [imp. & p. p. Fleered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Fleering.] [OE. flerien; cf. Scot. fleyr, Norw. flira to titter, giggle, laugh at nothing, MHG. vlerre, vlarre, a wide wound.] 1. To make a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn; to deride; to sneer; to mock; to gibe; as, to fleer and flout.

To fleer and scorn at our solemnity.

Shak.

2. To grin with an air of civility; to leer. [Obs.]

Grinning and fleering as though they went to a bear baiting.

Latimer.

Fleer, v. t. To mock; to flout at. Beau. & Fl.

Fleer, n. 1. A word or look of derision or mockery.

And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorn.

Shak.

2. A grin of civility; a leer. [Obs.]

A sly, treacherous fleer on the face of deceivers.

South.

Fleer”er (?), n. One who fleers. Beau. & Fl.

Fleer”ing*ly, adv. In a fleering manner.

Fleet (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeting.] [OE. fleten, fleoten, to swim, AS. fleótan to swim, float; akin to D. vlieten to flow, OS. fliotan, OHG. fliozzan, G. fliessen, Icel. fljōta to float, flow, Sw. flyta, D. flyde, L. pluere to rain, Gr. &?; to sail, swim, float, Skr. plu to swim, sail. √84. Cf. Fleet, n. & a., Float, Pluvial, Flow.] 1. To sail; to float. [Obs.]

And in frail wood on Adrian Gulf doth fleet.

Spenser.

2. To fly swiftly; to pass over quickly; to hasten; to flit as a light substance.

All the unaccomplished works of Nature’s hand, . . .
Dissolved on earth, fleet hither.

Milton.

3. (Naut.) To slip on the whelps or the barrel of a capstan or windlass; — said of a cable or hawser.

Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly; to skin the surface of; as, a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser.

2. To hasten over; to cause to pass away lighty, or in mirth and joy.

Many young gentlemen flock to him, and fleet the time carelessly.

Shak.

3. (Naut.) (a) To draw apart the blocks of; — said of a tackle. Totten.

(b) To cause to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain.

Fleet, a. [Compar. Fleeter (?); superl. Fleetest.] [Cf. Icel. flj&?;tr quick. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. Swift in motion; moving with velocity; light and quick in going from place to place; nimble.

In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong.

Milton.

2. Light; superficially thin; not penetrating deep, as soil. [Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

Fleet, n. [OE. flete, fleote, AS. fleót ship, fr. fleótan to float, swim. See Fleet, v. i. and cf. Float.] A number of vessels in company, especially war vessels; also, the collective naval force of a country, etc.

Fleet captain, the senior aid of the admiral of a fleet, when a captain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fleet, n. [AS. fleót a place where vessels float, bay, river; akin to D. vliet rill, brook, G. fliess. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. A flood; a creek or inlet; a bay or estuary; a river; — obsolete, except as a place name, — as Fleet Street in London.

Together wove we nets to entrap the fish
In floods and sedgy fleets.

Matthewes.

2. A former prison in London, which originally stood near a stream, the Fleet (now filled up).

Fleet parson, a clergyman of low character, in, or in the vicinity of, the Fleet prison, who was ready to unite persons in marriage (called Fleet marriage) at any hour, without public notice, witnesses, or consent of parents.

Fleet (?), v. t. [AS. flēt cream, fr. fleótan to float. See Fleet, v. i.] To take the cream from; to skim. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Fleet”en (?), n. Fleeted or skimmed milk. [Obs.]

Fleeten face, a face of the color of fleeten, i. e., blanched; hence, a coward. “You know where you are, you fleeten face.” Beau. & Fl.

Fleet”-foot` (?), a. Swift of foot. Shak.

Fleet”ing, a. Passing swiftly away; not durable; transient; transitory; as, the fleeting hours or moments.

Syn. — Evanescent; ephemeral. See Transient.

Fleet”ing*ly, adv. In a fleeting manner; swiftly.

Fleet”ings (?), n. pl. A mixture of buttermilk and boiling whey; curds. [prov. Eng.] Wright.

Fleet”ly, adv. In a fleet manner; rapidly.

Fleet”ness, n. Swiftness; rapidity; velocity; celerity; speed; as, the fleetness of a horse or of time.

Fleigh (?), obs. imp. of Fly. Chaucer.

Fleme (?), v. t. [AS. flēman, fl&ymacr;man.] To banish; to drive out; to expel. [Obs.] “Appetite flemeth discretion.” Chaucer.

Flem”er (?), n. One who, or that which, banishes or expels. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flem”ing (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Flanders.

Flem”ish (?), a. Pertaining to Flanders, or the Flemings. — n. The language or dialect spoken by the Flemings; also, collectively, the people of Flanders.

Flemish accounts (Naut.), short or deficient accounts. [Humorous] Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Flemish beauty (Bot.), a well known pear. It is one of few kinds which have a red color on one side. — Flemish bond. (Arch.) See Bond, n., 8. — Flemish brick, a hard yellow paving brick. — Flemish coil, a flat coil of rope with the end in the center and the turns lying against, without riding over, each other. — Flemish eye (Naut.), an eye formed at the end of a rope by dividing the strands and lying them over each other. — Flemish horse (Naut.), an additional footrope at the end of a yard.

Flench (?), v. t. Same as Flence.

Flense (?), v. t. [Cf. Dan. flense, D. vlensen, vlenzen, Scot. flinch.] To strip the blubber or skin from, as from a whale, seal, etc.

the flensed carcass of a fur seal.

U. S. Census (1880).

Flesh (?), n. [OE. flesch, flesc, AS. fl&?;sc; akin to OFries. flāsk, D. vleesch, OS. fl&?;sk, OHG. fleisc, G. fleisch, Icel. & Dan. flesk lard, bacon, pork, Sw. fläsk.] 1. The aggregate of the muscles, fat, and other tissues which cover the framework of bones in man and other animals; especially, the muscles.

&fist; In composition it is mainly albuminous, but contains in adition a large number of crystalline bodies, such as creatin, xanthin, hypoxanthin, carnin, etc. It is also rich in phosphate of potash.

2. Animal food, in distinction from vegetable; meat; especially, the body of beasts and birds used as food, as distinguished from fish.

With roasted flesh, or milk, and wastel bread.

Chaucer.

3. The human body, as distinguished from the soul; the corporeal person.

As if this flesh, which walls about our life,
Were brass impregnable.

Shak.

4. The human eace; mankind; humanity.

All flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.

Gen. vi. 12.

5. Human nature: (a) In a good sense, tenderness of feeling; gentleness.

There is no flesh in man’s obdurate heart.

Cowper.

(b) In a bad sense, tendency to transient or physical pleasure; desire for sensual gratification; carnality. (c) (Theol.) The character under the influence of animal propensities or selfish passions; the soul unmoved by spiritual influences.

6. Kindred; stock; race.

He is our brother and our flesh.

Gen. xxxvii. 27.

7. The soft, pulpy substance of fruit; also, that part of a root, fruit, and the like, which is fit to be eaten.

&fist; Flesh is often used adjectively or self-explaining compounds; as, flesh broth or flesh-broth; flesh brush or fleshbrush; flesh tint or flesh-tint; flesh wound.

After the flesh, after the manner of man; in a gross or earthly manner. “Ye judge after the flesh.” John viii. 15. — An arm of flesh, human strength or aid. — Flesh and blood. See under Blood. — Flesh broth, broth made by boiling flesh in water. — Flesh fly (Zoöl.), one of several species of flies whose larvæ or maggots feed upon flesh, as the bluebottle fly; — called also meat fly, carrion fly, and blowfly. See Blowly. — Flesh meat, animal food. Swift. — Flesh side, the side of a skin or hide which was next to the flesh; — opposed to grain side. — Flesh tint (Painting), a color used in painting to imitate the hue of the living body. — Flesh worm (Zoöl.), any insect larva of a flesh fly. See Flesh fly (above). — Proud flesh. See under Proud. — To be one flesh, to be closely united as in marriage; to become as one person. Gen. ii. 24.

Flesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleshed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fleshing.] 1. To feed with flesh, as an incitement to further exertion; to initiate; — from the practice of training hawks and dogs by feeding them with the first game they take, or other flesh. Hence, to use upon flesh (as a murderous weapon) so as to draw blood, especially for the first time.

Full bravely hast thou fleshed
Thy maiden sword.

Shak.

The wild dog
Shall flesh his tooth on every innocent.

Shak.

2. To glut; to satiate; hence, to harden, to accustom. “Fleshed in triumphs.” Glanvill.

Old soldiers
Fleshed in the spoils of Germany and France.

Beau. & Fl.

3. (Leather Manufacture) To remove flesh, membrance, etc., from, as from hides.

Fleshed (?), a. 1. Corpulent; fat; having flesh.

2. Glutted; satiated; initiated.

Fleshed with slaughter.

Dryden.

Flesh”er (?), n. 1. A butcher.

A flesher on a block had laid his whittle down.

Macaulay.

2. A two-handled, convex, blunt-edged knife, for scraping hides; a fleshing knife.

Flesh”hood (?), n. The state or condition of having a form of flesh; incarnation. [R.]

Thou, who hast thyself
Endured this fleshhood.

Mrs. Browning.

Flesh”i*ness (?), n. The state of being fleshy; plumpness; corpulence; grossness. Milton.

Flesh”ings (?), n. pl. Flesh- colored tights, worn by actors and dancers. D. Jerrold.

Flesh”less, a. Destitute of flesh; lean. Carlyle.

Flesh”li*ness (?), n. The state of being fleshly; carnal passions and appetites. Spenser.

Flesh”ling (?), n. A person devoted to fleshly things. [Obs.] Spenser.

Flesh”ly (-l&ybreve;), a. [AS. fl&aemacr;sclīc.] 1. Of or pertaining to the flesh; corporeal. “Fleshly bondage.” Denham.

2. Animal; not vegetable. Dryden.

3. Human; not celestial; not spiritual or divine. “Fleshly wisdom.” 2 Cor. i. 12.

Much ostentation vain of fleshly arm
And fragile arms.

Milton.

4. Carnal; wordly; lascivious.

Abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul.

1 Pet. ii. 11.

Flesh”ly, adv. In a fleshly manner; carnally; lasciviously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flesh”ment (?), n. The act of fleshing, or the excitement attending a successful beginning. [R.] Shak.

Flesh”mon`ger (?), n. [AS. fl&aemacr;sc mangere.] One who deals in flesh; hence, a pimp; a procurer; a pander. [R.] Shak.

Flesh”pot` (?), n. A pot or vessel in which flesh is cooked; hence (pl.), plenty; high living.

In the land of Egypt . . . we sat by the fleshpots, and . . . did eat bread to the full.

Ex. xvi. 3.

Flesh”quake` (?), n. A quaking or trembling of the flesh; a quiver. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Flesh”y (?), a. [Compar. Fleshier (?); superl. Fleshiest (?).] 1. Full of, or composed of, flesh; plump; corpulent; fat; gross.

The sole of his foot is fleshy.

Ray.

2. Human. [Obs.] “Fleshy tabernacle.” Milton.

3. (Bot.) Composed of firm pulp; succulent; as, the houseleek, cactus, and agave are fleshy plants.

Flet (?), p. p. of Fleet. Skimmed. [Obs.]

Fletch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fletched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fletching.] [F. flèche arrow.] To feather, as an arrow. Bp. Warburton.

[Congress] fletched their complaint, by adding: “America loved his brother.”

Bancroft.

Fletch”er (?), n. [OF. flechier.] One who fletches or feathers arrows; a manufacturer of bows and arrows. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Flete (?), v. i. [See Fleet, v. i.] To float; to swim. [Obs.] “Whether I sink or flete.” Chaucer.

Fle*tif”er*ous (?), a. [L. fletifer; fletus a weeping (from flere, fletum, to weep) + ferre to bear.] Producing tears. [Obs.] Blount.

||Fleur`-de-lis` (?), n.; pl. Fleurs-de-lis (#). [F., flower of the lily. Cf. Flower-de-luce, Lily.] 1. (Bot.) The iris. See Flower-de-luce.

2. A conventional flower suggested by the iris, and having a form which fits it for the terminal decoration of a scepter, the ornaments of a crown, etc. It is also a heraldic bearing, and is identified with the royal arms and adornments of France.

Fleur”y (?), a. [F. fleuri covered with flowers, p. p. of fleurir. See Flourish.] (Her.) Finished at the ends with fleurs-de-lis; — said esp. of a cross so decorated.

Flew (?), imp. of Fly.

Flewed (?), a. Having large flews. Shak.

Flews (?), n. pl. The pendulous or overhanging lateral parts of the upper lip of dogs, especially prominent in hounds; — called also chaps. See Illust. of Bloodhound.

Flex (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flexed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flexing.] [L. flexus, p. p. of flectere to bend, perh. flectere and akin to falx sickle, E. falchion. Cf. Flinch.] To bend; as, to flex the arm.

Flex, n. Flax. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flex*an”i*mous (?), a. [L. flexanimus; flectere, flexum, to bend + animus mind.] Having power to change the mind. [Obs.] Howell.

Flex`i*bil”i*ty (?), n. [L. flexibilitas: cf. F. flexibilite.] The state or quality of being flexible; flexibleness; pliancy; pliability; as, the flexibility of strips of hemlock, hickory, whalebone or metal, or of rays of light. Sir I. Newton.

All the flexibility of a veteran courtier.

Macaulay.

Flex”i*ble (?), a. [L. flexibilis: cf. F. flexible.] 1. Capable of being flexed or bent; admitting of being turned, bowed, or twisted, without breaking; pliable; yielding to pressure; not stiff or brittle.

When the splitting wind
Makes flexible the knees of knotted oaks.

Shak.

2. Willing or ready to yield to the influence of others; not invincibly rigid or obstinate; tractable; manageable; ductile; easy and compliant; wavering.

Phocion was a man of great severity, and no ways flexible to the will of the people.

Bacon.

Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible.

Shak.

3. Capable or being adapted or molded; plastic,; as, a flexible language.

This was a principle more flexible to their purpose.

Rogers.

Syn. — Pliant; pliable; supple; tractable; manageable; ductile; obsequious; inconstant; wavering.

— Flex”i*ble*ness, n. — Flex”i*bly, adv.

Flex`i*cos”tate (?), a. [L. flexus bent + E. costate.] (Anat.) Having bent or curved ribs.

Flex”ile (?), a. [L. flexilis.] Flexible; pliant; pliable; easily bent; plastic; tractable. Wordsworth.

Flex”ion (?), n. [L. flexio: cf. F. flexion.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning.

2. A bending; a part bent; a fold. Bacon.

3. (Gram.) Syntactical change of form of words, as by declension or conjugation; inflection.

Express the syntactical relations by flexion.

Sir W. Hamilton.

4. (Physiol.) The bending of a limb or joint; that motion of a joint which gives the distal member a continually decreasing angle with the axis of the proximal part; — distinguished from extension.

Flex”or (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle which bends or flexes any part; as, the flexors of the arm or the hand; — opposed to extensor.

Flex”u*ose` (?; 135), a. Flexuous.

Flex”u*ous (?), a. [L. flexuosus, fr. flexus a bending, turning.] 1. Having turns, windings, or flexures.

2. (Bot.) Having alternate curvatures in opposite directions; bent in a zigzag manner.

3. Wavering; not steady; flickering. Bacon.

Flex”u*ral (?), a. [From Flexure.] Of, pertaining to, or resulting from, flexure; of the nature of, or characterized by, flexure; as, flexural elasticity.

Flex”ure (?; 135), n. [L. flexura.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning or curving; flexion; hence, obsequious bowing or bending.

Will it give place to flexure and low bending?

Shak.

2. A turn; a bend; a fold; a curve.

Varying with the flexures of the valley through which it meandered.

British Quart. Rev.

3. (Zoöl.) The last joint, or bend, of the wing of a bird.

4. (Astron.) The small distortion of an astronomical instrument caused by the weight of its parts; the amount to be added or substracted from the observed readings of the instrument to correct them for this distortion.

The flexure of a curve (Math.), the bending of a curve towards or from a straight line.

Flib”ber*gib (?), n. A sycophant. [Obs. & Humorous.] “Flatterers and flibbergibs.” Latimer.

Flib”ber*ti*gib`bet (?), n. An imp. Shak.

||Fli`bus`tier” (?), n. [F.] A buccaneer; an American pirate. See Filibuster. [Obs.]

Flick (fl&ibreve;k), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flicked (fl&ibreve;kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flicking.] [Cf. Flicker.] To whip lightly or with a quick jerk; to flap; as, to flick a horse; to flick the dirt from boots. Thackeray.

Flick, n. A flitch; as, a flick of bacon.

Flick”er (&etilde;r), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flickered (&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flickering.] [OE. flikeren, flekeren, to flutter, AS. flicerian, flicorian, cf. D. flikkeren to sparkle. √84. Cf. Flacker.] 1. To flutter; to flap the wings without flying.

And flickering on her nest made short essays to sing.

Dryden.

2. To waver unsteadily, like a flame in a current of air, or when about to expire; as, the flickering light.

The shadows flicker to fro.

Tennyson.

Flick”er, n. 1. The act of wavering or of fluttering; fluctuation; sudden and brief increase of brightness; as, the last flicker of the dying flame.

2. (Zoöl.) The golden-winged woodpecker (Colaptes aurutus); — so called from its spring note. Called also yellow-hammer, high-holder, pigeon woodpecker, and yucca.

The cackle of the flicker among the oaks.

Thoureau.

Flick”ering*ly, adv. In a flickering manner.

Flick”er*mouse` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Flittermouse.

Flidge (?), a. Fledged; fledge. [Obs.] Holland.

Flidge, v. i. To become fledged; to fledge. [Obs.]

Every day build their nests, every hour flidge.

R. Greene.

Fli”er (flī”&etilde;r), n. [Form Fly, v.; cf. Flyer] 1. One who flies or flees; a runaway; a fugitive. Shak.

2. (Mach.) A fly. See Fly, n., 9, and 13 (b).

3. (Spinning) See Flyer, n., 5.

4. (Arch.) See Flyer, n., 4.

Flight (flīt), n. [AS. fliht, flyht, a flying, fr. fleógan to fly; cf. flyht a fleeing, fr. fleón to flee, G. flucht a fleeing, Sw. flykt, G. flug a flying, Sw. flygt, D. vlugt a fleeing or flying, Dan. flugt. √84. See Flee, Fly.] 1. The act of flying; a passing through the air by the help of wings; volitation; mode or style of flying.

Like the night owl’s lazy flight.

Shak.

2. The act of fleeing; the act of running away, to escape danger or expected evil; hasty departure.

Pray ye that your flight be not in the winter.

Matt. xxiv. 20.

Fain by flight to save themselves.

Shak.

3. Lofty elevation and excursion; a mounting; a soaring; as, a flight of imagination, ambition, folly.

Could he have kept his spirit to that flight,
He had been happy.

Byron.

His highest flights were indeed far below those of Taylor.

Macaulay.

4. A number of beings or things passing through the air together; especially, a flock of birds flying in company; the birds that fly or migrate together; the birds produced in one season; as, a flight of arrows. Swift.

Swift flights of angels ministrant.

Milton.

Like a flight of fowl
Scattered winds and tempestuous gusts.

Shak.

5. A series of steps or stairs from one landing to another. Parker.

6. A kind of arrow for the longbow; also, the sport of shooting with it. See Shaft. [Obs.]

Challenged Cupid at the flight.

Shak.

Not a flight drawn home
E’er made that haste that they have.

Beau. & Fl.

7. The husk or glume of oats. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Flight feathers (Zoöl.), the wing feathers of a bird, including the quills, coverts, and bastard wing. See Bird. — To put to flight, To turn to flight, to compel to run away; to force to flee; to rout.

Syn. — Pair; set. See Pair.

Flight”ed (?), a. 1. Taking flight; flying; — used in composition. “Drowsy- flighted steeds.” Milton.

2. (Her.) Feathered; — said of arrows.

Flight”er (?), n. (Brewing) A horizontal vane revolving over the surface of wort in a cooler, to produce a circular current in the liquor. Knight.

Flight”i*ly (?), adv. In a flighty manner.

Flight”i*ness, n. The state or quality of being flighty.

The flightness of her temper.

Hawthorne.

Syn. — Levity; giddiness; volatility; lightness; wildness; eccentricity. See Levity.

Flight”-shot` (?), n. The distance to which an arrow or flight may be shot; bowshot, — about the fifth of a mile. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Within a flight-shot it inthe valley.

Evelyn.

Half a flight-shot from the king’s oak.

Sir W. Scott.

Flight”y (?), a. 1. Fleeting; swift; transient.

The flighty purpose never is o’ertook,
Unless the deed go with it.

Shak.

2. Indulging in flights, or wild and unrestrained sallies, of imagination, humor, caprice, etc.; given to disordered fancies and extravagant conduct; volatile; giddy; eccentric; slighty delirious.

Proofs of my flighty and paradoxical turn of mind.

Coleridge.

A harsh disciplinarian and a flighty enthusiast.

J. S. Harford.

Flim”flam (?), n. [Cf. Flam.] A freak; a trick; a lie. Beau. & Fl.

Flim”si*ly (?), adv. In a flimsy manner.

Flim”si*ness, n. The state or quality of being flimsy.

Flim”sy (?), a. [Compar. Flimsier (?); superl. Flimsiest.] [Cf. W. llymsi naked, bare, empty, sluggish, spiritless. Cf. Limsy.] Weak; feeble; limp; slight; vain; without strength or solidity; of loose and unsubstantial structure; without reason or plausibility; as, a flimsy argument, excuse, objection.

Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines.

Pope.

All the flimsy furniture of a country miss’s brain.

Sheridan.

Syn. — Weak; feeble; superficial; shallow; vain.

Flim”sy, n. 1. Thin or transfer paper.

2. A bank note. [Slang, Eng.]

Flinch (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flinched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flinching.] [Prob. fr. OE. flecchen to waver, give way, F. fléchir, fr. L. flectere to bend; but prob. influenced by E. blench. Cf. Flex.] 1. To withdraw from any suffering or undertaking, from pain or danger; to fail in doing or perserving; to show signs of yielding or of suffering; to shrink; to wince; as, one of the parties flinched from the combat.

A child, by a constant course of kindness, may be accustomed to bear very rough usage without flinching or complaining.

Locke.

2. (Croquet) To let the foot slip from a ball, when attempting to give a tight croquet.

Flinch, n. The act of flinching.

Flinch”er (?), n. One who flinches or fails.

Flinch”ing*ly, adv. In a flinching manner.

Flin”der*mouse` (?), n.[OE. vlindre moth (cf. D. vlinder butterfly) + E. mouse. Cf. Flittermouse, Flinders.] (Zoöl.) A bat; a flittermouse.

Flin”ders (?), n. pl. [Scot. flenders, flendris; perh. akin to E. flutter; cf. D. flenters rags, broken pieces.] Small pieces or splinters; fragments.

The tough ash spear, so stout and true,
Into a thousand flinders flew.

Sir W. Scott.

Fling (fl&ibreve;ng), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flung (flŭng); p. pr. & vb. n. Flinging.] [OE. flingen, flengen, to rush, hurl; cf. Icel. flengia to whip, ride furiously, OSw. flenga to strike, Sw. flänga to romp, Dan. flenge to slash.] 1. To cast, send, to throw from the hand; to hurl; to dart; to emit with violence as if thrown from the hand; as, to fing a stone into the pond.

‘T is Fate that flings the dice: and, as she flings,
Of kings makes peasants, and of peasants kings.

Dryden.

He . . . like Jove, his lighting flung.

Dryden.

I know thy generous temper well.
Fling but the appearance of dishonor on it,
It straight takes fire.

Addison.

2. To shed forth; to emit; to scatter.

The sun begins to fling
His flaring beams.

Milton.

Every beam new transient colors flings.

Pope.

3. To throw; to hurl; to throw off or down; to prostrate; hence, to baffle; to defeat; as, to fling a party in litigation.

His horse started, flung him, and fell upon him.

Walpole.

To fling about, to throw on all sides; to scatter. — To fling away, to reject; to discard.

Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition.

Shak.

—To fling down. (a) To throw to the ground; esp., to throw in defiance, as formerly knights cast a glove into the arena as a challenge.

This question so flung down before the guests, . . .
Was handed over by consent of all
To me who had not spoken.

Tennyson.

(b) To overturn; to demolish; to ruin. — To fling in, to throw in; not to charge in an account; as, in settling accounts, one party flings in a small sum, or a few days’ work. — To fling off, to baffle in the chase; to defeat of prey; also, to get rid of. Addison. — To fling open, to throw open; to open suddenly or with violence; as, to fling open a door. — To fling out, to utter; to speak in an abrupt or harsh manner; as, to fling out hard words against another. — To fling up, to relinquish; to abandon; as, to fling up a design.

Fling (?), v. i. 1. To throw; to wince; to flounce; as, the horse began to kick and fling.

2. To cast in the teeth; to utter abusive language; to sneer; as, the scold began to flout and fling.

3. To throw one’s self in a violent or hasty manner; to rush or spring with violence or haste.

And crop-full, out of doors he flings.

Milton.

I flung closer to his breast,
As sword that, after battle, flings to sheath.

Mrs. Browning.

To fling out, to become ugly and intractable; to utter sneers and insinuations.

Fling, n. 1. A cast from the hand; a throw; also, a flounce; a kick; as, the fling of a horse.

2. A severe or contemptuous remark; an expression of sarcastic scorn; a gibe; a sarcasm.

I, who love to have a fling,
Both at senate house and king.

Swift.

3. A kind of dance; as, the Highland fling.

4. A trifing matter; an object of contempt. [Obs.]

England were but a fling
Save for the crooked stick and the gray goose wing.

Old Proverb.

To have one’s fling, to enjoy one’s self to the full; to have a season of dissipation. J. H. Newman. “When I was as young as you, I had my fling. I led a life of pleasure.” D. Jerrold.

Fling”dust` (?), n. One who kicks up the dust; a streetwalker; a low manner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fling”er (?), n. One who flings; one who jeers.

Flint (?), n. [AS. flint, akin to Sw. flinta, Dan. flint; cf. OHG. flins flint, G. flinte gun (cf. E. flintlock), perh. akin to Gr. &?; brick. Cf. Plinth.] 1. (Min.) A massive, somewhat impure variety of quartz, in color usually of a gray to brown or nearly black, breaking with a conchoidal fracture and sharp edge. It is very hard, and strikes fire with steel.

2. A piece of flint for striking fire; — formerly much used, esp. in the hammers of gun locks.

3. Anything extremely hard, unimpressible, and unyielding, like flint. “A heart of flint.” Spenser.

Flint age. (Geol.) Same as Stone age, under Stone. — Flint brick, a fire made principially of powdered silex. — Flint glass. See in the Vocabulary. — Flint implements (Archæol.), tools, etc., employed by men before the use of metals, such as axes, arrows, spears, knives, wedges, etc., which were commonly made of flint, but also of granite, jade, jasper, and other hard stones. — Flint mill. (a) (Pottery) A mill in which flints are ground. (b) (Mining) An obsolete appliance for lighting the miner at his work, in which flints on a revolving wheel were made to produce a shower of sparks, which gave light, but did not inflame the fire damp. Knight. — Flint stone, a hard, siliceous stone; a flint. — Flint wall, a kind of wall, common in England, on the face of which are exposed the black surfaces of broken flints set in the mortar, with quions of masonry. — Liquor of flints, a solution of silica, or flints, in potash. — To skin a flint, to be capable of, or guilty of, any expedient or any meanness for making money. [Colloq.]

Flint” glass` (?). (Chem.) A soft, heavy, brilliant glass, consisting essentially of a silicate of lead and potassium. It is used for tableware, and for optical instruments, as prisms, its density giving a high degree of dispersive power; — so called, because formerly the silica was obtained from pulverized flints. Called also crystal glass. Cf. Glass.

&fist; The concave or diverging half on an achromatic lens is usually made of flint glass.

Flint”heart`ed (?), a. Hard hearted. Shak.

Flint”i*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being flinty; hardness; cruelty. Beau. & Fl.

Flint”lock` (?), n. 1. A lock for a gun or pistol, having a flint fixed in the hammer, which on striking the steel ignites the priming.

2. A hand firearm fitted with a flintlock; esp., the old-fashioned musket of European and other armies.

Flint”ware` (?), n. A superior kind of earthenware into whose composition flint enters largely. Knight.

Flint”wood` (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian name for the very hard wood of the Eucalyptus piluralis.

Flint”y (?), a. [Compar. Flintier (?); superl. Flintiest.] Consisting of, composed of, abounding in, or resembling, flint; as, a flinty rock; flinty ground; a flinty heart.

Flinty rock, or Flinty state, a siliceous slate; — basanite is here included. See Basanite.

Flip (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. flip nimble, flippant, also, a slight blow. Cf. Flippant.] A mixture of beer, spirit, etc., stirred and heated by a hot iron.

Flip dog, an iron used, when heated, to warm flip.

Flip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flipping.] To toss or fillip; as, to flip up a cent.

As when your little ones
Do ‘twixt their fingers flip their cherry stones.

W. Browne.

Flipe (?), v. t. To turn inside out, or with the leg part back over the foot, as a stocking in pulling off or for putting on. [Scot.]

Flip”-flap` (?), n. [See Flip, and Flap.] The repeated stroke of something long and loose. Johnson.

Flip”-flap`, adv. With repeated strokes and noise, as of something long and loose. Ash.

Flip”pan*cy (?), n.[See Flippant.] The state or quality of being flippant.

This flippancy of language.

Bp. Hurd.

Flip”pant (?), a. [Prov. E. flip to move nimbly; cf. W. llipa soft, limber, pliant, or Icel. fleipa to babble, prattle. Cf. Flip, Fillip, Flap, Flipper.] 1. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech; speaking with ease and rapidity; having a voluble tongue; talkative.

It becometh good men, in such cases, to be flippant and free in their speech.

Barrow.

2. Speaking fluently and confidently, without knowledge or consideration; empty; trifling; inconsiderate; pert; petulant. “Flippant epilogues.” Thomson.

To put flippant scorn to the blush.

I. Taylor.

A sort of flippant, vain discourse.

Burke.

Flip”pant, n. A flippant person. [R.] Tennyson.

Flip”pant*ly, adv. In a flippant manner.

Flip”pant*ness, n. State or quality of being flippant.

Flip”per (?), n. [Cf. Flip, Flippant.] 1. (Zoöl.) A broad flat limb used for swimming, as those of seals, sea turtles, whales, etc.

2. (Naut.) The hand. [Slang]

Flirt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flirting.] [Cf. AS. fleard trifle, folly, fleardian to trifle.] 1. To throw with a jerk or quick effort; to fling suddenly; as, they flirt water in each other’s faces; he flirted a glove, or a handkerchief.

2. To toss or throw about; to move playfully to and fro; as, to flirt a fan.

3. To jeer at; to treat with contempt; to mock. [Obs.]

I am ashamed; I am scorned; I am flirted.

Beau. & Fl.

Flirt, v. i. 1. To run and dart about; to act with giddiness, or from a desire to attract notice; especially, to play the coquette; to play at courtship; to coquet; as, they flirt with the young men.

2. To utter contemptuous language, with an air of disdain; to jeer or gibe. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Flirt, n. 1. A sudden jerk; a quick throw or cast; a darting motion; hence, a jeer.

Several little flirts and vibrations.

Addison.

With many a flirt and flutter.

E. A. Poe.

2. [Cf. LG. flirtje, G. flirtchen. See Flirt, v. t.] One who flirts; esp., a woman who acts with giddiness, or plays at courtship; a coquette; a pert girl.

Several young flirts about town had a design to cast us out of the fashionable world.

Addison.

Flirt, a. Pert; wanton. [Obs.]

Flir*ta”tion (?), n. 1. Playing at courtship; coquetry.

The flirtations and jealousies of our ball rooms.

Macaulay.

Flirt”-gill` (?), n. A woman of light behavior; a gill-flirt. [Obs.] Shak.

You heard him take me up like a flirt- gill.

Beau. & Fl.

Flirt”i*gig (?), n. A wanton, pert girl. [Obs.]

Flirt”ing*ly, adv. In a flirting manner.

Flisk (?), v. i. To frisk; to skip; to caper. [Obs. Scot.] “The flisking flies.” Gosson.

Flisk, n. A caper; a spring; a whim. [Scot.]

Flit (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flitted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flitting (?).] [OE. flitten, flutten, to carry away; cf. Icel. flytja, Sw. flytta, Dan. flytte. √84. Cf. Fleet, v. i.] 1. To move with celerity through the air; to fly away with a rapid motion; to dart along; to fleet; as, a bird flits away; a cloud flits along.

A shadow flits before me.

Tennyson.

2. To flutter; to rove on the wing. Dryden.

3. To pass rapidly, as a light substance, from one place to another; to remove; to migrate.

It became a received opinion, that the souls of men, departing this life, did flit out of one body into some other.

Hooker.

4. To remove from one place or habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Wright. Jamieson.

5. To be unstable; to be easily or often moved.

And the free soul to flitting air resigned.

Dryden.

Flit, a. Nimble; quick; swift. [Obs.] See Fleet.

Flitch (?), n.; pl. Flitches (#). [OE. flicche, flikke, AS. flicce, akin to Icel. flikki; cf. Icel. flīk flap, tatter; perh. akin to E. fleck. Cf. Flick, n.] 1. The side of a hog salted and cured; a side of bacon. Swift.

2. One of several planks, smaller timbers, or iron plates, which are secured together, side by side, to make a large girder or built beam.

3. The outside piece of a sawed log; a slab. [Eng.]

Flite (?), v. i. [AS. flītan to strive, contend, quarrel; akin to G. fleiss industry.] To scold; to quarrel. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Flit”ter (?), v. i. To flutter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flit”ter, v. t. To flutter; to move quickly; as, to flitter the cards. [R.] Lowell.

Flit”ter, n. [Cf. G. flitter spangle, tinsel, flittern to make a tremulous motion, to glitter. Cf. Flitter, v. i.] A rag; a tatter; a small piece or fragment.

Flit”ter*mouse` (?), n. [Flitter, v.i. + mouse; cf. G. fledermaus, OHG. fledarmūs. Cf. Flickermouse, Flindermouse.] (Zoöl.) A bat; — called also flickermouse, flindermouse, and flintymouse.

Flit”tern (?), a. A term applied to the bark obtained from young oak trees. McElrath.

Flit”ti*ness (?), n. [From Flitty.] Unsteadiness; levity; lightness. [Obs.] Bp. Hopkins.

Flit”ting (?), n. 1. A flying with lightness and celerity; a fluttering.

2. A removal from one habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

A neighbor had lent his cart for the flitting, and it was now standing loaded at the door, ready to move away.

Jeffrey.

Flit”ting*ly, adv. In a flitting manner.

Flit”ty (?), a. [From Flit.] Unstable; fluttering. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Flix (?), n. [Cf. Flax.] Down; fur. [Obs. or Eng.] J. Dyer.

Flix, n. The flux; dysentery. [Obs.] Udall.

Flix weed (Bot.), the Sisymbrium Sophia, a kind of hedge mustard, formerly used as a remedy for dysentery.

Flo (flō), n.; pl. Flon (flōn). [AS. flā, flān.] An arrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Float (flōt), n.[OE. flote ship, boat, fleet, AS. flota ship, fr. fleótan to float; akin to D. vloot fleet, G. floss raft, Icel. floti float, raft, fleet, Sw. flotta. √ 84. See Fleet, v. i., and cf. Flotilla, Flotsam, Plover.] 1. Anything which floats or rests on the surface of a fluid, as to sustain weight, or to indicate the height of the surface, or mark the place of, something. Specifically: (a) A mass of timber or boards fastened together, and conveyed down a stream by the current; a raft. (b) The hollow, metallic ball of a self-acting faucet, which floats upon the water in a cistern or boiler. (c) The cork or quill used in angling, to support the bait line, and indicate the bite of a fish. (d) Anything used to buoy up whatever is liable to sink; an inflated bag or pillow used by persons learning to swim; a life preserver.

This reform bill . . . had been used as a float by the conservative ministry.

J. P. Peters.

2. A float board. See Float board (below).

3. (Tempering) A contrivance for affording a copious stream of water to the heated surface of an object of large bulk, as an anvil or die. Knight.

4. The act of flowing; flux; flow. [Obs.] Bacon.

5. A quantity of earth, eighteen feet square and one foot deep. [Obs.] Mortimer.

6. (Plastering) The trowel or tool with which the floated coat of plastering is leveled and smoothed.

7. A polishing block used in marble working; a runner. Knight.

8. A single-cut file for smoothing; a tool used by shoemakers for rasping off pegs inside a shoe.

9. A coal cart. [Eng.] Simmonds.

10. The sea; a wave. See Flote, n.

Float board, one of the boards fixed radially to the rim of an undershot water wheel or of a steamer’s paddle wheel; — a vane. — Float case (Naut.), a caisson used for lifting a ship. — Float copper or gold (Mining), fine particles of metallic copper or of gold suspended in water, and thus liable to be lost. — Float ore, water-worn particles of ore; fragments of vein material found on the surface, away from the vein outcrop. Raymond. — Float stone (Arch.), a siliceous stone used to rub stonework or brickwork to a smooth surface. — Float valve, a valve or cock acted upon by a float. See Float, 1 (b).

Float, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floated; p. pr. & vb. n. Floating.] [OE. flotien, flotten, AS. flotian to float, swim, fr. fleótan. See Float, n.] 1. To rest on the surface of any fluid; to swim; to be buoyed up.

The ark no more now floats, but seems on ground.

Milton.

Three blustering nights, borne by the southern blast,
I floated.

Dryden.

2. To move quietly or gently on the water, as a raft; to drift along; to move or glide without effort or impulse on the surface of a fluid, or through the air.

They stretch their broad plumes and float upon the wind.

Pope.

There seems a floating whisper on the hills.

Byron.

Float, v. t. 1. To cause to float; to cause to rest or move on the surface of a fluid; as, the tide floated the ship into the harbor.

Had floated that bell on the Inchcape rock.

Southey.

2. To flood; to overflow; to cover with water.

Proud Pactolus floats the fruitful lands.

Dryden.

3. (Plastering) To pass over and level the surface of with a float while the plastering is kept wet.

4. To support and sustain the credit of, as a commercial scheme or a joint-stock company, so as to enable it to go into, or continue in, operation.

Float”a*ble (?), a. That may be floated.

Float”age (?; 48), n. Same as Flotage.

Float*a”tion (?), n. See Flotation.

Float”er (?), n. 1. One who floats or swims.

2. A float for indicating the height of a liquid surface.

Float”ing, a. 1. Buoyed upon or in a fluid; a, the floating timbers of a wreck; floating motes in the air.

2. Free or lose from the usual attachment; as, the floating ribs in man and some other animals.

3. Not funded; not fixed, invested, or determined; as, floating capital; a floating debt.

Trade was at an end. Floating capital had been withdrawn in great masses from the island.

Macaulay.

Floating anchor (Naut.), a drag or sea anchor; drag sail. — Floating battery (Mil.), a battery erected on rafts or the hulls of ships, chiefly for the defense of a coast or the bombardment of a place. — Floating bridge. (a) A bridge consisting of rafts or timber, with a floor of plank, supported wholly by the water; a bateau bridge. See Bateau. (b) (Mil.) A kind of double bridge, the upper one projecting beyond the lower one, and capable of being moved forward by pulleys; — used for carrying troops over narrow moats in attacking the outworks of a fort. (c) A kind of ferryboat which is guided and impelled by means of chains which are anchored on each side of a stream, and pass over wheels on the vessel, the wheels being driven by stream power. (d) The landing platform of a ferry dock. — Floating cartilage (Med.), a cartilage which moves freely in the cavity of a joint, and often interferes with the functions of the latter. — Floating dam. (a) An anchored dam. (b) A caisson used as a gate for a dry dock. — Floating derrick, a derrick on a float for river and harbor use, in raising vessels, moving stone for harbor improvements, etc. — Floating dock. (Naut.) See under Dock. — Floating harbor, a breakwater of cages or booms, anchored and fastened together, and used as a protection to ships riding at anchor to leeward. Knight. — Floating heart (Bot.), a small aquatic plant (Limnanthemum lacunosum) whose heart-shaped leaves float on the water of American ponds. — Floating island, a dish for dessert, consisting of custard with floating masses of whipped cream or white of eggs. — Floating kidney. (Med.) See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. — Floating light, a light shown at the masthead of a vessel moored over sunken rocks, shoals, etc., to warn mariners of danger; a light-ship; also, a light erected on a buoy or floating stage. — Floating liver. (Med.) See Wandering liver, under Wandering. — Floating pier, a landing stage or pier which rises and falls with the tide. — Floating ribs (Anat.), the lower or posterior ribs which are not connected with the others in front; in man they are the last two pairs. — Floating screed (Plastering), a strip of plastering first laid on, to serve as a guide for the thickness of the coat. — Floating threads (Weaving), threads which span several other threads without being interwoven with them, in a woven fabric.

Float”ing (?), n. 1. (Weaving) Floating threads. See Floating threads, above.

2. The second coat of three-coat plastering. Knight.

Float”ing*ly, adv. In a floating manner.

Float”y (?), a. Swimming on the surface; buoyant; light. Sir W. Raleigh.

Flo”bert (?), n. (Gun.) A small cartridge designed for target shooting; — sometimes called ball cap.

Flobert rifle, a rifle adapted to the use of floberts.

Floc`cil*la”tion (?), n. [L. floccus a flock of wool. Cf. Flock of wool.] (Med.) A delirious picking of bedclothes by a sick person, as if to pick off flocks of wool; carphology; — an alarming symptom in acute diseases. Dunglison.

Floc*cose” (?), a. [L. floccosus. Cf. 2d Flock, n.] 1. Spotted with small tufts like wool. Wright.

2. (Bot.) Having tufts of soft hairs, which are often deciduous.

Floc”cu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the flocculus.

Floc”cu*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Flocculating.] (Geol.) To aggregate into small lumps.

Floc”cu*late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Furnished with tufts of curly hairs, as some insects.

Floc`cu*la”tion (?), n. (Geol.) The process by which small particles of fine soils and sediments aggregate into larger lumps.

Floc”cu*lence (?), n. The state of being flocculent.

Floc”cu*lent (?), a. [See Flock of wool.] 1. Clothed with small flocks or flakes; woolly. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.) Applied to the down of newly hatched or unfledged birds.

||Floc”cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Flocculi (#). [NL., dim. of L. floccus a lock or flock of wool.] (Anat.) A small lobe in the under surface of the cerebellum, near the middle peduncle; the subpeduncular lobe.

||Floc”cus (?), n.; pl. Flocci (#). [L., a flock of wool.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The tuft of hair terminating the tail of mammals. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of young birds.

2. (Bot.) A woolly filament sometimes occuring with the sporules of certain fungi.

Flock (?), n. [AS. flocc flock, company; akin to Icel. flokkr crowd, Sw. flock, Dan. flok; prob. orig. used of flows, and akin to E. fly. See Fly.] 1. A company or collection of living creatures; — especially applied to sheep and birds, rarely to persons or (except in the plural) to cattle and other large animals; as, a flock of ravenous fowl. Milton.

The heathen . . . came to Nicanor by flocks.

2 Macc. xiv. 14.

2. A Christian church or congregation; considered in their relation to the pastor, or minister in charge.

As half amazed, half frighted all his flock.

Tennyson.

Flock, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flocking.] To gather in companies or crowds.

Friends daily flock.

Dryden.

Flocking fowl (Zoöl.), the greater scaup duck.

Flock, v. t. To flock to; to crowd. [Obs.]

Good fellows, trooping, flocked me so.

Taylor (1609).

Flock, n. [OE. flokke; cf. D. vlok, G. flocke, OHG. floccho, Icel. flōki, perh. akin to E. flicker, flacker, or cf. L. floccus, F. floc.] 1. A lock of wool or hair.

I prythee, Tom, beat Cut’s saddle, put a few flocks in the point [pommel].

Shak.

2. Woolen or cotton refuse (sing. or pl.), old rags, etc., reduced to a degree of fineness by machinery, and used for stuffing unpholstered furniture.

3. Very fine, sifted, woolen refuse, especially that from shearing the nap of cloths, used as a coating for wall paper to give it a velvety or clothlike appearance; also, the dust of vegetable fiber used for a similar purpose.

Flock bed, a bed filled with flocks or locks of coarse wool, or pieces of cloth cut up fine. “Once a flock bed, but repaired with straw.” Pope. — Flock paper, paper coated with flock fixed with glue or size.

Flock, v. t. To coat with flock, as wall paper; to roughen the surface of (as glass) so as to give an appearance of being covered with fine flock.

Flock”ling, n. A lamb. [Obs.] Brome (1659).

Flock”ly, adv. In flocks; in crowds. [Obs.]

Flock”mel (?), adv. [AS. flocm&?;lum. See Meal part.] In a flock; in a body. [Obs.]

That flockmel on a day they to him went.

Chaucer.

Flock”y, a. Abounding with flocks; floccose.

Floe (flō), n. [Cf. Dan. flag af iis, iisflage, Sw. flaga, flake, isflaga, isflake. See Flag a flat stone.] A low, flat mass of floating ice.

Floe rat (Zoöl.), a seal (Phoca fœtida).

Flog (fl&obreve;g), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flogged (fl&obreve;gd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flogging (-g&ibreve;ng).] [Cf. Scot. fleg blow, stroke, kick, AS. flocan to strike, or perh. fr. L. flagellare to whip. Cf. Flagellate.] To beat or strike with a rod or whip; to whip; to lash; to chastise with repeated blows.

Flog”ger (?), n. 1. One who flogs.

2. A kind of mallet for beating the bung stave of a cask to start the bung. Knight.

Flog”ging (?), a. & n. from Flog, v. t.

Flogging chisel (Mach.), a large cold chisel, used in chipping castings. — Flogging hammer, a small sledge hammer used for striking a flogging chisel.

Flon (?), n. pl. See Flo. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flong (? or ?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Fling.

Flood (?), n. [OE. flod a flowing, stream, flood, AS. flōd; akin to D. vloed, OS. flōd, OHG. fluot, G. flut, Icel. flōð, Sw. & Dan. flod, Goth. flōdus; from the root of E. flow. √80. See Flow, v. i.] 1. A great flow of water; a body of moving water; the flowing stream, as of a river; especially, a body of water, rising, swelling, and overflowing land not usually thus covered; a deluge; a freshet; an inundation.

A covenant never to destroy
The earth again by flood.

Milton.

2. The flowing in of the tide; the semidiurnal swell or rise of water in the ocean; — opposed to ebb; as, young flood; high flood.

There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.

Shak.

3. A great flow or stream of any fluid substance; as, a flood of light; a flood of lava; hence, a great quantity widely diffused; an overflowing; a superabundance; as, a flood of bank notes; a flood of paper currency.

4. Menstrual disharge; menses. Harvey.

Flood anchor (Naut.) , the anchor by which a ship is held while the tide is rising. — Flood fence, a fence so secured that it will not be swept away by a flood. — Flood gate, a gate for shutting out, admitting, or releasing, a body of water; a tide gate. — Flood mark, the mark or line to which the tide, or a flood, rises; high-water mark. — Flood tide, the rising tide; — opposed to ebb tide. — The Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah.

Flood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Flooding.] 1. To overflow; to inundate; to deluge; as, the swollen river flooded the valley.

2. To cause or permit to be inundated; to fill or cover with water or other fluid; as, to flood arable land for irrigation; to fill to excess or to its full capacity; as, to flood a country with a depreciated currency.

Flood”age (?; 48), n. Inundation. [R.] Carlyle.

Flood”er (?), n. One who floods anything.

Flood”ing, n. The filling or covering with water or other fluid; overflow; inundation; the filling anything to excess.

2. (Med.) An abnormal or excessive discharge of blood from the uterus. Dunglison.

Flook (?), n. A fluke of an anchor.

{ Flook”an (?), Flu”kan (?) }, n. (Mining) See Flucan.

Flook”y (?), a. Fluky.

Floor (?), n. [AS. fl&?;r; akin to D. vloer, G. flur field, floor, entrance hall, Icel. fl&?;r floor of a cow stall, cf. Ir. & Gael. lar floor, ground, earth, W. llawr, perh. akin to L. planus level. Cf. Plain smooth.] 1. The bottom or lower part of any room; the part upon which we stand and upon which the movables in the room are supported.

2. The structure formed of beams, girders, etc., with proper covering, which divides a building horizontally into stories. Floor in sense 1 is, then, the upper surface of floor in sense 2.

3. The surface, or the platform, of a structure on which we walk or travel; as, the floor of a bridge.

4. A story of a building. See Story.

5. (Legislative Assemblies) (a) The part of the house assigned to the members. (b) The right to speak. [U.S.]

&fist; Instead of he has the floor, the English say, he is in possession of the house.

6. (Naut.) That part of the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson which is most nearly horizontal.

7. (Mining) (a) The rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit. (b) A horizontal, flat ore body. Raymond.

Floor cloth, a heavy fabric, painted, varnished, or saturated, with waterproof material, for covering floors; oilcloth. — Floor cramp, an implement for tightening the seams of floor boards before nailing them in position. — Floor light, a frame with glass panes in a floor. — Floor plan. (a) (Shipbuilding) A longitudinal section, showing a ship as divided at the water line. (b) (Arch.) A horizontal section, showing the thickness of the walls and partitions, arrangement of passages, apartments, and openings at the level of any floor of a house.

Floor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flooring.] 1. To cover with a floor; to furnish with a floor; as, to floor a house with pine boards.

2. To strike down or lay level with the floor; to knock down; hence, to silence by a conclusive answer or retort; as, to floor an opponent.

Floored or crushed by him.

Coleridge.

3. To finish or make an end of; as, to floor a college examination. [Colloq.]

I’ve floored my little-go work.

T. Hughes.

Floor”age (?; 48), n. Floor space.

Floor”er (?), n. Anything that floors or upsets a person, as a blow that knocks him down; a conclusive answer or retort; a task that exceeds one’s abilities. [Colloq.]

Floor”heads`, n. pl. (Naut.) The upper extermities of the floor of a vessel.

Floor”ing, n. A platform; the bottom of a room; a floor; pavement. See Floor, n. Addison.

2. Material for the construction of a floor or floors.

Floor”less, a. Having no floor.

Floor”walk`er (?), n. One who walks about in a large retail store as an overseer and director. [U.S.]

Flop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flopping.] [A variant of flap.] 1. To clap or strike, as a bird its wings, a fish its tail, etc.; to flap.

2. To turn suddenly, as something broad and flat. [Colloq.] Fielding.

Flop (?), v. i. 1. To strike about with something broad and flat, as a fish with its tail, or a bird with its wings; to rise and fall; as, the brim of a hat flops.

2. To fall, sink, or throw one’s self, heavily, clumsily, and unexpectedly on the ground. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Flop, n. Act of flopping. [Colloq.] W. H. Russell.

Flop”py (?), n. Having a tendency to flop or flap; as, a floppy hat brim. G. Eliot.

Flop”wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing.

Flo”ra (?), n. [L., the goddess of flowers, from flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of flowers and spring.

2. (Bot.) The complete system of vegetable species growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, or period; a list or description of, or treatise on, such plants.

Flo”ral (?), a. [L. Floralis belonging to Flora: cf. F. floral. See Flora.] 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; made of flowers; as, floral games, wreaths.

2. (Bot.) Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as, a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters. Martyn.

Floral envelope (Bot.), the calyx and corolla, one or the other of which (mostly the corolla) may be wanting.

Flo”ral*ly, adv. In a floral manner.

Flo”ra*mour (?), n.[L. flos, floris, flower + amorlove.] The plant love-lies- bleeding. [Obs.] Prior.

Flo”ran (?), n. (Mining) Tin ore scarcely perceptible in the stone; tin ore stamped very fine. Pryce.

||Flo`réal” (?), n. [F. floréal, fr. L. flos, floris, flower.] The eight month of the French republican calendar. It began April 20, and ended May 19. See Vendémiare.

Flor”en (?), n. [LL. florenus. See Florin.] A cerain gold coin; a Florence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flor”ence (?), n. [From the city of Florence: cf. F. florence a kind of cloth, OF. florin.] 1. An ancient gold coin of the time of Edward III., of six shillings sterling value. Camden.

2. A kind of cloth. Johnson.

Florence flask. See under Flask. — Florence oil, olive oil prepared in Florence.

Flor”en*tine (? or ?; 277), a. [L. Florentinus, fr. Florentia Florence: cf. F. florentin.] Belonging or relating to Florence, in Italy.

Florentine mosaic, a mosaic of hard or semiprecious stones, often so chosen and arranged that their natural colors represent leaves, flowers, and the like, inlaid in a background, usually of black or white marble.

Flor”en*tine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Florence, a city in Italy.

2. A kind of silk. Knight.

3. A kind of pudding or tart; a kind of meat pie. [Obs.]

Stealing custards, tarts, and florentines.

Beau. & Fl.

Flo*res”cence (?), n. [See Florescent.] (Bot.) A bursting into flower; a blossoming. Martyn.

Flo*res”cent (?), a. [L. florescens, p. pr. of florescere begin to blossom, incho. fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] Expanding into flowers; blossoming.

Flo”ret (?), n. [OF. florete, F. fleurette, dim. of OF. lor, F. fleur. See Flower, and cf. Floweret, 3d Ferret.] 1. (Bot.) A little flower; one of the numerous little flowers which compose the head or anthodium in such flowers as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Gray.

2. [F. fleuret.] A foil; a blunt sword used in fencing. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Flo”ri*age (?), n. [L. flos, floris, flower.] Bloom; blossom. [Obs.] J. Scott.

Flo”ri*a`ted (?), a. (Arch.) Having floral ornaments; as, floriated capitals of Gothic pillars.

Flo*ric”o*mous (?), a. [L. flos, floris, flower + coma hair.] Having the head adorned with flowers. [R.]

Flo`ri*cul”tur*al (? or ?; 135), a. Pertaining to the cultivation of flowering plants.

Flo”ri*cul`ture (? or ?; 135, 277), n. [L. flos, floris, flower + cultura culture.] The cultivation of flowering plants.

Flo`ri*cul”tur*ist (?), n. One skilled in the cultivation of flowers; a florist.

Flor”id (?), a. [L. floridus, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. Covered with flowers; abounding in flowers; flowery. [R.]

Fruit from a pleasant and florid tree.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Bright in color; flushed with red; of a lively reddish color; as, a florid countenance.

3. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric; enriched to excess with figures; excessively ornate; as, a florid style; florid eloquence.

4. (Mus.) Flowery; ornamental; running in rapid melodic figures, divisions, or passages, as in variations; full of fioriture or little ornamentations.

Flor”i*da bean” (?). (Bot.) (a) The large, roundish, flattened seed of Mucuna urens. See under Bean. (b) One of the very large seeds of the Entada scandens.

||Flo*rid”e*æ (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) A subclass of algæ including all the red or purplish seaweeds; the Rhodospermeæ of many authors; — so called from the rosy or florid color of most of the species.

Flo*rid”i*ty (?), n. The quality of being florid; floridness. Floyer.

Flor”id*ly (?), adv. In a florid manner.

Flor”id*ness, n. The quality of being florid. Boyle.

Flo*rif”er*ous (?), a. [L. florifer; flos, floris, flower + ferre to bear; cf. F. florifère.] Producing flowers. Blount.

Flo`ri*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. flos, floris, flower + facere to make.] The act, process, or time of flowering; florescence.

Flo”ri*form (? or ?), a. [L. flos, floris, flower + form: cf. F. floriforme.] Having the form of a flower; flower shaped.

Flo”ri*ken (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Indian bustard (Otis aurita). The Bengal floriken is Sypheotides Bengalensis. [Written also florikan, florikin, florican.]

Flo”ri*lege (?), n. [L. florilegus flower-culling; flos, floris, flower + legere to gather: cf. F. florilège.] The act of gathering flowers.

Flo”ri*mer (?), n. (Bot.) See Floramour. [Obs.]

Flor”in (?), n. [F. florin, It. florino, orig., a Florentine coin, with a lily on it, fr. flore a flower, fr. L. flos. See Flower, and cf. Floren.] A silver coin of Florence, first struck in the twelfth century, and noted for its beauty. The name is given to different coins in different countries. The florin of England, first minted in 1849, is worth two shillings, or about 48 cents; the florin of the Netherlands, about 40 cents; of Austria, about 36 cents.

Flo”rist (? or ?; 277), n. [Cf. F. fleuriste, floriste, fr. F. fleur flower. See Flower.] 1. A cultivator of, or dealer in, flowers.

2. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants.

Flo*roon” (?), n. [F. fleuron. See Flower.] A border worked with flowers. Wright.

Flor”u*lent (?), a. [L. florulentus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] Flowery; blossoming. [Obs.] Blount.

Flos”cu*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Flosculous.

Flos`cu*la”ri*an (?), n. [From L. flosculus a floweret.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of stalked rotifers, having ciliated tentacles around the lobed disk.

Flos*cule (?), n. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos flower: cf. F. floscule.] (Bot.) A floret.

Flos”cu*lous (?), a. (Bot.) Consisting of many gamopetalous florets.

||Flos`-fer”ri (?), n.[L., flower of iron.] (Min.) A variety of aragonite, occuring in delicate white coralloidal forms; — common in beds of iron ore.

Flosh (?), n. [Cf. G. flösse a trough in which tin ore is washed.] (Metallurgy) A hopper-shaped box or &?;nortar in which ore is placed for the action of the stamps. Knight.

Floss (?; 195), n. [It. floscio flabby, soft, fr. L. fluxus flowing, loose, slack. See Flux, n.] 1. (Bot.) The slender styles of the pistillate flowers of maize; also called silk.

2. Untwisted filaments of silk, used in embroidering.

Floss silk, silk that has been twisted, and which retains its loose and downy character. It is much used in embroidery. Called also floxed silk. — Floss thread, a kind of soft flaxen yarn or thread, used for embroidery; — called also linen floss, and floss yarn. McElrath.

Floss, n. [Cf. G. floss a float.] 1. A small stream of water. [Eng.]

2. Fluid glass floating on iron in the puddling furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxides and earths which are present.

Floss hole. (a) A hole at the back of a puddling furnace, at which the slags pass out. (b) The tap hole of a melting furnace. Knight.

Flos`si*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [Cf. Florification.] A flowering; florification. [R.] Craig.

Floss”y (?; 115), a. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, floss; hence, light; downy.

||Flo”ta (?), n. [Sp. See Flotilla.] A fleet; especially, a &?;eet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mexico, to transport to Spain the production of Spanish America.

Flo”tage (?), n. [OF. flotage, F. flottage, fr. flotter to float.] 1. The state of floating.

2. That which floats on the sea or in rivers. [Written also floatage.]

Flo”tant (?), a. [OF. flotant, F. flottant, p. pr. of flotter to float.] (Her.) Represented as flying or streaming in the air; as, a banner flotant.

Flo*ta”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. flottation a floating, flottaison water line, fr. flotter to float. See Flotilla.] 1. The act, process, or state of floating.

2. The science of floating bodies.

Center of flotation. (Shipbuilding) (a) The center of any given plane of flotation. (b) More commonly, the middle of the length of the load water line. Rankine. — Plane, or Line, of flotation, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it. See Bearing, n., 9 (c). — Surface of flotation (Shipbuilding), the imaginary surface which all the planes of flotation touch when a vessel rolls or pitches; the envelope of all such planes.

Flote (?), v. t. To fleet; to skim. [Obs.] Tusser.

Flote, n. [Cf. F. flot, L. fluctus; also cf. Float, n.] A wave. [Obs.] “The Mediterranean flote.” Shak.

Flot”er*y (?), a. Wavy; flowing. [Obs.]

With flotery beard.

Chaucer.

Flo*til”la (?), n. [Sp. flotilla, dim. of flota fleet; akin to F. flotte, It. flotta, and F. flot wave, fr. L. fluctus, but prob. influenced by words akin to E. float. See Fluctuate, and cf. Float, n.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels.

{ Flot”sam (?), Flot”son (?) }, n. [F. flotter to float. See FFlotilla, and cf. Jetsam.] (Law) Goods lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea; — in distinction from jetsam or jetson. Blackstone.

Flot”ten (?), p. p. of Flote, v. t. Skimmed. [Obs.]

Flounce (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flounced (flounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Flouncing (?).] [Cf. OSw. flunsa to immerge.] To throw the limbs and body one way and the other; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence; to struggle, as a horse in mire; to flounder; to throw one’s self with a jerk or spasm, often as in displeasure.

To flutter and flounce will do nothing but batter and bruise us.

Barrow.

With his broad fins and forky tail he laves
The rising sirge, and flounces in the waves.

Addison.

Flounce (?), n. The act of floucing; a sudden, jerking motion of the body.

Flounce, n. [Cf. G. flaus, flausch, a tuft of wool or hair; akin to vliess, E. fleece; or perh. corrupted fr. rounce.] An ornamental appendage to the skirt of a woman’s dress, consisting of a strip gathered and sewed on by its upper edge around the skirt, and left hanging.

Flounce, v. t. To deck with a flounce or flounces; as, to flounce a petticoat or a frock.

Floun”der (?), n. [Cf. Sw. flundra; akin to Dan. flynder, Icel. fly&?;ra, G. flunder, and perh. to E. flounder, v.i.] 1. (Zoöl.) A flatfish of the family Pleuronectidæ, of many species.

&fist; The common English flounder is Pleuronectes flesus. There are several common American species used as food; as the smooth flounder (P. glabra); the rough or winter flounder (P. Americanus); the summer flounder, or plaice (Paralichthys dentatus), Atlantic coast; and the starry flounder (Pleuronectes stellatus).

2. (Bootmaking) A tool used in crimping boot fronts.

Floun”der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floundered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Floundering.] [Cf. D. flodderen to flap, splash through mire, E. flounce, v.i., and flounder the fish.] To fling the limbs and body, as in making efforts to move; to struggle, as a horse in the mire, or as a fish on land; to roll, toss, and tumble; to flounce.

They have floundered on from blunder to blunder.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Floun”der, n. The act of floundering.

Flour (?), n. [F. fleur de farine the flower (i.e., the best) of meal, cf. Sp. flor de la harina superfine flour, Icel. flür flower, flour. See Flower.] The finely ground meal of wheat, or of any other grain; especially, the finer part of meal separated by bolting; hence, the fine and soft powder of any substance; as, flour of emery; flour of mustard.

Flour bolt, in milling, a gauze-covered, revolving, cylindrical frame or reel, for sifting the flour from the refuse contained in the meal yielded by the stones. — Flour box a tin box for scattering flour; a dredging box. — Flour dredge or dredger, a flour box. — Flour dresser, a mashine for sorting and distributing flour according to grades of fineness. — Flour mill, a mill for grinding and sifting flour.

Flour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flouring.] 1. To grind and bolt; to convert into flour; as, to flour wheat.

2. To sprinkle with flour.

Floured (?), p. a. Finely granulated; — said of quicksilver which has been granulated by agitation during the amalgamation process. Raymond.

Flour”ish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flourished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flourishing.] [OE. florisshen, flurisshen, OF. flurir, F. fleurir, fr. L. florere to bloom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower, and - ish.] 1. To grow luxuriantly; to increase and enlarge, as a healthy growing plant; a thrive.

A tree thrives and flourishes in a kindly . . . soil.

Bp. Horne.

2. To be prosperous; to increase in wealth, honor, comfort, happiness, or whatever is desirable; to thrive; to be prominent and influental; specifically, of authors, painters, etc., to be in a state of activity or production.

When all the workers of iniquity do flourish.

Ps. xcii 7

Bad men as frequently prosper and flourish, and that by the means of their wickedness.

Nelson.

We say
Of those that held their heads above the crowd,
They flourished then or then.

Tennyson.

3. To use florid language; to indulge in rhetorical figures and lofty expressions; to be flowery.

They dilate . . . and flourish long on little incidents.

J. Watts.

4. To make bold and sweeping, fanciful, or wanton movements, by way of ornament, parade, bravado, etc.; to play with fantastic and irregular motion.

Impetuous spread
The stream, and smoking flourished o’er his head.

Pope.

5. To make ornamental strokes with the pen; to write graceful, decorative figures.

6. To execute an irregular or fanciful strain of music, by way of ornament or prelude.

Why do the emperor’s trumpets flourish thus?

Shak.

7. To boast; to vaunt; to brag. Pope.

Flour”ish, v. t. 1. To adorn with flowers orbeautiful figures, either natural or artificial; to ornament with anything showy; to embellish. [Obs.] Fenton.

2. To embellish with the flowers of diction; to adorn with rhetorical figures; to grace with ostentatious eloquence; to set off with a parade of words. [Obs.]

Sith that the justice of your title to him
Doth flourish the deceit.

Shak.

3. To move in bold or irregular figures; to swing about in circles or vibrations by way of show or triumph; to brandish.

And flourishes his blade in spite of me.

Shak.

4. To develop; to make thrive; to expand. [Obs.]

Bottoms of thread . . . which with a good needle, perhaps may be flourished into large works.

Bacon.

Flour”ish (?), n.; pl. Flourishes (&?;). 1. A flourishing condition; prosperity; vigor. [Archaic]

The Roman monarchy, in her highest flourish, never had the like.

Howell.

2. Decoration; ornament; beauty.

The flourish of his sober youth
Was the pride of naked truth.

Crashaw.

3. Something made or performed in a fanciful, wanton, or vaunting manner, by way of ostentation, to excite admiration, etc.; ostentatious embellishment; ambitious copiousness or amplification; parade of words and figures; show; as, a flourish of rhetoric or of wit.

He lards with flourishes his long harangue.

Dryden.

4. A fanciful stroke of the pen or graver; a merely decorative figure.

The neat characters and flourishes of a Bible curiously printed.

Boyle.

5. A fantastic or decorative musical passage; a strain of triumph or bravado, not forming part of a regular musical composition; a cal; a fanfare.

A flourish, trumpets! strike alarum, drums!

Shak.

6. The waving of a weapon or other thing; a brandishing; as, the flourish of a sword.

Flour”ish*er (?), n. One who flourishes.

Flour”ish*ing*ly, adv. In a flourishing manner; ostentatiously.

Flour”y (?), a. Of or resembling flour; mealy; covered with flour. Dickens.

Flout (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flouting.] [OD. fluyten to play the flute, to jeer, D. fluiten, fr. fluit, fr. French. See Flute.] To mock or insult; to treat with contempt.

Phillida flouts me.

Walton.

Three gaudy standards flout the pale blue sky.

Byron.

Flout, v. i. To practice mocking; to behave with contempt; to sneer; to fleer; — often with at.

Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout.

Swift.

Flout, n. A mock; an insult.

Who put your beauty to this flout and scorn.

Tennyson.

Flout”er (?), n. One who flouts; a mocker.

Flout”ing*ly, adv. With flouting; insultingly; as, to treat a lover floutingly.

Flow (flō), obs. imp. sing. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer.

Flow (flō), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowed (flōd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flowing.] [AS. flōwan; akin to D. vloeijen, OHG. flawen to wash, Icel. flōa to deluge, Gr. plw`ein to float, sail, and prob. ultimately to E. float, fleet. √80. Cf. Flood.] 1. To move with a continual change of place among the particles or parts, as a fluid; to change place or circulate, as a liquid; as, rivers flow from springs and lakes; tears flow from the eyes.

2. To become liquid; to melt.

The mountains flowed down at thy presence.

Is. lxiv. 3.

3. To proceed; to issue forth; as, wealth flows from industry and economy.

Those thousand decencies that daily flow
From all her words and actions.

Milton.

4. To glide along smoothly, without harshness or asperties; as, a flowing period; flowing numbers; to sound smoothly to the ear; to be uttered easily.

Virgil is sweet and flowingin his hexameters.

Dryden.

5. To have or be in abundance; to abound; to full, so as to run or flow over; to be copious.

In that day . . . the hills shall flow with milk.

Joel iii. 18.

The exhilaration of a night that needed not the influence of the flowing bowl.

Prof. Wilson.

6. To hang loose and waving; as, a flowing mantle; flowing locks.

The imperial purple flowing in his train.

A. Hamilton.

7. To rise, as the tide; — opposed to ebb; as, the tide flows twice in twenty-four hours.

The river hath thrice flowed, no ebb between.

Shak.

8. To discharge blood in excess from the uterus.

Flow, v. t. 1. To cover with water or other liquid; to overflow; to inundate; to flood.

2. To cover with varnish.

Flow, n. 1. A stream of water or other fluid; a current; as, a flow of water; a flow of blood.

2. A continuous movement of something abundant; as, a flow of words.

3. Any gentle, gradual movement or procedure of thought, diction, music, or the like, resembling the quiet, steady movement of a river; a stream.

The feast of reason and the flow of soul.

Pope.

4. The tidal setting in of the water from the ocean to the shore. See Ebb and flow, under Ebb.

5. A low-lying piece of watery land; — called also flow moss and flow bog. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Flow”age (?; 48), n. An overflowing with water; also, the water which thus overflows.

Flow”en (?), obs. imp. pl. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer.

Flow”er (?), n. [OE. flour, OF. flour, flur, flor, F. fleur, fr. L. flos, floris. Cf. Blossom, Effloresce, Floret, Florid, Florin, Flour, Flourish.] 1. In the popular sense, the bloom or blossom of a plant; the showy portion, usually of a different color, shape, and texture from the foliage.

2. (Bot.) That part of a plant destined to produce seed, and hence including one or both of the sexual organs; an organ or combination of the organs of reproduction, whether inclosed by a circle of foliar parts or not. A complete flower consists of two essential parts, the stamens and the pistil, and two floral envelopes, the corolla and callyx. In mosses the flowers consist of a few special leaves surrounding or subtending organs called archegonia. See Blossom, and Corolla.

&fist; If we examine a common flower, such for instance as a geranium, we shall find that it consists of: First, an outer envelope or calyx, sometimes tubular, sometimes consisting of separate leaves called sepals; secondly, an inner envelope or corolla, which is generally more or less colored, and which, like the calyx, is sometimes tubular, sometimes composed of separate leaves called petals; thirdly, one or more stamens, consisting of a stalk or filament and a head or anther, in which the pollen is produced; and fourthly, a pistil, which is situated in the center of the flower, and consists generally of three principal parts; one or more compartments at the base, each containing one or more seeds; the stalk or style; and the stigma, which in many familiar instances forms a small head, at the top of the style or ovary, and to which the pollen must find its way in order to fertilize the flower. Sir J. Lubbock.

3. The fairest, freshest, and choicest part of anything; as, the flower of an army, or of a family; the state or time of freshness and bloom; as, the flower of life, that is, youth.

The choice and flower of all things profitable the Psalms do more briefly contain.

Hooker.

The flower of the chivalry of all Spain.

Southey.

A simple maiden in her flower
Is worth a hundred coats of arms.

Tennyson.

4. Grain pulverized; meal; flour. [Obs.]

The flowers of grains, mixed with water, will make a sort of glue.

Arbuthnot.

5. pl. (Old Chem.) A substance in the form of a powder, especially when condensed from sublimation; as, the flowers of sulphur.

6. A figure of speech; an ornament of style.

7. pl. (Print.) Ornamental type used chiefly for borders around pages, cards, etc. W. Savage.

8. pl. Menstrual discharges. Lev. xv. 24.

Animal flower (Zoöl.) See under Animal. — Cut flowers, flowers cut from the stalk, as for making a bouquet. — Flower bed, a plat in a garden for the cultivation of flowers. — Flower beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon flowers, esp. any one of numerous small species of the genus Meligethes, family Nitidulidæ, some of which are injurious to crops. – - Flower bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird of the genus Anthornis, allied to the honey eaters. — Flower bud, an unopened flower. — Flower clock, an assemblage of flowers which open and close at different hours of the day, thus indicating the time. — Flower head (Bot.), a compound flower in which all the florets are sessile on their receptacle, as in the case of the daisy. — Flower pecker (Zoöl.), one of a family (Dicæidæ) of small Indian and Australian birds. They resemble humming birds in habits. — Flower piece. (a) A table ornament made of cut flowers. (b) (Fine Arts) A picture of flowers. — Flower stalk (Bot.), the peduncle of a plant, or the stem that supports the flower or fructification.

Flow”er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flowering.] [From the noun. Cf. Flourish.] 1. To blossom; to bloom; to expand the petals, as a plant; to produce flowers; as, this plant flowers in June.

2. To come into the finest or fairest condition.

Their lusty and flowering age.

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

When flowered my youthful spring.

Spenser.

3. To froth; to ferment gently, as new beer.

That beer did flower a little.

Bacon.

4. To come off as flowers by sublimation. [Obs.]

Observations which have flowered off.

Milton.

Flow”er, v. t. To embellish with flowers; to adorn with imitated flowers; as, flowered silk.

Flow”er*age (?; 48), n. State of flowers; flowers, collectively or in general. Tennyson.

Flow”er-de-luce” (?), n. [Corrupted fr. fleur-de-lis.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Iris) with swordlike leaves and large three-petaled flowers often of very gay colors, but probably white in the plant first chosen for the royal French emblem.

&fist; There are nearly one hundred species, natives of the north temperate zone. Some of the best known are Iris Germanica, I. Florentina, I. Persica, I. sambucina, and the American I. versicolor, I. prismatica, etc.

Flow”er*er (?), n. A plant which flowers or blossoms.

Many hybrids are profuse and persistent flowerers.

Darwin.

Flow”er*et (?), n. A small flower; a floret. Shak.

Flow”er-fence` (?), n. (Bot.) A tropical leguminous bush (Poinciana, or Cæsalpinia, pulcherrima) with prickly branches, and showy yellow or red flowers; — so named from its having been sometimes used for hedges in the West Indies. Baird.

Flow”er*ful (?), a. Abounding with flowers. Craig.

Flow”er-gen`tle (?), n. (Bot.) A species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus).

Flow”er*i*ness (?), n. The state of being flowery.

Flow”er*ing, a. (Bot.) Having conspicuous flowers; — used as an epithet with many names of plants; as, flowering ash; flowering dogwood; flowering almond, etc.

Flowering fern, a genus of showy ferns (Osmunda), with conspicuous bivalvular sporangia. They usually grow in wet places. — Flowering plants, plants which have stamens and pistils, and produce true seeds; phenogamous plants; — distinguished from flowerless plants. — Flowering rush, a European rushlike plant (Butomus umbellatus), with an umbel of rosy blossoms.

Flow”er*ing, n. 1. The act of blossoming, or the season when plants blossom; florification.

2. The act of adorning with flowers.

Flow”er*less, a. Having no flowers.

Flowerless plants, plants which have no true flowers, and produce no seeds; cryptogamous plants.

Flow”er*less*ness, n. State of being without flowers.

Flow”er*pot` (?), n. A vessel, commonly or earthenware, for earth in which plants are grown.

Flow”er*y (?), a. 1. Full of flowers; abounding with blossoms.

2. Highly embellished with figurative language; florid; as, a flowery style. Milton.

The flowery kingdom, China.

Flow”er*y-kir`tled (?), a. Dressed with garlands of flowers. [Poetic & Rare] Milton.

Flow”ing, a. That flows or for flowing (in various sense of the verb); gliding along smoothly; copious.

Flowing battery (Elec.), a battery which is kept constant by the flowing of the exciting liquid through the cell or cells. Knight. — Flowing furnace, a furnace from which molten metal, can be drawn, as through a tap hole; a foundry cupola. — Flowing sheet (Naut.), a sheet when eased off, or loosened to the wind, as when the wind is abaft the beam. Totten.

Flow”ing (?), a. & n. from Flow, v. i. & t.

Flow”ing*ly, adv. In a flowing manner.

Flow”ing*ness, n. Flowing tendency or quality; fluency. [R.] W. Nichols.

Flowk (? or ?), n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Fluke.

Flown (?), p. p. of Fly; — often used with the auxiliary verb to be; as, the birds are flown.

Flown, a. Flushed, inflated. [Supposed by some to be a mistake for blown or swoln.] Pope.

Then wander forth the sons
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.

Milton.

Floxed” silk` (?). See Floss silk, under Floss.

Floyte (?), n. & v. A variant of Flute. [Obs.]

Flu”ate (?), n. [Cf. F. fluate. See Fluor.] (Chem.) A fluoride. [Obs.]

Flu”a*vil (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon extracted from gutta-percha, as a yellow, resinous substance; — called also fluanil.

Flu”can (?), n. (Mining) Soft clayey matter in the vein, or surrounding it. [Written also flookan, flukan, and fluccan.]

Fluc*tif”er*ous (?), a. [L. fluctus wave + -ferous.] Tending to produce waves. Blount.

Fluc*tis”o*nous (?), a. [L. fluctisonus; fluctus wave + sonus sound.] Sounding like waves.

Fluc`tu*a*bil”i*ty (?; 135), n. The capacity or ability to fluctuate. [R.] H. Walpole.

Fluc”tu*ant (?; 135), a. [L. fluctuans, p. pr. of fluctuare. See Fluctuate.] 1. Moving like a wave; wavering; (Med.) showing undulation or fluctuation; as, a fluctuant tumor.

2. Floating on the waves. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fluc”tu*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fluctuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluctuating (?).] [L. fluctuatus, p. p. of fluctuare, to wave, fr. fluctus wave, fr. fluere, fluctum, to flow. See Fluent, and cf. Flotilla.] 1. To move as a wave; to roll hither and thither; to wave; to float backward and forward, as on waves; as, a fluctuating field of air. Blackmore.

2. To move now in one direction and now in another; to be wavering or unsteady; to be irresolute or undetermined; to vacillate.

Syn. — To waver; vacillate; hesitate; scruple. — To Fluctuate, Vacillate, Waver. — Fluctuate is applied both to things and persons and denotes that they move as they are acted upon. The stocks fluctuate; a man fluctuates between conflicting influences. Vacillate and waver are applied to persons to represent them as acting themselves. A man vacillates when he goes backward and forward in his opinions and purposes, without any fixity of mind or principles. A man wavers when he shrinks back or hesitates at the approach of difficulty or danger. One who is fluctuating in his feelings is usually vacillating in resolve, and wavering in execution.

Fluc”tu*ate, v. t. To cause to move as a wave; to put in motion. [R.]

And fluctuate all the still perfume.

Tennyson.

Fluc`tu*a”tion (?), n. [L. fluctuatio; cf. F. fluctuation.] 1. A motion like that of waves; a moving in this and that direction; as, the fluctuations of the sea.

2. A wavering; unsteadiness; as, fluctuations of opinion; fluctuations of prices.

3. (Med.) The motion or undulation of a fluid collected in a natural or artifical cavity, which is felt when it is subjected to pressure or percussion. Dunglison.

Flue (?), n. [Cf. OF. flue a flowing, fr. fluer to flow, fr. L. fluere (cf. Fluent); a perh. a corruption of E. flute.] An inclosed passage way for establishing and directing a current of air, gases, etc.; an air passage; esp.: (a) A compartment or division of a chimney for conveying flame and smoke to the outer air. (b) A passage way for conducting a current of fresh, foul, or heated air from one place to another. (c) (Steam Boiler) A pipe or passage for conveying flame and hot gases through surrounding water in a boiler; — distinguished from a tube which holds water and is surrounded by fire. Small flues are called fire tubes or simply tubes.

Flue boiler. See under Boiler. – - Flue bridge, the separating low wall between the flues and the laboratory of a reverberatory furnace. — Flue plate (Steam Boiler), a plate to which the ends of the flues are fastened; — called also flue sheet, tube sheet, and tube plate. — Flue surface (Steam Boiler), the aggregate surface of flues exposed to flame or the hot gases.

Flue (?), n. [Cf. F. flou light, tender, G. flau weak, W. llwch dust. √84.] Light down, such as rises from cotton, fur, etc.; very fine lint or hair. Dickens.

Flu”ence (?), n. Fluency. [Obs.] Milton.

Flu”en*cy (?), n. [L. fluentia: cf. F. fluence. See Fluent.] The quality of being fluent; smoothness; readiness of utterance; volubility.

The art of expressing with fluency and perspicuity.

Macaulay.

Flu”ent (?), a. [L. fluens, - entis, p. pr. of fluere to flow; cf. Gr. &?; to boil over. Cf. Fluctuate, Flux.] 1. Flowing or capable of flowing; liquid; glodding; easily moving.

2. Ready in the use of words; voluble; copious; having words at command; and uttering them with facility and smoothness; as, a fluent speaker; hence, flowing; voluble; smooth; — said of language; as, fluent speech.

With most fluent utterance.

Denham.

Fluent as the flight of a swallow is the sultan’s letter.

De Quincey.

Flu”ent, n. 1. A current of water; a stream. [Obs.]

2. [Cf. F. fluente.] (Math.) A variable quantity, considered as increasing or diminishing; — called, in the modern calculus, the function or integral.

Flu”ent*ly, adv. In a fluent manner.

Flu”ent*ness, n. The quality of being fluent.

Flue”work` (?), n. (Mus.) A general name for organ stops in which the sound is caused by wind passing through a flue or fissure and striking an edge above; — in distinction from reedwork.

Flue”y (?), a. [2d Flue.] Downy; fluffy. [R.]

Fluff (?), n. [Cf. 2d Flue. √84.] Nap or down; flue; soft, downy feathers.

Fluff”y (?), a. [Compar. Fluffier (?); superl. Fluffiest.] Pertaining to, or resembling, fluff or nap; soft and downy. “The carpets were fluffy.” Thackeray.

The present Barnacle . . . had a youthful aspect, and the fluffiest little whisker, perhaps, that ever was seen.

Dickens.

— Fluff”i*ness, n.

||Flü“gel (?), n. [G., a wing.] (Mus.) A grand piano or a harpsichord, both being wing- shaped.

Flu”gel*man (?), n. [G. flügelman.] (Mil.) Same as Fugleman.

Flu”id (flū&ibreve;d), a. [L. fluidus, fr. fluere to flow: cf. F. fluide. See Fluent.] Having particles which easily move and change their relative position without a separation of the mass, and which easily yield to pressure; capable of flowing; liquid or gaseous.

Flu”id, n. A fluid substance; a body whose particles move easily among themselves.

&fist; Fluid is a generic term, including liquids and gases as species. Water, air, and steam are fluids. By analogy, the term is sometimes applied to electricity and magnetism, as in phrases electric fluid, magnetic fluid, though not strictly appropriate.

Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm, a measure of capacity equal to one eighth of a fluid ounce. — Fluid ounce. (a) In the United States, a measure of capacity, in apothecaries’ or wine measure, equal to one sixteenth of a pint or 29.57 cubic centimeters. This, for water, is about 1.04158 ounces avoirdupois, or 455.6 grains. (b) In England, a measure of capacity equal to the twentieth part of an imperial pint. For water, this is the weight of the avoirdupois ounce, or 437.5 grains. — Fluids of the body. (Physiol.) The circulating blood and lymph, the chyle, the gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices, the saliva, bile, urine, aqueous humor, and muscle serum are the more important fluids of the body. The tissues themselves contain a large amount of combined water, so much, that an entire human body dried in vacuo with a very moderate degree of heat gives about 66 per cent of water. — Burning fluid, Elastic fluid, Electric fluid, Magnetic fluid, etc. See under Burning, Elastic, etc.

Flu”id*al (?), a. Pertaining to a fluid, or to its flowing motion.

Fluidal structure (Geol.), the structure characteristic of certain volcanic rocks in which the arrangement of the minute crystals shows the lines of flow of thew molten material before solidification; — also called fluxion structure.

Flu*id”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. fluidité.] The quality of being fluid or capable of flowing; a liquid, aëriform, or gaseous state; — opposed to solidity.

It was this want of organization, this looseness and fluidity of the new movement, that made it penetrate through every class of society.

J. R. Green.

Flu”id*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluidized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluidizing.] To render fluid.

Flu”id*ness, n. The state of being fluid; fluidity.

Flu”id*ounce`, n. See Fluid ounce, under Fluid.

Flu”i*drachm` (?), n. See Fluid dram, under Fluid. Pharm. of the U. S.

Flu”kan (?), n. (Mining) Flucan.

Fluke (flūk), n. [Cf. AS. flōc a kind of flatfish, Icel. flōki a kind of halibut.] 1. (Zoöl.) The European flounder. See Flounder. [Written also fleuk, flook, and flowk].
[1913 Webster]

2. (Zoöl.) A parasitic trematode worm of several species, having a flat, lanceolate body and two suckers. Two species (Fasciola hepatica and Distoma lanceolatum) are found in the livers of sheep, and produce the disease called rot.
[1913 Webster]

Fluke (flūk), n. [Cf. LG. flunk, flunka wing, the palm of an anchor; perh. akin to E. fly.] 1. The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground; a flook. See Anchor.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the lobes of a whale’s tail, so called from the resemblance to the fluke of an anchor.

3. An instrument for cleaning out a hole drilled in stone for blasting.

4. An accidental and favorable stroke at billiards (called a scratch in the United States); hence, any accidental or unexpected advantage; as, he won by a fluke. [Cant, Eng.] A. Trollope.

Fluke”worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as 1st Fluke, 2.

Fluk”y (?), a. Formed like, or having, a fluke.

Flume (?), n. [Cf. OE. flum river, OF, flum, fr. L. flumen, fr. fluere to flow. √84. See Fluent.] A stream; especially, a passage channel, or conduit for the water that drives a mill wheel; or an artifical channel of water for hydraulic or placer mining; also, a chute for conveying logs or lumber down a declivity.

Flu”mi*nous (?), a. [L. flumen, fluminis, river.] Pertaining to rivers; abounding in streama.

Flum”mer*y (?), n. [W. llumru, or llumruwd, a kind of food made of oatmeal steeped in water until it has turned sour, fr. llumrig harsh, raw, crude, fr. llum sharp, severe.] 1. A light kind of food, formerly made of flour or meal; a sort of pap.

Milk and flummery are very fit for children.

Locke.

2. Something insipid, or not worth having; empty compliment; trash; unsubstantial talk of writing.

The flummery of modern criticism.

J. Morley.

Flung (?), imp. & p. p. of Fling.

Flunk (flŭ&nsm;k), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flunked (flŭ&nsm;kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flunking.] [Cf. Funk.] To fail, as on a lesson; to back out, as from an undertaking, through fear.

Flunk, v. t. To fail in; to shirk, as a task or duty. [Colloq. U.S.]

Flunk, n. A failure or backing out; specifically (College cant), a total failure in a recitation. [U.S.]

Flun”ky (flŭ&nsm;“k&ybreve;), n.; pl. Flunkies (- k&ibreve;z). [Prob. fr. or akin to flank.] [Written also flunkey.] 1. A contemptuous name for a liveried servant or a footman.

2. One who is obsequious or cringing; a snob.

3. One easily deceived in buying stocks; an inexperienced and unwary jobber. [Cant, U.S.]

Flun”ky*dom (?), n. The place or region of flunkies. C. Kingsley.

Flun”ly*ism (?), n. The quality or characteristics of a flunky; readiness to cringe to those who are superior in wealth or position; toadyism. Thackeray.

Flu”o- (&?;). (Chem.) A combining form indicating fluorine as an ingredient; as in fluosilicate, fluobenzene.

Flu`o*bo”rate (?), n. [Cf. F. fluoborate.] (Chem.) A salt of fluoboric acid; a fluoboride.

Flu`o*bo”ric (?), a. [Fluo- boric: cf. F. fluoborique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or consisting of, fluorine and boron.

Fluoridic acid (Chem.), a double fluoride, consisting essentially of a solution of boron fluoride, in hydrofluoric acid. It has strong acid properties, and is the type of the borofluorides. Called also borofluoric acid.

Flu`o*bo”ride (?), n. (Chem.) See Borofluoride.

{ Flu`o*ce”rine (?), Flu`o*ce”rite (?) }, n. [Fluo- + cerium.] (Min.) A fluoride of cerium, occuring near Fahlun in Sweden. Tynosite, from Colorado, is probably the same mineral.

Flu`o*hy”dric (?), a. [Fluo- + hydrogen.] (Chem.) See Hydrofluoric.

Flu`o*phos”phate (?), n. [Fluo- + phosphate.] (Chem.) A double salt of fluoric and phosphoric acids.

||Flu”or (?), n. [L., a flowing, fr. fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. A fluid state. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

2. Menstrual flux; catamenia; menses. [Obs.]

3. (Min.) See Fluorite.

||Flu”or albus (?). [L., white flow.] (Med.) The whites; leucorrhæa.

Flu`or*an”thene (?), n. [Fluorene + anthracene.] (Chem.) A white crystalline hydrocarbon C_15H_10, of a complex structure, found as one ingredient of the higher boiling portion of coal tar.

Flu”or*a`ted (?), a. (Chem.) Combined with fluorine; subjected to the action of fluoride. [R.]

Flu`or*ene (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon, C_13H_10 having a beautiful violet fluorescence; whence its name. It occurs in the higher boiling products of coal tar, and is obtained artificially.

Flu`o*res”ce*in (?), n. (Chem.) A yellowish red, crystalline substance, C_20H_12O_5, produced by heating together phthalic anhydride and resorcin; — so called, from the very brilliant yellowish green fluorescence of its alkaline solutions. It has acid properties, and its salts of the alkalies are known to the trade under the name of uranin.

Flu`o*res”cence (?), n. [From Fluor.] (Opt.) That property which some transparent bodies have of producing at their surface, or within their substance, light different in color from the mass of the material, as when green crystals of fluor spar afford blue reflections. It is due not to the difference in the color of a distinct surface layer, but to the power which the substance has of modifying the light incident upon it. The light emitted by fluorescent substances is in general of lower refrangibility than the incident light. Stockes.

Flu`o*res”cent (?), a. Having the property of fluorescence.

Flu`o*res”cin (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless, amorphous substance which is produced by the reduction of fluoresceïn, and from which the latter may be formed by oxidation.

Flu*or”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. fluorique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, obtained from, or containing, fluorine.

Flu”or*ide (? or ?; 104), n. [Cf. F. fluoride.] (Chem.) A binary compound of fluorine with another element or radical.

Calcium fluoride (Min.), fluorite, CaF_2. See Fluorite.

Flu”or*ine (flū”&obreve;r*&ibreve;n or -ēn; 104), n. [NL. fluorina: cf. G. fluorin, F. fluorine. So called from its occurrence in the mineral fluorite.] (Chem.) A non-metallic, gaseous element, strongly acid or negative, and associated with chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in the halogen group of which it is the first member. It always occurs combined, is very active chemically, and possesses such an avidity for most elements, and silicon especially, that it can neither be prepared nor kept in glass vessels. If set free it immediately attacks the containing material, so that it was not isolated until 1886. It is a pungent, corrosive, colorless gas. Symbol F. Atomic weight 19.

&fist; Fluorine unites with hydrogen to form hydrofluoric acid, which is the agent employed in etching glass. It occurs naturally, principally combined as calcium fluoride in fluorite, and as a double fluoride of aluminium and sodium in cryolite.

Flu”or*ite (?), n. (Min.) Calcium fluoride, a mineral of many different colors, white, yellow, purple, green, red, etc., often very beautiful, crystallizing commonly in cubes with perfect octahedral cleavage; also massive. It is used as a flux. Some varieties are used for ornamental vessels. Also called fluor spar, or simply fluor.

Flu”or*oid (?), n. [Fluor + - oid.] (Crystallog.) A tetrahexahedron; — so called because it is a common form of fluorite.

Flu*or”o*scope (?), n. [Fluorescence + -scope.] (Phys.) An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluorescence.

Flu”or*ous (?), a. Pertaining to fluor.

Flu”or spar` (?). (Min.) See Fluorite.

Flu`o*sil”i*cate (?), n. [Cf. F. fluosilicate.] (Chem.) A double fluoride of silicon and some other (usually basic) element or radical, regarded as a salt of fluosilicic acid; — called also silicofluoride.

Flu`o*si*lic”ic (?), a. [Fluo- + silicic: cf. F. fluosilicique.] (Chem.) Composed of, or derived from, silicon and fluorine.

Fluosilicic acid, a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon, H_2F_6Si, obtained in solution in water as a sour fuming liquid, and regarded as the type of the fluosilicates; — called also silicofluoric acid, and hydrofluosilicic acid.

Flur”ried (?), a. Agitated; excited. — Flur”ried*ly adv.

Flur”ry (?), n.; pl. Flurries (#). [Prov. E. flur to ruffle.] 1. A sudden and brief blast or gust; a light, temporary breeze; as, a flurry of wind.

2. A light shower or snowfall accompanied with wind.

Like a flurry of snow on the whistling wind.

Longfellow.

3. Violent agitation; commotion; bustle; hurry.

The racket and flurry of London.

Blakw. Mag.

4. The violent spasms of a dying whale.

Flur”ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flurried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flurrying.] To put in a state of agitation; to excite or alarm. H. Swinburne.

Flurt (?), n. A flirt. [Obs.] Quarles.

Flush (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flushed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flushing.] [Cf. OE. fluschen to fly up, penetrate, F. fluz a flowing, E. flux, dial. Sw. flossa to blaze, and E. flash; perh. influenced by blush. √84.] 1. To flow and spread suddenly; to rush; as, blood flushes into the face.

The flushing noise of many waters.

Boyle.

It flushes violently out of the cock.

Mortimer.

2. To become suddenly suffused, as the cheeks; to turn red; to blush.

3. To snow red; to shine suddenly; to glow.

In her cheek, distemper flushing glowed.

Milton.

4. To start up suddenly; to take wing as a bird.

Flushing from one spray unto another.

W. Browne.

Flush, v. t. 1. To cause to be full; to flood; to overflow; to overwhelm with water; as, to flush the meadows; to flood for the purpose of cleaning; as, to flush a sewer.

2. To cause the blood to rush into (the face); to put to the blush, or to cause to glow with excitement.

Nor flush with shame the passing virgin’s cheek.

Gay.

Sudden a thought came like a full-blown rose,
Flushing his brow.

Keats.

3. To make suddenly or temporarily red or rosy, as if suffused with blood.

How faintly flushed. how phantom fair,
Was Monte Rosa, hanging there!

Tennyson.

4. To excite; to animate; to stir.

Such things as can only feed his pride and flush his ambition.

South.

5. To cause to start, as a hunter a bird. Nares.

To flush a joints (Masonry), to fill them in; to point the level; to make them flush.

Flush, n. 1. A sudden flowing; a rush which fills or overflows, as of water for cleansing purposes.

In manner of a wave or flush.

Ray.

2. A suffusion of the face with blood, as from fear, shame, modesty, or intensity of feeling of any kind; a blush; a glow.

The flush of angered shame.

Tennyson.

3. Any tinge of red color like that produced on the cheeks by a sudden rush of blood; as, the flush on the side of a peach; the flush on the clouds at sunset.

4. A sudden flood or rush of feeling; a thrill of excitement. animation, etc.; as, a flush of joy.

5. A flock of birds suddenly started up or flushed.

6. [From F. or Sp. flux. Cf. Flux.] A hand of cards of the same suit.

Flush, a. 1. Full of vigor; fresh; glowing; bright.

With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May.

Shak.

2. Affluent; abounding; well furnished or suppled; hence, liberal; prodigal.

Lord Strut was not very flush in ready.

Arbuthnot.

3. (Arch. & Mech.) Unbroken or even in surface; on a level with the adjacent surface; forming a continuous surface; as, a flush panel; a flush joint.

4. (Card Playing) Consisting of cards of one suit.

Flush bolt. (a) A screw bolt whose head is countersunk, so as to be flush with a surface. (b) A sliding bolt let into the face or edge of a door, so as to be flush therewith. — Flush deck. (Naut.) See under Deck, n., 1. — Flush tank, a water tank which can be emptied rapidly for flushing drainpipes, etc.

Flush (?), adv. So as to be level or even.

Flush”board` (?), n. Same as Flashboard.

Flush”er (?), n. 1. A workman employed in cleaning sewers by flushing them with water.

2. (Zoöl.) The red-backed shrike. See Flasher.

Flush”ing, n. 1. A heavy, coarse cloth manufactured from shoddy; — commonly in the &?; [Eng.]

2. (Weaving) A surface formed of floating threads.

Flush”ing*ly, adv. In a flushing manner.

Flush”ness, n. The state of being flush; abundance.

Flus”ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flustering.] [Cf. Icel. flaustra to be flustered, flaustr a fluster.] To make hot and rosy, as with drinking; to heat; hence, to throw into agitation and confusion; to confuse; to muddle.

His habit or flustering himself daily with claret.

Macaulay.

Flus”ter, v. i. To be in a heat or bustle; to be agitated and confused.

The flstering, vainglorious Greeks.

South.

Flus”ter, n. Heat or glow, as from drinking; agitation mingled with confusion; disorder.

Flus`ter*a”tion (?), n. The act of flustering, or the state of being flustered; fluster. [Colloq.]

Flus”trate (?), v. t. [See Fluster, v. t.] To fluster. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Flus*tra”tion (?), n. The act of flustrating; confusion; flurry. [Colloq.] Richardson.

Flute (?), n. [OE. floute, floite, fr. OF. flaüte, flahute, flahuste, F. fl&?;te; cf. LL. flauta, D. fluit. See Flute, v. i.] 1. A musical wind instrument, consisting of a hollow cylinder or pipe, with holes along its length, stopped by the fingers or by keys which are opened by the fingers. The modern flute is closed at the upper end, and blown with the mouth at a lateral hole.

The breathing flute’s soft notes are heard around.

Pope.

2. (Arch.) A channel of curved section; — usually applied to one of a vertical series of such channels used to decorate columns and pilasters in classical architecture. See Illust. under Base, n.

3. A similar channel or groove made in wood or other material, esp. in plaited cloth, as in a lady’s ruffle.

4. A long French breakfast roll. Simonds.

5. A stop in an organ, having a flutelike sound.

Flute bit, a boring tool for piercing ebony, rosewood, and other hard woods. — Flute pipe, an organ pipe having a sharp lip or wind-cutter which imparts vibrations to the column of air in the pipe. Knight.
[1913 Webster]

Flute (flūt), n. [Cf. F. flûte a transport, D. fluit.] A kind of flyboat; a storeship.

Armed en flûte (&?;) (Nav.), partially armed.

Flute (?), v. i. [OE. flouten, floiten, OF. flaüter, fleüter, flouster, F. flûter, cf. D. fluiten; ascribed to an assumed LL. flautare, flatuare, fr. L. flatus a blowing, fr. flare to blow. Cf. Flout, Flageolet, Flatulent.] To play on, or as on, a flute; to make a flutelike sound.

Flute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluting (?).] 1. To play, whistle, or sing with a clear, soft note, like that of a flute.

Knaves are men,
That lute and flute fantastic tenderness.

Tennyson.

The redwing flutes his o-ka-lee.

Emerson.

2. To form flutes or channels in, as in a column, a ruffle, etc.

||Flûte` à bec” (?). [F.] (Mus.) A beak flute, an older form of the flute, played with a mouthpiece resembling a beak, and held like a flageolet.

Flut”ed (?), a. 1. Thin; fine; clear and mellow; flutelike; as, fluted notes. Busby.

2. Decorated with flutes; channeled; grooved; as, a fluted column; a fluted ruffle; a fluted spectrum.

Flute”mouth` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Aulostoma, having a much elongated tubular snout.

Flut”er (?), n. 1. One who plays on the flute; a flutist or flautist.

2. One who makes grooves or flutings.

Flut”ing, n. Decoration by means of flutes or channels; a flute, or flutes collectively; as, the fluting of a column or pilaster; the fluting of a lady’s ruffle.

Fluting iron, a laundry iron for fluting ruffles; — called also Italian iron, or gaufering iron. Knight. — Fluting lathe, a machine for forming spiral flutes, as on balusters, table legs, etc.

Flut”ist (?), n. [Cf. F. flûtiste.] A performer on the flute; a flautist. Busby.

2. To move with quick vibrations or undulations; as, a sail flutters in the wind; a fluttering fan.

3. To move about briskly, irregularly, or with great bustle and show, without much result.

No rag, no scrap, of all the beau, or wit,
That once so fluttered, and that once so writ.

Pope.

4. To be in agitation; to move irregularly; to flucttuate; to be uncertainty.

Long we fluttered on the wings of doubtful success.

Howell.

His thoughts are very fluttering and wandering.

I. Watts.

Flut”ter (?), v. t. 1. To vibrate or move quickly; as, a bird flutters its wings.

2. To drive in disorder; to throw into confusion.

Like an eagle in a dovecote, I
Fluttered your Volscians in Corioli.

Shak.

Flut”ter, n. 1. The act of fluttering; quick and irregular motion; vibration; as, the flutter of a fan.

The chirp and flutter of some single bird

Milnes. .

2. Hurry; tumult; agitation of the mind; confusion; disorder. Pope.

Flutter wheel, a water wheel placed below a fall or in a chute where rapidly moving water strikes the tips of the floats; — so called from the spattering, and the fluttering noise it makes.

Flut”ter*er (?), n. One who, or that which, flutters.

Flut”ter*ing*ly, adv. In a fluttering manner.

Flut”y (?), a. Soft and clear in tone, like a flute.

Flu”vi*al (?), a. [L. fluvialis, from fluvius river, fr. fluere to flow: cf.F. fluvial. See Fluent.] Belonging to rivers; growing or living in streams or ponds; as, a fluvial plant.

Flu”vi*al*ist, n. One who exlpains geological phenomena by the action of streams. [R.]

Flu`vi*at”ic (?), a. [L. fluviaticus. See Fluvial.] Belonging to rivers or streams; fluviatile. Johnson.

Flu”vi*a*tile (?), a. [L. fluviatilis, fr. fluvius river: cf. F. fluviatile.] Belonging to rivers or streams; existing in or about rivers; produced by river action; fluvial; as, fluviatile starta, plants. Lyell.

Flu`vi*o-ma*rine” (?), a. [L. fluvius river + E. marine.] (Geol.) Formed by the joint action of a river and the sea, as deposits at the mouths of rivers.

Flux (flŭks), n. [L. fluxus, fr. fluere, fluxum, to flow: cf.F. flux. See Fluent, and cf. 1st & 2d Floss, Flush, n., 6.] 1. The act of flowing; a continuous moving on or passing by, as of a flowing stream; constant succession; change.

By the perpetual flux of the liquids, a great part of them is thrown out of the body.

Arbuthnot.

Her image has escaped the flux of things,
And that same infant beauty that she wore
Is fixed upon her now forevermore.

Trench.

Languages, like our bodies, are in a continual flux.

Felton.

2. The setting in of the tide toward the shore, — the ebb being called the reflux.

3. The state of being liquid through heat; fusion.

4. (Chem. & Metal.) Any substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals, as alkalies, borax, lime, fluorite.

&fist; White flux is the residuum of the combustion of a mixture of equal parts of niter and tartar. It consists chiefly of the carbonate of potassium, and is white. — Black flux is the ressiduum of the combustion of one part of niter and two of tartar, and consists essentially of a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal.

5. (Med.) (a) A fluid discharge from the bowels or other part; especially, an excessive and morbid discharge; as, the bloody flux or dysentery. See Bloody flux. (b) The matter thus discharged.

6. (Physics) The quantity of a fluid that crosses a unit area of a given surface in a unit of time.

Flux, a. [L. fluxus, p. p. of fluere. See Flux, n.] Flowing; unstable; inconstant; variable.

The flux nature of all things here.

Barrow.

Flux, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluxed (flŭkst); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluxing.] 1. To affect, or bring to a certain state, by flux.

He might fashionably and genteelly . . . have been dueled or
fluxed into another world.

South.

2. To cause to become fluid; to fuse. Kirwan.

3. (Med.) To cause a discharge from; to purge.

Flux*a”tion (?), n. The act of fluxing.

Flux`i*bil”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. LL. fluxibilitas fluidity.] The quality of being fluxible. Hammond.

Flux”i*ble (?), a. [Cf.LL. fluxibilis fluid, OF. fluxible.] Capable of being melted or fused, as a mineral. Holland.

— Flux”i*ble*ness, n.

Flux”ile (?), a. [L. fluxilis, a., fluid.] Fluxible. [R.]

Flux*il”i*ty (?), n. State of being fluxible.[Obs.]

Flux”ion (?), n. [Cf. F. fluxion.] The act of flowing. Cotgrave.

2. The matter that flows. Wiseman.

3. Fusion; the running of metals into a fluid state.

4. (Med.) An unnatural or excessive flow of blood or fluid toward any organ; a determination.

5. A constantly varying indication.

Less to be counted than the fluxions of sun dials.

De Quincey.

6. (Math.) (a) The infinitely small increase or decrease of a variable or flowing quantity in a certain infinitely small and constant period of time; the rate of variation of a fluent; an incerement; a differential. (b) pl. A method of analysis developed by Newton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion, and involving in their changes the notion of velocity or rate of change. Its results are the same as those of the differential and integral calculus, from which it differs little except in notation and logical method.

Flux”ion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fluxion or fluxions; variable; inconstant.

The merely human,the temporary and fluxional.

Coleridge.

Fluxional structure (Geol.), fluidal structure.

Flux”ion*a*ry (?), a. 1. Fluxional. Berkeley.

2. (Med.) Pertaining to, or caused by, an increased flow of blood to a part; congestive; as, a fluxionary hemorrhage.

Flux”ion*ist, n. One skilled in fluxions. Berkeley.

Flux”ions (?), n. pl. (Math.) See Fluxion, 6(b).

Flux”ive (?), a. Flowing; also, wanting solidity. B. Jonson.

Flux”ure (?; 138), n. [L. fluxura a flowing.] 1. The quality of being fluid. [Obs.] Fielding.

2. Fluid matter. [Obs.] Drayton.

Fly (flī), v. i. [imp. Flew (flū); p. p. Flown (flōn); p. pr. & vb. n. Flying.] [OE. fleen, fleen, fleyen, flegen, AS. fleógan; akin to D. vliegen, OHG. fliogan, G. fliegen, Icel. fljūga, Sw. flyga, Dan. flyve, Goth. us-flaugjan to cause to fly away, blow about, and perh. to L. pluma feather, E. plume. √84. Cf. Fledge, Flight, Flock of animals.] 1. To move in or pass through the air with wings, as a bird.

2. To move through the air or before the wind; esp., to pass or be driven rapidly through the air by any impulse.

3. To float, wave, or rise in the air, as sparks or a flag.

Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.

Job v. 7.

4. To move or pass swiftly; to hasten away; to circulate rapidly; as, a ship flies on the deep; a top flies around; rumor flies.

Fly, envious Time, till thou run out thy race.

Milton.

The dark waves murmured as the ships flew on.

Bryant.

5. To run from danger; to attempt to escape; to flee; as, an enemy or a coward flies. See Note under Flee.

Fly, ere evil intercept thy flight.

Milton.

Whither shall I fly to escape their hands ?

Shak.

6. To move suddenly, or with violence; to do an act suddenly or swiftly; — usually with a qualifying word; as, a door flies open; a bomb flies apart.

To fly about (Naut.), to change frequently in a short time; — said of the wind. — To fly around, to move about in haste. [Colloq.] — To fly at, to spring toward; to rush on; to attack suddenly. — To fly in the face of, to insult; to assail; to set at defiance; to oppose with violence; to act in direct opposition to; to resist. — To fly off, to separate, or become detached suddenly; to revolt. — To fly on, to attack. — To fly open, to open suddenly, or with violence. — To fly out. (a) To rush out. (b) To burst into a passion; to break out into license. — To let fly. (a) To throw or drive with violence; to discharge. “A man lets fly his arrow without taking any aim.” Addison. (b) (Naut.) To let go suddenly and entirely; as, to let fly the sheets.

Fly, v. t. 1. To cause to fly or to float in the air, as a bird, a kite, a flag, etc.

The brave black flag I fly.

W. S. Gilbert.

2. To fly or flee from; to shun; to avoid.

Sleep flies the wretch.

Dryden.

To fly the favors of so good a king.

Shak.

3. To hunt with a hawk. [Obs.] Bacon.

To fly a kite (Com.), to raise money on commercial notes. [Cant or Slang]

Fly, n.; pl. Flies (flīz). [OE. flie, flege, AS. fl&ymacr;ge, fleóge, fr. fleógan to fly; akin to D. vlieg, OHG. flioga, G. fliege, Icel. & Sw. fluga, Dan. flue. √ 84. See Fly, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any winged insect; esp., one with transparent wings; as, the Spanish fly; firefly; gall fly; dragon fly. (b) Any dipterous insect; as, the house fly; flesh fly; black fly. See Diptera, and Illust. in Append.

2. A hook dressed in imitation of a fly, — used for fishing. “The fur-wrought fly.” Gay.

3. A familiar spirit; a witch’s attendant. [Obs.]

A trifling fly, none of your great familiars.

B. Jonson.

4. A parasite. [Obs.] Massinger.

5. A kind of light carriage for rapid transit, plying for hire and usually drawn by one horse. [Eng.]

6. The length of an extended flag from its staff; sometimes, the length from the “union” to the extreme end.

7. The part of a vane pointing the direction from which the wind blows.

8. (Naut.) That part of a compass on which the points are marked; the compass card. Totten.

9. (Mech.) (a) Two or more vanes set on a revolving axis, to act as a fanner, or to equalize or impede the motion of machinery by the resistance of the air, as in the striking part of a clock. (b) A heavy wheel, or cross arms with weights at the ends on a revolving axis, to regulate or equalize the motion of machinery by means of its inertia, where the power communicated, or the resistance to be overcome, is variable, as in the steam engine or the coining press. See Fly wheel (below).

10. (Knitting Machine) The piece hinged to the needle, which holds the engaged loop in position while the needle is penetrating another loop; a latch. Knight.

11. The pair of arms revolving around the bobbin, in a spinning wheel or spinning frame, to twist the yarn.

12. (Weaving) A shuttle driven through the shed by a blow or jerk. Knight.

13. (a) Formerly, the person who took the printed sheets from the press. (b) A vibrating frame with fingers, attached to a power to a power printing press for doing the same work.

14. The outer canvas of a tent with double top, usually drawn over the ridgepole, but so extended as to touch the roof of the tent at no other place.

15. One of the upper screens of a stage in a theater.

16. The fore flap of a bootee; also, a lap on trousers, overcoats, etc., to conceal a row of buttons.

17. (Baseball) A batted ball that flies to a considerable distance, usually high in the air, also called a fly ball; also, the flight of a ball so struck; as, it was caught on the fly.

Black fly, Cheese fly, Dragon fly, etc. See under Black, Cheese, etc. — Fly agaric (Bot.), a mushroom (Agaricus muscarius), having a narcotic juice which, in sufficient quantities, is poisonous. — Fly block (Naut.), a pulley whose position shifts to suit the working of the tackle with which it is connected; — used in the hoisting tackle of yards. — Fly board (Printing Press), the board on which printed sheets are deposited by the fly. — Fly book, a case in the form of a book for anglers’ flies. Kingsley. — Fly cap, a cap with wings, formerly worn by women. — Fly drill, a drill having a reciprocating motion controlled by a fly wheel, the driving power being applied by the hand through a cord winding in reverse directions upon the spindle as it rotates backward and forward. Knight. — Fly fishing, the act or art of angling with a bait of natural or artificial flies. Walton. — Fly flap, an implement for killing flies. — Fly governor, a governor for regulating the speed of an engine, etc., by the resistance of vanes revolving in the air. — Fly honeysuckle (Bot.), a plant of the honeysuckle genus (Lonicera), having a bushy stem and the flowers in pairs, as L. ciliata and L. Xylosteum. — Fly hook, a fishhook supplied with an artificial fly. — Fly leaf, an unprinted leaf at the beginning or end of a book, circular, programme, etc. — Fly maggot, a maggot bred from the egg of a fly. Ray. — Fly net, a screen to exclude insects. — Fly nut (Mach.), a nut with wings; a thumb nut; a finger nut. — Fly orchis (Bot.), a plant (Ophrys muscifera), whose flowers resemble flies. – - Fly paper, poisoned or sticky paper for killing flies that feed upon or are entangled by it. — Fly powder, an arsenical powder used to poison flies. — Fly press, a screw press for punching, embossing, etc., operated by hand and having a heavy fly. — Fly rail, a bracket which turns out to support the hinged leaf of a table. — Fly rod, a light fishing rod used in angling with a fly. — Fly sheet, a small loose advertising sheet; a handbill. — Fly snapper (Zoöl.), an American bird (Phainopepla nitens), allied to the chatterers and shrikes. The male is glossy blue-black; the female brownish gray. — Fly wheel (Mach.), a heavy wheel attached to machinery to equalize the movement (opposing any sudden acceleration by its inertia and any retardation by its momentum), and to accumulate or give out energy for a variable or intermitting resistance. See Fly, n., 9. — On the fly (Baseball), still in the air; — said of a batted ball caught before touching the ground..

Fly (?), a. Knowing; wide awake; fully understanding another’s meaning. [Slang] Dickens.

flyaway adj. 1. frivolous; — of people. serious
Syn. — flighty.
[WordNet 1.5]

2. Tending to move away from a center, rather than remain in a compact group; — used of hair or clothing or of small particles of matter. Light objects or particles readily taking a static electric charge may be moved apart by acquisition of a charge, or by approach of a charged object. Such a property is called flyaway.
Syn. — fluttering.
[WordNet 1.5]

Fly”bane` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of catchfly of the genus Silene; also, a poisonous mushroom (Agaricus muscarius); fly agaric.

Fly”-bit`ten (?), a. Marked by, or as if by, the bite of flies. Shak.

Fly”blow` (?), v. t. To deposit eggs upon, as a flesh fly does on meat; to cause to be maggoty; hence, to taint or contaminate, as if with flyblows. Bp. Srillingfleet.

Fly”blow`, n. (Zoöl.) One of the eggs or young larvæ deposited by a flesh fly, or blowfly.

Fly”blown` (?), a. Tainted or contaminated with flyblows; damaged; foul.

Wherever flyblown reputations were assembled.

Thackeray.

Fly”boat` (?), n. [Fly + boat: cf. D. vlieboot.] 1. (Naut.) A large Dutch coasting vessel.

Captain George Weymouth made a voyage of discovery to the northwest with two flyboats.

Purchas.

2. A kind of passenger boat formerly used on canals.

Fly”-case` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The covering of an insect, esp. the elytra of beetles.

Fly”catch`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of birds that feed upon insects, which they take on the wing.

&fist; The true flycatchers of the Old World are Oscines, and belong to the family Muscicapidæ, as the spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola). The American flycatchers, or tyrant flycatchers, are Clamatores, and belong to the family Tyrannidæ, as the kingbird, pewee, crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), and the vermilion flycatcher or churinche (Pyrocephalus rubineus). Certain American flycatching warblers of the family Sylvicolidæ are also called flycatchers, as the Canadian flycatcher (Sylvania Canadensis), and the hooded flycatcher (S. mitrata). See Tyrant flycatcher.

Fly”-catch`ing, a. (Zoöl.) Having the habit of catching insects on the wing.

Fly”er (?), n. [See Flier.] 1. One that uses wings.

2. The fly of a flag: See Fly, n., 6.

3. Anything that is scattered abroad in great numbers as a theatrical programme, an advertising leaf, etc.

4. (Arch.) One in a flight of steps which are parallel to each other(as in ordinary stairs), as distinguished from a winder.

5. The pair of arms attached to the spindle of a spinning frame, over which the thread passes to the bobbin; — so called from their swift revolution. See Fly, n., 11.

6. The fan wheel that rotates the cap of a windmill as the wind veers. Internat. Cyc.

7. (Stock Jobbing) A small operation not involving ? considerable part of one’s capital, or not in the line of one’s ordinary business; a venture. [Cant] Bartlett.

Fly”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A California scorpænoid fish (Sebastichthys rhodochloris), having brilliant colors.

Fly”-fish, v. i. To angle, using flies for bait. Walton.

Fly”ing (?), a. [From Fly, v. i.] Moving in the air with, or as with, wings; moving lightly or rapidly; intended for rapid movement.

Flying army (Mil.) a body of cavalry and infantry, kept in motion, to cover its own garrisons and to keep the enemy in continual alarm. Farrow. —Flying artillery (Mil.), artillery trained to rapid evolutions, — the men being either mounted or trained to spring upon the guns and caissons when they change position. — Flying bridge, Flying camp. See under Bridge, and Camp. — Flying buttress (Arch.), a contrivance for taking up the thrust of a roof or vault which can not be supported by ordinary buttresses. It consists of a straight bar of masonry, usually sloping, carried on an arch, and a solid pier or buttress sufficient to receive the thrust. The word is generally applied only to the straight bar with supporting arch. — Flying colors, flags unfurled and waving in the air; hence: To come off with flying colors, to be victorious; to succeed thoroughly in an undertaking. — Flying doe (Zoöl.), a young female kangaroo. — Flying dragon. (a) (Zoöl.) See Dragon, 6. (b) A meteor. See under Dragon. — Flying Dutchman. (a) A fabled Dutch mariner condemned for his crimes to sail the seas till the day of judgment. (b) A spectral ship. — Flying fish. (Zoöl.) See Flying fish, in the Vocabulary. — Flying fox (Zoöl.), the colugo. — Flying frog (Zoöl.), an East Indian tree frog of the genus Rhacophorus, having very large and broadly webbed feet, which serve as parachutes, and enable it to make very long leaps. — Flying gurnard (Zoöl.), a species of gurnard of the genus Cephalacanthus or Dactylopterus, with very large pectoral fins, said to be able to fly like the flying fish, but not for so great a distance. Three species are known; that of the Atlantic is Cephalacanthus volitans. — Flying jib (Naut.), a sail extended outside of the standing jib, on the flying-jib boom. — Flying-jib boom (Naut.), an extension of the jib boom. — Flying kites (Naut.), light sails carried only in fine weather. — Flying lemur. (Zoöl.) See Colugo. — Flying level (Civil Engin.), a reconnoissance level over the course of a projected road, canal, etc. — Flying lizard. (Zoöl.) See Dragon, n. 6. — Flying machine, an apparatus for navigating the air; a form of balloon. — Flying mouse (Zoöl.), the opossum mouse (Acrobates pygmæus), of Australia. It has lateral folds of skin, like the flying squirrels. — Flying party (Mil.), a body of soldiers detailed to hover about an enemy. — Flying phalanger (Zoöl.), one of several species of small marsuupials of the genera Petaurus and Belideus, of Australia and New Guinea, having lateral folds like those of the flying squirrels. The sugar squirrel (B. sciureus), and the ariel (B. ariel), are the best known; — called also squirrel petaurus and flying squirrel. See Sugar squirrel. — Flying pinion, the fly of a clock. — Flying sap (Mil.), the rapid construction of trenches (when the enemy’s fire of case shot precludes the method of simple trenching), by means of gabions placed in juxtaposition and filled with earth. — Flying shot, a shot fired at a moving object, as a bird on the wing. — Flying spider. (Zoöl.) See Ballooning spider. — Flying squid (Zoöl.), an oceanic squid (Ommastrephes, or Sthenoteuthis, Bartramii), abundant in the Gulf Stream, which is able to leap out of the water with such force that it often falls on the deck of a vessel. — Flying squirrel (Zoöl.) See Flying squirrel, in the Vocabulary. — Flying start, a start in a sailing race in which the signal is given while the vessels are under way. — Flying torch (Mil.), a torch attached to a long staff and used for signaling at night.

Fly”ing fish` (?). (Zoöl.) A fish which is able to leap from the water, and fly a considerable distance by means of its large and long pectoral fins. These fishes belong to several species of the genus Exocœtus, and are found in the warmer parts of all the oceans.

Fly”ing squir”rel (? or ?). (Zoöl.) One of a group of squirrels, of the genera Pteromus and Sciuropterus, having parachute-like folds of skin extending from the fore to the hind legs, which enable them to make very long leaps.

&fist; The species of Pteromys are large, with bushy tails, and inhabit southern Asia and the East Indies; those of Sciuropterus are smaller, with flat tails, and inhabit the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The American species (Sciuropterus volucella) is also called Assapan. The Australian flying squirrels, or flying phalangers, are marsupials. See Flying phalanger (above).

Fly”man (?), n.; pl. Flymen (-men). The driver of a fly, or light public carriage.

Flysch (flēsh), n. [A Swiss word, fr. G. fliessen to flow, melt.] (Geol.) A name given to the series of sandstones and schists overlying the true nummulitic formation in the Alps, and included in the Eocene Tertiary.

Fly”speck (fl?‘sp?k), n. A speck or stain made by the excrement of a fly; hence, any insignificant dot.

Fly”speck (?), v. t. To soil with flyspecks.

Fly”trap (?), n. 1. A trap for catching flies. 2. (Bot.) A plant (Dionæa muscipula), called also Venus’s flytrap, the leaves of which are fringed with stiff bristles, and fold together when certain hairs on their upper surface are touched, thus seizing insects that light on them. The insects so caught are afterwards digested by a secretion from the upper surface of the leaves.

Fnese (?), v. i. [AS. fn&?;san, gefn&?;san.] To breathe heavily; to snort. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fo (?), n. The Chinese name of Buddha.

Foal (fōl), n. [OE. fole, AS. fola; akin to OHG. folo, G. fohlen, Goth. fula, Icel. foli, Sw. fåle, Gr. pw^los, L. pullus a young animal. Cf. Filly, Poultry, Pullet.] (Zoö.) The young of any animal of the Horse family (Equidæ); a colt; a filly.

Foal teeth (Zoöl.), the first set of teeth of a horse. — In foal, With foal, being with young; pregnant; — said of a mare or she ass.

Foal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foaled (fōld); p. pr. & vb. n. Foaling.] To bring forth (a colt); — said of a mare or a she ass.

Foal, v. i. To bring forth young, as an animal of the horse kind.

Foal”foot` (-f&oocr;t`), n. (Bot.) See Coltsfoot.

Foam (fōm), n. [OE. fam, fom, AS. fām; akin to OHG. & G. feim.] The white substance, consisting of an aggregation of bubbles, which is formed on the surface of liquids, or in the mouth of an animal, by violent agitation or fermentation; froth; spume; scum; as, the foam of the sea.

Foam cock, in steam boilers, a cock at the water level, to blow off impurities.

Foam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foamed (fōmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Foaming.] [AS. f?man. See Foam, n.] 1. To gather foam; to froth; as, the billows foam.

He foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth.

Mark ix. 18.

2. To form foam, or become filled with foam; — said of a steam boiler when the water is unduly agitated and frothy, as because of chemical action.

Foam, v. t. To cause to foam; as, to foam the goblet; also (with out), to throw out with rage or violence, as foam. “Foaming out their own shame.” Jude 13.

Foam”ing*ly (?), adv. With foam; frothily.

Foam”less, a. Having no foam.

Foam”y (-&tcr;), a. Covered with foam; frothy; spumy.

Behold how high the foamy billows ride!

Dryden.

Fob (f&obreve;b), n. [Cf. Prov. G. fuppe pocket.] A little pocket for a watch.

Fob chain, a short watch chain worn with a watch carried in the fob.

Fob (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fobbed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fobbing.] [Cf.Fop.]

1. To beat; to maul. [Obs.]

2. To cheat; to trick; to impose on. Shak.

To fob off, to shift off by an artifice; to put aside; to delude with a trick.“A conspiracy of bishops could prostrate and fob off the right of the people.” Milton.

Fo”cal (?), a. [Cf. F. focal. See Focus.] Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as, a focal point.

Focal distance, or length, of a lens or mirror (Opt.), the distance of the focus from the surface of the lens or mirror, or more exactly, in the case of a lens, from its optical center. —Focal distance of a telescope, the distance of the image of an object from the object glass.

Fo`cal*i*za”tion (?), n. The act of focalizing or bringing to a focus, or the state of being focalized.

Fo”cal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Focalizing (?).] To bring to a focus; to focus; to concentrate.

Light is focalized in the eye, sound in the ear.

De Quincey.

Foc”il*late (?), v. t. [L. focilatus, p. p. of focillare.] To nourish. [Obs.] Blount.

Foc`il*la”tion (?), n. Comfort; support. [Obs.]

Fo*cim”e*ter (?), n. [Focus + -meter.] (Photog.) An assisting instrument for focusing an object in or before a camera. Knight.

Fo”cus (?), n.; pl. E. Focuses (#), L. Foci (#). [L. focus hearth, fireplace; perh. akin to E. bake. Cf. Curfew, Fuel, Fusil the firearm.] 1. (Opt.) A point in which the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refracted, and at which the image is formed; as, the focus of a lens or mirror.

2. (Geom.) A point so related to a conic section and certain straight line called the directrix that the ratio of the distance between any point of the curve and the focus to the distance of the same point from the directrix is constant.

&fist; Thus, in the ellipse FGHKLM, A is the focus and CD the directrix, when the ratios FA:FE, GA:GD, MA:MC, etc., are all equal. So in the hyperbola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio HA:HK is constant for all points of the curve; and in the parabola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio BA:BC is constant. In the ellipse this ratio is less than unity, in the parabola equal to unity, and in the hyperbola greater than unity. The ellipse and hyperbola have each two foci, and two corresponding directrixes, and the parabola has one focus and one directrix. In the ellipse the sum of the two lines from any point of the curve to the two foci is constant; that is: AG+GB=AH+HB; and in the hyperbola the difference of the corresponding lines is constant. The diameter which passes through the foci of the ellipse is the major axis. The diameter which being produced passes through the foci of the hyperbola is the transverse axis. The middle point of the major or the transverse axis is the center of the curve. Certain other curves, as the lemniscate and the Cartesian ovals, have points called foci, possessing properties similar to those of the foci of conic sections. In an ellipse, rays of light coming from one focus, and reflected from the curve, proceed in lines directed toward the other; in an hyperbola, in lines directed from the other; in a parabola, rays from the focus, after reflection at the curve, proceed in lines parallel to the axis. Thus rays from A in the ellipse are reflected to B; rays from A in the hyperbola are reflected toward L and M away from B.

3. A central point; a point of concentration.

Aplanatic focus. (Opt.) See under Aplanatic. — Conjugate focus (Opt.), the focus for rays which have a sensible divergence, as from a near object; — so called because the positions of the object and its image are interchangeable. — Focus tube (Phys.), a vacuum tube for Rœntgen rays in which the cathode rays are focused upon the anticathode, for intensifying the effect. — Principal, or Solar, focus (Opt.), the focus for parallel rays.

Fo”cus (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Focusing.] To bring to a focus; to focalize; as, to focus a camera. R. Hunt.

Fod”der (f&obreve;d”d&etilde;r), n. [See 1st Fother.] A weight by which lead and some other metals were formerly sold, in England, varying from 19½ to 24 cwt.; a fother. [Obs.]

Fod”der, n. [AS. fōdder, fōddor, fodder (also sheath case), fr. fōda food; akin to D. voeder, OHG. fuotar, G. futter, Icel. fōðr, Sw. & Dan. foder. √75. See Food and cf. Forage, Fur.] That which is fed out to cattle horses, and sheep, as hay, cornstalks, vegetables, etc.

Fod”der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foddered (-d&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Foddering.] To feed, as cattle, with dry food or cut grass, etc.; to furnish with hay, straw, oats, etc.

Fod”der*er (?), n. One who fodders cattle.

Fo”di*ent (?), a. [L. fodiens, p. pr. of fodere to dig.] Fitted for, or pertaining to, digging.

Fo”di*ent (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fodientia.

Fo`di*en”ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fodiens p. pr., digging.] (Zoöl.) A group of African edentates including the aard-vark.

Foe (fō), n. [OE. fo, fa, AS. fāh hostile; prob. akin to E. fiend. √81. See Fiend, and cf. Feud a quarrel.]

1. One who entertains personal enmity, hatred, grudge, or malice, against another; an enemy.

A man’s foes shall be they of his own household.

Matt. x. 36

2. An enemy in war; a hostile army.

3. One who opposes on principle; an opponent; an adversary; an ill-wisher; as, a foe to religion.

A foe to received doctrines.

I. Watts

Foe (?), v. t. To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Foe”hood (?), n. Enmity. Bp. Bedell.

Foe”man (fō“man), n.; pl. Foemen (-men). [AS. fāhman.] An enemy in war.

And the stern joy which warriors feel
In foemen worthy of their steel.

Sir W. Scott

Fœ“tal (?), a. Same as Fetal.

Fœ*ta”tion (?), n. Same as Fetation.

Fœ“ti*cide (?), n. Same as Feticide.

Fœ“tor (?), n. Same as Fetor.

Fœ“tus (?), n. Same as Fetus.

Fog (f&obreve;g), n. [Cf. Scot. fog, fouge, moss, foggage rank grass, LL. fogagium, W. ffwg dry grass.] (Agric.) (a) A second growth of grass; aftergrass. (b) Dead or decaying grass remaining on land through the winter; — called also foggage. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. Sometimes called, in New England, old tore. In Scotland, fog is a general name for moss.

Fog v. t. (Agric.) To pasture cattle on the fog, or aftergrass, of; to eat off the fog from.

Fog v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To practice in a small or mean way; to pettifog. [Obs.]

Where wouldst thou fog to get a fee?

Dryden.

Fog n. [Dan. sneefog snow falling thick, drift of snow, driving snow, cf. Icel. fok spray, snowdrift, fjūk snowstorm, fjūka to drift.] 1. Watery vapor condensed in the lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its transparency. It differs from cloud only in being near the ground, and from mist in not approaching so nearly to fine rain. See Cloud.

2. A state of mental confusion.

Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc., a bell, horn, whistle or other contrivance that sounds an alarm, often automatically, near places of danger where visible signals would be hidden in thick weather. – - Fog bank, a mass of fog resting upon the sea, and resembling distant land. — Fog ring, a bank of fog arranged in a circular form, — often seen on the coast of Newfoundland.

Fog (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fogged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fogging (#).] To envelop, as with fog; to befog; to overcast; to darken; to obscure.

Fog (?), v. i. (Photog.) To show indistinctly or become indistinct, as the picture on a negative sometimes does in the process of development.

Foge (?), n. The Cornish name for a forge used for smelting tin. Raymond

Fo’gey (?), n. See Fogy.

Fog’gage (?; 48), n. (Agric.) See 1st Fog.

Fog’ger (?), n. One who fogs; a pettifogger. [Obs.]

A beggarly fogger.

Terence in English(1614)

Fog”gi*ly (?), adv. In a foggy manner; obscurely. Johnson.

Fog”gi*ness (?), n. The state of being foggy. Johnson.

Fog”gy (?), a. [Compar. Foggier (?); superl. Foggiest.] [From 4th Fog.] 1. Filled or abounding with fog, or watery exhalations; misty; as, a foggy atmosphere; a foggy morning. Shak.

2. Beclouded; dull; obscure; as, foggy ideas.

Your coarse, foggy, drowsy conceit.

Hayward.

Fo”gie (?), n. See Fogy.

Fog”less (?), a. Without fog; clear. Kane.

Fo”gy (?), n.; pl. Fogies (&?;). A dull old fellow; a person behind the times, over-conservative, or slow; — usually preceded by old. [Written also fogie and fogey.] [Colloq.]

Notorious old bore; regular old fogy.

Thackeray.

&fist; The word is said to be connected with the German vogt, a guard or protector. By others it is regarded as a diminutive of folk (cf. D. volkje). It is defined by Jamieson, in his Scottish Dictionary, as “an invalid or garrison soldier,” and is applied to the old soldiers of the Royal Hospital at Dublin, which is called the Fogies’ Hospital. In the fixed habits of such persons we see the origin of the present use of the term. Sir F. Head.

Fo”gy*ism (?), n. The principles and conduct of a fogy. [Colloq.]

Foh (?), interj. [Cf. Faugh.] An exclamation of abhorrence or contempt; poh; fie. Shak.

Fo”hist (?), n. A Buddhist priest. See Fo.

Foi”ble (?), a. [OF. foible. See Feeble.] Weak; feeble. [Obs.] Lord Herbert.

Foi”ble (?), n. 1. A moral weakness; a failing; a weak point; a frailty.

A disposition radically noble and generous, clouded and overshadowed by superficial foibles.

De Quincey.

2. The half of a sword blade or foil blade nearest the point; — opposed to forte. [Written also faible.]

Syn. — Fault; imperfection; failing; weakness; infirmity; frailty; defect. See Fault.

Foil (foil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foiled (foild); p. pr. & vb. n. Foiling.] [F. fouler to tread or trample under one’s feet, to press, oppress. See Full, v. t.] 1. To tread under foot; to trample.

King Richard . . . caused the ensigns of Leopold to be pulled down and foiled under foot.

Knoless.

Whom he did all to pieces breake and foyle,
In filthy durt, and left so in the loathely soyle.

Spenser.

2. To render (an effort or attempt) vain or nugatory; to baffle; to outwit; to balk; to frustrate; to defeat.

And by &?; mortal man at length am foiled.

Dryden.

Her long locks that foil the painter’s power.

Byron.

3. To blunt; to dull; to spoil; as, to foil the scent in chase. Addison.

Foil, v. t. [See 6th File.] To defile; to soil. [Obs.]

Foil, n. 1. Failure of success when on the point of attainment; defeat; frustration; miscarriage. Milton.

Nor e’er was fate so near a foil.

Dryden.

2. A blunt weapon used in fencing, resembling a smallsword in the main, but usually lighter and having a button at the point.

Blunt as the fencer’s foils, which hit, but hurt not.

Shak.

Isocrates contended with a foil against Demosthenes with a word.

Mitford.

3. The track or trail of an animal.

To run a foil,to lead astray; to puzzle; — alluding to the habits of some animals of running back over the same track to mislead their pursuers. Brewer.

Foil, n. [OE. foil leaf, OF. foil, fuil, fueil, foille, fueille, F. feuille, fr. L. folium, pl. folia; akin to Gr. &?; , and perh. to E. blade. Cf. Foliage, Folio.] 1. A leaf or very thin sheet of metal; as, brass foil; tin foil; gold foil.

2. (Jewelry) A thin leaf of sheet copper silvered and burnished, and afterwards coated with transparent colors mixed with isinglass; — employed by jewelers to give color or brilliancy to pastes and inferior stones. Ure.

3. Anything that serves by contrast of color or quality to adorn or set off another thing to advantage.

As she a black silk cap on him began
To set, for foil of his milk-white to serve.

Sir P. Sidney.

Hector has a foil to set him off.

Broome.

4. A thin coat of tin, with quicksilver, laid on the back of a looking-glass, to cause reflection.

5. (Arch.) The space between the cusps in Gothic architecture; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in windows, niches, etc. A group of foils is called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, etc., according to the number of arcs of which it is composed.

Foil stone, an imitation of a jewel or precious stone.

Foil”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being foiled.

Foil”er (?), n. One who foils or frustrates. Johnson.

Foil”ing, n. (Arch.) A foil. Simmonds.

Foil”ing, n. [Cf. F. foulées. See 1st Foil.] (Hunting) The track of game (as deer) in the grass.

Foin (foin), n. [F. fouine a marten.] 1. (Zoöl.) The beech marten (Mustela foina). See Marten.

2. A kind of fur, black at the top on a whitish ground, taken from the ferret or weasel of the same name.[Obs.]

He came to the stake in a fair black gown furred and faced with foins.

Fuller.

Foin, v. i. [OE. foinen, foignen; of uncertain origin; cf. dial. F. fouiner to push for eels with a spear, fr. F. fouine an eelspear, perh. fr. L. fodere to dig, thrust.] To thrust with a sword or spear; to lunge. [Obs.]

He stroke, he soused, he foynd, he hewed, he lashed.

Spenser.

They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
Their corselets, and the thinnest parts explore.

Dryden.

Foin, v. t. To prick; to st?ng. [Obs.] Huloet.

Foin, n. A pass in fencing; a lunge. [Obs.] Shak.

Foin”er*y (?), n. Thrusting with the foil; fencing with the point, as distinguished from broadsword play. [Obs.] Marston.

Foin”ing*ly (?), adv. With a push or thrust. [Obs.]

Foi”son (?), n. [F. foison, fr. L. fusio a pouring, effusion. See Fusion.] Rich harvest; plenty; abundance. [Archaic] Lowell.

That from the seedness the bare fallow brings
To teeming foison.

Shak.

Foist (foist), n. [OF. fuste stick, boat, fr. L. fustis cudgel. Cf. 1st Fust.] A light and fast-sailing ship. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Foist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Foisting.] [Cf. OD. vysten to fizzle, D. veesten, E. fizz, fitchet, bullfist.] To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant; to interpolate; to pass off (something spurious or counterfeit) as genuine, true, or worthy; — usually followed by in.

Lest negligence or partiality might admit or foist in abuses and corruption.

R. Carew.

When a scripture has been corrupted . . . by a supposititious foisting of some words in.

South.

Foist, n. 1. A foister; a sharper. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. A trick or fraud; a swindle. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Foist”er (?), n. One who foists something surreptitiously; a falsifier. Mir. for Mag.

Foist”ied (?), a. [See 2d Fust.] Fusty. [Obs.]

Foist”i*ness (?), n. Fustiness; mustiness. [Obs.]

Foist”y (?), a. Fusty; musty. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fold (fōld), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Folded; p. pr. & vb. n. Folding.] [OE. folden, falden, AS. fealdan; akin to OHG. faltan, faldan, G. falten, Icel. falda, Dan. folde, Sw. fålla, Goth. falþan, cf. Gr. di- pla`sios twofold, Skr. pu&tsdot;a a fold. Cf. Fauteuil.] 1. To lap or lay in plaits or folds; to lay one part over another part of; to double; as, to fold cloth; to fold a letter.
[1913 Webster]

As a vesture shalt thou fold them up.

Heb. i. 12.

2. To double or lay together, as the arms or the hands; as, he folds his arms in despair.

3. To inclose within folds or plaitings; to envelop; to infold; to clasp; to embrace.

A face folded in sorrow.

J. Webster.

We will descend and fold him in our arms.

Shak.

4. To cover or wrap up; to conceal.

Nor fold my fault in cleanly coined excuses.

Shak.

Fold, v. i. To become folded, plaited, or doubled; to close over another of the same kind; to double together; as, the leaves of the door fold. 1 Kings vi. 34.

Fold, n. [From Fold, v. In sense 2 AS. -feald, akin to fealdan to fold.] 1. A doubling,esp. of any flexible substance; a part laid over on another part; a plait; a plication.

Mummies . . . shrouded in a number of folds of linen.

Bacon.

Folds are most common in the rocks of mountainous regions.

J. D. Dana.

2. Times or repetitions; — used with numerals, chiefly in composition, to denote multiplication or increase in a geometrical ratio, the doubling, tripling, etc., of anything; as, fourfold, four times, increased in a quadruple ratio, multiplied by four.

3. That which is folded together, or which infolds or envelops; embrace.

Shall from your neck unloose his amorous fold.

Shak.

Fold net, a kind of net used in catching birds.

Fold, n. [OE. fald, fold, AS. fald, falod.] 1. An inclosure for sheep; a sheep pen.

Leaps o’er the fence with ease into the fold.

Milton.

2. A flock of sheep; figuratively, the Church or a church; as, Christ’s fold.

There shall be one fold and one shepherd.

John x. 16.

The very whitest lamb in all my fold.

Tennyson.

3. A boundary; a limit. [Obs.] Creech.

Fold yard, an inclosure for sheep or cattle.

Fold, v. t. To confine in a fold, as sheep.

Fold, v. i. To confine sheep in a fold. [R.]

The star that bids the shepherd fold.

Milton.

Fold”age, (&?;) n. [See Fold inclosure, Faldage.] (O.Eng.Law.) See Faldage.

Fold”er (?), n. One who, or that which, folds; esp., a flat, knifelike instrument used for folding paper.

Fol”de*rol` (?), n. Nonsense. [Colloq.]

Fold”ing (?), n. 1. The act of making a fold or folds; also, a fold; a doubling; a plication.

The lower foldings of the vest.

Addison.

2. (Agric.) The keepig of sheep in inclosures on arable land, etc.

Folding boat, a portable boat made by stretching canvas, etc., over jointed framework, used in campaigning, and by tourists, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Folding chair, a chair which may be shut up compactly for carriage or stowage; a camp chair. — Folding door, one of two or more doors filling a single and hung upon hinges.

Fold”less, a. Having no fold. Milman.

Fo`li*a”ceous (?), a. [L. foliaceus, fr. folium leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Belonging to, or having the texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves intermixed with flowers; as, a foliaceous spike.

2. (Min.) Consisting of leaves or thin laminæ; having the form of a leaf or plate; as, foliaceous spar.

3. (Zoöl.) Leaflike in form or mode of growth; as, a foliaceous coral.

Fo”li*age (?), n. [OF. foillage, fueillage, F. feuillage, fr. OF. foille, fueille, fueil, F. feulle, leaf, L. folium. See 3d Foil, and cf. Foliation, Filemot.]

1. Leaves, collectively, as produced or arranged by nature; leafage; as, a tree or forest of beautiful foliage.

2. A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches; especially, the representation of leaves, flowers, and branches, in architecture, intended to ornament and enrich capitals, friezes, pediments, etc.

Foliage plant (Bot.), any plant cultivated for the beauty of its leaves, as many kinds of Begonia and Coleus.

Fo”li*age (?), v. t. To adorn with foliage or the imitation of foliage; to form into the representation of leaves. [R.] Drummond.

Fo”li*aged (?), a. Furnished with foliage; leaved; as, the variously foliaged mulberry.

Fo”li*ar (?), a. (Bot.) Consisting of, or pertaining to, leaves; as, foliar appendages.

Foliar gap (Bot.), an opening in the fibrovascular system of a stem at the point of origin of a leaf. — Foliar trace (Bot.), a particular fibrovascular bundle passing down into the stem from a leaf.

Fo”li*ate (&?;), a. [L. foliatus leaved, leafy, fr. folium leaf. See Foliage.] (Bot.) Furnished with leaves; leafy; as, a foliate stalk.

Foliate curve. (Geom.) Same as Folium.

Fo”li*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foliated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foliating (?).] 1. To beat into a leaf, or thin plate. Bacon.

2. To spread over with a thin coat of tin and quicksilver; as, to foliate a looking-glass.

Fo”li*a`ted (?), a. 1. Having leaves, or leaflike projections; as, a foliated shell.

2. (Arch.) Containing, or consisting of, foils; as, a foliated arch.

3. (Min.) Characterized by being separable into thin plates or folia; as, graphite has a foliated structure.

4. (Geol.) Laminated, but restricted to the variety of laminated structure found in crystalline schist, as mica schist, etc.; schistose.

5. Spread over with an amalgam of tin and quicksilver.

Foliated telluium. (Min.) See Nagyagite.

Fo”li*a”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. foliation.] 1. The process of forming into a leaf or leaves.

2. The manner in which the young leaves are dispo&?;ed within the bud.

The . . . foliation must be in relation to the stem.

De Quincey.

3. The act of beating a metal into a thin plate, leaf, foil, or lamina.

4. The act of coating with an amalgam of tin foil and quicksilver, as in making looking-glasses.

5. (Arch.) The enrichment of an opening by means of foils, arranged in trefoils, quatrefoils, etc.; also, one of the ornaments. See Tracery.

6. (Geol.) The property, possessed by some crystalline rocks, of dividing into plates or slabs, which is due to the cleavage structure of one of the constituents, as mica or hornblende. It may sometimes include slaty structure or cleavage, though the latter is usually independent of any mineral constituent, and transverse to the bedding, it having been produced by pressure.

Fo”li*a*ture (?), n. [L. foliatura foliage.] 1. Foliage; leafage. [Obs.] Shuckford.

2. The state of being beaten into foil. Johnson.

Fo”li*er (?), n. Goldsmith’s foil. [R.] Sprat.

Fo*lif”er*ous (?), a. [L. folium leaf+ -ferous: cf. F. foliifère.] Producing leaves. [Written also foliiferous.]

Fol”i*ly (?), a. Foolishly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fol”io (?), n.; pl. Folios (#). [Ablative of L. folium leaf. See 4th Foil.] 1. A leaf of a book or manuscript.

2. A sheet of paper once folded.

3. A book made of sheets of paper each folded once (four pages to the sheet); hence, a book of the largest kind. See Note under Paper.

4. (Print.) The page number. The even folios are on the left-hand pages and the odd folios on the right- hand.

5. A page of a book; (Bookkeeping) a page in an account book; sometimes, two opposite pages bearing the same serial number.

6. (Law) A leaf containing a certain number of words, hence, a certain number of words in a writing, as in England, in law proceedings 72, and in chancery, 90; in New York, 100 words.

Folio post, a flat writing paper, usually 17 by 24 inches.

Fol”io, v. t. To put a serial number on each folio or page of (a book); to page.

Fol”io, a. Formed of sheets each folded once, making two leaves, or four pages; as, a folio volume. See Folio, n., 3.

Fo”li*o*late (?), a. Of or pertaining to leaflets; — used in composition; as, bi- foliolate. Gray.

Fo”li*ole (?), n. [Dim. of L. folium leaf: cf. F. foliole.] (Bot.) One of the distinct parts of a compound leaf; a leaflet.

Fo`li*o*mort” (?), a. See Feuillemort.

Fo`li*ose” (?), a. [L. foliosus, fr. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having many leaves; leafy.

Fo`li*os”i*ty (?), n. The ponderousness or bulk of a folio; voluminousness. [R.] De Quincey.

Fo”li*ous (&?;), a. [See Foliose.] 1. Like a leaf; thin; unsubstantial. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

2. (Bot.) Foliose. [R.]

Fo”li*um (?), n.; pl. E. Foliums (#), L. Folia (#). [L., a leaf.] 1. A leaf, esp. a thin leaf or plate.

2. (Geom.) A curve of the third order, consisting of two infinite branches, which have a common asymptote. The curve has a double point, and a leaf-shaped loop; whence the name. Its equation is x^3 + y^3 = axy.

{ Folk (fōk), Folks (fōks) }, n. collect. & pl. [AS. folc; akin to D. volk, OS. & OHG. folk, G. volk, Icel. fōlk, Sw. & Dan. folk, Lith. pulkas crowd, and perh. to E. follow.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) In Anglo-Saxon times, the people of a group of townships or villages; a community; a tribe. [Obs.]

The organization of each folk, as such, sprang mainly from war.

J. R. Green.

2. People in general, or a separate class of people; — generally used in the plural form, and often with a qualifying adjective; as, the old folks; poor folks. [Colloq.]

In winter’s tedious nights, sit by the fire
With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales.

Shak.

3. The persons of one’s own family; as, our folks are all well. [Colloq. New Eng.] Bartlett.

Folk song, one of a class of songs long popular with the common people. — Folk speech, the speech of the common people, as distinguished from that of the educated class.

Folk”land` (?), n. [AS. folcland.] (O.Eng. Law) Land held in villenage, being distributed among the folk, or people, at the pleasure of the lord of the manor, and resumed at his discretion. Not being held by any assurance in writing, it was opposed to bookland or charter land, which was held by deed. Mozley & W.

{ Folk”lore` (?), n., or Folk” lore` }. Tales, legends, or superstitions long current among the people. Trench.

Folk”mote` (?), n. [AS. folcmōt folk meeting.] An assembly of the people; esp. (Sax. Law), a general assembly of the people to consider and order matters of the commonwealth; also, a local court. [Hist.]

To which folkmote they all with one consent
Agreed to travel.

Spenser.

Folk”mot`er (?), n. One who takes part in a folkmote, or local court. [Obs.] Milton.

Fol”li*cle (?), n. [L. folliculus a small bag, husk, pod, dim of follis bellows, an inflated ball, a leathern money bag, perh. akin to E. bellows: cf. F. follicule. Cf. 2d Fool.] 1. (Bot.) A simple podlike pericarp which contains several seeds and opens along the inner or ventral suture, as in the peony, larkspur and milkweed.

2. (Anat.) (a) A small cavity, tubular depression, or sac; as, a hair follicle. (b) A simple gland or glandular cavity; a crypt. (c) A small mass of adenoid tissue; as, a lymphatic follicle.

Fol*lic”u*lar (?), a. 1. Like, pertaining to, or consisting of, a follicles or follicles.

2. (Med.) Affecting the follicles; as, follicular pharyngitis.

Fol*lic”u*la`ted (?), a. Having follicles.

Fol*lic”u*lous (?), a. [L. folliculosus full of husks: cf. F. folliculeux.] Having or producing follicles.

Fol”li*ful (?), a. Full of folly. [Obs.]

Fol”low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Followed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Following.][OE. foluwen, folwen, folgen, AS. folgian, fylgean, fylgan; akin to D. volgen, OHG. folg&?;n, G. folgen, Icel. fylgja, Sw. följa, Dan. fölge, and perh. to E. folk.] 1. To go or come after; to move behind in the same path or direction; hence, to go with (a leader, guide, etc.); to accompany; to attend.

It waves me forth again; I’ll follow it.

Shak.

2. To endeavor to overtake; to go in pursuit of; to chase; to pursue; to prosecute.

I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall follow them.

Ex. xiv. 17.

3. To accept as authority; to adopt the opinions of; to obey; to yield to; to take as a rule of action; as, to follow good advice.

Approve the best, and follow what I approve

. Milton.

Follow peace with all men.

Heb. xii. 14.

It is most agreeable to some men to follow their reason; and to others to follow their appetites.

J. Edwards.

4. To copy after; to take as an example.

We had rather follow the perfections of them whom we like not, than in defects resemble them whom we love.

Hooker.

5. To succeed in order of time, rank, or office.

6. To result from, as an effect from a cause, or an inference from a premise.

7. To watch, as a receding object; to keep the eyes fixed upon while in motion; to keep the mind upon while in progress, as a speech, musical performance, etc.; also, to keep up with; to understand the meaning, connection, or force of, as of a course of thought or argument.

He followed with his eyes the flitting shade.

Dryden.

8. To walk in, as a road or course; to attend upon closely, as a profession or calling.

O, had I but followed the arts!

Shak.

O Antony! I have followed thee to this.

Shak.

Follow board (Founding), a board on which the pattern and the flask lie while the sand is rammed into the flask. Knight. — To follow the hounds, to hunt with dogs. — To follow suit (Card Playing), to play a card of the same suit as the leading card; hence, colloquially, to follow an example set. — To follow up, to pursue indefatigably.

Syn.- To pursue; chase; go after; attend; accompany; succeed; imitate; copy; embrace; maintain. – To Follow, Pursue. To follow (v.t.) denotes simply to go after; to pursue denotes to follow with earnestness, and with a view to attain some definite object; as, a hound pursues the deer. So a person follows a companion whom he wishes to overtake on a journey; the officers of justice pursue a felon who has escaped from prison.

Fol”low, v. i. To go or come after; — used in the various senses of the transitive verb: To pursue; to attend; to accompany; to be a result; to imitate.

Syn.- To Follow, Succeed, Ensue. To follow (v.i.) means simply to come after; as, a crowd followed. To succeed means to come after in some regular series or succession; as, day succeeds to day, and night to night. To ensue means to follow by some established connection or principle of sequence. As wave follows wave, revolution succeeds to revolution; and nothing ensues but accumulated wretchedness.

Fol”low*er (?), n. [OE. folwere, AS. folgere.] 1. One who follows; a pursuer; an attendant; a disciple; a dependent associate; a retainer.

2. A sweetheart; a beau. [Colloq.] A. Trollope.

3. (Steam Engine) (a) The removable flange, or cover, of a piston. See Illust. of Piston. (b) A gland. See Illust. of Stuffing box.

4. (Mach.) The part of a machine that receives motion from another part. See Driver.

5. Among law stationers, a sheet of parchment or paper which is added to the first sheet of an indenture or other deed.

Syn. — Imitator; copier; disciple; adherent; partisan; dependent; attendant.

Fol”low*ing (?), n. 1. One’s followers, adherents, or dependents, collectively. Macaulay.

2. Vocation; business; profession.

Fol”low*ing, a. 1. Next after; succeeding; ensuing; as, the assembly was held on the following day.

2. (Astron.) (In the field of a telescope) In the direction from which stars are apparently moving (in consequence of the earth’s rotation); as, a small star, north following or south following. In the direction toward which stars appear to move is called preceding.

&fist; The four principal directions in the field of a telescope are north, south, following, preceding.

Fol”ly (?), n.; pl. Follies (#). [OE. folie, foli, F. folie, fr. fol, fou, foolish, mad. See Fool.] 1. The state of being foolish; want of good sense; levity, weakness, or derangement of mind.

2. A foolish act; an inconsiderate or thoughtless procedure; weak or light-minded conduct; foolery.

What folly ‘tis to hazard life for ill.

Shak.

3. Scandalous crime; sin; specifically, as applied to a woman, wantonness.

[Achan] wrought folly in Israel.

Josh. vii. 15.

When lovely woman stoops to folly.

Goldsmith.

4. The result of a foolish action or enterprise.

It is called this man’s or that man’s “folly,” and name of the foolish builder is thus kept alive for long after years.

Trench.

Fol”we (?), v. t. To follow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fo”mal*haut` (?), n. [Ar., prop., mouth of the large fish: cf. F. Fomalhaut.] (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Piscis Australis, or Southern Fish.

Fo*ment” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fomented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fomenting.] [F. fomenter, fr. L. fomentare, fr. fomentum (for fovimentum) a warm application or lotion, fr. fovere to warm or keep warm; perh. akin to Gr. &?; to roast, and E. bake.] 1. To apply a warm lotion to; to bathe with a cloth or sponge wet with warm water or medicated liquid.

2. To cherish with heat; to foster. [Obs.]

Which these soft fires . . . foment and warm.

Milton.

3. To nurse to life or activity; to cherish and promote by excitements; to encourage; to abet; to instigate; — used often in a bad sense; as, to foment ill humors. Locke.

But quench the choler you foment in vain.

Dryden.

Exciting and fomenting a religious rebellion.

Southey.

Fo`men*ta”tion (?), n. [&?;. fomentatio: cf. F. fomentation.] 1. (Med.) (a) The act of fomenting; the application of warm, soft, medicinal substances, as for the purpose of easing pain, by relaxing the skin, or of discussing tumors. (b) The lotion applied to a diseased part.

2. Excitation; instigation; encouragement.

Dishonest fomentation of your pride.

Young.

Fo*ment”er (?), n. One who foments; one who encourages or instigates; as, a fomenter of sedition.

||Fo”mes (fō“mēz), n.; pl. Fomites (f&obreve;m”&ibreve;*tēz). [L. fomes, -itis, touch-wood, tinder.] (Med.) Any substance supposed to be capable of absorbing, retaining, and transporting contagious or infectious germs; as, woolen clothes are said to be active fomites.

Fon (f&obreve;n), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fāni silly, fāna to act silly, Sw. fåne fool. Cf. Fond, a.] A fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fond (?), obs. imp. of Find. Found. Chaucer.

Fond, a. [Compar. Fonder (?); superl. Fondest.] [For fonned, p. p. of OE. fonnen to be foolish. See Fon.] 1. Foolish; silly; simple; weak. [Archaic]

Grant I may never prove so fond
To trust man on his oath or bond.

Shak.

2. Foolishly tender and loving; weakly indulgent; over-affectionate.

3. Affectionate; loving; tender; — in a good sense; as, a fond mother or wife. Addison.

4. Loving; much pleased; affectionately regardful, indulgent, or desirous; longing or yearning; — followed by of (formerly also by on).

More fond on her than she upon her love.

Shak.

You are as fond of grief as of your child.

Shak.

A great traveler, and fond of telling his adventures.

Irving.

5. Doted on; regarded with affection. [R.]

Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer.

Byron.

6. Trifling; valued by folly; trivial. [Obs.] Shak.

Fond, v. t. To caress; to fondle. [Obs.]

The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast.

Dryden.

Fond, v. i. To be fond; to dote. [Obs.] Shak.

Fond”e (?), v. t. & i. [AS. fandian to try.] To endeavor; to strive; to try. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fon”dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fondled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fondling (?).] [From Fond, v.] To treat or handle with tenderness or in a loving manner; to caress; as, a nurse fondles a child.

Syn. — See Caress.

Fon”dler (?), n. One who fondles. Johnson.

Fon”dling (?), n. [From Fondle.] The act of caressing; manifestation of tenderness.

Cyrus made no . . . amorous fondling
To fan her pride, or melt her guardless heart.

Mickle.

Fond”ling (?), n. [Fond + - ling.] 1. A person or thing fondled or caressed; one treated with foolish or doting affection.

Fondlings are in danger to be made fools.

L’Estrange.

2. A fool; a simpleton; a ninny. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fond”ly (?), adv. 1. Foolishly. [Archaic] Verstegan (1673).

Make him speak fondly like a frantic man.

Shak.

2. In a fond manner; affectionately; tenderly.

My heart, untraveled, fondly turns to thee.

Goldsmith.

Fond”ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fond; foolishness. [Obs.]

Fondness it were for any, being free,
To covet fetters, though they golden be.

Spenser.

2. Doting affection; tender liking; strong appetite, propensity, or relish; as, he had a fondness for truffles.

My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee.

Addison.

Syn. — Attachment; affection; love; kindness.

Fon”don (?), n. [Cf. F. fondant flux.] (Metal.) A large copper vessel used for hot amalgamation.

||Fon`dus” (?), n. [F. fondu, prop. p. p. of fondre to melt, blend. See Found to cast.] A style of printing calico, paper hangings, etc., in which the colors are in bands and graduated into each other. Ure.

Fone (?), n.; pl. of Foe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fong”e (?), v. t. [See Fang, v. t.] To take; to receive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fon”ly (?), adv. [See Fon.] Foolishly; fondly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fon”ne (?), n. A fon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Font (?), n. [F. fonte, fr. fondre to melt or cast. See Found to cast, and cf. Fount a font.] (Print.) A complete assortment of printing type of one size, including a due proportion of all the letters in the alphabet, large and small, points, accents, and whatever else is necessary for printing with that variety of types; a fount.

Font, n. [AS. font, fant, fr. L. fons, fontis, spring, fountain; cf. OF. font, funt, F. fonts, fonts baptismaux, pl. See Fount.] 1. A fountain; a spring; a source.

Bathing forever in the font of bliss.

Young.

2. A basin or stone vessel in which water is contained for baptizing.

That name was given me at the font.

Shak.

Font”al (?), a. Pertaining to a font, fountain, source, or origin; original; primitive. [R.]

From the fontal light of ideas only can a man draw intellectual power.

Coleridge.

Fon”ta*nel` (?), n. [F. fontanelle, prop., a little fountain, fr. fontaine fountain. See Fountain.] 1. (Med.) An issue or artificial ulcer for the discharge of humors from the body.[Obs.] Wiseman.

2. (Anat.) One of the membranous intervals between the incompleted angles of the parietal and neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull; — so called because it exhibits a rhythmical pulsation.

&fist; In the human fetus there are six fontanels, of which the anterior, or bregmatic, situated at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, is much the largest, and remains open a considerable time after birth.

||Fon`ta`nelle” (?), n. [F.] (Anat.) Same as Fontanel, 2.

||Fon`tange” (?), n. [F., from the name of the first wearer, Mlle. de Fontanges, about 1679.] A kind of tall headdress formerly worn. Addison.

Food (?), n. [OE. fode, AS. fōda; akin to Icel. fæða, fæði, Sw. föda, Dan. & LG. föde, OHG. fatunga, Gr. patei^sthai to eat, and perh. to Skr. pā to protect, L. pascere to feed, pasture, pabulum food, E. pasture. √75. Cf. Feed, Fodder food, Foster to cherish.] 1. What is fed upon; that which goes to support life by being received within, and assimilated by, the organism of an animal or a plant; nutriment; aliment; especially, what is eaten by animals for nourishment.

&fist; In a physiological sense, true aliment is to be distinguished as that portion of the food which is capable of being digested and absorbed into the blood, thus furnishing nourishment, in distinction from the indigestible matter which passes out through the alimentary canal as fæces.

&fist; Foods are divided into two main groups: nitrogenous, or proteid, foods, i.e., those which contain nitrogen, and nonnitrogenous, i.e., those which do not contain nitrogen. The latter group embraces the fats and carbohydrates, which collectively are sometimes termed heat producers or respiratory foods, since by oxidation in the body they especially subserve the production of heat. The proteids, on the other hand, are known as plastic foods or tissue formers, since no tissue can be formed without them. These latter terms, however, are misleading, since proteid foods may also give rise to heat both directly and indirectly, and the fats and carbohydrates are useful in other ways than in producing heat.

2. Anything that instructs the intellect, excites the feelings, or molds habits of character; that which nourishes.

This may prove food to my displeasure.

Shak.

In this moment there is life and food
For future years.

Wordsworth.

&fist; Food is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds, as in food fish or food-fish, food supply.

Food vacuole (Zoöl.), one of the spaces in the interior of a protozoan in which food is contained, during digestion. — Food yolk. (Biol.) See under Yolk.

Syn. — Aliment; sustenance; nutriment; feed; fare; victuals; provisions; meat.

Food, v. t. To supply with food. [Obs.] Baret.

Food”ful (?), a. Full of food; supplying food; fruitful; fertile. “The foodful earth.” Dryden.

Bent by its foodful burden [the corn].

Glover.

Food”less, a. Without food; barren. Sandys.

Food”y (?), a. Eatable; fruitful. [R.] Chapman.

Fool (?), n. [Cf. F. fouler to tread, crush. Cf. 1st Foil.] A compound of gooseberries scalded and crushed, with cream; — commonly called gooseberry fool.

Fool, n. [OE. fol, n. & adj., F. fol, fou, foolish, mad; a fool, prob. fr. L. follis a bellows, wind bag, an inflated ball; perh. akin to E. bellows. Cf. Folly, Follicle.] 1. One destitute of reason, or of the common powers of understanding; an idiot; a natural.

2. A person deficient in intellect; one who acts absurdly, or pursues a course contrary to the dictates of wisdom; one without judgment; a simpleton; a dolt.

Extol not riches, then, the toil of fools.

Milton.

Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other.

Franklin.

3. (Script.) One who acts contrary to moral and religious wisdom; a wicked person.

The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God.

Ps. xiv. 1.

4. One who counterfeits folly; a professional jester or buffoon; a retainer formerly kept to make sport, dressed fantastically in motley, with ridiculous accouterments.

Can they think me . . . their fool or jester?

Milton.

April fool, Court fool, etc. See under April, Court, etc. — Fool’s cap, a cap or hood to which bells were usually attached, formerly worn by professional jesters. — Fool’s errand, an unreasonable, silly, profitless adventure or undertaking. — Fool’s gold, iron or copper pyrites, resembling gold in color. — Fool’s paradise, a name applied to a limbo (see under Limbo) popularly believed to be the region of vanity and nonsense. Hence, any foolish pleasure or condition of vain self-satistaction. — Fool’s parsley (Bot.), an annual umbelliferous plant (Æthusa Cynapium) resembling parsley, but nauseous and poisonous. — To make a fool of, to render ridiculous; to outwit; to shame. [Colloq.] — To play the fool, to act the buffoon; to act a foolish part. “I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly.” 1 Sam. xxvi. 21.

Fool, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fooling.] To play the fool; to trifle; to toy; to spend time in idle sport or mirth.

Is this a time for fooling?

Dryden.

Fool, v. t. 1. To infatuate; to make foolish. Shak.

For, fooled with hope, men favor the deceit.

Dryden.

2. To use as a fool; to deceive in a shameful or mortifying manner; to impose upon; to cheat by inspiring foolish confidence; as, to fool one out of his money.

You are fooled, discarded, and shook off
By him for whom these shames ye underwent.

Shak.

To fool away, to get rid of foolishly; to spend in trifles, idleness, folly, or without advantage.

Foo”lahs` (?), n. pl.; sing. Foolah. (Ethnol.) Same as Fulahs.

Fool”-born` (?), a. Begotten by a fool. Shak.

Fool”er*y (?), n.; pl. Fooleries (&?;). 1. The practice of folly; the behavior of a fool; absurdity.

Folly in fools bears not so strong a note,
As foolery in the wise, when wit doth dote.

Shak.

2. An act of folly or weakness; a foolish practice; something absurd or nonsensical.

That Pythagoras, Plato, or Orpheus, believed in any of these fooleries, it can not be suspected.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Fool”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The orange filefish. See Filefish. (b) The winter flounder. See Flounder.

Fool”-hap`py (?), a. Lucky, without judgment or contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fool”har`di*hood (?), n. The state of being foolhardy; foolhardiness.

Fool”har`di*ly, adv. In a foolhardy manner.

Fool”har`di*ness, n. Courage without sense or judgment; foolish rashness; recklessness. Dryden.

Fool”har`dise (?), n. [Fool, F. fol, fou + F. hardiesse boldness.] Foolhardiness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fool”har`dy (?), a. [OF. folhardi. See Fool idiot, and Hardy.] Daring without judgment; foolishly adventurous and bold. Howell.

Syn. — Rash; venturesome; venturous; precipitate; reckless; headlong; incautious. See Rash.

Fool”-has`ty (?), a. Foolishly hasty. [R.]

Fool”i*fy (?), v. t. [Fool + -fy.] To make a fool of; to befool. [R.] Holland.

Fool”ish, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of understanding; weak in intellect; without judgment or discretion; silly; unwise.

I am a very foolish fond old man.

Shak.

2. Such as a fool would do; proceeding from weakness of mind or silliness; exhibiting a want of judgment or discretion; as, a foolish act.

3. Absurd; ridiculous; despicable; contemptible.

A foolish figure he must make.

Prior.

Syn. — Absurd; shallow; shallow-brained; brainless; simple; irrational; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; silly; ridiculous; vain; trifling; contemptible. See Absurd.

Fool”ish*ly, adv. In a foolish manner.

Fool”ish*ness, n. 1. The quality of being foolish.

2. A foolish practice; an absurdity.

The preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness.

1 Cor. i. 18.

Fool”-large` (?), a. [OF. follarge. See Fool, and Large.] Foolishly liberal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fool”lar*gesse` (?), n. [See Fool large, Largess.] Foolish expenditure; waste. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fools”cap` (?), n. [So called from the watermark of a fool’s cap and bells used by old paper makers. See Fool’s cap, under Fool.] A writing paper made in sheets, ordinarily 16 × 13 inches, and folded so as to make a page 13 × 8 inches. See Paper.

Foot (f&oocr;t), n.; pl. Feet (fēt). [OE. fot, foot, pl. fet, feet. AS. fōt, pl. fēt; akin to D. voet, OHG. fuoz, G. fuss, Icel. fōtr, Sw. fot, Dan. fod, Goth. fōtus, L. pes, Gr. poy`s, Skr. pād, Icel. fet step, pace measure of a foot, feta to step, find one’s way. √77, 250. Cf. Antipodes, Cap-a-pie, Expedient, Fet to fetch, Fetlock, Fetter, Pawn a piece in chess, Pedal.] 1. (Anat.) The terminal part of the leg of man or an animal; esp., the part below the ankle or wrist; that part of an animal upon which it rests when standing, or moves. See Manus, and Pes.

2. (Zoöl.) The muscular locomotive organ of a mollusk. It is a median organ arising from the ventral region of body, often in the form of a flat disk, as in snails. See Illust. of Buccinum.

3. That which corresponds to the foot of a man or animal; as, the foot of a table; the foot of a stocking.

4. The lowest part or base; the ground part; the bottom, as of a mountain or column; also, the last of a row or series; the end or extremity, esp. if associated with inferiority; as, the foot of a hill; the foot of the procession; the foot of a class; the foot of the bed.

And now at foot
Of heaven’s ascent they lift their feet.

Milton.

5. Fundamental principle; basis; plan; — used only in the singular.

Answer directly upon the foot of dry reason.

Berkeley.

6. Recognized condition; rank; footing; — used only in the singular. [R.]

As to his being on the foot of a servant.

Walpole.

7. A measure of length equivalent to twelve inches; one third of a yard. See Yard.

&fist; This measure is supposed to be taken from the length of a man’s foot. It differs in length in different countries. In the United States and in England it is 304.8 millimeters.

8. (Mil.) Soldiers who march and fight on foot; the infantry, usually designated as the foot, in distinction from the cavalry. “Both horse and foot.” Milton.

9. (Pros.) A combination of syllables consisting a metrical element of a verse, the syllables being formerly distinguished by their quantity or length, but in modern poetry by the accent.

10. (Naut.) The lower edge of a sail.

&fist; Foot is often used adjectively, signifying of or pertaining to a foot or the feet, or to the base or lower part. It is also much used as the first of compounds.

Foot artillery. (Mil.) (a) Artillery soldiers serving in foot. (b) Heavy artillery. Farrow. — Foot bank (Fort.), a raised way within a parapet. — Foot barracks (Mil.), barracks for infantery. — Foot bellows, a bellows worked by a treadle. Knight. — Foot company (Mil.), a company of infantry. Milton. — Foot gear, covering for the feet, as stocking, shoes, or boots. — Foot hammer (Mach.), a small tilt hammer moved by a treadle. — Foot iron. (a) The step of a carriage. (b) A fetter. — Foot jaw. (Zoöl.) See Maxilliped. — Foot key (Mus.), an organ pedal. — Foot level (Gunnery), a form of level used in giving any proposed angle of elevation to a piece of ordnance. Farrow. — Foot mantle, a long garment to protect the dress in riding; a riding skirt. [Obs.] — Foot page, an errand boy; an attendant. [Obs.] — Foot passenger, one who passes on foot, as over a road or bridge. — Foot pavement, a paved way for foot passengers; a footway; a trottoir. — Foot poet, an inferior poet; a poetaster. [R.] Dryden. — Foot post. (a) A letter carrier who travels on foot. (b) A mail delivery by means of such carriers. — Fot pound, ∧ Foot poundal. (Mech.) See Foot pound and Foot poundal, in the Vocabulary. — Foot press (Mach.), a cutting, embossing, or printing press, moved by a treadle. — Foot race, a race run by persons on foot. Cowper. — Foot rail, a railroad rail, with a wide flat flange on the lower side. — Foot rot, an ulcer in the feet of sheep; claw sickness. — Foot rule, a rule or measure twelve inches long. — Foot screw, an adjusting screw which forms a foot, and serves to give a machine or table a level standing on an uneven place. — Foot secretion. (Zoöl.) See Sclerobase. — Foot soldier, a soldier who serves on foot. — Foot stick (Printing), a beveled piece of furniture placed against the foot of the page, to hold the type in place. — Foot stove, a small box, with an iron pan, to hold hot coals for warming the feet. — Foot tubercle. (Zoöl.) See Parapodium. — Foot valve (Steam Engine), the valve that opens to the air pump from the condenser. — Foot vise, a kind of vise the jaws of which are operated by a treadle. — Foot waling (Naut.), the inside planks or lining of a vessel over the floor timbers. Totten. — Foot wall (Mining), the under wall of an inclosed vein.

By foot, or On foot, by walking; as, to pass a stream on foot. — Cubic foot. See under Cubic. — Foot and mouth disease, a contagious disease (Eczema epizoötica) of cattle, sheep, swine, etc., characterized by the formation of vesicles and ulcers in the mouth and about the hoofs. — Foot of the fine (Law), the concluding portion of an acknowledgment in court by which, formerly, the title of land was conveyed. See Fine of land, under Fine, n.; also Chirograph. (b). — Square foot. See under Square. — To be on foot, to be in motion, action, or process of execution. — To keep the foot (Script.), to preserve decorum. “Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God.” Eccl. v. 1. — To put one’s foot down, to take a resolute stand; to be determined. [Colloq.] — To put the best foot foremost, to make a good appearance; to do one’s best. [Colloq.] — To set on foot, to put in motion; to originate; as, to set on foot a subscription. — To put, or set, one on his feet, to put one in a position to go on; to assist to start. — Under foot. (a) Under the feet; (Fig.) at one’s mercy; as, to trample under foot. Gibbon. (b) Below par. [Obs.] “They would be forced to sell . . . far under foot.” Bacon.

Foot (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Footed; p. pr. & vb. n. Footing.] 1. To tread to measure or music; to dance; to trip; to skip. Dryden.

2. To walk; — opposed to ride or fly. Shak.

Foot, v. t. 1. To kick with the foot; to spurn. Shak.

2. To set on foot; to establish; to land. [Obs.]

What confederacy have you with the traitors
Late footed in the kingdom?

Shak.

3. To tread; as, to foot the green. Tickell.

4. To sum up, as the numbers in a column; — sometimes with up; as, to foot (or foot up) an account.

5. To seize or strike with the talon. [Poet.] Shak.

6. To renew the foot of, as of a stocking. Shak.

To foot a bill, to pay it. [Colloq.] — To foot it, to walk; also, to dance.

If you are for a merry jaunt, I’ll try, for once, who can foot it farthest.

Dryden.

Foot”ball` (?), n. An inflated ball to be kicked in sport, usually made in India rubber, or a bladder incased in Leather. Waller.

2. The game of kicking the football by opposing parties of players between goals. Arbuthnot.

Foot”band` (?), n. A band of foot soldiers. [Obs.]

Foot”bath` (?), n. A bath for the feet; also, a vessel used in bathing the feet.

Foot”board` (?), n. 1. A board or narrow platfrom upon which one may stand or brace his feet; as: (a) The platform for the engineer and fireman of a locomotive. (b) The foot-rest of a coachman’s box.

2. A board forming the foot of a bedstead.

3. A treadle.

Foot”boy` (?), n. A page; an attendant in livery; a lackey. Shak.

Foot”breadth` (?), n. The breadth of a foot; — used as a measure. Longfellow.

Not so much as a footbreadth.

Deut. ii. 5.

Foot”bridge` (?), n. A narrow bridge for foot passengers only.

Foot”cloth` (?), n. Formerly, a housing or caparison for a horse. Sir W. Scott.

Foot”ed, a. 1. Having a foot or feet; shaped in the foot. “Footed like a goat.” Grew.

&fist; Footed is often used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) feet; as, fourfooted beasts.

2. Having a foothold; established.

Our king . . . is footed in this land already.

Shak.

Foot”fall` (?), n. A setting down of the foot; a footstep; the sound of a footstep. Shak.

Seraphim, whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor.

Poe.

Foot”fight` (?), n. A conflict by persons on foot; — distinguished from a fight on horseback. Sir P. Sidney.

Foot”glove` (?), n. A kind of stocking. [Obs.]

Foot” Guards` (?), pl. Infantry soldiers belonging to select regiments called the Guards. [Eng.]

Foot”halt` (?), n. A disease affecting the feet of sheep.

Foot”hill` (?), n. A low hill at the foot of higher hills or mountains.

Foot”hold` (?), n. A holding with the feet; firm standing; that on which one may tread or rest securely; footing. L’Estrange.

Foot”hook` (?), n. (Naut.) See Futtock.

Foot”hot` (?), adv. Hastily; immediately; instantly; on the spot; hotfoot. Gower.

Custance have they taken anon, foothot.

Chaucer.

Foot”ing, n. 1. Ground for the foot; place for the foot to rest on; firm foundation to stand on.

In ascent, every step gained is a footing and help to the next.

Holder.

2. Standing; position; established place; basis for operation; permanent settlement; foothold.

As soon as he had obtained a footing at court, the charms of his manner . . . made him a favorite.

Macaulay.

3. Relative condition; state.

Lived on a footing of equality with nobles.

Macaulay.

4. Tread; step; especially, measured tread.

Hark, I hear the footing of a man.

Shak.

5. The act of adding up a column of figures; the amount or sum total of such a column.

6. The act of putting a foot to anything; also, that which is added as a foot; as, the footing of a stocking.

7. A narrow cotton lace, without figures.

8. The finer refuse part of whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. Simmonds.

9. (Arch. & Enging.) The thickened or sloping portion of a wall, or of an embankment at its foot.

Footing course (Arch.), one of the courses of masonry at the foot of a wall, broader than the courses above. — To pay one’s footing, to pay a fee on first doing anything, as working at a trade or in a shop. Wright. — Footing beam, the tie beam of a roof.

Foot”less, a. Having no feet.

Foot”lick`er (?), n. A sycophant; a fawner; a toady. Cf. Bootlick. Shak.

Foot”light` (?), n. One of a row of lights in the front of the stage in a theater, etc., and on a level therewith.

Before the footlights, upon the stage; — hence, in the capacity of an actor.

Foot”man (?), n.; pl. Footmen (&?;). 1. A soldier who marches and fights on foot; a foot soldier.

2. A man in waiting; a male servant whose duties are to attend the door, the carriage, the table, etc.

3. Formerly, a servant who ran in front of his master’s carriage; a runner. Prior.

4. A metallic stand with four feet, for keeping anything warm before a fire.

5. (Zoöl.) A moth of the family Lithosidæ; — so called from its livery-like colors.

Foot”man*ship, n. Art or skill of a footman.

Foot”mark` (?), n. A footprint; a track or vestige. Coleridge.

Foot”note` (?), n. A note of reference or comment at the foot of a page.

Foot”pace` (?), n. 1. A walking pace or step.

2. A dais, or elevated platform; the highest step of the altar; a landing in a staircase. Shipley.

Foot”pad` (?), n. A highwayman or robber on foot.

Foot”path` (?), n.; pl. Footpaths (&?;). A narrow path or way for pedestrains only; a footway.

Foot”plate` (?), n. (Locomotives) See Footboard (a).

Foot” pound` (?). (Mech.) A unit of energy, or work, being equal to the work done in raising one pound avoirdupois against the force of gravity the height of one foot.

Foot” pound`al (?). (Mech.) A unit of energy or work, equal to the work done in moving a body through one foot against the force of one poundal.

Foot”print` (?), n. The impression of the foot; a trace or footmark; as, “Footprints of the Creator.”

Foot”rope` (?), n. (Aut.) (a) The rope rigged below a yard, upon which men stand when reefing or furling; — formerly called a horse. (b) That part of the boltrope to which the lower edge of a sail is sewed.

Foots (?), n. pl. The settlings of oil, molasses, etc., at the bottom of a barrel or hogshead. Simmonds.

Foot”-sore` (?), a. Having sore or tender feet, as by reason of much walking; as, foot-sore cattle.

Foot”stalk` (?), n. 1. (Bot.) The stalk of a leaf or of flower; a petiole, pedicel, or reduncle.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The peduncle or stem by which various marine animals are attached, as certain brachiopods and goose barnacles. (b) The stem which supports which supports the eye in decapod Crustacea; eyestalk.

3. (Mach.) The lower part of a millstone spindle. It rests in a step. Knight.

Foot”stall` (?), n. [Cf. Pedestal.] 1. The stirrup of a woman’s saddle.

2. (Arch.) The plinth or base of a pillar.

Foot”step` (?), n. 1. The mark or impression of the foot; a track; hence, visible sign of a course pursued; token; mark; as, the footsteps of divine wisdom.

How on the faltering footsteps of decay
Youth presses.

Bryant.

2. An inclined plane under a hand printing press.

Foot”stone` (?; 110), n. The stone at the foot of a grave; — opposed to headstone.

Foot”stool` (?), n. A low stool to support the feet of one when sitting.

Foot”way` (?), n. A passage for pedestrians only.

Foot”worn` (?), a. Worn by, or weared in, the feet; as, a footworn path; a footworn traveler.

Foot”y (?), a. 1. Having foots, or settlings; as, footy oil, molasses, etc. [Eng.]

2. Poor; mean. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Fop (?), n. [OE. foppe, fop, fool; cf. E. fob to cheat, G. foppen to make a fool of one, jeer, D. foppen.] One whose ambition it is to gain admiration by showy dress; a coxcomb; an inferior dandy.

Fop”-doo`dle (?), n. A stupid or insignificant fellow; a fool; a simpleton. [R.] Hudibras.

Fop”ling (?), n. A petty fop. Landor.

Fop”per*y (?), n.; pl. Fopperies (#). [From Fop.] 1. The behavior, dress, or other indication of a fop; coxcombry; affectation of show; showy folly.

2. Folly; foolery.

Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter
My sober house.

Shak.

Fop”pish (?), a. Foplike; characteristic of a top in dress or manners; making an ostentatious display of gay clothing; affected in manners.

Syn. — Finical; spruce; dandyish. See Finical.

— Fop”pish*ly, adv. — Fop”pish*ness, n.

For- (&?;). [AS. for-; akin to D. & G. ver- , OHG. fir, Icel. for, Goth. fra, cf. Skr. parā away, Gr. &?; beside, and E. far, adj. Cf. Fret to rub.] A prefix to verbs, having usually the force of a negative or privative. It often implies also loss, detriment, or destruction, and sometimes it is intensive, meaning utterly, quite thoroughly, as in forbathe.

For (?), prep. [AS. for, fore; akin to OS. for, fora, furi, D. voor, OHG. fora, G. vor, OHG. furi, G. für, Icel. fyrir, Sw. för, Dan. for, adv. för, Goth. faúr, faúra, L. pro, Gr. &?;, Skr. pra. √ 202. Cf. Fore, First, Foremost, Forth, Pro.] In the most general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view of, or with reference to, which anything is done or takes place.

1. Indicating the antecedent cause or occasion of an action; the motive or inducement accompanying and prompting to an act or state; the reason of anything; that on account of which a thing is or is done.

With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath.

Shak.

How to choose dogs for scent or speed.

Waller.

Now, for so many glorious actions done,
For peace at home, and for the public wealth,
I mean to crown a bowl for Cæsar’s health.

Dryden.

That which we, for our unworthiness, are afraid to crave, our prayer is, that God, for the worthiness of his Son, would, notwithstanding, vouchsafe to grant.

Hooker.

2. Indicating the remoter and indirect object of an act; the end or final cause with reference to which anything is, acts, serves, or is done.

The oak for nothing ill,
The osier good for twigs, the poplar for the mill.

Spenser.

It was young counsel for the persons, and violent counsel for the matters.

Bacon.

Shall I think the worls was made for one,
And men are born for kings, as beasts for men,
Not for protection, but to be devoured?

Dryden.

For he writes not for money, nor for praise.

Denham.

3. Indicating that in favor of which, or in promoting which, anything is, or is done; hence, in behalf of; in favor of; on the side of; — opposed to against.

We can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth.

2 Cor. xiii. 8.

It is for the general good of human society, and consequently of particular persons, to be true and just; and it is for men’s health to be temperate.

Tillotson.

Aristotle is for poetical justice.

Dennis.

4. Indicating that toward which the action of anything is directed, or the point toward which motion is made; &?;ntending to go to.

We sailed from Peru for China and Japan.

Bacon.

5. Indicating that on place of or instead of which anything acts or serves, or that to which a substitute, an equivalent, a compensation, or the like, is offered or made; instead of, or place of.

And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Ex. xxi. 23, 24.

6. Indicating that in the character of or as being which anything is regarded or treated; to be, or as being.

We take a falling meteor for a star.

Cowley.

If a man can be fully assured of anything for a truth, without having examined, what is there that he may not embrace for tru&?;?

Locke.

Most of our ingenious young men take up some cried- up English poet for their model.

Dryden.

But let her go for an ungrateful woman.

Philips.

7. Indicating that instead of which something else controls in the performing of an action, or that in spite of which anything is done, occurs, or is; hence, equivalent to notwithstanding, in spite of; — generally followed by all, aught, anything, etc.

The writer will do what she please for all me.

Spectator.

God’s desertion shall, for aught he knows, the next minute supervene.

Dr. H. More.

For anything that legally appears to the contrary, it may be a contrivance to fright us.

Swift.

8. Indicating the space or time through which an action or state extends; hence, during; in or through the space or time of.

For many miles about
There ‘s scarce a bush.

Shak.

Since, hired for life, thy servile muse sing.

prior.

To guide the sun’s bright chariot for a day.

Garth.

9. Indicating that in prevention of which, or through fear of which, anything is done. [Obs.]

We ‘ll have a bib, for spoiling of thy doublet.

Beau. & Fl.

For, or As for, so far as concerns; as regards; with reference to; — used parenthetically or independently. See under As.

As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.

Josh. xxiv. 15.

For me, my stormy voyage at an end,
I to the port of death securely tend.

Dryden.

— For all that, notwithstanding; in spite of. — For all the world, wholly; exactly. “Whose posy was, for all the world, like cutlers’ poetry.” Shak. — For as much as, or Forasmuch as, in consideration that; seeing that; since. — For by. See Forby, adv. — For ever, eternally; at all times. See Forever. — For me, or For all me, as far as regards me. — For my life, or For the life of me, if my life depended on it. [Colloq.] T. Hook. — For that, For the reason that, because; since. [Obs.] “For that I love your daughter.” Shak. — For thy, or Forthy [AS. for&?;&?;.], for this; on this account. [Obs.] “Thomalin, have no care for thy.” Spenser. — For to, as sign of infinitive, in order to; to the end of. [Obs., except as sometimes heard in illiterate speech.] — “What went ye out for to see?” Luke vii. 25. See To, prep., 4. — O for, would that I had; may there be granted; — elliptically expressing desire or prayer. “O for a muse of fire.” Shak. — Were it not for, or If it were not for, leaving out of account; but for the presence or action of. “Moral consideration can no way move the sensible appetite, were it not for the will.” Sir M. Hale.

For (?), conj. 1. Because; by reason that; for that; indicating, in Old English, the reason of anything.

And for of long that way had walkéd none,
The vault was hid with plants and bushes hoar.

Fairfax.

And Heaven defend your good souls, that you think
I will your serious and great business scant,
For she with me.

Shak.

2. Since; because; introducing a reason of something before advanced, a cause, motive, explanation, justification, or the like, of an action related or a statement made. It is logically nearly equivalent to since, or because, but connects less closely, and is sometimes used as a very general introduction to something suggested by what has gone before.

Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good; for his mercy endureth forever.

Ps. cxxxvi. 1.

Heaven doth with us as we with torches do,
Not light them for themselves; for if our virtues
Did not go forth of us, ‘t were all alike
As if we had them not.

Shak.

For because, because. [Obs.] “Nor for because they set less store by their own citizens.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). — For why. (a) Why; for that reason; wherefore. [Obs.] (b) Because. [Obs.] See Forwhy.

Syn. — See Because.

For, n. One who takes, or that which is said on, the affrimative side; that which is said in favor of some one or something; — the antithesis of against, and commonly used in connection with it.

The fors and against. those in favor and those opposed; the pros and the cons; the advantages and the disadvantages. Jane Austen.

For”age (?; 48), n. [OF. fourage, F. fourrage, fr. forre, fuerre, fodder, straw, F. feurre, fr. LL. foderum, fodrum, of German or Scand, origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, G. futter. See Fodder food, and cf. Foray.] 1. The act of foraging; search for provisions, etc.

He [the lion] from forage will incline to play.

Shak.

One way a band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine.

Milton.

Mawhood completed his forage unmolested.

Marshall.

2. Food of any kind for animals, especially for horses and cattle, as grass, pasture, hay, corn, oats. Dryden.

Forage cap. See under Cap. — Forage master (Mil.), a person charged with providing forage and the means of transporting it. Farrow.

For”age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foraging (?).] To wander or rove in search of food; to collect food, esp. forage, for horses and cattle by feeding on or stripping the country; to ravage; to feed on spoil.

His most mighty father on a hill
Stood smiling to behold his lion’s whelp
Forage in blood of French nobility.

Shak.

Foraging ant (Zoöl.), one of several species of ants of the genus Eciton, very abundant in tropical America, remarkable for marching in vast armies in search of food. — Foraging cap, a forage cap. — Foraging party, a party sent out after forage.

For”age (?), v. t. To strip of provisions; to supply with forage; as, to forage steeds. Pope.

For”a*ger (?), n. One who forages.

For”a*lite (?), n. [L. forare to bore + -lite.] (Geol.) A tubelike marking, occuring in sandstone and other strata.

||Fo*ra”men (?), n.; pl. L. Foramina (#), E. Foramines (#). [L., fr. forare to bore, pierce.] A small opening, perforation, or orifice; a fenestra.

Foramen of Monro (Anat.), the opening from each lateral into the third ventricle of the brain. — Foramen of Winslow (Anat.), the opening connecting the sac of the omentum with the general cavity of the peritoneum.

Fo*ram”i*na`ted (?), a. [L. foraminatus.] Having small opening, or foramina.

For`a*min”i*fer (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Foraminifera.

||Fo*ram`i*nif”e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. foramen, -aminis, a foramen + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of rhizopods which generally have a chambered calcareous shell formed by several united zooids. Many of them have perforated walls, whence the name. Some species are covered with sand. See Rhizophoda.

Fo*ram`i*nif”er*ous (?), a. 1. Having small openings, or foramina.

2. Pertaining to, or composed of, Foraminifera; as, foraminiferous mud.

Fo*ram”i*nous (?), a. [L. foraminosus.] Having foramina; full of holes; porous. Bacon.

For`as*much” (?), conj. In consideration that; seeing that; since; because that; — followed by as. See under For, prep.

For”ay (f&obreve;r”&asl; or f&osl;*rā”; 277), n. [Another form of forahe. Cf. Forray.] A sudden or irregular incursion in border warfare; hence, any irregular incursion for war or spoils; a raid. Spenser.

The huge Earl Doorm, . . .
Bound on a foray, rolling eyes of prey.

Tennyson.

For”ay, v. t. To pillage; to ravage.

He might foray our lands.

Sir W. Scott.

For”ay*er (? or ?), n. One who makes or joins in a foray.

They might not choose the lowland road,
For the Merse forayers were abroad.

Sir W. Scott.

For*bade” (?), imp. of Forbid.

For*bathe”, v. t. To bathe. [Obs.]

For*bear” (f&obreve;r*bâr”), n. [See Fore, and Bear to produce.] An ancestor; a forefather; — usually in the plural. [Scot.] “Your forbears of old.” Sir W. Scott.

For*bear” (f&obreve;r*bâr”), v. i. [imp. Forbore (?) (Forbare (&?;), [Obs.]); p. p. Forborne (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forbearing.] [OE. forberen, AS. forberan; pref. for- + beran to bear. See Bear to support.] 1. To refrain from proceeding; to pause; to delay.

Shall I go against Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I forbear?

1 Kings xxii. 6.

2. To refuse; to decline; to give no heed.

Thou shalt speak my words unto them, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear.

Ezek. ii. 7.

3. To control one’s self when provoked.

The kindest and the happiest pair
Will find occasion to forbear.

Cowper.

Both bear and forbear.

Old Proverb.

For*bear”, v. t. 1. To keep away from; to avoid; to abstain from; to give up; as, to forbear the use of a word of doubtful propriety.

But let me that plunder forbear.

Shenstone.

The King
In open battle or the tilting field
Forbore his own advantage.

Tennyson.

2. To treat with consideration or indulgence.

Forbearing one another in love.

Eph. iv. 2.

3. To cease from bearing. [Obs.]

Whenas my womb her burden would forbear.

Spenser.

For*bear”ance (?), n. The act of forbearing or waiting; the exercise of patience.

He soon shall find
Forbearance no acquittance ere day end.

Milton.

2. The quality of being forbearing; indulgence toward offenders or enemies; long-suffering.

Have a continent forbearance, till the speed of his rage goes slower.

Shak.

Syn. — Abstinence; refraining; lenity; mildness.

For*bear”ant (?), a. Forbearing. [R.] Carlyle.

For*bear”er (?), n. One who forbears. Tusser.

For*bear”ing, a. Disposed or accustomed to forbear; patient; long-suffering. — For*bear”ing*ly, adv.

For*bid” (f&obreve;r*b&ibreve;d”), v. t. [imp. Forbade (-băd”); p. p. Forbidden (b&ibreve;d”d’n) (Forbid, [Obs.]); p. pr. & vb. n. Forbidding (?).] [OE. forbeden, AS. forbeódan; pref. for + beódan to bid; akin to D. verbieden, G. verbieten, Icel. fyrirbjōða, forboða, Sw. förbjuda, Dan. forbyde. See Bid, v. t.] 1. To command against, or contrary to; to prohibit; to interdict.

More than I have said . . .
The leisure and enforcement of the time
Forbids to dwell upon.

Shak.

2. To deny, exclude from, or warn off, by express command; to command not to enter.

Have I not forbid her my house?

Shak.

3. To oppose, hinder, or prevent, as if by an effectual command; as, an impassable river forbids the approach of the army.

A blaze of glory that forbids the sight.

Dryden.

4. To accurse; to blast. [Obs.]

He shall live a man forbid.

Shak.

5. To defy; to challenge. [Obs.] L. Andrews.

Syn. — To prohibit; interdict; hinder; preclude; withhold; restrain; prevent. See Prohibit.

For*bid” (?), v. i. To utter a prohibition; to prevent; to hinder. “I did not or forbid.” Milton.

For*bid”dance (?), n. The act of forbidding; prohibition; command or edict against a thing. [Obs.]

How hast thou yield to transgress
The strict forbiddance.

Milton.

For*bid”den (?), a. Prohibited; interdicted.

I know no spells, use no forbidden arts.

Milton.

Forbidden fruit. (a) Any coveted unlawful pleasure, — so called with reference to the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden. (b) (Bot.) A small variety of shaddock (Citrus decumana). The name is given in different places to several varieties of Citrus fruits.

For*bid”den*ly, adv. In a forbidden or unlawful manner. Shak.

For*bid”der (?), n. One who forbids. Milton.

For*bid”ding (?), a. Repelling approach; repulsive; raising abhorrence, aversion, or dislike; disagreeable; prohibiting or interdicting; as, a forbidding aspect; a forbidding formality; a forbidding air.

Syn. — Disagreeable; unpleasant; displeasing; offensive; repulsive; odious; abhorrent.

— For*bid”ding*ly, adv. — For*bid”ding*ness, n.

For*black” (?), a. Very black. [Obs.]

As any raven’s feathers it shone forblack.

Chaucer.

For*bo”den (?), obs. p. p. of Forbid. Chaucer.

For*bore” (?), imp. of Forbear.

For*borne” (?), p. p. of Forbear.

For*bruise” (?), v. t. To bruise sorely or exceedingly. [Obs.]

All forbrosed, both back and side.

Chaucer.

For*by” (?), adv. & prep. [See Foreby.] Near; hard by; along; past. [Obs.]

To tell her if her child went ought forby.

Chaucer.

To the intent that ships may pass along forby all the sides of the city without let.

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

For*carve” (?), v. t. To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Force (?), v. t. [See Farce to stuff.] To stuff; to lard; to farce. [R.]

Wit larded with malice, and malice forced with wit.

Shak.

Force, n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fors, foss, Dan. fos.] A waterfall; a cascade. [Prov. Eng.]

To see the falls for force of the river Kent.

T. Gray.

Force, n. [F. force, LL. forcia, fortia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, n.] 1. Strength or energy of body or mind; active power; vigor; might; often, an unusual degree of strength or energy; capacity of exercising an influence or producing an effect; especially, power to persuade, or convince, or impose obligation; pertinency; validity; special signification; as, the force of an appeal, an argument, a contract, or a term.

He was, in the full force of the words, a good man.

Macaulay.

2. Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion.

Which now they hold by force, and not by right.

Shak.

3. Strength or power for war; hence, a body of land or naval combatants, with their appurtenances, ready for action; — an armament; troops; warlike array; — often in the plural; hence, a body of men prepared for action in other ways; as, the laboring force of a plantation.

Is Lucius general of the forces?

Shak.

4. (Law) (a) Strength or power exercised without law, or contrary to law, upon persons or things; violence. (b) Validity; efficacy. Burrill.

5. (Physics) Any action between two bodies which changes, or tends to change, their relative condition as to rest or motion; or, more generally, which changes, or tends to change, any physical relation between them, whether mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic, or of any other kind; as, the force of gravity; cohesive force; centrifugal force.

Animal force (Physiol.), muscular force or energy. — Catabiotic force [Gr. &?; down (intens.) + &?; life.] (Biol.), the influence exerted by living structures on adjoining cells, by which the latter are developed in harmony with the primary structures. — Centrifugal force, Centripetal force, Coercive force, etc. See under Centrifugal, Centripetal, etc. — Composition of forces, Correlation of forces, etc. See under Composition, Correlation, etc. — Force and arms [trans. of L. vi et armis] (Law), an expression in old indictments, signifying violence. — In force, or Of force, of unimpaired efficacy; valid; of full virtue; not suspended or reversed. “A testament is of force after men are dead.” Heb. ix. 17. — Metabolic force (Physiol.), the influence which causes and controls the metabolism of the body. — No force, no matter of urgency or consequence; no account; hence, to do no force, to make no account of; not to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Of force, of necessity; unavoidably; imperatively. “Good reasons must, of force, give place to better.” Shak. — Plastic force (Physiol.), the force which presumably acts in the growth and repair of the tissues. — Vital force (Physiol.), that force or power which is inherent in organization; that form of energy which is the cause of the vital phenomena of the body, as distinguished from the physical forces generally known.

Syn. — Strength; vigor; might; energy; stress; vehemence; violence; compulsion; coaction; constraint; coercion. — Force, Strength. Strength looks rather to power as an inward capability or energy. Thus we speak of the strength of timber, bodily strength, mental strength, strength of emotion, etc. Force, on the other hand, looks more to the outward; as, the force of gravitation, force of circumstances, force of habit, etc. We do, indeed, speak of strength of will and force of will; but even here the former may lean toward the internal tenacity of purpose, and the latter toward the outward expression of it in action. But, though the two words do in a few cases touch thus closely on each other, there is, on the whole, a marked distinction in our use of force and strength. “Force is the name given, in mechanical science, to whatever produces, or can produce, motion.” Nichol.

Thy tears are of no force to mollify
This flinty man.

Heywood.

More huge in strength than wise in works he was.

Spenser.

Adam and first matron Eve
Had ended now their orisons, and found
Strength added from above, new hope to spring
Out of despair.

Milton.

Force (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forcing (?).] [OF. forcier, F. forcer, fr. LL. forciare, fortiare. See Force, n.] 1. To constrain to do or to forbear, by the exertion of a power not resistible; to compel by physical, moral, or intellectual means; to coerce; as, masters force slaves to labor.

2. To compel, as by strength of evidence; as, to force conviction on the mind.

3. To do violence to; to overpower, or to compel by violence to one’s will; especially, to ravish; to violate; to commit rape upon.

To force their monarch and insult the court.

Dryden.

I should have forced thee soon wish other arms.

Milton.

To force a spotless virgin’s chastity.

Shak.

4. To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress.

5. To impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., by main strength or violence; — with a following adverb, as along, away, from, into, through, out, etc.

It stuck so fast, so deeply buried lay
That scarce the victor forced the steel away.

Dryden.

To force the tyrant from his seat by war.

Sahk.

Ethelbert ordered that none should be forced into religion.

Fuller.

6. To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce. [Obs.]

What can the church force more?

J. Webster.

7. To exert to the utmost; to urge; hence, to strain; to urge to excessive, unnatural, or untimely action; to produce by unnatural effort; as, to force a conceit or metaphor; to force a laugh; to force fruits.

High on a mounting wave my head I bore,
Forcing my strength, and gathering to the shore.

Dryden.

8. (Whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit of which he has none.

9. To provide with forces; to reënforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison. [Obs.] Shak.

10. To allow the force of; to value; to care for. [Obs.]

For me, I force not argument a straw.

Shak.

Syn. — To compel; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce; drive; press; impel.

Force, v. i. [Obs. in all the senses.] 1. To use violence; to make violent effort; to strive; to endeavor.

Forcing with gifts to win his wanton heart.

Spenser.

2. To make a difficult matter of anything; to labor; to hesitate; hence, to force of, to make much account of; to regard.

Your oath once broke, you force not to forswear.

Shak.

I force not of such fooleries.

Camden.

3. To be of force, importance, or weight; to matter.

It is not sufficient to have attained the name and dignity of a shepherd, not forcing how.

Udall.

Forced (?), a. Done or produced with force or great labor, or by extraordinary exertion; hurried; strained; produced by unnatural effort or pressure; as, a forced style; a forced laugh.

Forced draught. See under Draught. — Forced march (Mil.), a march of one or more days made with all possible speed.

— For”ced*ly (#), adv. — For”ced*ness, n.

Force”ful (?), a. Full of or processing force; exerting force; mighty. — Force”ful*ly, adv.

Against the steed he threw
His forceful spear.

Dryden.

Force”less, a. Having little or no force; feeble.

These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me.

Shak.

Force”meat` (?), n. [Corrupt. for farce-meat, fr. F. farce stuffing. See Farce, n.] (Cookery) Meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, either served up alone, or used as a stuffing. [Written also forced meat.]

Force”ment (?), n. The act of forcing; compulsion. [Obs.]

It was imposed upon us by constraint;
And will you count such forcement treachery?

J. Webster.

For”ceps (?), n. [L. forceps, -cipis, from the root of formus Hot + capere to take; akin to E. heave. Cf. Furnace.] 1. A pair of pinchers, or tongs; an instrument for grasping, holding firmly, or exerting traction upon, bodies which it would be inconvenient or impracticable to seize with the fingers, especially one for delicate operations, as those of watchmakers, surgeons, accoucheurs, dentists, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) The caudal forceps- shaped appendage of earwigs and some other insects. See Earwig.

Dressing forceps. See under Dressing.

Force” pump` (?). (Mach.) (a) A pump having a solid piston, or plunger, for drawing and forcing a liquid, as water, through the valves; in distinction from a pump having a bucket, or valved piston. (b) A pump adapted for delivering water at a considerable height above the pump, or under a considerable pressure; in distinction from one which lifts the water only to the top of the pump or delivers it through a spout. See Illust. of Plunger pump, under Plunger.

For”cer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, forces or drives.

2. (Mech.) (a) The solid piston of a force pump; the instrument by which water is forced in a pump. (b) A small hand pump for sinking pits, draining cellars, etc.

For”ci*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. forcible forcible, forceable that may be forced.] 1. Possessing force; characterized by force, efficiency, or energy; powerful; efficacious; impressive; influential.

How forcible are right words!

Job. vi. 2&?;.

Sweet smells are most forcible in dry substances, when broken.

Bacon.

But I have reasons strong and forcible.

Shak.

That punishment which hath been sometimes forcible to bridle sin.

Hooker.

He is at once elegant and sublime, forcible and ornamented.

Lowth (Transl. )

2. Violent; impetuous.

Like mingled streams, more forcible when joined.

Prior.

3. Using force against opposition or resistance; obtained by compulsion; effected by force; as, forcible entry or abduction.

In embraces of King James . . . forcible and unjust.

Swift.

Forcible entry and detainer (Law), the entering upon and taking and withholding of land and tenements by actual force and violence, and with a strong hand, to the hindrance of the person having the right to enter.

Syn. — Violent; powerful; strong; energetic; mighty; potent; weighty; impressive; cogent; influential.

For”ci*ble-fee`ble (?), a. [From Feeble, a character in the Second Part of Shakespeare’s “King Henry IV.,” to whom Falstaff derisively applies the epithet “forcible.”] Seemingly vigorous, but really weak or insipid.

He [Prof. Ayton] would purge his book of much offensive matter, if he struck out epithets which are in the bad taste of the forcible-feeble school.

N. Brit. Review.

For”ci*ble*ness, n. The quality of being forcible.

For”ci*bly, adv. In a forcible manner.

For”cing (?), n. 1. The accomplishing of any purpose violently, precipitately, prematurely, or with unusual expedition.

2. (Gardening) The art of raising plants, flowers, and fruits at an earlier season than the natural one, as in a hitbed or by the use of artificial heat.

Forcing bed or pit, a plant bed having an under layer of fermenting manure, the fermentation yielding bottom heat for forcing plants; a hotbed. — Forcing engine, a fire engine. — Forcing fit (Mech.), a tight fit, as of one part into a hole in another part, which makes it necessary to use considerable force in putting the two parts together. — Forcing house, a greenhouse for the forcing of plants, fruit trees, etc. — Forcing machine, a powerful press for putting together or separating two parts that are fitted tightly one into another, as for forcing a crank on a shaft, or for drawing off a car wheel from the axle. — Forcing pump. See Force pump (b).

For”ci*pal (?), a. Forked or branched like a pair of forceps; constructed so as to open and shut like a pair of forceps. Sir T. Browne.

{ For”ci*pate (?), For”ci*pa`ted (?) }, a. Like a pair of forceps; as, a forcipated mouth.

For`ci*pa”tion (?), n. Torture by pinching with forceps or pinchers. Bacon.

For*cut” (?), v. t. To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ford (fōrd), n. [AS. ford; akin to G. furt, Icel. fjörðr bay, and to E. fare. √ 78. See Fare, v. i., and cf. Frith arm of the sea.] 1. A place in a river, or other water, where it may be passed by man or beast on foot, by wading.

He swam the Esk river where ford there was none.

Sir W. Scott.

2. A stream; a current.

With water of the ford
Or of the clouds.

Spenser.

Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford.

Dryden.

Ford, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fording.] To pass or cross, as a river or other water, by wading; to wade through.

His last section, which is no deep one, remains only to be forted.

Milton.

Ford”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being forded. — Ford”a*ble*ness, n.

Ford”less, a. Without a ford.

A deep and fordless river.

Mallock.

For*do” (?), v. t. [OE. fordon, AS. ford&?;n; pref. for- + d&?;n to do. See For-, and Do, v. i.] 1. To destroy; to undo; to ruin. [Obs.]

This is the night
That either makes me or fordoes me quite.

Shak.

2. To overcome with fatigue; to exhaust. M. Arnold.

All with weary task fordone.

Shak.

For*done” (?), a. [See Fordo.] Undone; ruined. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*drive” (?), v. t. To drive about; to drive here and there. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

For*drunk”en (?), a. Utterly drunk; very drunk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*dry” (?), a. Entirely dry; withered. [Obs.] “A tree fordry.” Chaucer.

For*dwine” (?), v. i. To dwindle away; to disappear. [Obs.] Rom of R.

Fore, n. [AS. f&?;r, fr. faran to go. See Fare, v. i.] Journey; way; method of proceeding. [Obs.] “Follow him and his fore.” Chaucer.

Fore, adv. [AS. fore, adv. & prep., another form of for. See For, and cf. Former, Foremost.] 1. In the part that precedes or goes first; — opposed to aft, after, back, behind, etc.

2. Formerly; previously; afore. [Obs. or Colloq.]

The eyes, fore duteous, now converted are.

Shak.

3. (Naut.) In or towards the bows of a ship.

Fore and aft (Naut.), from stem to stern; lengthwise of the vessel; — in distinction from athwart. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Fore-and-aft rigged (Naut.), not rigged with square sails attached to yards, but with sails bent to gaffs or set on stays in the midship line of the vessel. See Schooner, Sloop, Cutter.

Fore (?), a. [See Fore, adv.] Advanced, as compared with something else; toward the front; being or coming first, in time, place, order, or importance; preceding; anterior; antecedent; earlier; forward; — opposed to back or behind; as, the fore part of a garment; the fore part of the day; the fore and of a wagon.

The free will of the subject is preserved, while it is directed by the fore purpose of the state.

Southey.

&fist; Fore is much used adjectively or in composition.

Fore bay, a reservoir or canal between a mill race and a water wheel; the discharging end of a pond or mill race. — Fore body (Shipbuilding), the part of a ship forward of the largest cross-section, distinguished from middle body and after body. — Fore boot, a receptacle in the front of a vehicle, for stowing baggage, etc. — Fore bow, the pommel of a saddle. Knight. — Fore cabin, a cabin in the fore part of a ship, usually with inferior accommodations. — Fore carriage. (a) The forward part of the running gear of a four-wheeled vehicle. (b) A small carriage at the front end of a plow beam. — Fore course (Naut.), the lowermost sail on the foremost of a square-rigged vessel; the foresail. See Illust. under Sail. — Fore door. Same as Front door. — Fore edge, the front edge of a book or folded sheet, etc. — Fore elder, an ancestor. [Prov. Eng.] — Fore end. (a) The end which precedes; the earlier, or the nearer, part; the beginning.

I have . . . paid
More pious debts to heaven, than in all
The fore end of my time.

Shak.

(b) In firearms, the wooden stock under the barrel, forward of the trigger guard, or breech frame. — Fore girth, a girth for the fore part (of a horse, etc.); a martingale. — Fore hammer, a sledge hammer, working alternately, or in time, with the hand hammer. — Fore leg, one of the front legs of a quadruped, or multiped, or of a chair, settee, etc. — Fore peak (Naut.), the angle within a ship’s bows; the portion of the hold which is farthest forward. — Fore piece, a front piece, as the flap in the fore part of a sidesaddle, to guard the rider’s dress. — Fore plane, a carpenter’s plane, in size and use between a jack plane and a smoothing plane. Knight. — Fore reading, previous perusal. [Obs.] Hales. — Fore rent, in Scotland, rent payable before a crop is gathered. — Fore sheets (Naut.), the forward portion of a rowboat; the space beyond the front thwart. See Stern sheets. — Fore shore. (a) A bank in advance of a sea wall, to break the force of the surf. (b) The seaward projecting, slightly inclined portion of a breakwater. Knight. (c) The part of the shore between high and low water marks. — Fore sight, that one of the two sights of a gun which is near the muzzle. — Fore tackle (Naut.), the tackle on the foremast of a ship. — Fore topmast. (Naut.) See Fore-topmast, in the Vocabulary. – - Fore wind, a favorable wind. [Obs.]

Sailed on smooth seas, by fore winds borne.

Sandys.

— Fore world, the antediluvian world. [R.] Southey.

Fore, n. The front; hence, that which is in front; the future.

At the fore (Naut.), at the fore royal masthead; — said of a flag, so raised as a signal for sailing, etc. — To the fore. (a) In advance; to the front; to a prominent position; in plain sight; in readiness for use. (b) In existence; alive; not worn out, lost, or spent, as money, etc. [Irish] “While I am to the fore.” W. Collins. “How many captains in the regiment had two thousand pounds to the fore?” Thackeray.

Fore, prep. Before; — sometimes written ‘fore as if a contraction of afore or before. [Obs.]

Fore`ad*mon”ish (?), v. t. To admonish beforehand, or before the act or event. Bp. Hall.

Fore`ad*vise” (?), v. t. To advise or counsel before the time of action, or before the event. Shak.

Fore`al*lege” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forealleged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forealleging (?).] To allege or cite before. Fotherby.

Fore`ap*point” (?), v. t. To set, order, or appoint, beforehand. Sherwood.

Fore`ap*point”ment (?), n. Previous appointment; preordinantion. Sherwood.

Fore*arm” (?), v. t. To arm or prepare for attack or resistance before the time of need. South.

Fore”arm` (?), n. (Anat.) That part of the arm or fore limb between the elbow and wrist; the antibrachium.

Fore”beam` (?), n. The breast beam of a loom.

Fore*bear” (?), n. An ancestor. See Forbear.

Fore*bode” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreboded; p. pr. & vb. n. Foreboding.] [AS. forebodian; fore + bodian to announce. See Bode v. t.] 1. To foretell.

2. To be prescient of (some ill or misfortune); to have an inward conviction of, as of a calamity which is about to happen; to augur despondingly.

His heart forebodes a mystery.

Tennyson.

Sullen, desponding, and foreboding nothing but wars and desolation, as the certain consequence of Cæsar’s death.

Middleton.

I have a sort of foreboding about him.

H. James.

Syn. — To foretell; predict; prognosticate; augur; presage; portend; betoken.

Fore*bode”, v. i. To foretell; to presage; to augur.

If I forebode aright.

Hawthorne.

Fore*bode”, n. Prognostication; presage. [Obs.]

Fore*bode”ment (?), n. The act of foreboding; the thing foreboded.

Fore*bod”er (?), n. One who forebodes.

Fore*bod”ing, n. Presage of coming ill; expectation of misfortune.

Fore*bod”ing*ly, adv. In a foreboding manner.

Fore”brace` (?), n. (Naut.) A rope applied to the fore yardarm, to change the position of the foresail.

Fore”brain` (?), n. (Anat.) The anterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the prosencephalon and thalamencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the prosencephalon only. See Brain.

Fore*by” (?), prep. [Fore + by.] Near; hard by; along; past. See Forby. Spenser.

Fore*cast” (?), v. t. 1. To plan beforehand; to scheme; to project.

He shall forecast his devices against the strongholds.

Dan. xi. 24.

2. To foresee; to calculate beforehand, so as to provide for.

It is wisdom to consider the end of things before we embark, and to forecast consequences.

L’Estrange.

Fore*cast”, v. i. To contrive or plan beforehand.

If it happen as I did forecast.

Milton.

Fore”cast (?), n. Previous contrivance or determination; predetermination.

He makes this difference to arise from the forecast and predetermination of the gods themselves.

Addison.

2. Foresight of consequences, and provision against them; prevision; premeditation.

His calm, deliberate forecast better fitted him for the council than the camp.

Prescott.

Fore*cast”er (?), n. One who forecast. Johnson.

Fore”cas`tle (?; sailors say &?;), n. (Naut.) (a) A short upper deck forward, formerly raised like a castle, to command an enemy’s decks. (b) That part of the upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the after part of the fore channels. (c) In merchant vessels, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, where the sailors live.

Fore`cho”sen (?), a. Chosen beforehand.

Fore”cit`ed (?), a. Cited or quoted before or above. Arbuthnot.

Fore*close” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreclosed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foreclosing (?).] [F. forclos, p. p. of forclore to exclude; OF. fors, F. hors, except, outside (fr. L. foris outside) + F. clore to close. See Foreign, and Close, v. t.] To shut up or out; to preclude; to stop; to prevent; to bar; to exclude.

The embargo with Spain foreclosed this trade.

Carew.

To foreclose a mortgager (Law), to cut him off by a judgment of court from the power of redeeming the mortgaged premises, termed his equity of redemption. — To foreclose a mortgage, (not technically correct, but often used to signify) the obtaining a judgment for the payment of an overdue mortgage, and the exposure of the mortgaged property to sale to meet the mortgage debt. Wharton.

Fore*clo”sure (?; 135), n. The act or process of foreclosing; a proceeding which bars or extinguishes a mortgager’s right of redeeming a mortgaged estate.

Fore`con*ceive” (?), v. t. To preconceive; to imagine beforehand. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fore*date” (?), v. t. To date before the true time; to antedate.

Fore”deck` (?), n. (Naut.) The fore part of a deck, or of a ship.

Fore*deem” (?), v. t. To recognize or judge in advance; to forebode. [Obs.] Udall.

Laugh at your misery, as foredeeming you
An idle meteor.

J. Webster.

Fore*deem”, v. i. [Cf. Foredoom.] To know or discover beforehand; to foretell. [Obs.]

Which [maid] could guess and foredeem of things past, present, and to come.

Genevan Test.

Fore`de*sign” (? or ?), v. t. To plan beforehand; to intend previously. Cheyne.

Fore`de*ter”mine (?), v. t. To determine or decree beforehand. Bp. Hopkins.

Fore`dis*pose” (?), v. t. To bestow beforehand. [R.]

King James had by promise foredisposed the place on the Bishop of Meath.

Fuller.

Fore*doom” (?), v. t. [Cf. Foredeem.] To doom beforehand; to predestinate.

Thou art foredoomed to view the Stygian state.

Dryden.

Fore”doom` (?), n. Doom or sentence decreed in advance. “A dread foredoom ringing in the ears of the guilty adult.” Southey.

Fore”fa`ther (?; 277), n. One who precedes another in the line of genealogy in any degree, but usually in a remote degree; an ancestor.

Respecting your forefathers, you would have been taught to respect yourselves.

Burke.

Forefathers’ Day, the anniversary of the day (December 21) on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620). On account of a mistake in reckoning the change from Old Style to New Style, it has generally been celebrated on the 22d.

Fore*feel” (?), v. t. To feel beforehand; to have a presentiment of. [Obs.]

As when, with unwieldy waves, the great sea forefeels winds.

Chapman.

Fore`fence” (?), n. Defense in front. [Obs.]

Fore*fend” (?), v. t. [OE. forfenden; pref. for- + fenden to fend. See Fend, v. t.] To hinder; to fend off; to avert; to prevent the approach of; to forbid or prohibit. See Forfend.

God forefend it should ever be recorded in our history.

Landor.

It would be a far better work . . . to forefend the cruelty.

I. Taylor.

Fore”fin`ger (?), n. The finger next to the thumb; the index.

Fore*flow” (?), v. t. To flow before. [Obs.]

Fore”foot` (?), n. 1. One of the anterior feet of a quadruped or multiped; — usually written fore foot.

2. (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end, connecting it with the lower end of the stem.

Fore”front` (?), n. Foremost part or place.

Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle.

2 Sam. xi. 15.

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, standing in the forefront for all time, the masters of those who know.

J. C. Shairp.

Fore”game` (?), n. A first game; first plan. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Fore”gang`er (?), n. [Prop., a goer before cf. G. voregänger. See Fore, and Gang.] (Naut.) A short rope grafted on a harpoon, to which a longer line may be attached. Totten.

Fore*gath”er (?), v. i. Same as Forgather.

Fore”gift` (?), n. (Law) A premium paid by a lessee when taking his lease.

Fore”gleam` (?), n. An antecedent or premonitory gleam; a dawning light.

The foregleams of wisdom.

Whittier.

Fore*go” (?), v. t. [imp. Forewent 2; p. p. Foregone (?; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Foregoing.] [See Forgo.] 1. To quit; to relinquish; to leave.

Stay at the third cup, or forego the place.

Herbert.

2. To relinquish the enjoyment or advantage of; to give up; to resign; to renounce; — said of a thing already enjoyed, or of one within reach, or anticipated.

All my patrimony,,
If need be, I am ready to forego.

Milton.

Thy lovers must their promised heaven forego.

Keble.

[He] never forewent an opportunity of honest profit.

R. L. Stevenson.

&fist; Forgo is the better spelling etymologically, but the word has been confused with Forego, to go before.

Fore*go”, v. t. [AS. foregān; fore + gān to go; akin to G. vorgehen to go before, precede. See Go, v. i.] To go before; to precede; — used especially in the present and past participles.

Pleasing remembrance of a thought foregone.

Wordsworth.

For which the very mother’s face forewent
The mother’s special patience.

Mrs. Browning.

Foregone conclusion, one which has preceded argument or examination; one predetermined.

Fore*go”er (?), n. 1. One who goes before another; a predecessor; hence, an ancestor; a progenitor.

2. A purveyor of the king; — so called, formerly, from going before to provide for his household. [Obs.]

Fore*go”er, n. [Etymologically forgoer.] One who forbears to enjoy.

Fore”ground` (?), n. On a painting, and sometimes in a bas-relief, mosaic picture, or the like, that part of the scene represented, which is nearest to the spectator, and therefore occupies the lowest part of the work of art itself. Cf. Distance, n., 6.

Fore*guess” (?), v. t. To conjecture. [Obs.]

Fore”gut` (?), n. (Anat.) The anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct.

Fore”hand` (?), n. 1. All that part of a horse which is before the rider. Johnson.

2. The chief or most important part. Shak.

3. Superiority; advantage; start; precedence.

And, but for ceremony, such a wretch . . .
Had the forehand and vantage of a king.

Shak.

Fore”hand`, a. Done beforehand; anticipative.

And so extenuate the forehand sin.

Shak.

Fore”hand`ed, a. 1. Early; timely; seasonable. “Forehanded care.” Jer. Taylor.

2. Beforehand with one’s needs, or having resources in advance of one’s necessities; in easy circumstances; as, a forehanded farmer. [U.S.]

3. Formed in the forehand or fore parts.

A substantial, true-bred beast, bravely forehanded.

Dryden.

Fore”head (?; 277), n. 1. The front of that part of the head which incloses the brain; that part of the face above the eyes; the brow.

2. The aspect or countenance; assurance.

To look with forehead bold and big enough
Upon the power and puissance of the king.

Shak.

3. The front or fore part of anything.

Flames in the forehead of the morning sky.

Milton.

So rich advantage of a promised glory
As smiles upon the forehead of this action.

Shak.

Fore*hear” (?), v. i. & t. To hear beforehand.

Fore”hearth` (?), n. (Metal.) The forward extension of the hearth of a blast furnace under the tymp.

Fore*hend” (?), v. t. See Forhend. [Obs.]

Fore*hew” (?), v. t. To hew or cut in front. [Obs.] Sackville.

Fore”hold` (?), n. (Naut.) The forward part of the hold of a ship.

Fore*hold”ing (?), n. Ominous foreboding; superstitious prognostication. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Fore”hook` (?), n. (Naut.) A piece of timber placed across the stem, to unite the bows and strengthen the fore part of the ship; a breast hook.

For”eign (?), a. [OE. forein, F. forain, LL. foraneus, fr. L. foras, foris, out of doors, abroad, without; akin to fores doors, and E. door. See Door, and cf. Foreclose, Forfeit, Forest, Forum.] 1. Outside; extraneous; separated; alien; as, a foreign country; a foreign government. “Foreign worlds.” Milton.

2. Not native or belonging to a certain country; born in or belonging to another country, nation, sovereignty, or locality; as, a foreign language; foreign fruits. “Domestic and foreign writers.” Atterbury.

Hail, foreign wonder!
Whom certain these rough shades did never breed.

Milton.

3. Remote; distant; strange; not belonging; not connected; not pertaining or pertient; not appropriate; not harmonious; not agreeable; not congenial; — with to or from; as, foreign to the purpose; foreign to one’s nature.

This design is not foreign from some people’s thoughts.

Swift.

4. Held at a distance; excluded; exiled. [Obs.]

Kept him a foreign man still; which so grieved him,
That he ran mad and died.

Shak.

Foreign attachment (Law), a process by which the property of a foreign or absent debtor is attached for the satisfaction of a debt due from him to the plaintiff; an attachment of the goods, effects, or credits of a debtor in the hands of a third person; — called in some States trustee, in others factorizing, and in others garnishee process. Kent. Tomlins. Cowell. — Foreign bill, a bill drawn in one country, and payable in another, as distinguished from an inland bill, which is one drawn and payable in the same country. In this latter, as well as in several other points of view, the different States of the United States are foreign to each other. See Exchange, n., 4. Kent. Story. — Foreign body (Med.), a substance occurring in any part of the body where it does not belong, and usually introduced from without. – - Foreign office, that department of the government of Great Britain which has charge British interests in foreign countries.

Syn. — Outlandish; alien; exotic; remote; distant; extraneous; extrinsic.

For”eign*er (?), n. A person belonging to or owning allegiance to a foreign country; one not native in the country or jurisdiction under consideration, or not naturalized there; an alien; a stranger.

Joy is such a foreigner,
So mere a stranger to my thoughts.

Denham.

Nor could the majesty of the English crown appear in a greater luster, either to foreigners or subjects.

Swift.

For”eign*ism (?), n. Anything peculiar to a foreign language or people; a foreign idiom or custom.

It is a pity to see the technicalities of the so- called liberal professions distigured by foreignisms.

Fitzed. Hall.

For”eign*ness, n. The quality of being foreign; remoteness; want of relation or appropriateness.

Let not the foreignness of the subject hinder you from endeavoring to set me right.

Locke.

A foreignness of complexion.

G. Eliot.

For”ein (?), a. Foreign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fore*judge” (?), v. t. [Fore + judge.] To judge beforehand, or before hearing the facts and proof; to prejudge.

Fore*judge”, v. t. [For forjudge, fr. F. forjuger; OF. fors outside, except + F. juger to judge.] (O. Eng. Law) To expel from court for some offense or misconduct, as an attorney or officer; to deprive or put out of a thing by the judgment of a court. Burrill.

Fore*judg”er (?), n. (Eng. Law) A judgment by which one is deprived or put out of a right or thing in question.

Fore*judg”ment (?), n. Prejudgment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore*know” (?), v. t. [imp. Foreknew (?); p. p. Foreknown (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foreknowing.] To have previous knowledge of; to know beforehand.

Who would the miseries of man foreknow?

Dryden.

Fore*know”a*ble (?), a. That may be foreknown. Dr. H. More.

Fore*know”er (?), n. One who foreknows.

Fore*know”ing*ly, adv. With foreknowledge.

He who . . . foreknowingly loses his life.

Jer. Taylor.

Fore*knowl”edge (?), n. Knowledge of a thing before it happens, or of whatever is to happen; prescience.

If I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault.

Milton.

For”el (?), n. [OE. forelcase, sheath, OF. forel, fourel, F. fourreau, LL. forellus, fr. OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, akin to Goth. fōdr; prob. not the same word as E. fodder food. Cf. Fur, Fodder food.] A kind of parchment for book covers. See Forrill.

For”el, v. t. To bind with a forel. [R.] Fuller.

Fore”land` (?), n. 1. A promontory or cape; a headland; as, the North and South Foreland in Kent, England.

2. (Fort.) A piece of ground between the wall of a place and the moat. Farrow.

3. (Hydraul. Engin.) That portion of the natural shore on the outside of the embankment which receives the stock of waves and deadens their force. Knight.

Fore*lay” (?), v. t. 1. To lay down beforehand.

These grounds being forelaid and understood.

Mede.

2. To waylay. See Forlay. [Obs.]

Fore*lead”er (?), n. One who leads others by his example; a guide.

Fore*lend” (?), v. t. See Forlend. [Obs.]

As if that life to losse they had forelent.

Spenser.

Fore*let” (?), v. t. See Forlet. [Obs.] Holland.

Fore*lie” (?), v. i. To lie in front of. [Obs.]

Which forelay
Athwart her snowy breast.

Spenser.

Fore*lift” (?), v. t. To lift up in front. [Obs.]

Fore”lock` (?), n. 1. The lock of hair that grows from the forepart of the head.

2. (Mech.) A cotter or split pin, as in a slot in a bolt, to prevent retraction; a linchpin; a pin fastening the cap-square of a gun.

Forelock bolt, a bolt retained by a key, gib, or cotter passing through a slot. — Forelock hook (Rope Making), a winch or whirl by which a bunch of three yarns is twisted into a standard. Knight. — To take time, or occasion, by the forelock, to make prompt use of anything; not to let slip an opportunity.

Time is painted with a lock before and bald behind, signifying thereby that we must take time by the forelock; for when it is once past, there is no recalling it.

Swift.

On occasion’s forelock watchful wait.

Milton.

Fore*look” (?), v. i. To look beforehand or forward. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore”man (?), n.; pl. Foremen (&?;). The first or chief man; as: (a) The chief man of a jury, who acts as their speaker. (b) The chief of a set of hands employed in a shop, or on works of any kind, who superintends the rest; an overseer.

Fore”mast` (?), n. (Naut.) The mast nearest the bow.

Foremast hand or man (Naut.), a common sailor; also, a man stationed to attend to the gear of the foremast.

Fore*meant” (?), a. Intended beforehand; premeditated. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore”men`tioned (?), a. Mentioned before; already cited; aforementioned. Addison.

Fore”milk` (?), n. (Physiol.) The milk secreted just before, or directly after, the birth of a child or of the young of an animal; colostrum.

Fore”most` (?), a. [OE. formest first, AS. formest, fyrmest, superl. of forma first, which is a superl. fr. fore fore; cf. Goth. frumist, fruma, first. See Fore, adv., and cf. First, Former, Frame, v. t., Prime, a.] First in time or place; most advanced; chief in rank or dignity; as, the foremost troops of an army.

THat struck the foremost man of all this world.

Shak.

Fore”most`ly, adv. In the foremost place or order; among the foremost. J. Webster.

Fore”moth`er (?), n. A female ancestor.

Fore”name` (?), n. A name that precedes the family name or surname; a first name. Selden.

Fore”name`, v. t. To name or mention before. Shak.

Fore”named` (?), a. Named before; aforenamed.

Fore*nenst” (?), prep. [See Fore, and Anent.] Over against; opposite to. [Now dialectic]

The land forenenst the Greekish shore.

Fairfax.

Fore”-night` (?), n. The evening between twilight and bedtime. [Scot.]

Fore”noon” (?), n. The early part of the day, from morning to meridian, or noon.

Fore”no`tice (?), n. Notice or information of an event before it happens; forewarning. [R.] Rymer.

Fo*ren”sal (?), a. Forensic. [R.]

Fo*ren”sic (?), a. [L. forensis, fr. forum a public place, market place. See Forum.] Belonging to courts of judicature or to public discussion and debate; used in legal proceedings, or in public discussions; argumentative; rhetorical; as, forensic eloquence or disputes.

Forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence; medicine in its relations to law.

Fo*ren”sic, n. (Amer. Colleges) An exercise in debate; a forensic contest; an argumentative thesis.

Fo*ren”sic*al (?), a. Forensic. Berkley.

Fore`or*dain” (?), v. t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to preordain; to predestinate; to predetermine. Hooker.

Fore*or”di*nate (?), v. t. To foreordain.

Fore*or`di*na”tion (?), n. Previous ordination or appointment; predetermination; predestination.

{ Fore” part` (?), or Fore”part` }, n. The part most advanced, or first in time or in place; the beginning.

Fore”past` (?), a. Bygone. [Obs.] Shak.

Fore`pos*sessed” (?), a. 1. Holding or held formerly in possession. [Obs.]

2. Preoccupied; prepossessed; preëngaged. [Obs.]

Not extremely forepossessed with prejudice.

Bp. Sanderson.

Fore*prize” (?), v. t. To prize or rate beforehand. [Obs.] Hooker.

Fore`prom”ised (?), a. Promised beforehand; preëngaged. Bp. Hall.

Fore”quot`ed (?), a. Cited before; quoted in a foregoing part of the treatise or essay.

Fore*ran” (?), imp. of Forerun.

Fore”rank` (?), n. The first rank; the front.

Fore*reach” (?), v. t. (Naut.) To advance or gain upon; — said of a vessel that gains upon another when sailing closehauled.

Fore*reach”, v. i. (Naut.) To shoot ahead, especially when going in stays. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Fore*read” (?), v. t. To tell beforehand; to signify by tokens; to predestine. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore`re*cit”ed (?), a. Named or recited before. “The forerecited practices.” Shak.

Fore`re*mem”bered (?), a. Called to mind previously. Bp. Montagu.

Fore”right` (?), a. Ready; directly forward; going before. [Obs.] “A foreright wind.” Chapman.

Fore”right`, adv. Right forward; onward. [Obs.]

Fore*run” (?), v. t. 1. To turn before; to precede; to be in advance of (something following).

2. To come before as an earnest of something to follow; to introduce as a harbinger; to announce.

These signs forerun the death or fall of kings.

Shak.

Fore*run”ner (?), n. 1. A messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of others; a harbinger; a sign foreshowing something; a prognostic; as, the forerunner of a fever.

Whither the forerunner in for us entered, even Jesus.

Heb. vi. 20.

My elder brothers, my forerunners, came.

Dryden.

2. A predecessor; an ancestor. [Obs.] Shak.

3. (Naut.) A piece of rag terminating the log line.

Fore”said` (?), a. Mentioned before; aforesaid.

Fore”sail` (?), n. (Naut.) (a) The sail bent to the foreyard of a square- rigged vessel, being the lowest sail on the foremast. (b) The gaff sail set on the foremast of a schooner. (c) The fore staysail of a sloop, being the triangular sail next forward of the mast.

Fore*say” (?), v. t. [AS. foresecgan; fore + secgan to say. See Say, v. t.] To foretell. [Obs.]

Her danger nigh that sudden change foresaid.

Fairfax.

Fore*see” (?), v. t. [AS. foreseón; fore + seón to see. See See, v. t.] 1. To see beforehand; to have prescience of; to foreknow.

A prudent man foreseeth the evil.

Prov. xxii. 3.

2. To provide. [Obs.]

Great shoals of people, which go on to populate, without foreseeing means of life.

Bacon.

Fore*see”, v. i. To have or exercise foresight. [Obs.]

Fore*seen” (?), conj., or (strictly) p. p. Provided; in case that; on condition that. [Obs.]

One manner of meat is most sure to every complexion, foreseen that it be alway most commonly in conformity of qualities, with the person that eateth.

Sir T. Elyot.

Fore*se”er (?), n. One who foresees or foreknows.

Fore*seize” (?), v. t. To seize beforehand.

Fore*shad”ow (?), v. t. To shadow or typi&?;y beforehand; to prefigure. Dryden.

Fore*shew” (?), v. t. See Foreshow.

Fore”ship` (?), n. The fore part of a ship. [Obs.]

Fore*short”en (?), v. t. 1. (Fine Art) To represent on a plane surface, as if extended in a direction toward the spectator or nearly so; to shorten by drawing in perspective.

2. Fig.: To represent pictorially to the imagination.

Songs, and deeds, and lives that lie
Foreshortened in the tract of time.

Tennyson.

Fore*short”en*ing, n. (Fine Arts) Representation in a foreshortened mode or way.

Fore”shot` (?), n. In distillation of low wines, the first portion of spirit that comes over, being a fluid abounding in fusel oil. Knight.

Fore*show” (?), v. t. [AS. foresceáwian to foresee, provide; fore + sceáwian to see. See Show, v. t.] To show or exhibit beforehand; to give foreknowledge of; to prognosticate; to foretell.

Your looks foreshow
You have a gentle heart.

Shak.

Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose,
Whose purple blush the day foreshows.

Denham.

Fore*show”er (?), n. One who predicts.

Fore”side (?), n. 1. The front side; the front; esp., a stretch of country fronting the sea.

2. The outside or external covering. Spenser.

Fore”sight` (?), n. 1. The act or the power of foreseeing; prescience; foreknowledge. Milton.

2. Action in reference to the future; provident care; prudence; wise forethought.

This seems an unseasonable foresight.

Milton.

A random expense, without plan or foresight.

Burke.

3. (Surv.) Any sight or reading of the leveling staff, except the backsight; any sight or bearing taken by a compass or theodolite in a forward direction.

4. (Gun.) Muzzle sight. See Fore sight, under Fore, a.

Fore”sight`ed (?), a. Sagacious; prudent; provident for the future. Bartram.

Fore”sight`ful (?), a. Foresighted. [Obs.]

Fore*sig”ni*fy (?), v. t. To signify beforehand; to foreshow; to typify. Milton.

Fore”skin (?), n. (Anat.) The fold of skin which covers the glans of the penis; the prepuce.

Fore”skirt` (?), n. The front skirt of a garment, in distinction from the train.

Honor’s train
Is longer than his foreskirt.

Shak.

Fore*slack” (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Forslack.

Fore”sleeve` (?), n. The sleeve below the elbow.

Fore*slow” (?), v. t. [See Forslow.] To make slow; to hinder; to obstruct. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. t.

No stream, no wood, no mountain could foreslow
Their hasty pace.

Fairfax.

Fore*slow”, v. i. To loiter. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. i.

Fore*speak” (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Forspeak.

Fore*speak”, v. t. To foretell; to predict. [Obs.]

My mother was half a witch; never anything that she forespake but came to pass.

Beau. & Fl.

Fore”speak`ing, n. A prediction; also, a preface. [Obs.] Camden. Huloet.

Fore”speech` (?), n. A preface. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Fore*spent” (?), a. [Fore + spent.] Already spent; gone by; past. [Obs.] Shak.

Fore*spent”, a. [Obs.] See Forspent.

Fore*spur”rer (?), n. One who rides before; a harbinger. [Obs.] Shak.

For”est (?), n. [OF. forest, F. forêt, LL. forestis, also, forestus, forestum, foresta, prop., open ground reserved for the chase, fr. L. foris, foras, out of doors, abroad. See Foreign.] 1. An extensive wood; a large tract of land covered with trees; in the United States, a wood of native growth, or a tract of woodland which has never been cultivated.

2. (Eng. Law) A large extent or precinct of country, generally waste and woody, belonging to the sovereign, set apart for the keeping of game for his use, not inclosed, but distinguished by certain limits, and protected by certain laws, courts, and officers of its own. Burrill.

For”est, a. Of or pertaining to a forest; sylvan.

Forest fly. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of blood-sucking flies, of the family Tabanidæ, which attack both men and beasts. See Horse fly. (b) A fly of the genus Hippobosca, esp. H. equina. See Horse tick. — Forest glade, a grassy space in a forest. Thomson. — Forest laws, laws for the protection of game, preservation of timber, etc., in forests. — Forest tree, a tree of the forest, especially a timber tree, as distinguished from a fruit tree.

For”est, v. t. To cover with trees or wood.

Fore”staff` (?), n. (Naut.) An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of heavenly bodies, now superseded by the sextant; — called also cross-staff. Brande & C.

For”est*age (?), n. [Cf. F. forestage.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A duty or tribute payable to the king’s foresters. (b) A service paid by foresters to the king.

For”est*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to forests; as, forestal rights.

Fore*stall” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forestalled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forestalling.] [OE. forstallen to stop, to obstruct; to stop (goods) on the way to the market by buying them beforehand, from forstal obstruction, AS. forsteal, foresteall, prop., a placing one’s self before another. See Fore, and Stall.] 1. To take beforehand, or in advance; to anticipate.

What need a man forestall his date of grief,
And run to meet what he would most avoid?

Milton.

2. To take possession of, in advance of some one or something else, to the exclusion or detriment of the latter; to get ahead of; to preoccupy; also, to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by prior occupation, or by measures taken in advance.

An ugly serpent which forestalled their way.

Fairfax.

But evermore those damsels did forestall
Their furious encounter.

Spenser.

To be forestalled ere we come to fall.

Shak.

Habit is a forestalled and obstinate judge.

Rush.

3. To deprive; — with of. [R.]

All the better; may
This night forestall him of the coming day!

Shak.

4. (Eng. Law) To obstruct or stop up, as a way; to stop the passage of on highway; to intercept on the road, as goods on the way to market.

To forestall the market, to buy or contract for merchandise or provision on its way to market, with the intention of selling it again at a higher price; to dissuade persons from bringing their goods or provisions there; or to persuade them to enhance the price when there. This was an offense at law in England until 1844. Burrill.

Syn. — To anticipate; monopolize; engross.

Fore*stall”er (?), n. One who forestalls; esp., one who forestalls the market. Locke.

Fore”stay` (?), n. (Naut.) A large, strong rope, reaching from the foremast head to the bowsprit, to support the mast. See Illust. under Ship.

For”est*er (?), n. [F. forestier, LL. forestarius.] 1. One who has charge of the growing timber on an estate; an officer appointed to watch a forest and preserve the game.

2. An inhabitant of a forest. Wordsworth.

3. A forest tree. [R.] Evelyn.

4. (Zoöl.) A lepidopterous insect belonging to Alypia and allied genera; as, the eight-spotted forester (A. octomaculata), which in the larval state is injurious to the grapevine.

Fore”stick` (?), n. Front stick of a hearth fire.

For”est*ry (?), n. [Cf. OF. foresterie.] The art of forming or of cultivating forests; the management of growing timber.

{ Fore”swart` (?), Fore”swart` (?), } a. [Obs.] See Forswat.

Fore”taste` (?), n. A taste beforehand; enjoyment in advance; anticipation.

Fore*taste” (?), v. t. 1. To taste before full possession; to have previous enjoyment or experience of; to anticipate.

2. To taste before another. “Foretasted fruit.” Milton.

Fore”tast`er (? or ?), n. One who tastes beforehand, or before another.

Fore*teach” (?), v. t. To teach beforehand. [Obs.]

Fore*tell” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretold (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foretelling.] To predict; to tell before occurence; to prophesy; to foreshow.

Deeds then undone my faithful tongue foretold.

Pope.

Prodigies, foretelling the future eminence and luster of his character.

C. Middleton.

Syn. — To predict; prophesy; prognosticate; augur.

Fore*tell”, v. i. To utter predictions. Acts iii. 24.

Fore*tell”er (?), n. One who predicts. Boyle.

Fore*think” (?), v. t. 1. To think beforehand; to anticipate in the mind; to prognosticate. [Obs.]

The soul of every man
Prophetically doth forethink thy fall.

Shak.

2. To contrive (something) beforehend. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fore*think”, v. i. To contrive beforehand. [Obs.]

Fore”thought` (?), a. Thought of, or planned, beforehand; aforethought; prepense; hence, deliberate. “Forethought malice.” Bacon.

Fore”thought`, n. A thinking or planning beforehand; prescience; premeditation; forecast; provident care.

A sphere that will demand from him forethought, courage, and wisdom.

I. Taylor.

Fore”thought`ful (?), a. Having forethought. [R.]

Fore”time` (?), n. The past; the time before the present. “A very dim foretime.” J. C. Shairp.

Fore”to`ken (?), n. [AS. foretācen. See Token.] Prognostic; previous omen. Sir P. Sidney.

Fore*to”ken (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretokened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foretokening (?).] [AS. foretācnian; fore + tācnian.] To foreshow; to presignify; to prognosticate.

Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood.

Daniel.

Fore” tooth` (?), pl. Fore teeth (&?;). (Anat.) One of the teeth in the forepart of the mouth; an incisor.

Fore”top` (?), n. 1. The hair on the forepart of the head; esp., a tuft or lock of hair which hangs over the forehead, as of a horse.

2. That part of a headdress that is in front; the top of a periwig.

3. (Naut.) The platform at the head of the foremast.

Fore`-top*gal”lant (? or ?), a. (Naut.) Designating the mast, sail, yard, etc., above the topmast; as, the fore-topgallant sail. See Sail.

Fore`-top”mast (?), n. (Naut.) The mast erected at the head of the foremast, and at the head of which stands the fore-topgallant mast. See Ship.

Fore`-top”sail (? or ?), n. (Naut.) See Sail.

For*ev”er (f&obreve;r*&ebreve;v”&etilde;r), adv. [For, prep. + ever.] 1. Through eternity; through endless ages; eternally.

2. At all times; always.

&fist; In England, for and ever are usually written and printed as two separate words; but, in the United States, the general practice is to make but a single word of them.

Forever and ever, an emphatic “forever.”

Syn. — Constantly; continually; invariably; unchangeably; incessantly; always; perpetually; unceasingly; ceaselessly; interminably; everlastingly; endlessly; eternally.

Fore*vouched” (fōr*voucht”), a. Formerly vouched or avowed; affirmed in advance. [R.] Shak.

Fore”ward` (fōr”w&add;rd`), n. The van; the front. [Obs.]

My foreward shall be drawn out all in length,
Consisting equally of horse and foot.

Shak.

Fore*warn” (fōr*w&add;rn”), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forewarned (-w&add;rnd”); p. pr. & vb. n. Forewarning.] To warn beforehand; to give previous warning, admonition, information, or notice to; to caution in advance.

We were forewarned of your coming.

Shak.

Fore*waste” (?), v. t. See Forewaste. Gascoigne.

Fore*wend” (?), v. t. [Fore + wend.] To go before. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore*wish” (?), v. t. To wish beforehand.

Fore”wit` (?), n. 1. A leader, or would-be leader, in matters of knowledge or taste. [Obs.]

Nor that the forewits, that would draw the rest unto their liking, always like the best.

B. Jonson.

2. Foresight; prudence.

Let this forewit guide thy thought.

Southwell.

Fore*wite” (?), v. t. [pres. indic. sing., 1st & 3d pers. Forewot (?), 2d person Forewost (&?;), pl. Forewiten (&?;); imp. sing. Forewiste (?), pl. Forewisten (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Forewiting (?).] [AS. forewitan. See Wit to know.] To foreknow. [Obs.] [Written also forwete.] Chaucer.

Fore”wom`an (?), n.; pl. Forewomen (&?;). A woman who is chief; a woman who has charge of the work or workers in a shop or other place; a head woman. Tatler. W. Besant.

Fore”word` (?), n. A preface. Furnvall.

Fore*worn” (?), a. [See Forworn.] Worn out; wasted; used up. [Archaic]

Old foreworn stories almost forgotten.

Brydges.

Fore*wot” (?), pres. indic., 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fore”yard` (?), n. (Naut.) The lowermost yard on the foremast. [See Illust. of Ship.]

For”fal*ture (?), n. Forfeiture. [Obs.]

For”feit (?), n. [OE. forfet crime, penalty, F. forfait crime (LL. forefactum, forifactum), prop. p. p. of forfaire to forfeit, transgress, fr. LL. forifacere, prop., to act beyond; L. foris out of doors, abroad, beyond + facere to do. See Foreign, and Fact.] 1. Injury; wrong; mischief. [Obs. & R.]

To seek arms upon people and country that never did us any forfeit.

Ld. Berners.

2. A thing forfeit or forfeited; what is or may be taken from one in requital of a misdeed committed; that which is lost, or the right to which is alienated, by a crime, offense, neglect of duty, or breach of contract; hence, a fine; a mulct; a penalty; as, he who murders pays the forfeit of his life.

Thy slanders I forgive; and therewithal
Remit thy other forfeits.

Shak.

3. Something deposited and redeemable by a sportive fine; — whence the game of forfeits.

Country dances and forfeits shortened the rest of the day.

Goldsmith.

For”feit, a. [F. forfait, p. p. of forfaire. See Forfeit, n.] Lost or alienated for an offense or crime; liable to penal seizure.

Thy wealth being forfeit to the state.

Shak.

To tread the forfeit paradise.

Emerson.

For”feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Forfeiting.] [OE. forfeten. See Forfeit, n.] To lose, or lose the right to, by some error, fault, offense, or crime; to render one’s self by misdeed liable to be deprived of; to alienate the right to possess, by some neglect or crime; as, to forfeit an estate by treason; to forfeit reputation by a breach of promise; — with to before the one acquiring what is forfeited.

[They] had forfeited their property by their crimes.

Burke.

Undone and forfeited to cares forever!

Shak.

For”feit, v. i. 1. To be guilty of a misdeed; to be criminal; to transgress. [Obs.]

2. To fail to keep an obligation. [Obs.]

I will have the heart of him if he forfeit.

Shak.

For”feit, p. p. or a. In the condition of being forfeited; subject to alienation. Shak.

Once more I will renew
His lapsèd powers, though forfeite.

Milton.

For”feit*a*ble (?), a. Liable to be forfeited; subject to forfeiture.

For the future, uses shall be subject to the statutes of mortmain, and forfeitable, like the lands themselves.

Blackstone.

For”feit*er (?), n. One who incurs a penalty of forfeiture.

For”fei*ture (?; 135), n. [F. forfeiture, LL. forisfactura.] 1. The act of forfeiting; the loss of some right, privilege, estate, honor, office, or effects, by an offense, crime, breach of condition, or other act.

Under pain of foreiture of the said goods.

Hakluyt.

2. That which is forfeited; a penalty; a fine or mulct.

What should I gain
By the exaction of the forfeiture?

Shak.

Syn. — Fine; mulct; amercement; penalty.

For*fend” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + fend. See Forewend.] To prohibit; to forbid; to avert. [Archaic]

Which peril heaven forefend!

Shak.

&fist; This is etymologically the preferable spelling.

For*fer”ed (?), p. p. & a. [See For- , and Fear.] Excessively alarmed; in great fear. [Obs.] “Forfered of his death.” Chaucer.

For”fete (?), v. i. [See Forfeit.] To incur a penalty; to transgress. [Obs.]

And all this suffered our Lord Jesus Christ that never forfeted.

Chaucer.

||For”fex (?), n. [L.] A pair of shears. Pope.

For”fi*cate (?), a. [L. forfex, forficis, shears.] (Zoöl.) Deeply forked, as the tail of certain birds.

||For*fic”u*la (?), n. [L., small shears, scissors, dim. of forfex shears.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the earwigs. See Earwig, 1.

For*gath”er (?), v. i. To convene; to gossip; to meet accidentally. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Within that circle he forgathered with many a fool.

Wilson.

For*gave” (?), imp. of Forgive.

Forge (fōrj), n. [F. forge, fr. L. fabrica the workshop of an artisan who works in hard materials, fr. faber artisan, smith, as adj., skillful, ingenious; cf. Gr. &?; soft, tender. Cf. Fabric.] 1. A place or establishment where iron or other metals are wrought by heating and hammering; especially, a furnace, or a shop with its furnace, etc., where iron is heated and wrought; a smithy.

In the quick forge and working house of thought.

Shak.

2. The works where wrought iron is produced directly from the ore, or where iron is rendered malleable by puddling and shingling; a shingling mill.

3. The act of beating or working iron or steel; the manufacture of metallic bodies. [Obs.]

In the greater bodies the forge was easy.

Bacon.

American forge, a forge for the direct production of wrought iron, differing from the old Catalan forge mainly in using finely crushed ore and working continuously. Raymond. — Catalan forge. (Metal.) See under Catalan. — Forge cinder, the dross or slag form a forge or bloomary. — Forge rolls, Forge train, the train of rolls by which a bloom is converted into puddle bars. — Forge wagon (Mil.), a wagon fitted up for transporting a blackmith’s forge and tools. — Portable forge, a light and compact blacksmith’s forge, with bellows, etc., that may be moved from place to place.

Forge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forged (fōrjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Forging (?).] [F. forger, OF. forgier, fr. L. fabricare, fabricari, to form, frame, fashion, from fabrica. See Forge, n., and cf. Fabricate.] 1. To form by heating and hammering; to beat into any particular shape, as a metal.

Mars’s armor forged for proof eterne.

Shak.

2. To form or shape out in any way; to produce; to frame; to invent.

Those names that the schools forged, and put into the mouth of scholars, could never get admittance into common use.

Locke.

Do forge a life-long trouble for ourselves.

Tennyson.

3. To coin. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. To make falsely; to produce, as that which is untrue or not genuine; to fabricate; to counterfeit, as, a signature, or a signed document.

That paltry story is untrue,
And forged to cheat such gulls as you.

Hudibras.

Forged certificates of his . . . moral character.

Macaulay.

Syn. — To fabricate; counterfeit; feign; falsify.

Forge, v. i. [See Forge, v. t., and for sense 2, cf. Forge compel.] 1. To commit forgery.

2. (Naut.) To move heavily and slowly, as a ship after the sails are furled; to work one’s way, as one ship in outsailing another; — used especially in the phrase to forge ahead. Totten.

And off she [a ship] forged without a shock.

De Quincey.

Forge, v. t. (Naut.) To impel forward slowly; as, to forge a ship forward.

Forge”man (?), n.; pl. Forgemen (&?;). A skilled smith, who has a hammerer to assist him.

For”ger (?), n.[Cf. F. forgeur metal worker, L. fabricator artificer. See Forge, n. & v. t., and cf. Fabricator.] One who forges, makes, of forms; a fabricator; a falsifier.

2. Especially: One guilty of forgery; one who makes or issues a counterfeit document.

For”ger*y (?), n.; pl. Forgeries (#). [Cf. F. forgerie.] 1. The act of forging metal into shape. [Obs.]

Useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear.

Milton.

2. The act of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely; esp., the crime of fraudulently making or altering a writing or signature purporting to be made by another; the false making or material alteration of or addition to a written instrument for the purpose of deceit and fraud; as, the forgery of a bond. Bouvier.

3. That which is forged, fabricated, falsely devised, or counterfeited.

These are the forgeries of jealously.

Shak.

The writings going under the name of Aristobulus were a forgery of the second century.

Waterland.

Syn. — Counterfeit; Forgery. Counterfeit is chiefly used of imitations of coin, or of paper money, or of securities depending upon pictorial devices and engraved designs for identity or assurance of genuineness. Forgery is more properly applied to making a false imitation of an instrument depending on signatures to show genuineness and validity. Abbott.

For*get” (?), v. t. [imp. Forgot (?) (Forgat (&?;), Obs.); p. p. Forgotten (?), Forgot; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgetting.] [OE. forgeten, foryeten, AS. forgietan, forgitan; pref. for- + gietan, gitan (only in comp.), to get; cf. D. vergeten, G. vergessen, Sw. förgäta, Dan. forgiette. See For-, and Get, v. t.] 1. To lose the remembrance of; to let go from the memory; to cease to have in mind; not to think of; also, to lose the power of; to cease from doing.

Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.

Ps. ciii. 2.

Let my right hand forget her cunning.

Ps. cxxxvii. 5.

Hath thy knee forget to bow?

Shak.

2. To treat with inattention or disregard; to slight; to neglect.

Can a woman forget her sucking child? . . . Yes, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee.

Is. xlix. 15.

To forget one’s self. (a) To become unmindful of one’s own personality; to be lost in thought. (b) To be entirely unselfish. (c) To be guilty of what is unworthy of one; to lose one’s dignity, temper, or self-control.

For*get”ful (?), a. 1. Apt to forget; easily losing remembrance; as, a forgetful man should use helps to strengthen his memory.

2. Heedless; careless; neglectful; inattentive.

Be not forgetful to entertain strangers.

Heb. xiii. 2.

3. Causing to forget; inducing oblivion; oblivious. [Archaic or Poetic] “The forgetful wine.” J. Webster.

For*get”ful*ly, adv. In a forgetful manner.

For*get”ful*ness, n. 1. The quality of being forgetful; prononess to let slip from the mind.

2. Loss of remembrance or recollection; a ceasing to remember; oblivion.

A sweet forgetfulness of human care.

Pope.

3. Failure to bear in mind; careless omission; inattention; as, forgetfulness of duty.

Syn. — Forgetfulnes, Oblivion. Forgetfulness is Anglo-Saxon, and oblivion is Latin. The former commonly has reference to persons, and marks a state of mind; the latter commonly has reference to things, and indicates a condition into which they are sunk. We blame a man for his forgetfulness; we speak of some old custom as buried in oblivion. But this discrimination is not strictly adhered to.

For”ge*tive (?), a. [From Forge.] Inventive; productive; capable. [Obs.] Shak.

For*get”-me-not` (?), n. [Cf. G. vergissmeinnicht.] (Bot.) A small herb, of the genus Myosotis (M. palustris, incespitosa, etc.), bearing a beautiful blue flower, and extensively considered the emblem of fidelity.

&fist; Formerly the name was given to the Ajuga Chamæpitus.

For*get”ta*ble (?), a. Liable to be, or that may be, forgotten. Carlyle.

For*get”ter (?), n. One who forgets; a heedless person. Johnson.

For*get”ting*ly, adv. By forgetting.

For”ging (?), n. 1. The act of shaping metal by hammering or pressing.

2. The act of counterfeiting.

3. (Mach.) A piece of forged work in metal; — a general name for a piece of hammered iron or steel.

There are very few yards in the world at which such forgings could be turned out.

London Times.

For*giv”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being forgiven; pardonable; venial. Sherwood.

For*give” (?), v. t. [imp. Forgave (?); p. p. Forgiven (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forgiving] [OE. forgiven, foryiven, foryeven, AS. forgiefan, forgifan; perh. for- + giefan, gifan to give; cf. D. vergeven, G. vergeben, Icel. fyrirgefa, Sw. f&?;rgifva, Goth. fragiban to give, grant. See For-, and Give, v. t.] 1. To give wholly; to make over without reservation; to resign.

To them that list the world’s gay shows I leave,
And to great ones such folly do forgive.

Spenser.

2. To give up resentment or claim to requital on account of (an offense or wrong); to remit the penalty of; to pardon; — said in reference to the act forgiven.

And their sins should be forgiven them.

Mark iv. 12.

He forgive injures so readily that he might be said to invite them.

Macaulay.

3. To cease to feel resentment against, on account of wrong committed; to give up claim to requital from or retribution upon (an offender); to absolve; to pardon; — said of the person offending.

Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.

Luke xxiii. 34.

I as free forgive you, as I would be fforgiven.

Shak.

&fist; Sometimes both the person and the offense follow as objects of the verb, sometimes one and sometimes the other being the indirect object. “Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors.” Matt. vi. 12. “Be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee.” Matt. ix. 2.

Syn. — See excuse.

For*give”ness, n. [AS. forgifnes.] 1. The act of forgiving; the state of being forgiven; as, the forgiveness of sin or of injuries.

To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses.

Dan. ix. 9.

In whom we have . . . the forgiveness of sin.

Eph. i. 7.

2. Disposition to pardon; willingness to forgive.

If thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand? But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared.

Ps. cxxx. 3, 4.

Syn. — Pardon, remission. — Forgiveness, Pardon. Forgiveness is Anglo-Saxon, and pardon Norman French, both implying a giving back. The word pardon, being early used in our Bible, has, in religious matters, the same sense as forgiveness; but in the language of common life there is a difference between them, such as we often find between corresponding Anglo-Saxon and Norman words. Forgive points to inward feeling, and suppose alienated affection; when we ask forgiveness, we primarily seek the removal of anger. Pardon looks more to outward things or consequences, and is often applied to trifling matters, as when we beg pardon for interrupting a man, or for jostling him in a crowd. The civil magistrate also grants a pardon, and not forgiveness. The two words are, therefore, very clearly distinguished from each other in most cases which relate to the common concerns of life.

For*giv”er (?), n. One who forgives. Johnson.

For*giv”ing, a. Disposed to forgive; inclined to overlook offenses; mild; merciful; compassionate; placable; as, a forgiving temper.

— For*giv”ing*ly, adv. — For*giv”ing*ness, n. J. C. Shairp.

For*go” (?), v. t. [imp. Forwent; p. p. Forgone; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgoing.] [OE. forgan, forgon, forgoon, AS. forgān, prop., to go past, hence, to abstain from; pref. for- + gān to go; akin to G. vergehen to pass away, to transgress. See Go, v. i.] To pass by; to leave. See 1st Forego.

For sith [since] I shall forgoon my liberty
At your request.

Chaucer.

And four [days] since Florimell the court forwent.

Spenser.

&fist; This word in spelling has been confused with, and almost superseded by, forego to go before. Etymologically the form forgo is correct.

For*got” (?), imp. & p. p. of Forget.

For*got”ten (?), p. p. of Forget.

For*hall” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + hale to draw.] To harass; to torment; to distress. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*hend” (?), v. t. To seize upon. [Obs.]

Fo*rin”se*cal (?), a. [L. forinsecus from without.] Foreign; alien. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Fo`ris*fa*mil”i*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forisfamiliated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forisfamiliating (?).] [LL. forisfamiliatus, p. p. of forisfamiliater to forisfamiliate; L. foris abroad, without + familia family.] (LAw) Literally, to put out of a family; hence, to portion off, so as to exclude further claim of inheritance; to emancipate (as a with his own consent) from paternal authority. Blackstone.

Fo`ris*fa*mil”i*ate, v. i. (Law) To renounce a legal title to a further share of paternal inheritance.

Fo`ris*fa*mil`i*a”tion (?), n. (Law) The act of forisfamiliating.

Fork (fôrk), n. [AS. forc, fr. L. furca. Cf. Fourché, Furcate.] 1. An instrument consisting of a handle with a shank terminating in two or more prongs or tines, which are usually of metal, parallel and slightly curved; — used for piercing, holding, taking up, or pitching anything.

2. Anything furcate or like a fork in shape, or furcate at the extremity; as, a tuning fork.

3. One of the parts into which anything is furcated or divided; a prong; a branch of a stream, a road, etc.; a barbed point, as of an arrow.

Let it fall . . . though the fork invade
The region of my heart.

Shak.

A thunderbolt with three forks.

Addison.

4. The place where a division or a union occurs; the angle or opening between two branches or limbs; as, the fork of a river, a tree, or a road.

5. The gibbet. [Obs.] Bp. Butler.

Fork beam (Shipbuilding), a half beam to support a deck, where hatchways occur. — Fork chuck (Wood Turning), a lathe center having two prongs for driving the work. — Fork head. (a) The barbed head of an arrow. (b) The forked end of a rod which forms part of a knuckle joint. — In fork. (Mining) A mine is said to be in fork, or an engine to “have the water in fork,” when all the water is drawn out of the mine. Ure. — The forks of a river or a road, the branches into which it divides, or which come together to form it; the place where separation or union takes place.

Fork, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Forked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forking.] 1. To shoot into blades, as corn.

The corn beginneth to fork.

Mortimer.

2. To divide into two or more branches; as, a road, a tree, or a stream forks.

Fork, v. t. To raise, or pitch with a fork, as hay; to dig or turn over with a fork, as the soil.

Forking the sheaves on the high-laden cart.

Prof. Wilson.

To fork over or out, to hand or pay over, as money. [Slang] G. Eliot.

Fork”beard` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish (Raniceps raninus), having a large flat head; — also called tadpole fish, and lesser forked beard. (b) The European forked hake or hake’s-dame (Phycis blennoides); — also called great forked beard.

Forked (?), a. 1. Formed into a forklike shape; having a fork; dividing into two or more prongs or branches; furcated; bifurcated; zigzag; as, the forked lighting.

A serpent seen, with forked tongue.

Shak.

2. Having a double meaning; ambiguous; equivocal.

Cross forked (Her.), a cross, the ends of whose arms are divided into two sharp points; — called also cross double fitché. A cross forked of three points is a cross, each of whose arms terminates in three sharp points. — Forked counsel, advice pointing more than one way; ambiguous advice. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

— Fork”ed*ly (#), adv. — Fork”ed*ness, n.

For*kerve (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Forcarve, v. t.

Fork”i*ness (?), n. The quality or state or dividing in a forklike manner.

Fork”less, a. Having no fork.

Fork”tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several Asiatic and East Indian passerine birds, belonging to Enucurus, and allied genera. The tail is deeply forked. (b) A salmon in its fourth year’s growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Fork”-tailed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer tail feathers longer than the median ones; swallow-tailed; — said of many birds.

Fork-tailed flycatcher (Zoöl.), a tropical American flycatcher (Milvulus tyrannus). – - Fork-tailed gull (Zoöl.), a gull of the genus Xema, of two species, esp. X. Sabinii of the Arctic Ocean. — Fork-tailed kite (Zoöl.), a graceful American kite (Elanoides forficatus); — called also swallow-tailed kite.

Fork”y (?), a. Opening into two or more parts or shoots; forked; furcated. “Forky tongues.” Pope.

For*laft” (?), obs. p. p. of Forleave. Chaucer.

For*lay” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + lay.] To lie in wait for; to ambush.

An ambushed thief forlays a traveler.

Dryden.

For*leave” (?), v. t. [OE. forleven; pref. for- + leven to leave.] To leave off wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*lend” (?), v. t. To give up wholly. [Obs.]

For*lese” (?), v. t. [p. p. Forlore (?), Forlorn (&?;).] [OE. forlesen. See Forlorn.] To lose utterly. [Obs.] haucer.

For*let”, v. t. [OE. forleten, AS. forl&aemacr;tan; pref. for- + l&aemacr;tan to allow; akin to G. verlassen to leave. See Let to allow.] To give up; to leave; to abandon. [Obs.] “To forlet sin.” Chaucer.

For*lie” (?), v. i. See Forelie.

For*lore” (?), imp. pl. & p. p. of Forlese. [Obs.]

The beasts their caves, the birds their nests forlore.

Fairfax.

For*lorn” (?), a. [OE., p. p. of forlesen to lose utterly, AS. forleósan (p. p. forloren); pref. for- + leósan (in comp.) to lose; cf. D. verliezen to lose, G. verlieren, Sw. förlora, Dan. forloren, Goth. fraliusan to lose. See For-, and Lorn, a., Lose, v. t.] 1. Deserted; abandoned; lost.

Of fortune and of hope at once forlorn.

Spenser.

Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.

Shak.

2. Destitute; helpless; in pitiful plight; wretched; miserable; almost hopeless; desperate.

For here forlorn and lost I tread.

Goldsmith.

The condition of the besieged in the mean time was forlorn in the extreme.

Prescott.

She cherished the forlorn hope that he was still living.

Thomson.

A forlorn hope [D. verloren hoop, prop., a lost band or troop; verloren, p. p. of verliezen to lose + hoop band; akin to E. heap. See For-, and Heap.] (Mil.), a body of men (called in F. enfants perdus, in G. verlornen posten) selected, usually from volunteers, to attempt a breach, scale the wall of a fortress, or perform other extraordinarily perilous service; also, a desperate case or enterprise.

Syn. — Destitute, lost; abandoned; forsaken; solitary; helpless; friendless; hopeless; abject; wretched; miserable; pitiable.

For*lorn”, n. 1. A lost, forsaken, or solitary person.

Forced to live in Scotland a forlorn.

Shak.

2. A forlorn hope; a vanguard. [Obs.]

Our forlorn of horse marched within a mile of the enemy.

Oliver Cromvell.

For*lorn”ly, adv. In a forlorn manner. Pollok.

For*lorn”ness, n. State of being forlorn. Boyle.

For*lye” (?), v. i. Same as Forlie. [Obs.]

-form (-fôrm). [See Form, n.] A suffix used to denote in the form or shape of, resembling, etc.; as, valiform; oviform.

Form (fōrm; in senses 8 & 9, often fōrm in England), n. [OE. & F. forme, fr. L. forma; cf. Skr. dhariman. Cf. Firm.] 1. The shape and structure of anything, as distinguished from the material of which it is composed; particular disposition or arrangement of matter, giving it individuality or distinctive character; configuration; figure; external appearance.

The form of his visage was changed.

Dan. iii. 19.

And woven close close, both matter, form, and style.

Milton.

2. Constitution; mode of construction, organization, etc.; system; as, a republican form of government.

3. Established method of expression or practice; fixed way of proceeding; conventional or stated scheme; formula; as, a form of prayer.

Those whom form of laws
Condemned to die.

Dryden.

4. Show without substance; empty, outside appearance; vain, trivial, or conventional ceremony; conventionality; formality; as, a matter of mere form.

Though well we may not pass upon his life
Without the form of justice.

Shak.

5. Orderly arrangement; shapeliness; also, comeliness; elegance; beauty.

The earth was without form and void.

Gen. i. 2.

He hath no form nor comeliness.

Is. liii. 2.

6. A shape; an image; a phantom.

7. That by which shape is given or determined; mold; pattern; model.

8. A long seat; a bench; hence, a rank of students in a school; a class; also, a class or rank in society. “Ladies of a high form.” Bp. Burnet.

9. The seat or bed of a hare.

As in a form sitteth a weary hare.

Chaucer.

10. (Print.) The type or other matter from which an impression is to be taken, arranged and secured in a chase.

11. (Fine Arts) The boundary line of a material object. In painting, more generally, the human body.

12. (Gram.) The particular shape or structure of a word or part of speech; as, participial forms; verbal forms.

13. (Crystallog.) The combination of planes included under a general crystallographic symbol. It is not necessarily a closed solid.

14. (Metaph.) That assemblage or disposition of qualities which makes a conception, or that internal constitution which makes an existing thing to be what it is; — called essential or substantial form, and contradistinguished from matter; hence, active or formative nature; law of being or activity; subjectively viewed, an idea; objectively, a law.

15. Mode of acting or manifestation to the senses, or the intellect; as, water assumes the form of ice or snow. In modern usage, the elements of a conception furnished by the mind’s own activity, as contrasted with its object or condition, which is called the matter; subjectively, a mode of apprehension or belief conceived as dependent on the constitution of the mind; objectively, universal and necessary accompaniments or elements of every object known or thought of.

16. (Biol.) The peculiar characteristics of an organism as a type of others; also, the structure of the parts of an animal or plant.

Good form or Bad form, the general appearance, condition or action, originally of horses, atterwards of persons; as, the members of a boat crew are said to be in good form when they pull together uniformly. The phrases are further used colloquially in description of conduct or manners in society; as, it is not good form to smoke in the presence of a lady.

Form (fôrm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formed (fôrmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Forming.] [F. former, L. formare, fr. forma. See Form, n.] 1. To give form or shape to; to frame; to construct; to make; to fashion.

God formed man of the dust of the ground.

Gen. ii. 7.

The thought that labors in my forming brain.

Rowe.

2. To give a particular shape to; to shape, mold, or fashion into a certain state or condition; to arrange; to adjust; also, to model by instruction and discipline; to mold by influence, etc.; to train.

‘T is education forms the common mind.

Pope.

Thus formed for speed, he challenges the wind.

Dryden.

3. To go to make up; to act as constituent of; to be the essential or constitutive elements of; to answer for; to make the shape of; — said of that out of which anything is formed or constituted, in whole or in part.

The diplomatic politicians . . . who formed by far the majority.

Burke.

4. To provide with a form, as a hare. See Form, n., 9.

The melancholy hare is formed in brakes and briers.

Drayton.

5. (Gram.) To derive by grammatical rules, as by adding the proper suffixes and affixes.

Form, v. i. 1. To take a form, definite shape, or arrangement; as, the infantry should form in column.

2. To run to a form, as a hare. B. Jonson.

To form on (Mil.), to form a lengthened line with reference to (any given object) as a basis.

For”mal (fôr”mal), n. [L. formic + alcohol.] (Chem.) See Methylal.

Form”al (fôrm”al), a. [L. formalis: cf. F. formel.] 1. Belonging to the form, shape, frame, external appearance, or organization of a thing.

2. Belonging to the constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter composing it; having the power of making a thing what it is; constituent; essential; pertaining to or depending on the forms, so called, of the human intellect.

Of [the sounds represented by] letters, the material part is breath and voice; the formal is constituted by the motion and figure of the organs of speech.

Holder.

3. Done in due form, or with solemnity; according to regular method; not incidental, sudden or irregular; express; as, he gave his formal consent.

His obscure funeral . . .
No noble rite nor formal ostentation.

Shak.

4. Devoted to, or done in accordance with, forms or rules; punctilious; regular; orderly; methodical; of a prescribed form; exact; prim; stiff; ceremonious; as, a man formal in his dress, his gait, his conversation.

A cold-looking, formal garden, cut into angles and rhomboids.

W. Irwing.

She took off the formal cap that confined her hair.

Hawthorne.

5. Having the form or appearance without the substance or essence; external; as, formal duty; formal worship; formal courtesy, etc.

6. Dependent in form; conventional.

Still in constraint your suffering sex remains,
Or bound in formal or in real chains.

Pope.

7. Sound; normal. [Obs.]

To make of him a formal man again.

Shak.

Formal cause. See under Cause.

Syn. — Precise; punctilious; stiff; starched; affected; ritual; ceremonial; external; outward. — Formal, Ceremonious. When applied to things, these words usually denote a mere accordance with the rules of form or ceremony; as, to make a formal call; to take a ceremonious leave. When applied to a person or his manners, they are used in a bad sense; a person being called formal who shapes himself too much by some pattern or set form, and ceremonious when he lays too much stress on the conventional laws of social intercourse. Formal manners render a man stiff or ridiculous; a ceremonious carriage puts a stop to the ease and freedom of social intercourse.

For*mal”de*hyde (?), n. [Formic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile liquid, H_2CO, resembling acetic or ethyl aldehyde, and chemically intermediate between methyl alcohol and formic acid.

Form”al*ism (fôrm”al*&ibreve;z’m), n. The practice or the doctrine of strict adherence to, or dependence on, external forms, esp. in matters of religion.

Official formalism.

Sir H. Rawlinson.

Form”al*ist, n. [Cf. F. formaliste.] One overattentive to forms, or too much confined to them; esp., one who rests in external religious forms, or observes strictly the outward forms of worship, without possessing the life and spirit of religion.

As far a formalist from wisdom sits,
In judging eyes, as libertines from wits.

Young.

For*mal”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Formalities (#). [Cf. F. formalité.] 1. The condition or quality of being formal, strictly ceremonious, precise, etc.

2. Form without substance.

Such [books] as are mere pieces of formality, so that if you look on them, you look though them.

Fuller.

3. Compliance with formal or conventional rules; ceremony; conventionality.

Nor was his attendance on divine offices a matter of formality and custom, but of conscience.

Atterbury.

4. An established order; conventional rule of procedure; usual method; habitual mode.

He was installed with all the usual formalities.

C. Middleton.

5. pl. The dress prescribed for any body of men, academical, municipal, or sacerdotal. [Obs.]

The doctors attending her in their formalities as far as Shotover.

Fuller.

6. That which is formal; the formal part.

It unties the inward knot of marriage, . . . while it aims to keep fast the outward formality.

Milton.

7. The quality which makes a thing what it is; essence.

The material part of the evil came from our father upon us, but the formality of it, the sting and the curse, is only by ourselves.

Jer. Taylor.

The formality of the vow lies in the promise made to God.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

8. (Scholastic. Philos.) The manner in which a thing is conceived or constituted by an act of human thinking; the result of such an act; as, animality and rationality are formalities.

Form”al*ize (fôrm”al*īz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Formalizing (?).] 1. To give form, or a certain form, to; to model. [R.]

2. To render formal.

Form”al*ize, v. i. To affect formality. [Obs.] ales.

Form”al*ly, adv. In a formal manner; essentially; characteristically; expressly; regularly; ceremoniously; precisely.

That which formally makes this [charity] a Christian grace, is the spring from which it flows.

Smalridge.

You and your followers do stand formally divided against the authorized guides of the church and rest of the people.

Hooker.

For”mate (?), n. [See Formic.] (Chem.) A salt of formic acid. [Written also formiate.]

For*ma”tion (f&obreve;r*mā“shŭn), n. [L. formatio: cf. F. formation.] 1. The act of giving form or shape to anything; a forming; a shaping. Beattie.

2. The manner in which a thing is formed; structure; construction; conformation; form; as, the peculiar formation of the heart.

3. A substance formed or deposited.

4. (Geol.) (a) Mineral deposits and rock masses designated with reference to their origin; as, the siliceous formation about geysers; alluvial formations; marine formations. (b) A group of beds of the same age or period; as, the Eocene formation.

5. (Mil.) The arrangement of a body of troops, as in a square, column, etc. Farrow.

Form”a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. formatif.] 1. Giving form; having the power of giving form; plastic; as, the formative arts.

The meanest plant can not be raised without seed, by any formative residing in the soil.

Bentley.

2. (Gram.) Serving to form; derivative; not radical; as, a termination merely formative.

3. (Biol.) Capable of growth and development; germinal; as, living or formative matter.

Form”a*tive, n. (Gram.) (a) That which serves merely to give form, and is no part of the radical, as the prefix or the termination of a word. (b) A word formed in accordance with some rule or usage, as from a root.

For`mé” (?), a. (Her.) Same as Paté or Patté.

For”me (?), a. [OE., fr. AS. forma. See Foremost.] First. [Obs.] “Adam our forme father.” Chaucer.

Formed (?), a. 1. (Astron.) Arranged, as stars in a constellation; as, formed stars. [R.]

2. (Biol.) Having structure; capable of growth and development; organized; as, the formed or organized ferments. See Ferment, n.

Formed material (Biol.), a term employed by Beale to denote the lifeless matter of a cell, that which is physiologically dead, in distinction from the truly germinal or living matter.

For”me*don (?), n. [OF., fr. Latin. So called because the plaintiff claimed “by the form of the gift,: L. per formam doni.] (O. Eng. Law) A writ of right for a tenant in tail in case of a discontinuance of the estate tail. This writ has been abolished.

For”mell (?), n. [Dim. of F. forme the female of a bird of prey.] (Zoöl.) The female of a hawk or falcon.

Form”er (?), n. 1. One who forms; a maker; a creator.

2. (Mech.) (a) A shape around which an article is to be shaped, molded, woven wrapped, pasted, or otherwise constructed. (b) A templet, pattern, or gauge by which an article is shaped. (c) A cutting die.

For”mer (?), a. [A compar. due to OE. formest. See Foremost.] 1. Preceding in order of time; antecedent; previous; prior; earlier; hence, ancient; long past.

For inquire, I pray thee, of the former age.

Job. viii. 8.

The latter and former rain.

Hosea vi. 3.

3. Near the beginning; preceeding; as, the former part of a discourse or argument.

3. Earlier, as between two things mentioned together; first mentioned.

A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critic; a man may be the former merely through the misfortune of an ill judgment; but he can not be latter without both that and an ill temper.

Pope.

Syn. — Prior; previous; anterior; antecedent; preceding; foregoing.

||For`me*ret” (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) One of the half ribs against the walls in a ceiling vaulted with ribs.

For”mer*ly (?), adv. In time past, either in time immediately preceding or at any indefinite distance; of old; heretofore.

Form”ful (?), a. Creative; imaginative. [R.] “The formful brain.” Thomson.

For”mic (?), a. [L. formica an ant: cf. F. formique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ants; as, formic acid; in an extended sense, pertaining to, or derived from, formic acid; as, formic ether.

Amido formic acid, carbamic acid. — Formic acid, a colorless, mobile liquid, HCO.OH, of a sharp, acid taste, occurring naturally in ants, nettles, pine needles, etc., and produced artifically in many ways, as by the oxidation of methyl alcohol, by the reduction of carbonic acid or the destructive distillation of oxalic acid. It is the first member of the fatty acids in the paraffin series, and is homologous with acetic acid.

||For*mi”ca (?), n. [L., an ant.] (Zoöl.) A Linnæan genus of hymenopterous insects, including the common ants. See Ant.

For`mi*ca”roid (?), a. [NL. Formicarius, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the family Formicaridæ or ant thrushes.

For”mi*ca*ry (?), n. [LL. formicarium, fr. L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) The nest or dwelling of a swarm of ants; an ant-hill.

For”mi*cate (?), a. [L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, an ant or ants.

For`mi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. formicatio, fr. formicare to creep like an ant, to feel as if ants were crawling on one’s self, fr. formica ant: cf. F. formication.] (Med.) A sensation resembling that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. Dunglison.

For”mi*cid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the ants. — n. One of the family Formicidæ, or ants.

For`mi*da*bil”i*ty (?), n. Formidableness. Walpole.

For”mi*da*ble (?), a. [L. formidabilis, fr. formidare to fear, dread: cf. F. formidable.] Exciting fear or apprehension; impressing dread; adapted to excite fear and deter from approach, encounter, or undertaking; alarming.

They seemed to fear the formodable sight.

Dryden.

I swell my preface into a volume, and make it formidable, when you see so many pages behind.

Drydn.

Syn. — Dreadful; fearful; terrible; frightful; shocking; horrible; terrific; tremendous.

For”mi*da*ble*ness, n. The quality of being formidable, or adapted to excite dread. Boyle.

For”mi*da*bly, adv. In a formidable manner.

For*mid”o*lose (?), a. [L. formidolosus, fr. formido fear.] Very much afraid. [Obs.] Bailey.

Form”ing (?), n. The act or process of giving form or shape to anything; as, in shipbuilding, the exact shaping of partially shaped timbers.

Form”less, a. Shapeless; without a determinate form; wanting regularity of shape. — Form”less*ly, adv. — Form”less*ness, n.

For”mu*la (?), n.; pl. E. Formulas (#), L. Formulæ (#). [L., dim. of forma form, model. SeeForm, n.] 1. A prescribed or set form; an established rule; a fixed or conventional method in which anything is to be done, arranged, or said.

2. (Eccl.) A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines.

3. (Math.) A rule or principle expressed in algebraic language; as, the binominal formula.

4. (Med.) A prescription or recipe for the preparation of a medicinal compound.

5. (Chem.) A symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of the constituents or constitution of a compound.

&fist; Chemical formulæ consist of the abbreviations of the names of the elements, with a small figure at the lower right hand, to denote the number of atoms of each element contained.

Empirical formula (Chem.), an expression which gives the simple proportion of the constituents; as, the empirical formula of acetic acid is C_2H_4O_2. — Graphic formula, Rational formula (Chem.), an expression of the constitution, and in a limited sense of the structure, of a compound, by the grouping of its atoms or radicals; as, a rational formula of acetic acid is CH_3.(C:O).OH; — called also structural formula, constitutional formula, etc. See also the formula of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene. — Molecular formula (Chem.), a formula indicating the supposed molecular constitution of a compound.

For`mu*la*ris”tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, formularization. Emerson.

For`mu*lar*i*za”tion (?), n. The act of formularizing; a formularized or formulated statement or exhibition. C. Kingsley.

For”mu*lar*ize (?), v. t. To reduce to a forula; to formulate.

For”mu*la*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. formulaire. See Formula.] Stated; prescribed; ritual.

For”mu*la*ry, n.; pl. Formularies (#). [Cf. F. formulaire.] 1. A book containing stated and prescribed forms, as of oaths, declarations, prayers, medical formulaæ, etc.; a book of precedents.

2. Prescribed form or model; formula.

For”mu*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Formulating (?).] To reduce to, or express in, a formula; to put in a clear and definite form of statement or expression. G. P. Marsh.

For`mu*la”tion (?), n. The act, process, or result of formulating or reducing to a formula.

For”mule (?), n. [F.] A set or prescribed model; a formula. [Obs.] Johnson.

For`mu*li*za”tion (?), n. The act or process of reducing to a formula; the state of being formulized.

For”mu*lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Formulizing (?).] To reduce to a formula; to formulate. Emerson.

For”myl (?), n. [Formic + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A univalent radical, H.C:O, regarded as the essential residue of formic acid and aldehyde. (b) Formerly, the radical methyl, CH_3.

Forn*cast” (?), p. p. [OE. foren + cast. See Forecast.] Predestined. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For”ni*cal (?), a. Relating to a fornix.

{ For”ni*cate (?), For”ni*ca`ted (?) }, a. [L. fornicatus, fr. fornix, - icis, an arch, vault.] 1. Vaulted like an oven or furnace; arched.

2. (Bot.) Arching over; overarched. Gray.

For”ni*cate (?), v. i. [L. fornicatus, p. p. of fornicari to fornicate, fr. fornix, -icis, a vault, a brothel in an underground vault.] To commit fornication; to have unlawful sexual intercourse.

For`ni*ca”tion (?), n. [F. fornication, L. fornicatio.] 1. Unlawful sexual intercourse on the part of an unmarried person; the act of such illicit sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as does not by law amount to adultery.

&fist; In England, the offense, though cognizable in the ecclesiastical courts, was not at common law subject to secular prosecution. In the United States it is indictable in some States at common law, in others only by statute. Whartyon.

2. (Script.) (a) Adultery. (b) Incest. (c) Idolatry.

For”ni*ca`tor (?), n. [F. fornicateur, OF. fornicator, from L. fornicator.] An unmarried person, male or female, who has criminal intercourse with the other sex; one guilty of fornication.

For”ni*ca`tress (?), n. [Cf. F. fornicatrice, L. fornicatrix.] A woman guilty of fornication. Shak.

||For”nix (?), n.; pl. Fornices (#). [L., an arch.] (Anat.) (a) An arch or fold; as, the fornix, or vault, of the cranium; the fornix, or reflection, of the conjuctiva. (b) Esp., two longitudinal bands of white nervous tissue beneath the lateral ventricles of the brain.

For*old” (?), a. Very old. [Obs.]

A bear’s skin, coal-black, forold.

Chaucer.

For*pass” (?), v. t. & i. To pass by or along; to pass over. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*pine” (?), v. t. To waste away completely by suffering or torment. [Archaic] “Pale as a forpined ghost.” Chaucer.

For”ray (? or ?), v. t. [OE. forrayen. See Foray.] To foray; to ravage; to pillage.

For they that morn had forrayed all the land.

Fairfax.

For”ray, n. The act of ravaging; a ravaging; a predatory excursion. See Foray.

For”rill (?), n. [See Forel.] Lambskin parchment; vellum; forel. McElrath.

For*sake” (?), v. t. [imp. Forsook (?); p. p. Forsaken (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forsaking.] [AS. forsacan to oppose, refuse; for- + sacan to contend, strive; akin to Goth. sakan. See For-, and Sake.] 1. To quit or leave entirely; to desert; to abandon; to depart or withdraw from; to leave; as, false friends and flatterers forsake us in adversity.

If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments.

Ps. lxxxix. 30.

2. To renounce; to reject; to refuse.

If you forsake the offer of their love.

Shak.

Syn. — To abandon; quit; desert; fail; relinquish; give up; renounce; reject. See Abandon.

For*sak”er (?), n. One who forsakes or deserts.

For*say” (?), v. t. [AS. forsecgan to accuse; pref. for- + secgan to say.] To forbid; to renounce; to forsake; to deny. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*shape” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + shape, v.t.] To render misshapen. [Obs.] Gower.

For*slack” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + slack to neglect.] To neglect by idleness; to delay or to waste by sloth. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*slouth”e (?), v. t. [See For- , and Slouth.] To lose by sloth or negligence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*slow” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + slow.] To delay; to hinder; to neglect; to put off. [Obs.] Bacon.

For*slow”, v. i. To loiter. [Obs.] Shak.

For*slug”ge (?), v. t. [See Slug to be idle.] To lsoe by idleness or slotch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*sooth” (?), adv. [AS. forsōð; for, prep. + sōð sooth, truth. See For, prep., and Sooth.] In truth; in fact; certainly; very well; — formerly used as an expression of deference or respect, especially to woman; now used ironically or contemptuously.

A fit man, forsooth, to govern a realm!

Hayward.

Our old English word forsooth has been changed for the French madam.

Guardian.

For*sooth”, v. t. To address respectfully with the term forsooth. [Obs.]

The captain of the “Charles” had forsoothed her, though he knew her well enough and she him.

Pepys.

For*sooth”, n. A person who used forsooth much; a very ceremonious and deferential person. [R.]

You sip so like a forsooth of the city.

B. Jonson.

For*speak” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + speak.] 1. To forbid; to prohibit. Shak.

2. To bewitch. [Obs.] Drayton.

For*spent” (?), a. [AS. forspendan to consume; pref. for- + spendan to spend.] Wasted in strength; tired; exhausted. [Archaic]

A gentleman almost forspent with speed.

Shak.

For*stall” (?), v. t. To forestall. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fors”ter (?), n. A forester. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*straught” (?), p. p. & a. [Pref. for- + straught; cf. distraught.] Distracted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*swat” (?), a. [See Sweat.] Spent with heat; covered with sweat. [Obs.] P. Sidney.

For*swear” (?), v. t. [imp. Forswore (?); p. p. Forsworn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forswearing.] [OE. forsweren, forswerien, AS. forswerian; pref. for- + swerian to swear. See For-, and Swear, v. i.] 1. To reject or renounce upon oath; hence, to renounce earnestly, determinedly, or with protestations.

I . . . do forswear her.

Shak.

2. To deny upon oath.

Like innocence, and as serenely bold
As truth, how loudly he forswears thy gold!

Dryden.

To forswear one’s self, to swear falsely; to perjure one’s self. “Thou shalt not forswear thyself.” Matt. v. 33.

Syn. — See Perjure.

For*swear”, v. i. To swear falsely; to commit perjury. Shak.

For*swear”er (?), n. One who rejects of renounces upon oath; one who swears a false oath.

For*swonk” (?), a. [Pref. for- + swonk, p. p. of swinkto labor. See Swink.] Overlabored; exhausted; worn out. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*swore” (?), imp. of Forswear.

For*sworn” (?), p. p. of Forswear.

For*sworn”ness, n. State of being forsworn. [R.]

||For*syth”i*a (?), a. [NL. Named after William Forsyth, who brought in from China.] (Bot.) A shrub of the Olive family, with yellow blossoms.

Fort (?), n. [F., from fort strong, L. fortis; perh. akin to Skr. darh to fix, make firm, and to E. firm Cf. Forte, Force, Fortalice, Comfort, Effort.] (Mil.) A strong or fortified place; usually, a small fortified place, occupied only by troops, surrounded with a ditch, rampart, and parapet, or with palisades, stockades, or other means of defense; a fortification.

Detached works, depending solely on their own strength, belong to the class of works termed forts.

Farrow.

Fort”a*lice (?), n. [LL. fortalitia, or OF. fortelesce. See Fortress.] (Mil.) A small outwork of a fortification; a fortilage; – - called also fortelace.

Forte (fōrt), n. [IT. forte: cf. F. fort. See Fort.] 1. The strong point; that in which one excels.

The construction of a fable seems by no means the forte of our modern poetical writers.

Jeffrey.

2. The stronger part of the blade of a sword; the part of half nearest the hilt; — opposed to foible.

||For”te (fôr”t&asl; or fōr”t&asl;), adv. [It. forte, a. & adv., fr. L. fortis strong.] (Mus.) Loudly; strongly; powerfully.

Fort”ed (?), a. Furnished with, or guarded by, forts; strengthened or defended, as by forts. [R.] Shak.

Forth (?), v.[AS. forð, fr. for akin to D. voort, G. fort √78. See Fore, For, and cf. Afford, Further, adv.] 1. Forward; onward in time, place, or order; in advance from a given point; on to end; as, from that day forth; one, two, three, and so forth.

Lucas was Paul’s companion, at the leastway from the sixteenth of the Acts forth.

Tyndale.

From this time forth, I never will speak word.

Shak.

I repeated the Ave Maria; the inquisitor bad me say forth; I said I was taught no more.

Strype.

2. Out, as from a state of concealment, retirement, confinement, nondevelopment, or the like; out into notice or view; as, the plants in spring put forth leaves.

When winter past, and summer scarce begun,
Invites them forth to labor in the sun.

Dryden.

3. Beyond a (certain) boundary; away; abroad; out.

I have no mind of feasting forth to- night.

Shak.

4. Throughly; from beginning to end. [Obs.] Shak.

And so forth, Back and forth, From forth. See under And, Back, and From. — Forth of, Forth from, out of. [Obs.] Shak. — To bring forth. See under Bring.

Forth, prep. Forth from; out of. [Archaic]

Some forth their cabins peep.

Donne.

Forth, n. [OE., a ford. &?; 78. See Frith.] A way; a passage or ford. [Obs.] Todd.

Forth`by” (?), adv. [Obs.] See Forby.

Forth”com`ing (? or ?), a. Ready or about to appear; making appearance.

Forth”go`ing (? or ?), n. A going forth; an utterance. A. Chalmers.

Forth”go`ing, a. Going forth.

For*think” (?), v. t. To repent; to regret; to be sorry for; to cause regret. [Obs.] “Let it forthink you.” Tyndale.

That me forthinketh, quod this January.

Chaucer.

Forth”put`ing (? or ?), a. Bold; forward; aggressive.

Forth”right` (? or ?), adv. [Forth, adv. + right, adv.] Straight forward; in a straight direction. [Archaic] Sir P. Sidney.

Forth”right`, a. Direct; straightforward; as, a forthright man. [Archaic] Lowell.

They were Night and Day, and Day and Night,
Piligrims wight with steps forthright.

Emerson.

Forth”right`, n. A straight path. [Archaic]

Here’s a maze trod, indeed,
Through forthrights and meanders!

Shak.

Forth”right`ness, n. Straightforwardness; explicitness; directness. [Archaic]

Dante’s concise forthrightness of phrase.

Hawthorne.

Forth”ward (?), adv. [Forth, adv. + -ward.] Forward. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Forth`with” (? or ?; see With), adv. 1. Immediately; without delay; directly.

Immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales; and he received sight forthwith.

Acts ix. 18.

2. (Law) As soon as the thing required may be done by reasonable exertion confined to that object. Bouvier.

For*thy” (?), adv. [AS. forð&ymacr;; for, prep. + ð&ymacr;, instrumental neut. of se, seó, ðæt, pron. demonstrative and article. See The.] Therefore. [Obs.] Spenser.

For”ties (?), n. pl. See Forty.

For”ti*eth (?), a. [AS. feówertigo&?;a. See Forty.] 1. Following the thirty-ninth, or preceded by thirty-nine units, things, or parts.

2. Constituting one of forty equal parts into which anything is divided.

For”ti*eth, n. One of forty equal parts into which one whole is divided; the quotient of a unit divided by forty; one next in order after the thirty-ninth.

For”ti*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. fortifiable.] Capable of being fortified. Johnson.

For`ti*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. fortificatio : cf. F. fortification.] 1. The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places in order to defend them against an enemy.

2. That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle.

Fortification agate, Scotch pebble.

Syn. — Fortress; citadel; bulwark. See Fortress.

For”ti*fi`er (?), n. One who, or that which, fortifies, strengthens, supports, or upholds.

For”ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fortified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fortifying.] [F. fortifier, L. fortificare; fortis strong + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Fort, and -fy.] 1. To add strength to; to strengthen; to confirm; to furnish with power to resist attack.

Timidity was fortified by pride.

Gibbon.

Pride came to the aid of fancy, and both combined to fortify his resolution.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To strengthen and secure by forts or batteries, or by surrounding with a wall or ditch or other military works; to render defensible against an attack by hostile forces.

For”ti*fy, v. i. To raise defensive works. Milton.

For”ti*lage (?; 48), n. [Cf. Fortalice.] A little fort; a blockhouse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fort”in (?), n. [F. See Fort, n.] A little fort; a fortlet. [Obs.]

||For*tis”si*mo (? or ?), adv. [It., superl. of forte, adv. See Forte, adv.] (Mus.) Very loud; with the utmost strength or loudness.

For*ti”tion (?), n. [See Fortuitous.] Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard. [R.]

No mode of election operating in the spirit of fortition or rotation can be generally good.

Burke.

For”ti*tude (?), n. [L. fortitudo, fr. fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. Power to resist attack; strength; firmness. [Obs.]

The fortitude of the place is best known to you.

Shak.

2. That strength or firmness of mind which enables a person to encounter danger with coolness and courage, or to bear pain or adversity without murmuring, depression, or despondency; passive courage; resolute endurance; firmness in confronting or bearing up against danger or enduring trouble.

Extolling patience as the truest fortitude.

Milton.

Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues.

Locke.

Syn. — Courage; resolution; resoluteness; endurance; bravery. See Courage, and Heroism.

For`ti*tu”di*nous (?), a. Having fortitude; courageous. [R.] Gibbon.

Fort”let (?), n. A little fort. [R.] Bailey.

Fort”night` (?; in U.S. often ?; 277), n. [Contr. fr. fourteen nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights and winters; so, also, seven nights, sennight, a week.] The space of fourteen days; two weeks.

Fort”night`ly (?), a. Occurring or appearing once in a fortnight; as, a fortnightly meeting of a club; a fortnightly magazine, or other publication. — adv. Once in a fortnight; at intervals of a fortnight.

For*tread” (?), v. t. To tread down; to trample upon. [Obs.]

In hell shall they be all fortroden of devils.

Chaucer.

For”tress (?), n.; pl. Fortresses (#). [F. forteresse, OF. forteresce, fortelesce, LL. foralitia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, and cf. Fortalice.] A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; a fort; a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security.

Syn. — Fortress, Fortification, Castle, Citadel. A fortress is constructed for military purposes only, and is permanently garrisoned; a fortification is built to defend harbors, cities, etc.; a castle is a fortress of early times which was ordinarily a palatial dwelling; a citadel is the stronghold of a fortress or city, etc.

For”tress, v. t. To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard; to fortify. Shak.

For*tu”i*tous (?), a. [L. fortuitus; akin to forte, adv., by chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance. See Fortune.] 1. Happening by chance; coming or occuring unexpectedly, or without any known cause; chance; as, the fortuitous concourse of atoms.

It was from causes seemingly fortuitous . . . that all the mighty effects of the Reformation flowed.

Robertson.

So as to throw a glancing and fortuitous light upon the whole.

Hazlitt.

2. (LAw) Happening independently of human will or means of foresight; resulting from unavoidable physical causes. Abbott.

Syn. — Accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. See Accidental.

— For*tu”i*tous*ly, adv. — For*tu”i*tous*ness, n.

For*tu”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. fortuité.] Accident; chance; casualty. D. Forbes (1750).

For”tu*nate (?; 135), a. [L. fortunatus, p. p. of fortunare to make fortunate or prosperous, fr. fortuna. See Fortune, n.] 1. Coming by good luck or favorable chance; bringing some good thing not foreseen as certain; presaging happiness; auspicious; as, a fortunate event; a fortunate concurrence of circumstances; a fortunate investment.

2. Receiving same unforeseen or unexpected good, or some good which was not dependent on one’s own skill or efforts; favored with good forune; lucky.

Syn. — Auspicious; lucky; prosperous; successful; favored; happy. — Fortunate, Successful, Prosperous. A man is fortunate, when he is favored of fortune, and has unusual blessings fall to his lot; successful when he gains what he aims at; prosperous when he succeeds in those things which men commonly desire. One may be fortunate, in some cases, where he is not successful; he may be successful, but, if he has been mistaken in the value of what he has aimed at, he may for that reason fail to be prosperous.

For”tu*nate*ly, adv. In a fortunate manner; luckily; successfully; happily.

For”tu*nate*ness, n. The condition or quality of being fortunate; good luck; success; happiness.

For”tune (fôr”t&usl;n; 135), n. [F. fortune, L. fortuna; akin to fors, fortis, chance, prob. fr. ferre to bear, bring. See Bear to support, and cf. Fortuitous.] 1. The arrival of something in a sudden or unexpected manner; chance; accident; luck; hap; also, the personified or deified power regarded as determining human success, apportioning happiness and unhappiness, and distributing arbitrarily or fortuitously the lots of life.

‘T is more by fortune, lady, than by merit.

Shak.

O Fortune, Fortune, all men call thee fickle.

Shak.

2. That which befalls or is to befall one; lot in life, or event in any particular undertaking; fate; destiny; as, to tell one’s fortune.

You, who men’s fortunes in their faces read.

Cowley.

3. That which comes as the result of an undertaking or of a course of action; good or ill success; especially, favorable issue; happy event; success; prosperity as reached partly by chance and partly by effort.

Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give.

Dryden.

There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.

Shak.

His father dying, he was driven to seek his fortune.

Swift.

4. Wealth; large possessions; large estate; riches; as, a gentleman of fortune.

Syn. — Chance; accident; luck; fate.

Fortune book, a book supposed to reveal future events to those who consult it. Crashaw. — Fortune hunter, one who seeks to acquire wealth by marriage. — Fortune teller, one who professes to tell future events in the life of another. — Fortune telling, the practice or art of professing to reveal future events in the life of another.

For”tune, v. t. [OF. fortuner, L. fortunare. See Fortune, n.] 1. To make fortunate; to give either good or bad fortune to. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To provide with a fortune. Richardson.

3. To presage; to tell the fortune of. [Obs.] Dryden.

For”tune, v. i. To fall out; to happen.

It fortuned the same night that a Christian, serving a Turk in the camp, secretely gave the watchmen warning.

Knolles.

For”tune*less, a. Luckless; also, destitute of a fortune or portion. Spenser.

For”tun*ize (?), v. t. To regulate the fortune of; to make happy. [Obs.] Spenser.

For”ty (fôr”t&ybreve;), a. [OE. forti, fourti, fowerti, AS. feówertig; feówer four + suff. - tig ten; akin to OS. fiwartig, fiartig, D. veertig, G. vierzig, Icel. fjörutīu, Sw. fyratio, Dan. fyrretyve, Goth. fidwōr tigjus. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Fourteen.] Four times ten; thirty-nine and one more.

For”ty, n.; pl. Forties (-t&ibreve;z). 1. The sum of four tens; forty units or objects.

2. A symbol expressing forty units; as, 40, or xl.

For”ty-spot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Tasmanian forty-spotted diamond bird (Pardalotus quadragintus).

Fo”rum (?), n.; pl. E. Forums (#), L. Fora (#). [L.; akin to foris, foras, out of doors. See Foreign.] 1. A market place or public place in Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people.

2. A tribunal; a court; an assembly empowered to hear and decide causes.

He [Lord Camden] was . . . more eminent in the senate than in the forum.

Brougham.

For*waked” (? or ?), p. p. & a. Tired out with excessive waking or watching. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*wan”der (?), v. i. To wander away; to go astray; to wander far and to weariness. [Obs.]

For”ward (?), n. [OE., fr. AS. foreweard; fore before + weard a ward. See Ward, n.] An agreement; a covenant; a promise. [Obs.]

Tell us a tale anon, as forward is.

Chaucer.

{ For”ward (?), For”wards (?) }, adv. [AS. forweard, foreweard; for, fore + -weardes; akin to G. vorwärts. The s is properly a genitive ending. See For, Fore, and -ward, -wards.] Toward a part or place before or in front; onward; in advance; progressively; — opposed to backward.

For”ward, a. 1. Near, or at the fore part; in advance of something else; as, the forward gun in a ship, or the forward ship in a fleet.

2. Ready; prompt; strongly inclined; in an ill sense, overready; too hasty.

Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which I also was forward to do.

Gal. ii. 10.

Nor do we find him forward to be sounded.

Shak.

3. Ardent; eager; earnest; in an ill sense, less reserved or modest than is proper; bold; confident; as, the boy is too forward for his years.

I have known men disagreeably forward from their shyness.

T. Arnold.

4. Advanced beyond the usual degree; advanced for the season; as, the grass is forward, or forward for the season; we have a forward spring.

The most forward bud
Is eaten by the canker ere it blow.

Shak.

For”ward (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forwarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Forwarding.] 1. To help onward; to advance; to promote; to accelerate; to quicken; to hasten; as, to forward the growth of a plant; to forward one in improvement.

2. To send forward; to send toward the place of destination; to transmit; as, to forward a letter.

For”ward*er (?), n. 1. One who forwards or promotes; a promoter. Udall.

2. One who sends forward anything; (Com.) one who transmits goods; a forwarding merchant.

3. (Bookbinding) One employed in forwarding.

For”ward*ing, n. 1. The act of one who forwards; the act or occupation of transmitting merchandise or other property for others.

2. (Bookbinding) The process of putting a book into its cover, and making it ready for the finisher.

For”ward*ly (?), adv. Eagerly; hastily; obtrusively.

For”ward*ness, n. The quality of being forward; cheerful readiness; promtness; as, the forwardness of Christians in propagating the gospel.

2. An advanced stage of progress or of preparation; advancement; as, his measures were in great forwardness. Robertson.

3. Eagerness; ardor; as, it is difficult to restrain the forwardness of youth.

3. Boldness; confidence; assurance; want of due reserve or modesty.

In France it is usual to bring children into company, and cherish in them, from their infancy, a kind of forwardness and assurance.

Addison.

5. A state of advance beyond the usual degree; prematureness; precocity; as, the forwardnessof spring or of corn; the forwardness of a pupil.

He had such a dexterous proclivity, as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness.

Sir H. Wotton.

Syn. — Promptness; promptitude; eagerness; ardor; zeal; assurance; confidence; boldness; impudence; presumption.

For”wards (?), adv. Same as Forward.

For*waste” (?), v. t. [Pref. for- + waste.] To desolate or lay waste utterly. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*wea”ry (?), v. t. To weary extremely; to dispirit. [Obs.] Spenser.

For*weep” (?), v. i. To weep much. [Obs.]

For*wete” (?), v. t. See Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*why” (?), conj. [For + why, AS. hw&?;, instrumental case of hwā who.] Wherefore; because. [Obs.]

For*worn” (?), a. Much worn. [Obs.]

A silly man, in simple weeds forworn.

Spenser.

For*wot” (?), pres. indic. 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forwete. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*wrap” (?), v. t. To wrap up; to conceal. [Obs.]

All mote be said and nought excused, nor hid, nor forwrapped.

Chaucer.

For*yelde” (?), v. t. [AS. forgieldan.] To repay; to requite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*yete” (?), v. t. To forget. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For*yet”ten (?), obs. p. p. of Foryete. Chaucer.

||For*zan”do (?), adv. [It., prop. p. p. of forzare to force.] (Mus.) See Sforzato.

||Fos”sa (?), n.; pl. FossÆ (#). [L., a ditch. See Fosse.] (Anat.) A pit, groove, cavity, or depression, of greater or less depth; as, the temporal fossa on the side of the skull; the nasal fossæ containing the nostrils in most birds.

Fos”sane` (?), n. [Cf. F. fossane.] (Zoöl.) A species of civet (Viverra fossa) resembling the genet.

Fosse (?), n. [F., fr. L. fossa, fr. fodere, fossum, to dig.] 1. (Fort.) A ditch or moat.

2. (Anat.) See Fossa.

Fosse road. See Fosseway.

Fos”set (?), n. A faucet. [Obs.] Shak.

||Fos`sette” (? or ?), n. [F., dim. of fosse a fosse.] 1. A little hollow; hence, a dimple.

2. (Med.) A small, deep-centered ulcer of the transparent cornea.

Fosse”way` (?), n. One of the great military roads constructed by the Romans in England and other parts of Europe; — so called from the fosse or ditch on each side for keeping it dry.

Fos”sil (?), a. [L. fossilis, fr. fodere to dig: cf. F. fossile. See Fosse.] 1. Dug out of the earth; as, fossil coal; fossil salt.

2. (Paleon.) Like or pertaining to fossils; contained in rocks, whether petrified or not; as, fossil plants, shells.

Fossil copal, a resinous substance, first found in the blue clay at Highgate, near London, and apparently a vegetable resin, partly changed by remaining in the earth. — Fossil cork, flax, paper, or wood, varieties of amianthus. — Fossil farina, a soft carbonate of lime. — Fossil ore, fossiliferous red hematite. Raymond.

Fos”sil, n. 1. A substance dug from the earth. [Obs.]

&fist; Formerly all minerals were called fossils, but the word is now restricted to express the remains of animals and plants found buried in the earth. Ure.

2. (Paleon.) The remains of an animal or plant found in stratified rocks. Most fossils belong to extinct species, but many of the later ones belong to species still living.

3. A person whose views and opinions are extremely antiquated; one whose sympathies are with a former time rather than with the present. [Colloq.]

Fos`sil*if”er*ous (?), a. [Fossil + -ferous.] (Paleon.) Containing or composed of fossils.

Fos*sil`i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [Fossil + L. facere to make.] The process of becoming fossil.

Fos”sil*ism (?), n. 1. The science or state of fossils. Coleridge.

2. The state of being extremely antiquated in views and opinions.

Fos”sil*ist, n. One who is versed in the science of fossils; a paleontologist. Joseph Black.

Fos`sil*i*za”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fossilisation.] The process of converting, or of being converted, into a fossil.

Fos”sil*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fossilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fossilizing (?).] [Cf. F. fossiliser.] 1. To convert into a fossil; to petrify; as, to fossilize bones or wood.

2. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, as by fossilization; to mummify; to deaden.

Ten layers of birthdays on a woman’s head
Are apt to fossilize her girlish mirth.

Mrs. Browning.

Fos”sil*ize, v. i. 1. To become fossil.

2. To become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, beyond the influence of change or progress.

Fos”sil*ized (?), a. Converted into a fossil; antiquated; firmly fixed in views or opinions.

A fossilized sample of confused provincialism.

Earle.

||Fos*so”res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fossor&?; digger, fr. fodere to dig.] (Zoöl.) A group of hymenopterous insects including the sand wasps. They excavate cells in earth, where they deposit their eggs, with the bodies of other insects for the food of the young when hatched. [Written also Fossoria.]

||Fos*so”ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Fossores.

Fos*so”ri*al (?), a. [L. fossor a digger.] Fitted for digging, adapted for burrowing or digging; as, a fossorial foot; a fossorial animal.

Fos*so”ri*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Adapted for digging; — said of the legs of certain insects.

Fos”su*late (?), a. [L. fossula little ditch, dim. of fossa. See Fosse.] Having, or surrounded by, long, narrow depressions or furrows.

Fos”ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fostered (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Fostering.] [OE. fostren, fr. AS. fōster, fōstor, food, nourishment, fr. fōda food. √75. See Food.] 1. To feed; to nourish; to support; to bring up.

Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.

Shak.

2. To cherish; to promote the growth of; to encourage; to sustain and promote; as, to foster genius.

Fos”ter, v. i. To be nourished or trained up together. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fos”ter, a. [AS. fōster, fōstor, nourishment. See Foster, v. t.] Relating to nourishment; affording, receiving, or sharing nourishment or nurture; — applied to father, mother, child, brother, etc., to indicate that the person so called stands in the relation of parent, child, brother, etc., as regards sustenance and nurture, but not by tie of blood.

Foster babe, or child, an infant of child nursed by a woman not its mother, or bred by a man not its father. — Foster brother, Foster sister, one who is, or has been, nursed at the same breast, or brought up by the same nurse as another, but is not of the same parentage. — Foster dam, one who takes the place of a mother; a nurse. Dryden. — Foster earth, earth by which a plant is nourished, though not its native soil. J. Philips. — Foster father, a man who takes the place of a father in caring for a child. Bacon. — Foster land. (a) Land allotted for the maintenance of any one. [Obs.] (b) One’s adopted country. — Foster lean [foster + AS. læn a loan See Loan.], remuneration fixed for the rearing of a foster child; also, the jointure of a wife. [Obs.] Wharton. — Foster mother, a woman who takes a mother’s place in the nurture and care of a child; a nurse. — Foster nurse, a nurse; a nourisher. [R.] Shak. — Foster parent, a foster mother or foster father. — Foster son, a male foster child.

Fos”ter, n. A forester. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fos”ter*age (?; 48), n. The care of a foster child; the charge of nursing. Sir W. Raleigh.

Fos”ter*er (?), n. One who, or that which, fosters.

Fos”ter*ling, n. [AS. fōstorling.] A foster child.

Fos”ter*ment (?), n. Food; nourishment. [Obs.]

Fos”tress (?), n. [For fosteress.] A woman who feeds and cherishes; a nurse. B. Jonson.

Foth”er (?), n. [OE. fother, foder, AS. fō&?;er a cartload; akin to G. fuder a cartload, a unit of measure, OHG. fuodar, D. voeder, and perh. to E. fathom, or cf. Skr. pātrā vessel, dish. Cf. Fodder a fother.] 1. A wagonload; a load of any sort. [Obs.]

Of dung full many a fother.

Chaucer.

2. See Fodder, a unit of weight.

Foth”er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fothered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fothering.] [Cf. Fodder food, and G. füttern, futtern, to cover within or without, to line. √75.] To stop (a leak in a ship at sea) by drawing under its bottom a thrummed sail, so that the pressure of the water may force it into the crack. Totten.

Fo”tive (?), a. [L. fovere, fotum, to keep warm, to cherish.] Nourishing. [Obs.] T. Carew (1633).

Fot”mal (?), n. (Com.) Seventy pounds of lead.

{ ||Fou`gade” (?), ||Fou`gasse” (?) }, n. (Mil.) A small mine, in the form of a well sunk from the surface of the ground, charged with explosive and projectiles. It is made in a position likely to be occupied by the enemy.

Fought (?), imp. & p. p. of Fight.

Fought”en (?), p. p. of Fight. [Archaic]

Foul (foul), n. [See Fowl.] A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Foul (foul), a. [Compar. Fouler (-&etilde;r); superl. Foulest.] [OE. foul, ful, AS. fūl; akin to D. vuil, G. faul rotten, OHG. fūl, Icel. fūl foul, fetid; Dan. fuul, Sw. ful foul, Goth. fūls fetid, Lith. puti to be putrid, L. putere to stink, be putrid, pus pus, Gr. py`on pus, to cause to rot, Skr. pūy to stink. √82. Cf. Defile to foul, File to foul, Filth, Pus, Putrid.] 1. Covered with, or containing, extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, or obstructive; filthy; dirty; not clean; polluted; nasty; defiled; as, a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney; foul air; a ship’s bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles; a gun becomes foul from repeated firing; a well is foul with polluted water.

My face is foul with weeping.

Job. xvi. 16.

2. Scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; as, foul words; foul language.

3. Hateful; detestable; shameful; odious; wretched. “The foul with Sycorax.” Shak.

Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?

Milton.

4. Loathsome; disgusting; as, a foul disease.

5. Ugly; homely; poor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.

Shak.

6. Not favorable; unpropitious; not fair or advantageous; as, a foul wind; a foul road; cloudy or rainy; stormy; not fair; — said of the weather, sky, etc.

So foul a sky clears not without a storm.

Shak.

7. Not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating; as, foul play.

8. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; — opposed to clear; as, a rope or cable may get foul while paying it out.

Foul anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor. — Foul ball (Baseball), a ball that first strikes the ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls outside of certain limits. — Foul ball lines (Baseball), lines from the home base, through the first and third bases, to the boundary of the field. — Foul berth (Naut.), a berth in which a ship is in danger of fouling another vesel. — Foul bill, or Foul bill of health, a certificate, duly authenticated, that a ship has come from a place where a contagious disorder prevails, or that some of the crew are infected. — Foul copy, a rough draught, with erasures and corrections; — opposed to fair or clean copy. “Some writers boast of negligence, and others would be ashamed to show their foul copies.” Cowper. — Foul proof, an uncorrected proof; a proof containing an excessive quantity of errors. — Foul strike (Baseball), a strike by the batsman when any part of his person is outside of the lines of his position. — To fall foul, to fall out; to quarrel. [Obs.] “If they be any ways offended, they fall foul.” Burton. — To fall, or run, foul of. See under Fall. — To make foul water, to sail in such shallow water that the ship’s keel stirs the mud at the bottom.

Foul (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fouled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fouling.] 1. To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to soil; as, to foul the face or hands with mire.

2. (Mil.) To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the process of firing.

3. To cover (a ship’s bottom) with anything that impered its sailing; as, a bottom fouled with barnacles.

4. To entangle, so as to impede motion; as, to foul a rope or cable in paying it out; to come into collision with; as, one boat fouled the other in a race.

Foul, v. i. 1. To become clogged with burnt powder in the process of firing, as a gun.

2. To become entagled, as ropes; to come into collision with something; as, the two boats fouled.

Foul, n. 1. An entanglement; a collision, as in a boat race.

2. (Baseball) See Foul ball, under Foul, a.

||Fou`lard” (?), n. [F.] A thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton, originally imported from India, but now also made elsewhere.

Foul”der (?), v. i. [OE. fouldre lightning, fr. F. foudre, OF. also fouldre, fr. L. fulgur. See Fulgor.] To flash, as lightning; to lighten; to gleam; to thunder. [Obs.] “Flames of fouldering heat.” Spenser.

Foul”e (?), adv. Foully. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Foul”ly (?), v. In a foul manner; filthily; nastily; shamefully; unfairly; dishonorably.

I foully wronged him; do forgive me, do.

Gay.

Foul”-mouthed` (?), a. Using language scurrilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; abusive.

So foul-mouthed a witness never appeared in any cause.

Addison.

Foul”ness, n. [AS. fūlnes.] The quality or condition of being foul.

Foul”-spo`ken (?), a. Using profane, scurrilous, slanderous, or obscene language. Shak.

Fou”mart` (?), n. [OE. folmard, fulmard; AS. f&?;l foul + mearð, meard, marten: cf. F. marte, martre. See Foul, a., and Marten the quadruped.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; — called also European ferret, and fitchew. See Polecat. [Written also foulmart, foulimart, and fulimart.]

Found (?), imp. & p. p. of Find.

Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] [F. fondre, L. fundere to found, pour.] To form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold; to cast. “Whereof to found their engines.” Milton.

Found, n. A thin, single-cut file for combmakers.

Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom. See 1st Bottom, and cf. Founder, v. i., Fund.] 1. To lay the basis of; to set, or place, as on something solid, for support; to ground; to establish upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix firmly.

I had else been perfect,
Whole as the marble, founded as the rock.

Shak.

A man that all his time
Hath founded his good fortunes on your love.

Shak.

It fell not, for it was founded on a rock.

Matt. vii. 25.

2. To take the ffirst steps or measures in erecting or building up; to furnish the materials for beginning; to begin to raise; to originate; as, to found a college; to found a family.

There they shall found
Their government, and their great senate choose.

Milton.

Syn. — To base; ground; institute; establish; fix. See Predicate.

Foun*da”tion (?), n. [F. fondation, L. fundatio. See Found to establish.] 1. The act of founding, fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect.

2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; groundwork; basis.

Behold, I lay in Zion, for a foundation, a stone . . . a precious corner stone, a sure foundation.

Is. xxviii. 16.

The foundation of a free common wealth.

Motley.

3. (Arch.) The lowest and supporting part or member of a wall, including the base course (see Base course (a), under Base, n.) and footing courses; in a frame house, the whole substructure of masonry.

4. A donation or legacy appropriated to support a charitable institution, and constituting a permanent fund; endowment.

He was entered on the foundation of Westminster.

Macaulay.

5. That which is founded, or established by endowment; an endowed institution or charity.

Against the canon laws of our foundation.

Milton.

Foundation course. See Base course, under Base, n. — Foundation muslin, an open-worked gummed fabric used for stiffening dresses, bonnets, etc. — Foundation school, in England, an endowed school. — To be on a foundation, to be entitled to a support from the proceeds of an endowment, as a scholar or a fellow of a college.

Foun*da”tion*er (?), n. One who derives support from the funds or foundation of a college or school. [Eng.]

Foun*da”tion*less, a. Having no foundation.

Found”er (?), n. [Cf. OF. fondeor, F. fondateur, L. fundator.] One who founds, establishes, and erects; one who lays a foundation; an author; one from whom anything originates; one who endows.

Found”er, n. [From Found to cast.] One who founds; one who casts metals in various forms; a caster; as, a founder of cannon, bells, hardware, or types.

Fonder’s dust. Same as Facing, 4. — Founder’s sand, a kind of sand suitable for purposes of molding.

Found”er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foundered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foundering.] [OF. fondrer to fall in, cf. F. s’effondrer, fr. fond bottom, L. fundus. See Found to establish.] 1. (Naut.) To become filled with water, and sink, as a ship.

2. To fall; to stumble and go lame, as a horse.

For which his horse fearé gan to turn,
And leep aside, and foundrede as he leep.

Chaucer.

3. To fail; to miscarry. “All his tricks founder.” Shak.

Found”er, v. t. To cause internal inflammation and soreness in the feet or limbs of (a horse), so as to disable or lame him.

Found”er, n. (Far.) (a) A lameness in the foot of a horse, occasioned by inflammation; closh. (b) An inflammatory fever of the body, or acute rheumatism; as, chest founder. See Chest ffounder. James White.

Foun”der*ous (?), a. Difficult to travel; likely to trip one up; as, a founderous road. [R.] Burke.

Found”er*shaft` (?), n. (Mining) The first shaft sunk. Raymond.

Found”er*y (?), n.; pl. Founderies (#). [F. fonderie, fr. fondre. See Found to cast, and cf. Foundry.] Same as Foundry.

Found”ing, n. The art of smelting and casting metals.

Found”ling (?), n. [OE. foundling, fundling; finden to find + - ling; cf. fündling, findling. See Find, v. t., and -ling.] A deserted or exposed infant; a child found without a parent or owner.

Foundling hospital, a hospital for foundlings.

Found”ress (?), n. A female founder; a woman who founds or establishes, or who endows with a fund.

Found”ry (?), n.; pl. Foundries (#). [See Foundery.] 1. The act, process, or art of casting metals.

2. The buildings and works for casting metals.

Foundry ladle, a vessel for holding molten metal and conveying it from cupola to the molds.

Fount (?), n. [See Font.] (Print.) A font.

Fount, n. [OF. font, funt, fr. L. fons, fontis, a fountain; of uncertain origin, perh. akin to fundere to pour, E. found to cast. Cf. Font.] A fountain.

Foun”tain (foun”t&ibreve;n), n. [F. fontaine, LL. fontana, fr. L. fons, fontis. See 2d Fount.] 1. A spring of water issuing from the earth.

2. An artificially produced jet or stream of water; also, the structure or works in which such a jet or stream rises or flows; a basin built and constantly supplied with pure water for drinking and other useful purposes, or for ornament.

3. A reservoir or chamber to contain a liquid which can be conducted or drawn off as needed for use; as, the ink fountain in a printing press, etc.

4. The source from which anything proceeds, or from which anything is supplied continuously; origin; source.

Judea, the fountain of the gospel.

Fuller.

Author of all being,
Fountain of light, thyself invisible.

Milton.

Air fountain. See under Air. — Fountain heead, primary source; original; first principle. Young. — Fountain inkstand, an inkstand having a continual supply of ink, as from elevated reservoir. — Fountain lamp, a lamp fed with oil from an elevated reservoir. — Fountain pen, a pen with a reservoir in the handle which furnishes a supply of ink. — Fountain pump. (a) A structure for a fountain, having the form of a pump. (b) A portable garden pump which throws a jet, for watering plants, etc. — Fountain shell (Zoöl.), the large West Indian conch shell (Strombus gigas). — Fountain of youth, a mythical fountain whose waters were fabled to have the property of renewing youth.

Foun”tain*less, a. Having no fountain; destitute of springs or sources of water.

Barren desert, fountainless and dry.

Milton.

Fount”ful (?), a. Full of fountains. Pope.

Four (fōr), a. [OE. four, fower, feower, AS. feówer; akin to OS. fiwar, D. & G. vier, OHG. fior, Icel. fjōrir, Sw. fyra, Dan. fire, Goth. fidwōr, Russ. chetuire, chetvero, W. pedwar, L. quatuor, Gr. te`ttares, te`ssares, pi`syres, Skr. catur. √302. Cf. Farthing, Firkin, Forty, Cater four, Quater-cousin, Quatuor, Quire of paper, tetrarch.] One more than three; twice two.

Four, n. 1. The sum of four units; four units or objects.

2. A symbol representing four units, as 4 or iv.

3. Four things of the same kind, esp. four horses; as, a chariot and four.

All fours. See All fours, in the Vocabulary.

{ Fourb, Fourbe (?) }, n. [F.] A tricky fellow; a cheat. [Obs.] Evelyn. Denham.

||Four`ché” (f&oomac;r`sh&asl;”), a. [F. See Fork.] (Her.) Having the ends forked or branched, and the ends of the branches terminating abruptly as if cut off; — said of an ordinary, especially of a cross.

||Four`chette” (f&oomac;r`sh&ebreve;t”), n. [F., dim. of fourche. See Fork.] 1. A table fork.

2. (Anat.) (a) A small fold of membrane, connecting the labia in the posterior part of the vulva. (b) The wishbone or furculum of birds. (c) The frog of the hoof of the horse and allied animals.

3. (Surg.) An instrument used to raise and support the tongue during the cutting of the frænum.

4. (Glove Making) The forked piece between two adjacent fingers, to which the front and back portions are sewed. Knight.

Four”-cor`nered (?), a. Having four corners or angles.

Four`dri`nier” (?), n. A machine used in making paper; — so named from an early inventor of improvements in this class of machinery.

Four”fold` (?), a. & adv. [AS. feówerfeold.] Four times; quadruple; as, a fourfold division.

He shall restore the lamb fourfold.

2 Sam. xii. 6.

Four”fold`, n. Four times as many or as much.

Four”fold`, v. t. To make four times as much or as many, as an assessment; to quadruple.

Four”foot`ed (?), a. Having four feet; quadruped; as, fourfooted beasts.

||Four`gon” (?), n. [F.] (Mil.) (a) An ammunition wagon. (b) A French baggage wagon.

Four”hand`ed (?), a. 1. Having four hands; quadrumanous. Goldsmith.

2. Requiring four “hands” or players; as, a fourhanded game at cards.

Fou”ri*er*ism (?), n. The coöperative socialistic system of Charles Fourier, a Frenchman, who recommended the reorganization of society into small communities, living in common.

{ Fou”ri*er*ist, Fou”ri*er*ite (?) }, n. One who adopts the views of Fourier.

Four”-in-hand (?), a. Consisting of four horses controlled by one person; as, a four-in-hand team; drawn by four horses driven by one person; as, a four-in- hand coach. — n. A team of four horses driven by one person; also, a vehicle drawn by such a team.

As quaint a four-in-hand
As you shall see.

Tennyson.

Four”ling, n. 1. One of four children born at the same time.

2. (Crystallog.) A compound or twin crystal consisting of four individuals.

||Four`neau” (?), n. [F.] (Mil.) The chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed.

Four”-o’clock` (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mirabilis. There are about half a dozen species, natives of the warmer parts of America. The common four-o’clock is M. Jalapa. Its flowers are white, yellow, and red, and open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy weather; hence the name. It is also called marvel of Peru, and afternoon lady.

2. (Zoöl.) The friar bird; — so called from its cry, which resembles these words.

Four”pence (?), n. 1. A British silver coin, worth four pence; a groat.

2. A name formerly given in New England to the Spanish half real, a silver coin worth six and a quarter cents.

Four”-post`er (?), n. A large bedstead with tall posts at the corners to support curtains. [Colloq.]

Four”rier (?; F. &?;), n. [F., fr. OF. forre. See Forage, n.] A harbinger. [Obs.]

Four”score` (?), a. [Four + core, n.] Four times twenty; eighty.

Four”score`, n. The product of four times twenty; eighty units or objects.

Four”square` (?), a. Having four sides and four equal angles. Sir W. Raleigh.

Four”teen` (?), a. [OE. fourtene, feowertene, AS. feówert&ymacr;ne, feówertēne. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Forty.] Four and ten more; twice seven.

Four”teen`, n. 1. The sum of ten and four; forteen units or objects.

2. A symbol representing fourteen, as 14 or xiv.

Four”teenth` (?), a. [Cf. OE. fourtende, fourtethe, AS. feówerteoða.] 1. Next in order after the thirteenth; as, the fourteenth day of the month.

2. Making or constituting one of fourteen equal parts into which anything may be divided.

Four”teenth`, n. 1. One of fourteen equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by fourteen; one next after the thirteenth.

2. (Mus.) The octave of the seventh.

Fourth (?), a. [OE. fourthe, ferthe, feorthe, AS. feórða, fr. feówer four.] 1. Next in order after the third; the ordinal of four.

2. Forming one of four equal parts into which anything may be divided.

Fourth, n. 1. One of four equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by four; one coming next in order after the third.

2. (Mus.) The interval of two tones and a semitone, embracing four diatonic degrees of the scale; the subdominant of any key.

The Fourth, specifically, in the United States, the fourth day of July, the anniversary of the declaration of American independence; as, to celebrate the Fourth.

Fourth”ly, adv. In the fourth place.

Four”-way` (?), a. Allowing passage in either of four directions; as, a four-way cock, or valve. Francis.

Four-way cock, a cock connected with four pipes or ports, and having two or more passages in the plug, by which the adjacent pipes or ports may be made to communicate; formerly used as a valve in the steam engine, and now for various other purposes. In the illustration, a leads to the upper end of a steam engine cylinder, and b to the lower end; c is the steam pipe, and d the exhaust pipe.

Four”-wheeled` (?), a. Having four wheels.

Four”-wheel`er (?), n. A vehicle having four wheels. [Colloq.]

||Fous”sa (?), n. [Natibe name.] (Zoöl.) A viverrine animal of Madagascar (Cryptoprocta ferox). It resembles a cat in size and form, and has retractile claws.

Fou”ter (?), n. [F. foutre to lecher, L. futuere. Cf. Fouty.] A despicable fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett.

Fou”tra (?), n. [See Fouter.] A fig; — a word of contempt. [Obs.]

A foutra for the world and wordlings base!

Shak.

Fou”ty (?), a. [Cf. F. foutu, p. p. of foutre; OF. foutu scoundrel. See Fouter.] Despicable. [Obs.]

||Fo”ve*a (?), n.; pl. Foveæ (#). [L., a small pit.] A slight depression or pit; a fossa.

Fo”ve*ate (?), a. [L. fovea a pit.] Having pits or depressions; pitted.

||Fo*ve”o*la (?), n.; pl. Foveolæ (#). [NL., dim. of L. fovea.] A small depression or pit; a fovea.

Fo”ve*o*late (? or ?), a. Having small pits or depressions, as the receptacle in some composite flowers.

Fo”ve*o*la`ted (?), a. Foveolate.

Fo*vil”la (?), n.; pl. Fovillæ (#). [Dim. fr. L. fovere to cherish.] (Bot.) One of the fine granules contained in the protoplasm of a pollen grain.

Fowl (?), n. Instead of the pl. Fowls the singular is often used collectively. [OE. foul, fowel, foghel, fuhel, fugel, AS. fugol; akin to OS. fugal D. & G. vogel, OHG. fogal, Icel. & Dan. fugl, Sw. fogel, fågel, Goth. fugls; of unknown origin, possibly by loss of l, from the root of E. fly, or akin to E. fox, as being a tailed animal.] 1. Any bird; esp., any large edible bird.

Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air.

Gen. i. 26.

Behold the fowls of the air; for they sow not.

Matt. vi. 26.

Like a flight of fowl
Scattered by winds and high tempestuous gusts.

Shak.

2. Any domesticated bird used as food, as a hen, turkey, duck; in a more restricted sense, the common domestic cock or hen (Gallus domesticus).

Barndoor fowl, or Barnyard fowl, a fowl that frequents the barnyard; the common domestic cock or hen.

Fowl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fowled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fowling.] To catch or kill wild fowl, for game or food, as by shooting, or by decoys, nets, etc.

Such persons as may lawfully hunt, fish, or fowl.

Blackstone.

Fowling piece, a light gun with smooth bore, adapted for the use of small shot in killing birds or small quadrupeds.

Fowl”er (?), n. A sportsman who pursues wild fowl, or takes or kills for food.

Fow”ler*ite (?), n. [From Dr. Samuel Fowler.] (Min.) A variety of rhodonite, from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, containing some zinc.

Fow”ler’s so*lu”tion (?). An aqueous solution of arsenite of potassium, of such strength that one hundred parts represent one part of arsenious acid, or white arsenic; — named from Fowler, an English physician who first brought it into use.

Fox (?), n.; pl. Foxes (#). [AS. fox; akin to D. vos, G. fuchs, OHG. fuhs, foha, Goth. faúh&?;, Icel. f&?;a fox, fox fraud; of unknown origin, cf. Skr. puccha tail. Cf. Vixen.] 1. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the genus Vulpes, family Canidæ, of many species. The European fox (V. vulgaris or V. vulpes), the American red fox (V. fulvus), the American gray fox (V. Virginianus), and the arctic, white, or blue, fox (V. lagopus) are well-known species.

&fist; The black or silver-gray fox is a variety of the American red fox, producing a fur of great value; the cross- gray and woods-gray foxes are other varieties of the same species, of less value. The common foxes of Europe and America are very similar; both are celebrated for their craftiness. They feed on wild birds, poultry, and various small animals.

Subtle as the fox for prey.

Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) The European dragonet.

3. (Zoöl.) The fox shark or thrasher shark; — called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark.

4. A sly, cunning fellow. [Colloq.]

We call a crafty and cruel man a fox.

Beattie.

5. (Naut.) Rope yarn twisted together, and rubbed with tar; — used for seizings or mats.

6. A sword; — so called from the stamp of a fox on the blade, or perhaps of a wolf taken for a fox. [Obs.]

Thou diest on point of fox.

Shak.

7. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which, with the Sacs, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin; — called also Outagamies.

Fox and geese. (a) A boy’s game, in which one boy tries to catch others as they run one goal to another. (b) A game with sixteen checkers, or some substitute for them, one of which is called the fox, and the rest the geese; the fox, whose first position is in the middle of the board, endeavors to break through the line of the geese, and the geese to pen up the fox. — Fox bat (Zoöl.), a large fruit bat of the genus Pteropus, of many species, inhabiting Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, esp. P. medius of India. Some of the species are more than four feet across the outspread wings. See Fruit bat. — Fox bolt, a bolt having a split end to receive a fox wedge. — Fox brush (Zoöl.), the tail of a fox. — Fox evil, a disease in which the hair falls off; alopecy. — Fox grape (Bot.), the name of two species of American grapes. The northern fox grape (Vitis Labrusca) is the origin of the varieties called Isabella, Concord, Hartford, etc., and the southern fox grape (Vitis vulpina) has produced the Scuppernong, and probably the Catawba. — Fox hunter. (a) One who pursues foxes with hounds. (b) A horse ridden in a fox chase. — Fox shark (Zoöl.), the thrasher shark. See Thrasher shark, under Thrasher. — Fox sleep, pretended sleep. — Fox sparrow (Zoöl.), a large American sparrow (Passerella iliaca); — so called on account of its reddish color. — Fox squirrel (Zoöl.), a large North American squirrel (Sciurus niger, or S. cinereus). In the Southern States the black variety prevails; farther north the fulvous and gray variety, called the cat squirrel, is more common. — Fox terrier (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar breed of terriers, used in hunting to drive foxes from their holes, and for other purposes. There are rough- and smooth-haired varieties. — Fox trot, a pace like that which is adopted for a few steps, by a horse, when passing from a walk into a trot, or a trot into a walk. — Fox wedge (Mach. & Carpentry), a wedge for expanding the split end of a bolt, cotter, dowel, tenon, or other piece, to fasten the end in a hole or mortise and prevent withdrawal. The wedge abuts on the bottom of the hole and the piece is driven down upon it. Fastening by fox wedges is called foxtail wedging. — Fox wolf (Zoöl.), one of several South American wild dogs, belonging to the genus Canis. They have long, bushy tails like a fox.

Fox (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foxed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foxing.] [See Fox, n., cf. Icel. fox imposture.] 1. To intoxicate; to stupefy with drink.

I drank . . . so much wine that I was almost foxed.

Pepys.

2. To make sour, as beer, by causing it to ferment.

3. To repair the feet of, as of boots, with new front upper leather, or to piece the upper fronts of.

Fox, v. i. To turn sour; — said of beer, etc., when it sours in fermenting.

Fox”earth` (?), n. A hole in the earth to which a fox resorts to hide himself.

Foxed (?), a. 1. Discolored or stained; — said of timber, and also of the paper of books or engravings.

2. Repaired by foxing; as, foxed boots.

Fox”e*ry (?), n. Behavior like that of a fox; cunning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fox”es (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Fox, n., 7.

Fox”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The fox shark; — called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark. (b) The european dragonet. See Dragonet.

Fox”glove` (?), n. [AS. foxes- glōfa, foxes-clōfa,foxes-clife.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Digitalis. The common English foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is a handsome perennial or biennial plant, whose leaves are used as a powerful medicine, both as a sedative and diuretic. See Digitalis.

Pan through the pastures oftentimes hath run
To pluck the speckled foxgloves from their stem.

W. Browne.

Fox”hound` (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of a special breed of hounds used for chasing foxes.

Fox”-hunt`ing (?), a. Pertaining to or engaged in the hunting of foxes; fond of hunting foxes.

Fox”i*ness (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being foxy, or foxlike; craftiness; shrewdness.

2. The state of being foxed or discolored, as books; decay; deterioration.

3. A coarse and sour taste in grapes.

Fox”ish, a. Foxlike. [Obs.]

Fox”like` (?), a. Resembling a fox in his characteristic qualities; cunning; artful; foxy.

Fox”ly, a. Foxlike. [Obs.] “Foxly craft.” Latimer.

Fox”ship, n. Foxiness; craftiness. [R.] Shak.

Fox”tail` (?), n. 1. The tail or brush of a fox.

2. (Bot.) The name of several kinds of grass having a soft dense head of flowers, mostly the species of Alopecurus and Setaria.

3. (Metal.) The last cinders obtained in the fining process. Raymond.

Foxtail saw, a dovetail saw. — Foxtail wedging. See Fox wedge, under Fox.

Fox”y (?), a. 1. Like or pertaining to the fox; foxlike in disposition or looks; wily.

Modred’s narrow, foxy face.

Tennyson.

2. Having the color of a fox; of a yellowish or reddish brown color; — applied sometimes to paintings when they have too much of this color.

3. Having the odor of a fox; rank; strong smeelling.

4. Sour; unpleasant in taste; — said of wine, beer, etc., not properly fermented; — also of grapes which have the coarse flavor of the fox grape.

Foy (foi), n. [F. foi, old spelling foy, faith. See Faith.] 1. Faith; allegiance; fealty. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A feast given by one about to leave a place. [Obs.]

He did at the Dog give me, and some other friends of his, his foy, he being to set sail to-day.

Pepys.

||Foy`er” (?), n. [F., fr. LL. focarium fireplace. See Focus, n.] 1. A lobby in a theater; a greenroom.

2. The crucible or basin in a furnace which receives the molten metal. Knight.

Foy”son (?), n. [Obs.] See Foison.

Fo”zi*ness (?), n. The state of being fozy; spiritlessness; dullness. [Scot.]

[The Whigs’] foziness can no longer be concealed.

Blackwood’s.

Fo”zy (?), a. Spongy; soft; fat and puffy. [Scot.]

Fra (fr&adot;), adv. & prep. [OE.] Fro. [Old Eng. & Scot.]

Fra (fr&adot;), n. [It., for frate. See Friar.] Brother; — a title of a monk or friar; as, Fra Angelo. Longfellow.

Frab (?), v. i. & t. To scold; to nag. [Prov. Eng.]

Frab”bit (?), a. Crabbed; peevish. [Prov. Eng.]

Fra”cas (frā“kas; F. fr&adot;`kä”; 277), n. [F., crash, din, tumult, It. fracasso, fr. fracassare to break in pieces, perh. fr. fra within, among (L. infra) + cassare to annul, cashier. Cf. Cashier, v. t.] An uproar; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl.

Frache (frāsh), n. A shallow iron pan to hold glass ware while being annealed.

Frac”id (?), a. [L. fracidus mellow, soft.] Rotten from being too ripe; overripe. [Obs.] Blount.

Fract (frăkt), v. t. [L. fractus, p. p. of frangere to break.] To break; to violate. [Obs.] Shak.

Frac”ted, a. (Her.) Having a part displaced, as if broken; — said of an ordinary. Macaulay.

Frac”tion (?), n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking, fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.] 1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially by violence. [Obs.]

Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to any fraction or breaking up.

Foxe.

2. A portion; a fragment.

Some niggard fractions of an hour.

Tennyson.

3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude.

Common, or Vulgar, fraction, a fraction in which the number of equal parts into which the integer is supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters, called the denominator, written below a line, over which is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts included in the fraction; as ½, one half, ⅖, two fifths. — Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed number in the numerator or denominator, or in both. Davies & Peck. — Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more fractions connected by of. — Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction, etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc. — Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is greater than the denominator. — Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator.

Frac”tion, v. t. (Chem.) To separate by means of, or to subject to, fractional distillation or crystallization; to fractionate; — frequently used with out; as, to fraction out a certain grade of oil from pretroleum.

Frac”tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting a fraction; as, fractional numbers.

2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a fractional part of the population.

Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual and approximate purification and separation, by means of repeated solution and crystallization therefrom. — Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than the monetary unit. — Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing considerably from each other in their boiling points, can be separated into its constituents.

Frac”tion*al*ly, adv. By fractions or separate portions; as, to distill a liquid fractionally, that is, so as to separate different portions.

Frac”tion*a*ry (?), a. Fractional. [Obs.]

Frac”tion*ate (?), v. t. To separate into different portions or fractions, as in the distillation of liquids.

Frac”tious (?), a. [Cf. Prov. E. frack forward, eager, E. freak, fridge; or Prov. E. fratch to squabble, quarrel.] Apt to break out into a passion; apt to scold; cross; snappish; ugly; unruly; as, a fractious man; a fractious horse.

Syn. — Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; perverse; pettish.

— Frac”tious*ly, v. — Frac”tious*ness, n.

Frac”tur*al (?; 135), a. Pertaining to, or consequent on, a fracture. [R.]

Frac”ture (?; 135), n. [L. fractura, fr. frangere, fractum, to break: cf. F. fracture. See Fraction.] 1. The act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach.

2. (Surg.) The breaking of a bone.

3. (Min.) The texture of a freshly broken surface; as, a compact fracture; an even, hackly, or conchoidal fracture.

Comminuted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone is broken into several parts. — Complicated fracture (Surg.), a fracture of the bone combined with the lesion of some artery, nervous trunk, or joint. — Compound fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which there is an open wound from the surface down to the fracture. — Simple fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone only is ruptured. It does not communicate with the surface by an open wound.

Syn. — Fracture, Rupture. These words denote different kinds of breaking, according to the objects to which they are applied. Fracture is applied to hard substances; as, the fracture of a bone. Rupture is oftener applied to soft substances; as, the rupture of a blood vessel. It is also used figuratively. “To be an enemy and once to have been a friend, does it not embitter the rupture?” South.

Frac”ture (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fractured (#; 135); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fracturing.] [Cf. F. fracturer.] To cause a fracture or fractures in; to break; to burst asunder; to crack; to separate the continuous parts of; as, to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull.

||Fræn”u*lum (?), n.; pl. Frænula (#). [NL., dim. of L. fraenum a bridle.] (Anat.) A frænum.

{ Fræ“num (?), or Fre”num }, n.; pl. E. Frænums (#), L. Fræna (#). [L., a bridle.] (Anat.) A connecting fold of membrane serving to support or restrain any part; as, the frænum of the tongue.

Frag”ile (?), a. [L. fragilis, from frangere to break; cf. F. fragile. See Break, v. t., and cf. Frail, a.] Easily broken; brittle; frail; delicate; easily destroyed.

The state of ivy is tough, and not fragile.

Bacon.

Syn. — Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; frangible; slight.

— Frag”ile*ly, adv.

Fra*gil”i*ty (?), n. [L. fragilitas: cf. F. fragilité. Cf. Frailty.] 1. The condition or quality of being fragile; brittleness; frangibility. Bacon.

2. Weakness; feebleness.

An appearance of delicacy, and even of fragility, is almost essential to it [beauty].

Burke.

3. Liability to error and sin; frailty. [Obs.]

The fragility and youthful folly of Qu. Fabius.

Holland.

Frag”ment (?), n. [L. fragmentum, fr. frangere to break: cf. F. fragment. See Break, v. t.] A part broken off; a small, detached portion; an imperfect part; as, a fragment of an ancient writing.

Gather up the fragments that remain.

John vi. 12.

Frag*men”tal (?), a. 1. Fragmentary.

2. (Geol.) Consisting of the pulverized or fragmentary material of rock, as conglomerate, shale, etc.

Frag*men”tal, n. (Geol.) A fragmentary rock.

Frag”men*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a fragmentary manner; piecemeal.

Frag”men*ta*ri*ness, n. The quality or property of being in fragments, or broken pieces; incompleteness; want of continuity. G. Eliot.

Frag”men*ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. fragmentaire.] 1. Composed of fragments, or broken pieces; disconnected; not complete or entire. Donne.

2. (Geol.) Composed of the fragments of other rocks.

Frag”ment*ed (?), a. Broken into fragments.

Frag”ment*ist, n. A writer of fragments; as, the fragmentist of Wolfenbüttel. [R.]

||Fra”gor (&?;), n. [L., a breaking to pieces, fr. frangere to break.] 1. A loud and sudden sound; the report of anything bursting; a crash. I. Watts.

2. [Due to confusion with fragrant.] A strong or sweet scent. [Obs. & Illegitimate.] Sir T. Herbert.

{ Fra”grance (?), Fra”gran*cy (?) }, n. [L. fragrantia: cf. OF. fragrance.] The quality of being fragrant; sweetness of smell; a sweet smell; a pleasing odor; perfume.

Eve separate he spies,
Veiled in a cloud of fragrance.

Milton.

The goblet crowned,
Breathed aromatic fragrancies around.

Pope.

Fra”grant (?), a. [L. fragrans. -antis, p. pr. of fragrare to emit a smell of fragrance: cf. OF. fragrant.] Affecting the olfactory nerves agreeably; sweet of smell; odorous; having or emitting an agreeable perfume.

Fragrant the fertile earth
After soft showers.

Milton.

Syn. — Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; sweet- scented; redolent; ambrosial; balmy; spicy; aromatic.

— Fra”grant*ly, adv.

Fraight (?), a. Same as Fraught. [Obs.] Spenser.

Frail (?), n. [OE. fraiel, fraile, OF. fraiel, freel, frael, fr. LL. fraellum.] A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs and raisins.

2. The quantity of raisins — about thirty- two, fifty-six, or seventy-five pounds, — contained in a frail.

3. A rush for weaving baskets. Johnson.

Frail, a. [Compar. Frailer (?); superl. Frailest.] [OE. frele, freile, OF. fraile, frele, F. frêle, fr. L. fragilis. See Fragile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; not firm or durable; liable to fail and perish; easily destroyed; not tenacious of life; weak; infirm.

That I may know how frail I am.

Ps. xxxix. 4.

An old bent man, worn and frail.

Lowell.

2. Tender. [Obs.]

Deep indignation and compassion.

Spenser.

3. Liable to fall from virtue or be led into sin; not strong against temptation; weak in resolution; also, unchaste; — often applied to fallen women.

Man is frail, and prone to evil.

Jer. Taylor.

Frail”ly, adv. Weakly; infirmly.

Frail”ness, n. Frailty.

Frail”ty (frāl”t&ybreve;), n.; pl. Frailties (-t&ibreve;z). [OE. frelete, freilte, OF. fraileté, fr. L. fragilitas. See Frail, a., and cf. Fragility.] 1. The condition or quality of being frail, physically, mentally, or morally; frailness; infirmity; weakness of resolution; liableness to be deceived or seduced.

God knows our frailty, [and] pities our weakness.

Locke.

2. A fault proceeding from weakness; foible; sin of infirmity.

Syn. — Frailness; fragility; imperfection; failing.

||Frai”scheur (?), n. [OF.; F fraicheur, fr. frais, fem. fraîche, fresh; of German origin. See Frash, a.] Freshness; coolness. [R.] Dryden.

Fraise (?), n. [See Froise.] A large and thick pancake, with slices of bacon in it. [Obs.] Johnson.

||Fraise (?), n. [F. fraise, orig., a ruff, cf. F. frise frieze, E. frieze a coarse stuff.] 1. (Fort.) A defense consisting of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position.

2. (Mech.) A fluted reamer for enlarging holes in stone; a small milling cutter.

Fraise, v. t. (Mil.) To protect, as a line of troops, against an onset of cavalry, by opposing bayonets raised obliquely forward. Wilhelm.

Fraised (?), a. Fortified with a fraise.

Frak”en (?), n. A freckle. [Obs.]

A few fraknes in his face.

Chaucer.

Fram”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being framed.

||Fram*bæ“si*a (?), n. [F. & NL., fr. F. framboise raspberry.] (Med.) The yaws. See Yaws.

Frame (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Framed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Framing.] [OE. framen, fremen, to execute, build, AS. fremman to further, perform, effect, fr. fram strong, valiant; akin to E. foremost, and prob. to AS. fram from, Icel. fremja, frama, to further, framr forward, G. fromm worthy, excellent, pious. See Foremost, From, and cf. Furnish.] 1. (Arch. & Engin.) To construct by fitting and uniting the several parts of the skeleton of any structure; specifically, in woodwork, to put together by cutting parts of one member to fit parts of another. See Dovetail, Halve, v. t., Miter, Tenon, Tooth, Tusk, Scarf, and Splice.

2. To originate; to plan; to devise; to contrive; to compose; in a bad sense, to invent or fabricate, as something false.

How many excellent reasonings are framed in the mind of a man of wisdom and study in a length of years.

I. Watts.

3. To fit to something else, or for some specific end; to adjust; to regulate; to shape; to conform.

And frame my face to all occasions.

Shak.

We may in some measure frame our minds for the reception of happiness.

Landor.

The human mind is framed to be influenced.

I. Taylor.

4. To cause; to bring about; to produce. [Obs.]

Fear frames disorder, and disorder wounds.

Shak.

5. To support. [Obs. & R.]

That on a staff his feeble steps did frame.

Spenser.

6. To provide with a frame, as a picture.

Frame, v. i. 1. To shape; to arrange, as the organs of speech. [Obs.] Judg. xii. 6.

2. To proceed; to go. [Obs.]

The bauty of this sinful dame
Made many princes thither frame.

Shak.

Frame, n. 1. Anything composed of parts fitted and united together; a fabric; a structure; esp., the constructional system, whether of timber or metal, that gives to a building, vessel, etc., its model and strength; the skeleton of a structure.

These are thy glorious works, Parent of good,
Almighty! thine this universal frame.

Milton.

2. The bodily structure; physical constitution; make or build of a person.

Some bloody passion shakes your very frame.

Shak.

No frames could be strong enough to endure it.

Prescott.

3. A kind of open case or structure made for admitting, inclosing, or supporting things, as that which incloses or contains a window, door, picture, etc.; that on which anything is held or stretched; as: (a) The skeleton structure which supports the boiler and machinery of a locomotive upon its wheels. (b) (Founding) A molding box or flask, which being filled with sand serves as a mold for castings. (c) The ribs and stretchers of an umbrella or other structure with a fabric covering. (d) A structure of four bars, adjustable in size, on which cloth, etc., is stretched for quilting, embroidery, etc. (e) (Hort.) A glazed portable structure for protecting young plants from frost. (f) (Print.) A stand to support the type cases for use by the compositor.

4. (Mach.) A term applied, especially in England, to certain machines built upon or within framework; as, a stocking frame; lace frame; spinning frame, etc.

5. Form; shape; proportion; scheme; structure; constitution; system; as, a frameof government.

She that hath a heart of that fine frame
To pay this debt of love but to a brother.

Shak.

Put your discourse into some frame.

Shak.

6. Particular state or disposition, as of the mind; humor; temper; mood; as, to be always in a happy frame.

7. Contrivance; the act of devising or scheming. [Obs.]

John the bastard
Whose spirits toil in frame of villainies.

Shak.

Balloon frame, Cant frames, etc. See under Balloon, Cant, etc. — Frame building or house, a building of which the form and support is made of framed timbers. [U.S.] — Frame level, a mason’s level. — Frame saw, a thin saw stretched in a frame to give it rigidity.

Fram”er (?), n. One who frames; as, the framer of a building; the framers of the Constitution.

Frame”work` (?), n. 1. The work of framing, or the completed work; the frame or constructional part of anything; as, the framework of society.

A staunch and solid piece of framework.

Milton.

2. Work done in, or by means of, a frame or loom.

Fram”ing, n. 1. The act, process, or style of putting together a frame, or of constructing anything; a frame; that which frames.

2. (Arch. & Engin.) A framework, or a sy&?; of frames.

Framing chisel (Carp.), a heavy chisel with a socket shank for making mortises.

{ Fram”pel (?), Fram”poid (?) }, a. [Also written frampul, frampled, framfold.] [Cf. W. fframfol passionate, ffrom angry, fretting; or perh. akin to E. frump.] Peevish; cross; vexatious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Shak.

Is Pompey grown so malapert, so frampel?

Beau. & Fl.

Franc (?), n. [F., fr. franc a Franc. See Frank, a.] A silver coin of France, and since 1795 the unit of the French monetary system. It has been adopted by Belgium and Swizerland. It is equivalent to about nineteen cents, or ten pence, and is divided into 100 centimes.

Fran”chise (? or ?; 277), n. [F., fr. franc, fem. franche, free. See Frank, a.] 1. Exemption from constraint or oppression; freedom; liberty. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. (LAw) A particular privilege conferred by grant from a sovereign or a government, and vested in individuals; an immunity or exemption from ordinary jurisdiction; a constitutional or statutory right or privilege, esp. the right to vote.

Election by universal suffrage, as modified by the Constitution, is the one crowning franchise of the American people.

W. H. Seward.

3. The district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends; the limits of an immunity; hence, an asylum or sanctuary.

Churches and mobasteries in Spain are franchises for criminals.

London Encyc.

4. Magnanimity; generosity; liberality; frankness; nobility. “Franchise in woman.” [Obs.] Chaucer.

Elective franchise, the privilege or right of voting in an election of public officers.

Fran”chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franchised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Franchising.] [Cf. OF. franchir to free, F., to cross.] To make free; to enfranchise; to give liberty to. Shak.

Fran”chise*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. franchissement.] Release; deliverance; freedom. Spenser.

Fran”cic (?), a. [See Frank, a.] Pertaining to the Franks, or their language; Frankish.

Fran*cis”can (?), a. [LL. Franciscus Francis: cf. F. franciscain.] (R. C. Ch.) Belonging to the Order of St. Francis of the Franciscans.

Franciscan Brothers, pious laymen who devote themselves to useful works, such as manual labor schools, and other educational institutions; — called also Brothers of the Third Order of St. Francis. — Franciscan Nuns, nuns who follow the rule of St. Francis, esp. those of the Second Order of St. Francis, — called also Poor Clares or Minoresses. — Franciscan Tertiaries, the Third Order of St. Francis.

Fran*cis”can, n. (R.C.Ch.) A monk or friar of the Order of St. Francis, a large and zealous order of mendicant monks founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi. They are called also Friars Minor; and in England, Gray Friars, because they wear a gray habit.

Fran”co*lin (?), n. [F.; cf. It. francolino, Sp. francolin.] (Zoöl.) A spurred partidge of the genus Francolinus and allied genera, of Asia and Africa. The common species (F. vulgaris) was formerly common in southern Europe, but is now nearly restricted to Asia.

Fran”co*lite (?), n. (Min.) A variety of apatite from Wheal Franco in Devonshire.

Fran”gent (?), a. [L. frangens, p. pr. of frangere. See Fraction.] Causing fracture; breaking. [R.] H. Walpole.

Fran`gi*bil”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. frangibilité.] The state or quality of being frangible. Fox.

Fran”gi*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. frangible.] Capable of being broken; brittle; fragile; easily broken.

||Fran”gi*pane (?), n. [F. frangipane; supposed to be called so from the inventor, the Marquis Frangipani, major general under Louis XIV.] 1. A perfume of jasmine; frangipani.

2. A species of pastry, containing cream and almonds.

{ Fran`gi*pan”i (?), Fran`gi*pan”ni (?) }, n. [Another spelling of frangipane.] A perfume derived from, or imitating the odor of, the flower of the red jasmine, a West Indian tree of the genus Plumeria.

{ Fran*gu”lic (?), Fran`gu*lin”ic (?) }, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or drived from, frangulin, or a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn.

Frangulinic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, resembling alizarin, and obtained by the decomposition of frangulin.

Fran”gu*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline dyestuff, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn; — called also rhamnoxanthin.

Fran”ion (?), n. [Perh. from F. fainéant an idler.] A paramour; a loose woman; also, a gay, idle fellow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Frank (?), n. [OF. franc.] A pigsty. [Obs.]

Frank, v. t. To shut up in a frank or sty; to pen up; hence, to cram; to fatten. [Obs.] Shak.

Frank, n. (Zoöl.) The common heron; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

Frank (?), a. [Compar Franker (?); superl. Frankest.] [F. franc free, frank, L. Francus a Frank, fr. OHG. Franko the name of a Germanic people on the Rhine, who afterward founded the French monarchy; cf. AS. franca javelin, Icel. frakka. Cf. Franc, French, a., Franchise, n.] 1. Unbounded by restrictions, limitations, etc.; free. [R.] “It is of frank gift.” Spenser.

2. Free in uttering one’s real sentiments; not reserved; using no disguise; candid; ingenuous; as, a frank nature, conversation, manner, etc.

3. Liberal; generous; profuse. [Obs.]

Frank of civilities that cost them nothing.

L’Estrange.

4. Unrestrained; loose; licentious; — used in a bad sense. Spenser.

Syn. — Ingenuous; candid; artless; plain; open; unreserved; undisguised; sincere. See Candid, Ingenuous.

Frank (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Franking.] 1. To send by public conveyance free of expense. Dickens.

2. To extempt from charge for postage, as a letter, package, or packet, etc.

Frank, n. [See Frank, a.] The privilege of sending letters or other mail matter, free of postage, or without charge; also, the sign, mark, or signature denoting that a letter or other mail matter is to free of postage.

I have said so much, that, if I had not a frank, I must burn my letter and begin again.

Cowper.

Frank, n. [Cf. F. franc. See Frank, a.] 1. (Ethnol.) A member of one of the German tribes that in the fifth century overran and conquered Gaul, and established the kingdom of France.

2. A native or inhabitant of Western Europe; a European; — a term used in the Levant.

3. A French coin. See Franc.

Frank`al*moigne” (?), n. [F. franc free + Norm. F. almoigne alma, for almosne, F. aumône. See Frank, a., and Almoner.] (Eng. Law) A tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands given to them and their successors forever, usually on condition of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs; — called also tenure by free alms. Burrill.

Frank”-chase` (?), n. [Frank free + chase.] (Eng. Law) The liberty or franchise of having a chase; free chase. Burrill.

Frank”-fee` (?), n. [Frank free + fee.] (Eng. Law) A species of tenure in fee simple, being the opposite of ancient demesne, or copyhold. Burrill.

Frank”fort black` (?). A black pigment used in copperplate printing, prepared by burning vine twigs, the lees of wine, etc. McElrath.

Frank”in*cense (?), n. [OF. franc free, pure + encens incense.] A fragrant, aromatic resin, or gum resin, burned as an incense in religious rites or for medicinal fumigation. The best kinds now come from East Indian trees, of the genus Boswellia; a commoner sort, from the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) and other coniferous trees. The frankincense of the ancient Jews is still unidentified.

Frank”ing (?), n. (Carp.) A method of forming a joint at the intersection of window-sash bars, by cutting away only enough wood to show a miter.

Frank”ish, a. Like, or pertaining to, the Franks.

Frank”-law` (?), n. [Frank free + law.] (Eng. Law) The liberty of being sworn in courts, as a juror or witness; one of the ancient privileges of a freeman; free and common law; — an obsolete expression signifying substantially the same as the American expression civil rights. Abbot.

Frank”lin (?), n. [OE. frankelein; cf. LL. franchilanus. See Frank, a.] An English freeholder, or substantial householder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

The franklin, a small landholder of those days.

Sir J. Stephen.

Frank*lin”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Benjamin Franklin.

Franklinic electricity, electricity produced by friction; called also statical electricity.

Frank”lin*ite (?), n. (Min.) A kind of mineral of the spinel group.

Frank”lin stove` (?). A kind of open stove introduced by Benjamin Franklin, the peculiar feature of which was that a current of heated air was directly supplied to the room from an air box; — now applied to other varieties of open stoves.

Frank”ly, adv. In a frank manner; freely.

Very frankly he confessed his treasons.

Shak.

Syn. — Openly; ingenuously; plainly; unreservedly; undisguisedly; sincerely; candidly; artlessly; freely; readily; unhesitatingly; liberally; willingly.

Frank”-mar”riage (?), n. [Frank free + marriage.] (Eng. Law) A certain tenure in tail special; an estate of inheritance given to a man his wife (the wife being of the blood of the donor), and descendible to the heirs of their two bodies begotten. [Obs.] Blackstone.

Frank”ness, n. The quality of being frank; candor; openess; ingenuousness; fairness; liberality.

Frank”pledge` (?), n. [Frank free + pledge.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A pledge or surety for the good behavior of freemen, — each freeman who was a member of an ancient decennary, tithing, or friborg, in England, being a pledge for the good conduct of the others, for the preservation of the public peace; a free surety. (b) The tithing itself. Bouvier.

The servants of the crown were not, as now, bound in frankpledge for each other.

Macaulay.

Fran”tic (?), a. [OE. frentik, frenetik, F. frentique, L. phreneticus, from Gr. &?;. See Frenzy, and cf. Frenetic, Phrenetic.] Mad; raving; furious; violent; wild and disorderly; distracted.

Die, frantic wretch, for this accursed deed!

Shak.

Torrents of frantic abuse.

Macaulay.

— Fran”tic*al*ly (#), adv. — Fran”tic*ly (#), adv. Shak.

— Fran”tic*ness, n. Johnson.

Frap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frapping.] [Cf. F. frapper to strike, to seize ropes. Cf. Affrap.] 1. (Naut.) To draw together; to bind with a view to secure and strengthen, as a vessel by passing cables around it; to tighten; as a tackle by drawing the lines together. Tottem.

2. To brace by drawing together, as the cords of a drum. Knoght.

Frape (?), n. [Cf. frap, and Prov. E. frape to scold.] A crowd, a rabble. [Obs.] ares.

Frap”ler (?), n. A blusterer; a rowdy. [Obs.]

Unpolished, a frapler, and base.

B. Jonson.

||Fra”ter, n. [L., a brother.] (Eccl.) A monk; also, a frater house. [R.] Shipley.

Frater house, an apartament in a convent used as an eating room; a refectory; — called also a fratery.

Fra*ter”nal (?), a.[F. fraternel, LL. fraternalis, fr. L. fraternus, fr. frater brother. See Brother.] Of, pertaining to, or involving, brethren; becoming to brothers; brotherly; as, fraternal affection; a fraternal embrace. — Fra*ter”nal*ly, adv.

An abhorred, a cursed, a fraternal war.

Milton.

Fraternal love and friendship.

Addison.

Fra*ter”nate (?), v. i. To fraternize; to hold fellowship. Jefferson.

{ Fra`ter*na”tion (?), Fra”ter*nism (?) }, n. Fraternization. [R.] Jefferson.

Fra*ter”ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Fraternities (#). [F. fraternité, L. fraternitas.] 1. The state or quality of being fraternal or brotherly; brotherhood.

2. A body of men associated for their common interest, business, or pleasure; a company; a brotherhood; a society; in the Roman Catholic Church, an association for special religious purposes, for relieving the sick and destitute, etc.

3. Men of the same class, profession, occupation, character, or tastes.

With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak of their own fraternity!

South.

Fra`ter*ni*za”tion (? or ?), n. The act of fraternizing or uniting as brothers.

I hope that no French fraternization . . . could so change the hearts of Englishmen.

Burke.

Fra”ter*nize (? or ?; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fraternized (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fraternizing (#).] [Cf. F. fraterniser.] To associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like occupation or character; to have brotherly feelings.

Fra”ter*nize, v. t. To bring into fellowship or brotherly sympathy.

Correspondence for fraternizing the two nations.

Burke.

Frat”er*ni`zer (?; 277), n. One who fraternizes. Burke.

Fra”ter*y (? or ?), n. [L. frater brother: cf. It. frateria a brotherhood of monks. See Friar.] A frater house. See under Frater.

Fra”trage (? or ?; 48), n. [L. frater a brother.] (Law) A sharing among brothers, or brothers’ kin. [Obs.] Crabb.

||Fra`tri*cel”li (?), n. pl. [It. fraticelli, lit., little brothers, dim. fr. frate brother, L. frater.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) The name which St. Francis of Assisi gave to his followers, early in the 13th century. (b) A sect which seceded from the Franciscan Order, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, in 1294, repudiating the pope as an apostate, maintaining the duty of celibacy and poverty, and discountenancing oaths. Called also Fratricellians and Fraticelli.

Frat”ri*ci`dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to fratricide; of the nature of fratricide.

Frat”ri*cide (?), n. [L. fratricidium a brother’s murder, fr. fratricida a brother’s murderer; frater, fratris, brother + caedere to kill: cf. F. fratricide.] 1. The act of one who murders or kills his own brother.

2. [L. fratricida: cf. F. fratricide.] One who murders or kills his own brother.

Fraud (fr&add;d), n. [F. fraude, L. fraus, fraudis; prob. akin to Skr. dhūrv to injure, dhv&rsdot; to cause to fall, and E. dull.] 1. Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful or unfair advantage; artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured; injurious stratagem; deceit; trick.

If success a lover’s toil attends,
Few ask, if fraud or force attained his ends.

Pope.

2. (Law) An intentional perversion of truth for the purpose of obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another.

3. A trap or snare. [Obs.]

To draw the proud King Ahab into fraud.

Milton.

Constructive fraud (Law), an act, statement, or omission which operates as a fraud, although perhaps not intended to be such. Mozley & W. — Pious fraud (Ch. Hist.), a fraud contrived and executed to benefit the church or accomplish some good end, upon the theory that the end justified the means. — Statute of frauds (Law), an English statute (1676), the principle of which is incorporated in the legislation of all the States of this country, by which writing with specific solemnities (varying in the several statutes) is required to give efficacy to certain dispositions of property. Wharton.

Syn. — Deception; deceit; guile; craft; wile; sham; strife; circumvention; stratagem; trick; imposition; cheat. See Deception.

Fraud”ful (?), a. Full of fraud, deceit, or treachery; trickish; treacherous; fraudulent; — applied to persons or things. I. Taylor.

— Fraud”ful*ly, adv.

Fraud”less, a. Free from fraud. — Fraud”less*ly, adv. — Fraud”less*ness, n.

{ Fraud”u*lence (?; 135), Fraud”u*len*cy (?) }, n. [L. fraudulentia.] The quality of being fraudulent; deliberate deceit; trickishness. Hooker.

Fraud”u*lent (?), a. [L. fraudulentus, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud: cf. F. fraudulent.] 1. Using fraud; tricky; deceitful; dishonest.

2. Characterized by, founded on, or proceeding from, fraud; as, a fraudulent bargain.

He, with serpent tongue, . . .
His fraudulent temptation thus began.

Milton.

3. Obtained or performed by artifice; as, fraudulent conquest. Milton.

Syn. — Deceitful; fraudful; guileful; crafty; wily; cunning; subtle; deceiving; cheating; deceptive; insidious; treacherous; dishonest; designing; unfair.

Fraud”u*lent*ly (?), adv. In a fraudulent manner.

Fraught (fr&add;t), n. [OE. fraight, fraght; akin to Dan. fragt, Sw. frakt, D. vracht, G. fracht, cf. OHG. frēht merit, reward; perh. from a pref. corresponding to E. for + The root of E. own. Cf. Freight.] A freight; a cargo. [Obs.] Shak.

Fraught, a. Freighted; laden; filled; stored; charged.

A vessel of our country richly fraught.

Shak.

A discourse fraught with all the commending excellences of speech.

South.

Enterprises fraught with world-wide benefits.

I. Taylor.

Fraught, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fraughted or Fraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Fraughting.] [Akin to Dan. fragte, Sw. frakta, D. bevrachten, G. frachten, cf. OHG. frēhtōn to deserve. See Fraught, n.] To freight; to load; to burden; to fill; to crowd. [Obs.]

Upon the tumbling billows fraughted ride
The armed ships.

Fairfax.

Fraught”age (?; 48), n. Freight; loading; cargo. [Obs.] Shak.

Fraught”ing, a. Constituting the freight or cargo. [Obs.] “The fraughting souls within her.” Shak.

Fraun”ho*fer lines` (?). (Physics.) The lines of the spectrum; especially and properly, the dark lines of the solar spectrum, so called because first accurately observed and interpreted by Fraunhofer, a German physicist.

Frax”in (?), n. [From Fraxinus.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and found in the bark of the ash (Fraxinus) and along with esculin in the bark of the horse-chestnut. It shows a delicate fluorescence in alkaline solutions; — called also paviin.

||Frax”i*nus (?), n. [L., the ash tree.] (Bot.) A genus of deciduous forest trees, found in the north temperate zone, and including the true ash trees.

&fist; Fraxinus excelsior is the European ash; F. Americana, the white ash; F. sambucifolia, the black ash or water ash.

Fray (frā), n. [Abbreviated from affray.] Affray; broil; contest; combat.

Who began this bloody fray?

Shak.

Fray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frayed (frād); p. pr. & vb. n. Fraying.] [See 1st Fray, and cf. Affray.] To frighten; to terrify; to alarm. I. Taylor.

What frays ye, that were wont to comfort me affrayed?

Spenser.

Fray, v. t. [Cf. OF. fraier. See Defray, v. t.] To bear the expense of; to defray. [Obs.]

The charge of my most curious and costly ingredients frayed, I shall acknowledge myself amply satisfied.

Massinger.

Fray, v. t. [OF. freier, fraier, froier, to rub. L. fricare; cf. friare to crumble, E. friable; perh. akin to Gr. chri`ein to anoint, chri^sma an anointing, Skr. gh&rsdot;sh to rub, scratch. Cf. Friction.] To rub; to wear off, or wear into shreds, by rubbing; to fret, as cloth; as, a deer is said to fray her head.

Fray, v. i. 1. To rub.

We can show the marks he made
When ‘gainst the oak his antlers frayed.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To wear out or into shreads, or to suffer injury by rubbing, as when the threads of the warp or of the woof wear off so that the cross threads are loose; to ravel; as, the cloth frays badly.

A suit of frayed magnificience.

tennyson.

Fray, n. A fret or chafe, as in cloth; a place injured by rubbing.

Fray”ing, n. (Zoöl.) The skin which a deer frays from his horns. B. Jonson.

Freak (frēk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freaked (frēkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Freaking.] [Akin to OE. frakin, freken, freckle, Icel. freknur, pl., Sw. fräkne, Dan. fregne, Gr. perkno`s dark- colored, Skr. p&rsdot;çni variegated. Cf. Freckle, Freck.] To variegate; to checker; to streak. [R.]

Freaked with many a mingled hue.

Thomson.

Freak, n. [Prob. from OE. frek bold, AS. frec bold, greedly; akin to OHG. freh greedly, G. frech insolent, Icel. frekr greedy, Goth. faíhufriks avaricious.] A sudden causeless change or turn of the mind; a whim of fancy; a capricious prank; a vagary or caprice.

She is restless and peevish, and sometimes in a freak will instantly change her habitation.

Spectator.

Syn. — Whim; caprice; folly; sport. See Whim.

Freak”ing, a. Freakish. [Obs.] Pepys.

Freak”ish, a. Apt to change the mind suddenly; whimsical; capricious.

It may be a question whether the wife or the woman was the more freakish of the two.

L’Estrange.

Freakish when well, and fretful when she’s sick.

Pope.

— Freak”ish*ly, adv. — Freak”ish*ness, n.

Freck (?), v. t. [Cf. Freak, v. t., Freckle.] To checker; to diversify. [R. & Poet.]

The painted windows, frecking gloom with glow.

Lowell.

Freck”le (fr&ebreve;k”k’l), n. [Dim., from the same root as freak, v. t.] 1. A small yellowish or brownish spot in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or hands.

2. Any small spot or discoloration.

Frec”kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freckled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Freckling (-kl&ibreve;ng).] To sprinkle or mark with freckles or small discolored spots; to spot.

Frec”kle (fr&ebreve;k”k’l), v. i. To become covered or marked with freckles; to be spotted.

Frec”kled (fr&ebreve;k”k’ld), a. Marked with freckles; spotted. “The freckled trout.” Dryden.

The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover.

Shak.

Frec”kled*ness (-k’ld*n&ebreve;s), n. The state of being freckled.

Frec”kly (-kl&ybreve;), a. Full of or marked with freckles; sprinkled with spots; freckled.

Fred (fr&ebreve;d), n. [AS. frið peace. See Frith inclosure.] Peace; — a word used in composition, especially in proper names; as, Alfred; Frederic.

Fred”stole` (-stōl`), n. [Obs.] See Fridstol. Fuller.

Free (frē), a. [Compar. Freer (&etilde;r); superl. Freest (&ebreve;st).] [OE. fre, freo, AS. freó, frī; akin to D. vrij, OS. & OHG. frī, G. frei, Icel. frī, Sw. & Dan. fri, Goth. freis, and also to Skr. prija beloved, dear, fr. prī to love, Goth. frijōn. Cf. Affray, Belfry, Friday, Friend, Frith inclosure.] 1. Exempt from subjection to the will of others; not under restraint, control, or compulsion; able to follow one’s own impulses, desires, or inclinations; determining one’s own course of action; not dependent; at liberty.

That which has the power, or not the power, to operate, is that alone which is or is not free.

Locke.

2. Not under an arbitrary or despotic government; subject only to fixed laws regularly and fairly administered, and defended by them from encroachments upon natural or acquired rights; enjoying political liberty.

3. Liberated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control of parents, guardian, or master.

4. Not confined or imprisoned; released from arrest; liberated; at liberty to go.

Set an unhappy prisoner free.

Prior.

5. Not subjected to the laws of physical necessity; capable of voluntary activity; endowed with moral liberty; — said of the will.

Not free, what proof could they have given sincere
Of true allegiance, constant faith, or love.

Milton.

6. Clear of offense or crime; guiltless; innocent.

My hands are guilty, but my heart is free.

Dryden.

7. Unconstrained by timidity or distrust; unreserved; ingenuous; frank; familiar; communicative.

He was free only with a few.

Milward.

8. Unrestrained; immoderate; lavish; licentious; — used in a bad sense.

The critics have been very free in their censures.

Felton.

A man may live a free life as to wine or women.

Shelley.

9. Not close or parsimonious; liberal; open- handed; lavish; as, free with his money.

10. Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as, free from pain; free from a burden; — followed by from, or, rarely, by of.

Princes declaring themselves free from the obligations of their treaties.

Bp. Burnet.

11. Characteristic of one acting without restraint; charming; easy.

12. Ready; eager; acting without spurring or whipping; spirited; as, a free horse.

13. Invested with a particular freedom or franchise; enjoying certain immunities or privileges; admitted to special rights; — followed by of.

He therefore makes all birds, of every sect,
Free of his farm.

Dryden.

14. Thrown open, or made accessible, to all; to be enjoyed without limitations; unrestricted; not obstructed, engrossed, or appropriated; open; — said of a thing to be possessed or enjoyed; as, a free school.

Why, sir, I pray, are not the streets as free
For me as for you?

Shak.

15. Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as, free admission; a free gift.

16. Not arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty; defending individual rights against encroachment by any person or class; instituted by a free people; — said of a government, institutions, etc.

17. (O. Eng. Law) Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as, free service; free socage. Burrill.

18. (Law) Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as, a free fishery; a free warren. Burrill.

19. Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as, free carbonic acid gas; free cells.

Free agency, the capacity or power of choosing or acting freely, or without necessity or constraint upon the will. — Free bench (Eng. Law), a widow’s right in the copyhold lands of her husband, corresponding to dower in freeholds. — Free board (Naut.), a vessel’s side between water line and gunwale. — Free bond (Chem.), an unsaturated or unemployed unit, or bond, of affinity or valence, of an atom or radical. — Free-borough men (O.Eng. Law). See Friborg. — Free chapel (Eccles.), a chapel not subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary, having been founded by the king or by a subject specially authorized. [Eng.] Bouvier. — Free charge (Elec.), a charge of electricity in the free or statical condition; free electricity. — Free church. (a) A church whose sittings are for all and without charge. (b) An ecclesiastical body that left the Church of Scotland, in 1843, to be free from control by the government in spiritual matters. — Free city, or Free town, a city or town independent in its government and franchises, as formerly those of the Hanseatic league. — Free cost, freedom from charges or expenses. South. — Free and easy, unconventional; unrestrained; regardless of formalities. [Colloq.] “Sal and her free and easy ways.” W. Black. — Free goods, goods admitted into a country free of duty. — Free labor, the labor of freemen, as distinguished from that of slaves. — Free port. (Com.) (a) A port where goods may be received and shipped free of custom duty. (b) A port where goods of all kinds are received from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. — Free public house, in England, a tavern not belonging to a brewer, so that the landlord is free to brew his own beer or purchase where he chooses. Simmonds. — Free school. (a) A school to which pupils are admitted without discrimination and on an equal footing. (b) A school supported by general taxation, by endowmants, etc., where pupils pay nothing for tuition; a public school. — Free services (O.Eng. Law), such feudal services as were not unbecoming the character of a soldier or a freemen to perform; as, to serve under his lord in war, to pay a sum of money, etc. Burrill. — Free ships, ships of neutral nations, which in time of war are free from capture even though carrying enemy’s goods. — Free socage (O.Eng. Law), a feudal tenure held by certain services which, though honorable, were not military. Abbott. — Free States, those of the United States before the Civil War, in which slavery had ceased to exist, or had never existed. — Free stuff (Carp.), timber free from knots; clear stuff. — Free thought, that which is thought independently of the authority of others. — Free trade, commerce unrestricted by duties or tariff regulations. — Free trader, one who believes in free trade. — To make free with, to take liberties with; to help one’s self to. [Colloq.] — To sail free (Naut.), to sail with the yards not braced in as sharp as when sailing closehauled, or close to the wind.

Free (?), adv. 1. Freely; willingly. [Obs.]

I as free forgive you
As I would be forgiven.

Shak.

2. Without charge; as, children admitted free.

Free, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Freeing.] [OE. freen, freoien, AS. freógan. See Free, a.] 1. To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; — followed by from, and sometimes by off; as, to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences. Clarendon.

Our land is from the rage of tigers freed.

Dryden.

Arise, . . . free thy people from their yoke.

Milton.

2. To remove, as something that confines or bars; to relieve from the constraint of.

This master key
Frees every lock, and leads us to his person.

Dryden.

3. To frank. [Obs.] Johnson.

Free”boot`er (?), n. [D. vrijbuiter, fr. vrijbuiten to plunder; vrij free + buit booty, akin to E. booty. See Free, and Booty, and cf. Filibuster.] One who plunders or pillages without the authority of national warfare; a member of a predatory band; a pillager; a buccaneer; a sea robber. Bacon.

Free”boot`er*y (?), n. The act, practice, or gains of a freebooter; freebooting. Booth.

Free”boot`ing, n. Robbery; plunder; a pillaging.

Free”boot`ing, a. Acting the freebooter; practicing freebootery; robbing.

Your freebooting acquaintance.

Sir W. Scott.

Free”boot`y (?), n. Freebootery. [Obs.]

Free”born` (?), a. Born free; not born in vassalage; inheriting freedom.

Free”-den`i*zen (?), v. t. To make free. [R.]

Freed”man (?), n.; pl. Freedmen (&?;). A man who has been a slave, and has been set free.

Free”dom (frē“dŭm), n. [AS. freódōm; freófree + - dom. See Free, and -dom.] 1. The state of being free; exemption from the power and control of another; liberty; independence.

Made captive, yet deserving freedom more.

Milton.

2. Privileges; franchises; immunities.

Your charter and your caty’s freedom.

Shak.

3. Exemption from necessity, in choise and action; as, the freedom of the will.

4. Ease; facility; as, he speaks or acts with freedom.

5. Frankness; openness; unreservedness.

I emboldened spake and freedom used.

Milton.

6. Improper familiarity; violation of the rules of decorum; license.

7. Generosity; liberality. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Freedom fine, a sum paid on entry to incorporations of trades. — Freedom of the city, the possession of the rights and privileges of a freeman of the city; formerly often, and now occasionally, conferred on one not a resident, as a mark of honorary distinction for public services.

Syn. — See Liberty.

Freed”stool` (?), n. [Obs.] See Fridstol.

Free”hand` (?), a. Done by the hand, without support, or the guidance of instruments; as, free hand drawing. See under Drawing.

Free”-hand`ed, a. Open-handed; liberal.

Free”-heart`ed (?), a. Open; frank; unreserved; liberal; generous; as, free-hearted mirth. — Free”-heart`ed*ly, adv. — Free”-heart`ed*ness, n.

Free”hold` (?), n. (LAw) An estate in real property, of inheritance (in fee simple or fee tail) or for life; or the tenure by which such estate is held. Kent. Burrill.

To abate into a freehold. See under Abate.

Free”hold`er (?), n. (Law) The possessor of a freehold.

Free”-liv`er (?), n. One who gratifies his appetites without stint; one given to indulgence in eating and drinking.

Free”-liv`ing, n. Unrestrained indulgence of the appetites.

Free”-love` (?), n. The doctrine or practice of consorting with the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage.

Free”-lov`er, n. One who believes in or practices free-love.

Freel”te (?), n. Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Free”ly, adv. [AS. freólice.] In a free manner; without restraint or compulsion; abundantly; gratuitously.

Of every tree of the garden thou mayst freely eat.

Gen. ii. 16.

Freely ye have received, freely give.

Matt. x. 8.

Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell.

Milton.

Freely we serve
Because we freely love.

Milton.

Syn. — Independently; voluntarily; spontaneously; unconditionally; unobstructedly; willingly; readily; liberally; generously; bounteously; munificently; bountifully; abundantly; largely; copiously; plentifully; plenteously.

Free”man (?), n.; pl. Freemen (#). [AS. freóman; freófree + mann man.] 1. One who enjoys liberty, or who is not subject to the will of another; one not a slave or vassal.

2. A member of a corporation, company, or city, possessing certain privileges; a member of a borough, town, or State, who has the right to vote at elections. See Liveryman. Burrill.

Both having been made freemen on the same day.

Addison.

Free”-mar`tin (?), n. (Zoöl.) An imperfect female calf, twinborn with a male.

Free”ma`son (?), n. One of an ancient and secret association or fraternity, said to have been at first composed of masons or builders in stone, but now consisting of persons who are united for social enjoyment and mutual assistance.

Free`ma*son”ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the institutions or the practices of freemasons; as, a freemasonic signal.

Free”ma`son*ry (?), n. The institutions or the practices of freemasons.

Free”-mill`ing (?), a. Yielding free gold or silver; — said of certain ores which can be reduced by crushing and amalgamation, without roasting or other chemical treatment. Raymond.

Free”-mind`ed (?), a. Not perplexed; having a mind free from care. Bacon.

Free”ness, n. The state or quality of being free; freedom; liberty; openness; liberality; gratuitousness.

Fre”er (?), n. One who frees, or sets free.

Free”-soil` (?), a. Pertaining to, or advocating, the non-extension of slavery; — esp. applied to a party which was active during the period 1846-1856. [U.S.] — Free”soil`er (#), n. [U.S.] — Free”- soil`ism (#), n. [U.S.]

Free”-spo`ken (?), a. Accustomed to speak without reserve. Bacon.

— Free”-spo`ken-ness, n.

Free”stone` (?), n. A stone composed of sand or grit; — so called because it is easily cut or wrought.

Free”stone`, a. Having the flesh readily separating from the stone, as in certain kinds of peaches.

Free”-swim`ming (?), a. (Zoöl.) Swimming in the open sea; — said of certain marine animals.

Free”think`er (?), n. One who speculates or forms opinions independently of the authority of others; esp., in the sphere or religion, one who forms opinions independently of the authority of revelation or of the church; an unbeliever; — a term assumed by deists and skeptics in the eighteenth century.

Atheist is an old-fashioned word: I’m a freethinker, child.

Addison.

Syn. — Infidel; skeptic; unbeliever. See Infidel.

Free”think`ing, n. Undue boldness of speculation; unbelief. Berkeley. — a. Exhibiting undue boldness of speculation; skeptical.

Free”-tongued` (?), a. Speaking without reserve. Bp. Hall.

Free will (?). 1. A will free from improper coercion or restraint.

To come thus was I not constrained, but did
On my free will.

Shak.

2. The power asserted of moral beings of willing or choosing without the restraints of physical or absolute necessity.

Free”will` (?), a. Of or pertaining to free will; voluntary; spontaneous; as, a freewill offering.

Freewill Baptists. See under Baptist.

Freez”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being frozen.

Freeze (?), n. (Arch.) A frieze. [Obs.]

Freeze, v. i. [imp. Froze (?); p. p. Frozen (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Freezing.] [OE. fresen, freosen, AS. freósan; akin to D. vriezen, OHG. iosan, G. frieren, Icel. frjsa, Sw. frysa, Dan. fryse, Goth. frius cold, frost, and prob. to L. prurire to itch, E. prurient, cf. L. prna a burning coal, pruina hoarfrost, Skr. prushvā ice, prush to spirt. &?; 18. Cf. Frost.] 1. To become congealed by cold; to be changed from a liquid to a solid state by the abstraction of heat; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body.

&fist; Water freezes at 32° above zero by Fahrenheit’s thermometer; mercury freezes at 40° below zero.

2. To become chilled with cold, or as with cold; to suffer loss of animation or life by lack of heat; as, the blood freezes in the veins.

To freeze up (Fig.), to become formal and cold in demeanor. [Colloq.]

Freeze, v. t. 1. To congeal; to harden into ice; to convert from a fluid to a solid form by cold, or abstraction of heat.

2. To cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat; to give the sensation of cold to; to chill.

A faint, cold fear runs through my veins,
That almost freezes up the heat of life.

Shak.

Freeze, n. The act of congealing, or the state of being congealed. [Colloq.]

Freez”er (?), n. One who, or that which, cools or freezes, as a refrigerator, or the tub and can used in the process of freezing ice cream.

Freez”ing, a. Tending to freeze; for freezing; hence, cold or distant in manner. — Frrez”ing*ly, adv.

Freezing machine. See Ice machine, under Ice. — Freezing mixture, a mixture (of salt and snow or of chemical salts) for producing intense cold. — Freezing point, that degree of a thermometer at which a fluid begins to freeze; — applied particularly to water, whose freezing point is at 32° Fahr., and at 0° Centigrade.

Frei”es*le`ben*ite (?), n. [Named after the German chemist Freiesleben.] A sulphide of antimony, lead, and silver, occuring in monoclinic crystals.

Freight (frāt), n. [F. fret, OHG. frēht merit, reward. See Fraught, n.] 1. That with which anything is fraught or laden for transportation; lading; cargo, especially of a ship, or a car on a railroad, etc.; as, a freight of cotton; a full freight.

2. (Law) (a) The sum paid by a party hiring a ship or part of a ship for the use of what is thus hired. (b) The price paid a common carrier for the carriage of goods. Wharton.

3. Freight transportation, or freight line.

Freight (frāt), a. Employed in the transportation of freight; having to do with freight; as, a freight car.

Freight agent, a person employed by a transportation company to receive, forward, or deliver goods. — Freight car. See under Car. — Freight train, a railroad train made up of freight cars; — called in England goods train.

Freight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Freighting.] [Cf. F. freter.] To load with goods, as a ship, or vehicle of any kind, for transporting them from one place to another; to furnish with freight; as, to freight a ship; to freight a car.

Freight”age (-&asl;j; 48), n. 1. Charge for transportation; expense of carriage.

2. The transportation of freight.

3. Freight; cargo; lading. Milton.

Freight”er (?), n. 1. One who loads a ship, or one who charters and loads a ship.

2. One employed in receiving and forwarding freight.

3. One for whom freight is transported.

4. A vessel used mainly to carry freight.

Freight”less, a. Destitute of freight.

Frel”te (?), n. Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Fremd (?), Frem”ed (?) } a. [OE., from AS. fremede, fremde; akin to G. fremd.] Strange; foreign. [Old Eng. & Scot.] Chaucer.

Fren (fr&ebreve;n), n. [OE. frenne, contr. fr. forrene foreign. See Foreign, a.] A stranger. [Obs.] Spenser.

French (fr&ebreve;nch), a. [AS. frencisc, LL. franciscus, from L. Francus a Frank: cf. OF. franceis, franchois, françois, F. français. See Frank, a., and cf. Frankish.] Of or pertaining to France or its inhabitants.

French bean (Bot.), the common kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). — French berry (Bot.), the berry of a species of buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), which affords a saffron, green or purple pigment. — French casement (Arch.) See French window, under Window. — French chalk (Min.), a variety of granular talc; — used for drawing lines on cloth, etc. See under Chalk. — French cowslip (Bot.) The Primula Auricula. See Bear’s- ear. — French fake (Naut.), a mode of coiling a rope by running it backward and forward in parallel bends, so that it may run freely. — French honeysuckle (Bot.) a plant of the genus Hedysarum (H. coronarium); — called also garland honeysuckle. — French horn, a metallic wind instrument, consisting of a long tube twisted into circular folds and gradually expanding from the mouthpiece to the end at which the sound issues; — called in France cor de chasse. — French leave, an informal, hasty, or secret departure; esp., the leaving a place without paying one’s debts. — French pie [French (here used in sense of “foreign”) + pie a magpie (in allusion to its black and white color)] (Zoöl.), the European great spotted woodpecker (Dryobstes major); — called also wood pie. — French polish. (a) A preparation for the surface of woodwork, consisting of gums dissolved in alcohol, either shellac alone, or shellac with other gums added. (b) The glossy surface produced by the application of the above. — French purple, a dyestuff obtained from lichens and used for coloring woolen and silken fabrics, without the aid of mordants. Ure. — French red rouge. — French rice, amelcorn. — French roof (Arch.), a modified form of mansard roof having a nearly flat deck for the upper slope. – - French tub, a dyer’s mixture of protochloride of tin and logwood; — called also plum tub. Ure. — French window. See under Window.

French, n. 1. The language spoken in France.

2. Collectively, the people of France.

French”i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frenchified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frenchifying.] [French + -fy.] To make French; to infect or imbue with the manners or tastes of the French; to Gallicize. Burke.

French”ism (?), n. A French mode or characteristic; an idiom peculiar to the French language. Earle.

French”man (?), n.; pl. Frenchmen (&?;). A native or one of the people of France.

Fre*net”ic (?), a. [See Frantic, a.] Distracted; mad; frantic; phrenetic. Milton.

Fre*net”ic*al (?), a. Frenetic; frantic; frenzied. — Frenet”ic*al*ly, adv.

Fre”num (?), n.; pl. E. Frenums (#), L. Frena (#). [L., a bridle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A cheek stripe of color.

2. (Anat.) Same as Frænum.

Fren”zi*cal (fr&ebreve;n”z&ibreve;*kal), a. Frantic. [Obs.] Orrery.

Fren”zied (?), p. p. & a. Affected with frenzy; frantic; maddened. — Fren”zied*ly, adv.

The people frenzied by centuries of oppression.

Buckle.

Up starting with a frenzied look.

Sir W. Scott.

Fren”zy (-z&ybreve;), n.; pl. Frenzies (-z&ibreve;z). [OE. frenesie, fransey, F. frénésie, L. phrenesis, fr. Gr. fre`nhsis for freni^tis disease of the mind, phrenitis, fr. frhn mind. Cf. Frantic, Phrenitis.] Any violent agitation of the mind approaching to distraction; violent and temporary derangement of the mental faculties; madness; rage.

All else is towering frenzy and distraction.

Addison.

The poet’s eye in a fine frenzy rolling.

Shak.

Syn. — Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; aberration; delirium. See Insanity.

Fren”zy, a. Mad; frantic. [R.]

They thought that some frenzy distemper had got into his head.

Bunyan.

Fren”zy, v. t. To affect with frenzy; to drive to madness [R.] “Frenzying anguish.” Southey.

Fre”quence (?), n. [See Frequency.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a concourse. [Archaic.] Tennyson.

2. Frequency; abundance. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Fre”quen*cy (?), n.; pl. Frequencies (#). [L. frequentia numerous attendance, multitude: cf. F. fréquence. See Frequent.] 1. The condition of returning frequently; occurrence often repeated; common occurence; as, the frequency of crimes; the frequency of miracles.

The reasons that moved her to remove were, because Rome was a place of riot and luxury, her soul being almost stifled with, the frequencies of ladies’ visits.

Fuller.

2. A crowd; a throng. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fre”quent (?), a. [L. frequens, -entis, crowded, frequent, akin to farcire to stuff: cf. F. fréquent. Cf. Farce, n.] 1. Often to be met with; happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring; as, frequent visits. “Frequent feudal towers.” Byron.

2. Addicted to any course of conduct; inclined to indulge in any practice; habitual; persistent.

He has been loud and frequent in declaring himself hearty for the government.

Swift.

3. Full; crowded; thronged. [Obs.]

‘T is Cæsar’s will to have a frequent senate.

B. Jonson.

4. Often or commonly reported. [Obs.]

‘T is frequent in the city he hath subdued
The Catti and the Daci.

Massinger.

Fre*quent” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frequented; p. pr. & vb. n. Frequenting.] [L. frequentare: cf. F. fréquenter. See Frequent, a.] 1. To visit often; to resort to often or habitually.

He frequented the court of Augustus.

Dryden.

2. To make full; to fill. [Obs.]

With their sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite.

Milton.

Fre*quent”a*ble (?), a. Accessible. [R.] Sidney.

Fre*quent”age (?), n. The practice or habit of frequenting. [R.] Southey.

Fre”quen*ta”tion (?), n. [L. frequentatio a crowding together, frequency: cf. F. fréquentation.] The act or habit of frequenting or visiting often; resort. Chesterfield.

Fre*quent”a*tive (?), a. [L. frequentativus: cf. F. fréquentatif.] (Gram.) Serving to express the frequent repetition of an action; as, a frequentative verb. — n. A frequentative verb.

Fre*quent*er (?), n. One who frequents; one who often visits, or resorts to customarily.

Fre*quent*ly (?), adv. At frequent or short intervals; many times; often; repeatedly; commonly.

Fre”quent*ness, n. The quality of being frequent.

||Frère (?), n. [F. See Friar.] A friar. Chaucer.

Fres”cade (?), n. [See Fresco, Fresh, a.] A cool walk; shady place. [R.] Maunder.

Fres”co (?), n.; pl. Frescoes or Frescos (#). [It., fr. fresco fresh; of German origin. See Fresh, a.]

1. A cool, refreshing state of the air; duskiness; coolness; shade. [R.] Prior.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) The art of painting on freshly spread plaster, before it dries. (b) In modern parlance, incorrectly applied to painting on plaster in any manner. (c) A painting on plaster in either of senses a and b.

Fres”co, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frescoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frescoing.] To paint in fresco, as walls.

Fresh (fr&ebreve;sh), a. [Compar. Fresher (-&etilde;r); superl. Freshest.] [OE. fresch, AS. fersc; akin to D. versch, G. frisch, OHG. frisc, Sw. frisk, Dan. frisk, fersk, Icel. frīskr frisky, brisk, ferskr fresh; cf. It. fresco, OF. fres, freis, fem. freske, fresche, F. frais, fem. fraîche, which are of German origin. Cf. Fraischeur, Fresco, Frisk.] 1. Possessed of original life and vigor; new and strong; unimpaired; sound.

2. New; original; additional. “Fear of fresh mistakes.” Sir W. Scott.

A fresh pleasure in every fresh posture of the limbs.

Landor.

3. Lately produced, gathered, or prepared for market; not stale; not dried or preserved; not wilted, faded, or tainted; in good condition; as, fresh vegetables, flowers, eggs, meat, fruit, etc.; recently made or obtained; occurring again; repeated; as, a fresh supply of goods; fresh tea, raisins, etc.; lately come or made public; as, fresh news; recently taken from a well or spring; as, fresh water.

4. Youthful; florid; as, these fresh nymphs. Shak.

5. In a raw, green, or untried state; uncultivated; uncultured; unpracticed; as, a fresh hand on a ship.

6. Renewed in vigor, alacrity, or readiness for action; as, fresh for a combat; hence, tending to renew in vigor; rather strong; cool or brisk; as, a fresh wind.

7. Not salt; as, fresh water, in distinction from that which is from the sea, or brackish; fresh meat, in distinction from that which is pickled or salted.

Fresh breeze (Naut.), a breeze between a moderate and a strong breeze; one blowinq about twenty miles an hour. — Fresh gale, a gale blowing about forty-five miles an hour. — Fresh way (Naut.), increased speed.

Syn. — Sound; unimpaired; recent; unfaded: ruddy; florid; sweet; good: inexperienced; unpracticed: unused; lively; vigorous; strong.

Fresh, n.; pl. Freshes (&?;). 1. A stream or spring of fresh water.

He shall drink naught but brine; for I’ll not show him
Where the quick freshes are.

Shak.

2. A flood; a freshet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

3. The mingling of fresh water with salt in rivers or bays, as by means of a flood of fresh water flowing toward or into the sea. Beverly.

Fresh, v. t. To refresh; to freshen. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Fresh”en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freshened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Freshening (?)] 1. To make fresh; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients; to make less salt; as, to freshen water, fish, or flesh.

2. To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. (Naut.) To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing; as, to freshen a hawse. Totten.

To freshen ballast (Naut.), to shift Or restore it. — To freshen the hawse, to pay out a little more cable, so as to bring the chafe on another part. — To freshen the way, to increase the speed of a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fresh”en (?), v. i. 1. To grow fresh; to lose saltness.

2. To grow brisk or strong; as, the wind freshens.

Fresh”et (?), n. [OE. fresche flood + -et. See Fresh, a.] 1. A stream of fresh water. [Obs.] Milton.

2. A flood or overflowing of a stream caused by heavy rains or melted snow; a sudden inundation.

Cracked the sky, as ice in rivers
When the freshet is at highest.

Longfellow.

Fresh”ly, adv. In a fresh manner; vigorously; newly, recently; brightly; briskly; coolly; as, freshly gathered; freshly painted; the wind blows freshly.

Looks he as freshly as he did?

Shak.

Fresh”man (?), n.; pl. Freshmen (&?;). A novice; one in the rudiments of knowledge; especially, a student during his first year in a college or university.

He drank his glass and cracked his joke,
And freshmen wondered as he spoke.

Goldsmith.

Freshman class, the lowest of the four classes in an American college. [ U. S.]

Fresh”man*ship, n. The state of being a freshman.

Fresh”ment (?), n. Refreshment. [Obs.]

Fresh”ness, n. The state of being fresh.

The Scots had the advantage both for number and freshness
of men.

Hayward.

And breathe the freshness of the open air.

Dryden.

Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace.

Granville.

Fresh”-new` (?), a. Unpracticed. [Obs.] Shak.

Fresh”-wa`ter (?), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or living in, water not salt; as, fresh-water geological deposits; a fresh- water fish; fresh-water mussels.

2. Accustomed to sail on fresh water only; unskilled as a seaman; as, a fresh-water sailor.

3. Unskilled; raw. [Colloq.] “Fresh- water soldiers.” Knolles.

{ Fres`nel” lamp” (?), Fres’nel’ lan’tern (?).} [From Fresnel the inventor, a French physicist.] A lantern having a lamp surrounded by a hollow cylindrical Fresnel lens.

Fres`nel” lens” (?). [See Fresnel lamp.] (Optics) See under Lens.

Fret (fr&ebreve;t), n. [Obs.] See 1st Frith.

Fret (fr&ebreve;t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fretted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fretting.] [OE. freten to eat, consume; AS. fretan, for foretan; pref. for- + etan to eat; akin to D. vreten, OHG. frezzan, G. fressen, Sw. fräta, Goth. fra-itan. See For, and Eat, v. t.] 1. To devour. [Obs.]

The sow frete the child right in the cradle.

Chaucer.

2. To rub; to wear away by friction; to chafe; to gall; hence, to eat away; to gnaw; as, to fret cloth; to fret a piece of gold or other metal; a worm frets the plants of a ship.

With many a curve my banks I fret.

Tennyson.

3. To impair; to wear away; to diminish.

By starts
His fretted fortunes give him hope and fear.

Shak.

4. To make rough, agitate, or disturb; to cause to ripple; as, to fret the surface of water.

5. To tease; to irritate; to vex.

Fret not thyself because of evil doers.

Ps. xxxvii. 1.

Fret, v. i. 1. To be worn away; to chafe; to fray; as, a wristband frets on the edges.

2. To eat in; to make way by corrosion.

Many wheals arose, and fretted one into another with great excoriation.

Wiseman.

3. To be agitated; to be in violent commotion; to rankle; as, rancor frets in the malignant breast.

4. To be vexed; to be chafed or irritated; to be angry; to utter peevish expressions.

He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.

Dryden.

Fret, n. 1. The agitation of the surface of a fluid by fermentation or other cause; a rippling on the surface of water. Addison.

2. Agitation of mind marked by complaint and impatience; disturbance of temper; irritation; as, he keeps his mind in a continual fret.

Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret.

Pope.

3. Herpes; tetter. Dunglison.

4. pl. (Mining) The worn sides of river banks, where ores, or stones containing them, accumulate by being washed down from the hills, and thus indicate to the miners the locality of the veins.

Fret, v. t. [OE. fretten to adorn, AS. frætwan, frætwian; akin to OS. fratahōn, cf. Goth. us-fratwjan to make wise, also AS. frætwe ornaments, OS. fratahī adornment.] To ornament with raised work; to variegate; to diversify.

Whose skirt with gold was fretted all about.

Spenser.

Yon gray lines,
That fret the clouds, are messengers of day.

Shak.

Fret, n. 1. Ornamental work in relief, as carving or embossing. See Fretwork.

2. (Arch.) An ornament consisting of small fillets or slats intersecting each other or bent at right angles, as in classical designs, or at oblique angles, as often in Oriental art.

His lady’s cabinet is a adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney-piece with . . . carving.

Evelyn.

3. The reticulated headdress or net, made of gold or silver wire, in which ladies in the Middle Ages confined their hair.

A fret of gold she had next her hair.

Chaucer.

Fret saw, a saw with a long, narrow blade, used in cutting frets, scrolls, etc.; a scroll saw; a keyhole saw; a compass saw.

Fret (?), n. [F. frette a saltire, also a hoop, ferrule, prob. a dim. of L. ferrum iron. For sense 2, cf. also E. fret to rub.] 1. (Her.) A saltire interlaced with a mascle.

2. (Mus.) A short piece of wire, or other material fixed across the finger board of a guitar or a similar instrument, to indicate where the finger is to be placed.

Fret, v. t. To furnish with frets, as an instrument of music.

Fret”ful (?), a. [See 2d Fret.] Disposed to fret; ill-humored; peevish; angry; in a state of vexation; as, a fretful temper. — Fret”ful*ly, adv. — Fret”ful*ness, n.

Syn. — Peevish; ill-humored; ill-natured; irritable; waspish; captious; petulant; splenetic; spleeny; passionate; angry. – - Fretful, Peevish, Cross. These words all indicate an unamiable working and expression of temper. Peevish marks more especially the inward spirit: a peevish man is always ready to find fault. Fretful points rather to the outward act, and marks a complaining impatience: sickly children are apt to be fretful. Crossness is peevishness mingled with vexation or anger.

Frett (?), n. [See 2d Fret.] (Mining) The worn side of the bank of a river. See 4th Fret, n., 4.

Frett, n. [See Frit.] A vitreous compound, used by potters in glazing, consisting of lime, silica, borax, lead, and soda.

Fret”ted (?), p. p. & a. [From 2d Fret.]

1. Rubbed or worn away; chafed.

2. Agitated; vexed; worried.

Fret”ted, p. p. & a. [See 5th Fret.] 1. Ornamented with fretwork; furnished with frets; variegated; made rough on the surface.

2. (Her.) Interlaced one with another; — said of charges and ordinaries.

Fret”ten (?), a. [The old p. p. of fret to rub.] Rubbed; marked; as, pock-fretten, marked with the smallpox. [Obs.] Wright.

Fret”ter (?), n. One who, or that which, frets.

Fret”ty, a. [See 5th Fret.] Adorned with fretwork.

||Fre”tum (?), n.; pl. Freta (#). [L.] A strait, or arm of the sea.

Fret”work (?), n. [6th fret + work.] Work adorned with frets; ornamental openwork or work in relief, esp. when elaborate and minute in its parts. Hence, any minute play of light and shade, dark and light, or the like.

Banqueting on the turf in the fretwork of shade and sunshine.

Macaulay.

Frey”a (frī”&adot;), n. [Icel. Freyja.] (Scand. Myth.) The daughter of Njörd, and goddess of love and beauty; the Scandinavian Venus; – - in Teutonic myths confounded with Frigga, but in Scandinavian, distinct. [Written also Frea, Freyia, and Freyja.]

Fri”a*bii”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. friabilité.] The quality of being friable; friableness. Locke.

Fri”a*ble (?), a. [L. friabilis, fr. friare to rub, break, or crumble into small pieces, cf. fricare to rub, E. fray: cf. F. friable.] Easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder. “Friable ground.” Evelyn. “Soft and friable texture.” Paley. — Fri’a*ble*ness, n.

Fri”ar (?), n. [OR. frere, F. frère brother, friar, fr. L. frater brother. See Brother.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A brother or member of any religious order, but especially of one of the four mendicant orders, viz: (a) Minors, Gray Friars, or Franciscans. (b) Augustines. (c) Dominicans or Black Friars. (d) White Friars or Carmelites. See these names in the Vocabulary.

2. (Print.) A white or pale patch on a printed page.

3. (Zoöl.) An American fish; the silversides.

Friar bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird (Tropidorhynchus corniculatus), having the head destitute of feathers; — called also coldong, leatherhead, pimlico; poor soldier, and four- o’clock. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus. — Friar’s balsam (Med.), a stimulating application for wounds and ulcers, being an alcoholic solution of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam, and aloes; compound tincture of benzoin. Brande & C. — Friar’s cap (Bot.), the monkshood. — Friar’s cowl (Bot.), an arumlike plant (Arisarum vulgare) with a spathe or involucral leaf resembling a cowl. — Friar’s lantern, the ignis fatuus or Will-o’-the-wisp. Milton. — Friar skate (Zoöl.), the European white or sharpnosed skate (Raia alba); — called also Burton skate, border ray, scad, and doctor.

Fri”ar*ly, a. Like a friar; inexperienced. Bacon.

Fri”ar*y (?), a. [From Friar, n.] Like a friar; pertaining to friars or to a convent. [Obs.] Camden.

Fri”ar*y, n. [OF. frerie, frairie, fr. frère. See Friar.] 1. A monastery; a convent of friars. Drugdale.

2. The institution or practices of friars. Fuller.

Fri*a”tion (?), n. [See Friable.] The act of breaking up or pulverizing.

Frib”ble (?), a. [Cf. F. frivole, L. frivolus, or E. frippery.] Frivolous; trifling; silly.

Frib”ble, n. A frivolous, contemptible fellow; a fop.

A pert fribble of a peer.

Thackeray.

Frib”ble, v. i. 1. To act in a trifling or foolish manner; to act frivolously.

The fools that are fribbling round about you.

Thackeray.

2. To totter. [Obs.]

Frib”bler (?), n. A trifler; a fribble.

Frib”bling (?), a. Frivolous; trining; toolishly captious.

{ Fri”borg , Fri”borgh } (?), n. [AS. friðborh, lit., peace pledge; frið peace + borh, borg, pledge, akin to E. borrow. The first part of the word was confused with free, the last part, with borough.] (Old Eng. Law) The pledge and tithing, afterwards called by the Normans frankpledge. See Frankpledge. [Written also friburgh and fribourg.] Burril.

Fric”ace (?), n. [See Fricassee.] 1. Meat sliced and dressed with strong sauce. [Obs.] King.

2. An unguent; also, the act of rubbing with the unguent.

||Fri`can`deau” (?), ||Fric`an*do” (&?;), n. [F. fricandeau; cf. Sp. fricandó.] A ragout or fricassee of veal; a fancy dish of veal or of boned turkey, served as an entrée, – - called also fricandel. A. J. Cooley.

Fric”as*see` (?), n. [F. fricassée, fr. fricasser to fry, fricassee; cf. LL. fricare, perh. for frictare, fricare, frictum, to rub. Cf. Fry, Friction.] A dish made of fowls, veal, or other meat of small animals cut into pieces, and stewed in a gravy.

Fric”as*see`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fricasseed (?); p. pr. &. vb. n. Fricasseeing.] To dress like a fricassee.

Fri*ca”tion (?), n. [L. fricatio, fr. fricare, fricatum, to rub. ] Friction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fric”a*tive (?), a. [See Frication.] (Phon.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; — said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc. — n. A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-206, etc.

Fric”a*trice (?), n. [Cf. L. frictrix, fr. fricare to rub.] A lewd woman; a harlot. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fric”kle (?), n. A bushel basket. [Obs.]

Fric”tion (?), n. [L. frictio, fr. fricare, frictum,to rub: cf. F. friction. See Fray to rub, arid cf. Dentifrice.] 1. The act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another; attrition; in hygiene, the act of rubbing the body with the hand, with flannel, or with a brush etc., to excite the skin to healthy action.

2. (Mech.) The resistance which a body meets with from the surface on which it moves. It may be resistance to sliding motion, or to rolling motion.

3. A clashing between two persons or parties in opinions or work; a disagreement tending to prevent or retard progress.

Angle of friction (Mech.), the angle which a plane onwhich a body is lying makes with a horizontal plane,when the hody is just ready to slide dewn the plane. This angle varies for different bodies, and for planes of different materials. — Anti-friction wheels (Mach.), wheels turning freely on small pivots, and sustaining, at the angle formed by their circumferences, the pivot or journal of a revolving shaft, to relieve it of friction; — called also friction wheels. — Friction balls, or Friction rollers, balls or rollers placed so as to receive the pressure or weight of bodies in motion, and relieve friction, as in the hub of a bicycle wheel. — Friction brake (Mach.), a form of dynamometer for measuring the power a motor exerts. A clamp around the revolving shaft or fly wheel of the motor resists the motion by its friction, the work thus absorbed being ascertained by observing the force required to keep the clamp from revolving with the shaft; a Prony brake. — Friction chocks, brakes attached to the common standing garrison carriages of guns, so as to raise the trucks or wheels off the platform when the gun begins to recoil, and prevent its running back. Earrow. — Friction clutch, Friction coupling, an engaging and disengaging gear for revolving shafts, pulleys, etc., acting by friction; esp.: (a) A device in which a piece on one shaft or pulley is so forcibly pressed against a piece on another shaft that the two will revolve together; as, in the illustration, the cone a on one shaft, when thrust forcibly into the corresponding hollow cone b on the other shaft, compels the shafts to rotate together, by the hold the friction of the conical surfaces gives. (b) A toothed clutch, one member of which, instead of being made fast on its shaft, is held by friction and can turn, by slipping, under excessive strain or in starting. — Friction drop hammer, one in which the hammer is raised for striking by the friction of revolving rollers which nip the hammer rod. — Friction gear. See Frictional gearing, under Frictional. — Friction machine, an electrical machine, generating electricity by friction. — Friction meter, an instrument for measuring friction, as in testing lubricants. — Friction powder, Friction composition, a composition of chlorate of potassium, antimony, sulphide, etc, which readily ignites by friction. — Friction primer, Friction tube, a tube used for firing cannon by means of the friction of a roughened wire in the friction powder or composition with which the tube is filled. — Friction wheel (Mach.), one of the wheels in frictional gearing. See under Frictional.

Fric”tion*al (?), a. Relating to friction; moved by friction; produced by friction; as, frictional electricity.

Frictional gearing, wheels which transmit motion by surface friction instead of teeth. The faces are sometimes made more or less V-shaped to increase or decrease friction, as required.

Fric”tion*less, a. Having no friction.

Fri”day (?), n. [AS. frigedæg, fr. Frigu, the gooddes of marriage; friqu love + dæg day; cf. Icel. Frigg name of a goddess, the wife of Odin or Wodan, OHG. Frīatag, Icel. Frjādagr. AS. frigu is prob. from the root of E. friend, free. See Free, and Day.] The sixth day of the week, following Thursday and preceding Saturday.

Fridge (?), v. t. [AS. frician to dance, from free bold. Cf. Freak, n.] To rub; to fray. [Obs.] Sterne.

{ Frid”stol` (fr&ibreve;d”stōl`), Frith`stool” (fr&ibreve;th”st&oomac;l`) }, n. [AS. friðstōl. See Fred, and Stool.] A seat in churches near the altar, to which offenders formerly fled for sanctuary. [Written variously fridstool, freedstool, etc.] [Obs.]

Fried (frīd), imp. & p. p. of Fry.

Friend (fr&ebreve;nd), n. [OR. frend, freond, AS. freónd, prop. p. pr. of freón, freógan, to love; akin to D. vriend friend, OS. friund friend, friohan to love, OHG. friunt friend, G. freund, Icel. frændi kinsman, Sw. frände. Goth. frijōnds friend, frijōn to love. √83. See Free, and cf. Fiend.] 1. One who entertains for another such sentiments of esteem, respect, and affection that he seeks his society and welfare; a wellwisher; an intimate associate; sometimes, an attendant.

Want gives to know the flatterer from the friend.

Dryden.

A friend that sticketh closer than a brother.

Prov. xviii. 24.

2. One not inimical or hostile; one not a foe or enemy; also, one of the same nation, party, kin, etc., whose friendly feelings may be assumed. The word is some times used as a term of friendly address.

Friend, how camest thou in hither?

Matt. xxii. 12.

3. One who looks propitiously on a cause, an institution, a project, and the like; a favorer; a promoter; as, a friend to commerce, to poetry, to an institution.

4. One of a religious sect characterized by disuse of outward rites and an ordained ministry, by simplicity of dress and speech, and esp. by opposition to war and a desire to live at peace with all men. They are popularly called Quakers.

America was first visited by Friends in 1656.

T. Chase.

5. A paramour of either sex. [Obs.] Shak.

A friend at court or in court, one disposed to act as a friend in a place of special opportunity or influence. — To be friends with, to have friendly relations with. “He’s . . . friends with Cæsar.” Shak. — To make friends with, to become reconciled to or on friendly terms with. “Having now made friends with the Athenians.” Jowett (Thucyd.).

Friend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Friended; p. pr. & vb. n. Friending.] To act as the friend of; to favor; to countenance; to befriend. [Obs.]

Fortune friends the bold.

Spenser.

Friend”ed, a. 1. Having friends; [Obs.]

2. Inclined to love; well-disposed. [Obs.] Shak.

Friend”ing, n. Friendliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Friend”less, a. [AS. freóndleás.] Destitute of friends; forsaken. — Friend”less*ness, n.

Friend”li*ly (?), adv. In a friendly manner. Pope.

Friend”li*ness, n. The condition or quality of being friendly. Sir P. Sidney.

Friend”ly, a. [AS. freéndlīce.] 1. Having the temper and disposition of a friend; disposed to promote the good of another; kind; favorable.

2. Appropriate to, or implying, friendship; befitting friends; amicable.

In friendly relations with his moderate opponents.

Macaulay.

3. Not hostile; as, a friendly power or state.

4. Promoting the good of any person; favorable; propitious; serviceable; as, a friendly breeze or gale.

On the first friendly bank he throws him down.

Addison.

Syn. — Amicable; kind; conciliatory; propitious; favorable. See Amicable.

Friend”ly, adv. In the manner of friends; amicably; like friends. [Obs.] Shak.

In whom all graces that can perfect beauty
Are friendly met.

Beau. & Fl.

Friend”ship, n. [AS. freóndscipe. See Friend, and -ship.] 1. The state of being friends; friendly relation, or attachment, to a person, or between persons; affection arising from mutual esteem and good will; friendliness; amity; good will.

There is little friendship in the world.

Bacon.

There can be no friendship without confidence, and no confidence without integrity.

Rambler.

Preferred by friendship, and not chosen by sufficiency.

Spenser.

2. Kindly aid; help; assistance, [Obs.]

Some friendship will it [a hovel] lend you gainst the tempest.

Shak.

3. Aptness to unite; conformity; affinity; harmony; correspondence. [Obs.]

Those colors . . . have a friendship with each other.

Dryden.

Fri”er (?), n. One who fries.

Friese (?), n. Same as Friesic, n.

Fries”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province in the northern part of the Netherlands.

Fries”ic, n. The language of the Frisians, a Teutonic people formerly occupying a large part of the coast of Holland and Northwestern Germany. The modern dialects of Friesic are spoken chiefly in the province of Friesland, and on some of the islands near the coast of Germany and Denmark.

Fries”ish, a. Friesic. [R.]

Frieze (?), n. [Perh. the same word as frieze a, kind of cloth. Cf. Friz.] (Arch.) (a) That part of the entablature of an order which is between the architrave and cornice. It is a flat member or face, either uniform or broken by triglyphs, and often enriched with figures and other ornaments of sculpture. (b) Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture. See Illust. of Column.

Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures graven.

Milton.

Frieze (?), n. [F. frise, perh. originally a woolen cloth or stuff from Friesland (F. Frise); cf. LL. frisii panni and frissatus pannus, a shaggy woolen cloth, F. friser to friz, curl. Cf. Friz.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth or stuff with a shaggy or tufted (friezed) nap on one side. “Robes of frieze.” Goldsmith.

Frieze, v. t. To make a nap on (cloth); to friz. See Friz, v. t., 2.

Friezing machine, a machine for friezing cloth; a friezing machine.

Friezed (?), a. Gathered, or having the map gathered, into little tufts, knots, or protuberances. Cf. Frieze, v. t., and Friz, v. t., 2.

Frie”zer (?), n. One who, or that which, friezes or frizzes.

Frig”ate (?), n. [F. frégate, It. fregata, prob. contracted fr. L. fabricata something constructed or built. See Fabricate.] 1. Originally, a vessel of the Mediterranean propelled by sails and by oars. The French, about 1650, transferred the name to larger vessels, and by 1750 it had been appropriated for a class of war vessels intermediate between corvettes and ships of the line. Frigates, from about 1750 to 1850, had one full battery deck and, often, a spar deck with a lighter battery. They carried sometimes as many as fifty guns. After the application of steam to navigation steam frigates of largely increased size and power were built, and formed the main part of the navies of the world till about 1870, when the introduction of ironclads superseded them. [Formerly spelled frigat and friggot.]

2. Any small vessel on the water. [Obs.] Spenser.

Frigate bird (Zoöl.), a web- footed rapacious bird, of the genus Fregata; — called also man-of-war bird, and frigate pelican. Two species are known; that of the Southern United States and West Indies is F. aquila. They are remarkable for their long wings and powerful flight. Their food consists of fish which they obtain by robbing gulls, terns, and other birds, of their prey. They are related to the pelicans. — Frigate mackerel (Zoöl.), an oceanic fish (Auxis Rochei) of little or no value as food, often very abundant off the coast of the United States. — Frigate pelican. (Zoöl.) Same as Frigate bird.

Frig”ate-built” (?), a. (Naut.) Built like a frigate with a raised quarter-deck and forecastle.

Frig”a*toon` (?), n. [It. fregatone: cf. F. frégaton. See Frigate.] (Naut.) A Venetian vessel, with a square stern, having only a mainmast, jigger mast, and bowsprit; also a sloop of war ship- rigged.

Frig”e*fac`tion (?), n. [L. frigere to be cold + facere to make.] The act of making cold. [Obs.]

Frig”e*fac`tive (?), a. Cooling. [Obs.] Boyle.

Frig”er*ate (?), v. t. [L. frigerare, fr. frigus cold.] To make cool. [Obs.] Blount.

{ Frigg (?), Frig”ga (?) } n. [Icel. Frigg. See Friday.] (Scand. Myth.) The wife of Odin and mother of the gods; the supreme goddess; the Juno of the Valhalla. Cf. Freya.

Fright (frīt), n. [OE. frigt, freyht, AS. fyrhto, fyrhtu; akin to OS. forhta, OHG. forhta, forahta, G. furcht, Dan. frygt, Sw. fruktan, Goth. faúrhtei fear, faúrhts timid.]

1. A state of terror excited by the sudden appearance of danger; sudden and violent fear, usually of short duration; a sudden alarm.

2. Anything strange, ugly or shocking, producing a feeling of alarm or aversion. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Alarm; terror; consternation. See Alarm.

Fright (?), v. t. [imp. Frighted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Frighting.] [OE. frigten to fear, frighten, AS. fyrhtan to frighten, forhtian to fear; akin to OS. forhtian, OHG. furihten, forahtan, G. fürchten, Sw. frukta, Dan. frygte, Goth. faurhtjan. See Fright, n., and cf. Frighten.] To alarm suddenly; to shock by causing sudden fear; to terrify; to scare.

Nor exile or danger can fright a brave spirit.

Dryden.

Syn. — To affright; dismay; daunt; intimidate.

Fright”en (?), v. t. [imp. Frightened (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Frightening (#).] [See Fright, v. t.] To disturb with fear; to throw into a state of alarm or fright; to affright; to terrify.

More frightened than hurt.

Old Proverb.

Fright”ful (?), a. 1. Full of fright; affrighted; frightened. [Obs.]

See how the frightful herds run from the wood.

W. Browne.

2. Full of that which causes fright; exciting alarm; impressing terror; shocking; as, a frightful chasm, or tempest; a frightful appearance.

Syn. — Terrible; dreadful; alarming; fearful; terrific; awful; horrid; horrible; shocking. — Frightful, Dreadful, Awful. These words all express fear. In frightful, it is a sudden emotion; in dreadful, it is deeper and more prolonged; in awful, the fear is mingled with the emotion of awe, which subdues us before the presence of some invisible power. An accident may be frightful; the approach of death is dreadful to most men; the convulsions of the earthquake are awful.

Fright”ful*ly (?), adv. In a frightful manner; to a frightful dagree.

Fright”ful*ness, n. The quality of being frightful.

Fright”less, a. Free from fright; fearless. [Obs.]

Fright”ment (?), n. Fear; terror. [Obs.]

Frig”id (?), a. [L. frigidus, fr. frigere to be cold; prob. akin to Gr. &?; to shudder, or perh. to &?; cold. Cf. Frill.] 1. Cold; wanting heat or warmth; of low temperature; as, a frigid climate.

2. Wanting warmth, fervor, ardor, fire, vivacity, etc.; unfeeling; forbidding in manner; dull and unanimated; stiff and formal; as, a frigid constitution; a frigid style; a frigid look or manner; frigid obedience or service.

3. Wanting natural heat or vigor sufficient to excite the generative power; impotent. Johnson.

Frigid zone, that part of the earth which lies between either polar circle and its pole. It extends 23&?; 28&?; from the pole. See the Note under Arctic.

||Frig”i*da`ri*um (?), n.; pl. Frigidaria (#). [L., neut. of frigidarium cooling.] The cooling room of the Roman thermæ, furnished with a cold bath.

Fri*gid”i*ty (?), n. [L. frigiditas: cf. F. frigidité.] 1. The condition or quality of being frigid; coldness; want of warmth.

Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air.

Sir T. Browne.

2. Want of ardor, animation, vivacity, etc.; coldness of affection or of manner; dullness; stiffness and formality; as, frigidity of a reception, of a bow, etc.

3. Want of heat or vigor; as, the frigidity of old age.

Frig”id*ly (?), adv. In a frigid manner; coldly; dully; without affection.

Frig”id*ness, n. The state of being frigid; want of heat, vigor, or affection; coldness; dullness.

{ Frig”o*rif”ic (?), Frig”o*rif`ic*al (?) } a. [L. frigorificus; frigus, frigoris, cold + facere to make: cf. F. frigorifique.] Causing cold; producing or generating cold. Quincy.

Frill (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frilling.] [OF. friller, fr. L. frigidulus somewhat cold, dim. of frigidus cold; akin to F. frileux chilly.] 1. To shake or shiver as with cold; as, the hawk frills. Johnson.

2. (Photog.) To wrinkle; — said of the gelatin film.

Frill, v. t. To provide or decorate with a frill or frills; to turn back. in crimped plaits; as, to frill a cap.

Frill, n. [See Frill, v. i.]. (Zoöl.) (a) A ruffing of a bird’s feathers from cold. (b) A ruffle, consisting of a fold of membrane, of hairs, or of feathers, around the neck of an animal. See Frilled lizard (below). (c) A similar ruffle around the legs or other appendages of animals. (d) A ruffled varex or fold on certain shells.

2. A border or edging secured at one edge and left free at the other, usually fluted or crimped like a very narrow flounce.

Frilled (?), a. Furnished with a frill or frills.

Frilled lizard (Zoöl.), a large Australian lizard (Chlamydosaurus Kingii) about three feet long, which has a large, erectile frill on each side of the neck.

Frim (?), a. [Cf. AS. freme good, bold, and E. frame.] Flourishing; thriving; fresh; in good case; vigorous. [Obs.] “Frim pastures.” Drayton.

||Fri”maire` (?), n. [F., fr. frimas hoarfrost.] The third month of the French republican calendar. It commenced November 21, and ended December 20., See Vendémiaire.

Fringe (?), n. [OF, fringe, F. frange, prob. fr. L. fimbria fiber, thread, fringe, cf. fibra fiber, E. fiber, fimbriate.] 1. An ornamental appendage to the border of a piece of stuff, originally consisting of the ends of the warp, projecting beyond the woven fabric; but more commonly made separate and sewed on, consisting sometimes of projecting ends, twisted or plaited together, and sometimes of loose threads of wool, silk, or linen, or narrow strips of leather, or the like.

2. Something resembling in any respect a fringe; a line of objects along a border or edge; a border; an edging; a margin; a confine.

The confines of grace and the fringes of repentance.

Jer. Taylor.

3. (Opt.) One of a number of light or dark bands, produced by the interference of light; a diffraction band; — called also interference fringe.

4. (Bot.) The peristome or fringelike appendage of the capsules of most mosses. See Peristome.

Fringe tree (Bot.), a small tree (Chionanthus Virginica), growing in the Southern United States, and having snow-white flowers, with long pendulous petals.

Fringe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fringed (?); p. pr. & vb. a. Fringing.] To adorn the edge of with a fringe or as with a fringe.

Precipices fringed with grass.

Bryant.

Fringing reef. See Coral reefs, under Coral.

Fringed (?), a. Furnished with a fringe.

Fringed lear (Bot.), a leaf edged with soft parallel hairs.

Fringe”less, a. Having no fringe.

Frin”gent (?), a. Encircling like a fringe; bordering. [R.] “The fringent air.” Emerson.

||Frin*gil”la (?), a. [NL., fr. L. fringilla a chaffinch.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds, with a short, conical, pointed bill. It formerly included all the sparrows and finches, but is now restricted to certain European finches, like the chaffinch and brambling.

Frin`gil*la”ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Fringilline.

Frin*gil”line (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the family Fringillidæ; characteristic of finches; sparrowlike.

Frin”gy (?), a. Aborned with fringes. Shak.

Frip”per (?), n. [F. fripier, fr. friper to rumple, fumble, waste.] One who deals in frippery or in old clothes. [Obs.] Bacon.

Frip”per*er (?), n. A fripper. [Obs.] Johnson.

Frip”per*y (?), n. [F. friperie, fr. fruper. See Fripper.] 1. Coast-off clothes. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. Hence: Secondhand finery; cheap and tawdry decoration; affected elegance.

Fond of gauze and French frippery.

Goldsmith.

The gauzy frippery of a French translation.

Sir W. Scott.

3. A place where old clothes are sold. Shak.

4. The trade or traffic in old clothes.

Frip”per*y (?), a. Trifling; contemptible.

||Fri”seur’ (?), n. [F., fr. friser to curl, frizzle. See Frizzle.] A hairdresser.

Fri”sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province of the Netherlands; Friesic.

Fri”sian, n. A native or inhabitant of Friesland; also, the language spoken in Friesland. See Friesic, n.

Frisk (?), a. [OF. frieque, cf. OHG. frise lively, brisk, fresh, Dan. & Sw. frisk, Icel. friskr. See Fresh, a.] Lively; brisk; frolicsome; frisky. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Frisk, a. A frolic; a fit of wanton gayety; a gambol: a little playful skip or leap. Johnson.

Frisk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frisked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frisking.] To leap, skip, dance, or gambol, in fronc and gayety.

The frisking satyrs on the summits danced.

Addison.

Frisk”al (?), n. A leap or caper. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Frisker (?), n. One who frisks; one who leaps of dances in gayety; a wanton; an inconstant or unsettled person. Camden.

Fris”ket (?), n. [F. frisguette. Perh. so named from the velocity or frequency of its motion. See Frisk a.] (Print.) The light frame which holds the sheet of paper to the tympan in printing.

Frisk”ful (?), a. Brisk; lively; frolicsome.

Frisk”i*ly’ (?), adv. In a frisky manner.

Frisk”i*ness, n. State or quality of being frisky.

Frisk”y, a. Inclined to frisk; frolicsome; gay.

He is too frisky for an old man.

Jeffrey.

Fris”let (fr&ibreve;z”l&ebreve;t), n. [Cf. Fraise a kind of defense; also Friz.] A kind of small ruffle. Halliwell.

Frist (fr&ibreve;st), v. t. [OE. fristen, firsten, to lend, give respite, postpone, AS. firstan to give respite to; akin to first time, G. frist, Icel. frest delay.] To sell upon credit, as goods. [R.] Crabb.

||Fri”sure` (?), n. [F.] The dressing of the hair by crisping or curling. Smollett.

Frit (?), n. [F. fritte, fr. frit fried, p. p. of frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. (Glass Making) The material of which glass is made, after having been calcined or partly fused in a furnace, but before vitrification. It is a composition of silex and alkali, occasionally with other ingredients. Ure.

2. (Ceramics) The material for glaze of pottery.

Frit brick, a lump of calcined glass materials, brought to a pasty condition in a reverberatory furnace, preliminary to the perfect vitrification in the melting pot.

Frit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fritted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fritting.] To prepare by heat (the materials for making glass); to fuse partially. Ure.

Frit, v. t. To fritter; — with away. [R.] Ld. Lytton.

Frith (fr&ibreve;th), n. [OE. firth, Icel. fjörðr; akin to Sw. fjärd, Dan. fiord, E. ford. √78. See Ford, n., and cf. Firth, Fiord, Fret a frith, Port a harbor.]

1. (Geog.) A narrow arm of the sea; an estuary; the opening of a river into the sea; as, the Frith of Forth.

2. A kind of weir for catching fish. [Eng.] Carew.

Frith, n. [OE. frith peace, protection, land inclosed for hunting, park, forest, AS. frið peace; akin to frenoð peace, protection, asylum, G. friede peace, Icel. friðr, and from the root of E. free, friend. See Free, a., and cf. Affray, Defray.] 1. A forest; a woody place. [Obs.] Drayton.

2. A small field taken out of a common, by inclosing it; an inclosure. [Obs.] Sir J. Wynne.

Frith”y (?), a. Woody. [Obs.] Skelton.

||Frit”il*la`ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. fritillus dicebox: cf. F. fritillaire. So named from the checkered markings of the petals.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants, of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial.

Frit”il*la*ry (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant with checkered petals, of the genus Fritillaria: the Guinea-hen flower. See Fritillaria.

2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of butterflies belonging to Argynnis and allied genera; — so called because the coloring of their wings resembles that of the common Fritillaria. See Aphrodite.

Frit”i*nan*cy (?), n. [L. fritinnire to twitter.] A chirping or creaking, as of a cricket. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Frit”ter (?), n. [OR. fritour, friture, pancake, F. friture frying, a thing fried, from frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. A small quantity of batter, fried in boiling lard or in a frying pan. Fritters are of various kinds, named from the substance inclosed in the batter; as, apple fritters, clam fritters, oyster fritters.

2. A fragment; a shred; a small piece.

And cut whole giants into fritters.

Hudibras.

Corn fritter. See under Corn.

Frit”ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frittered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces, for frying.

2. To break into small pieces or fragments.

Break all nerves, and fritter all their sense.

Pope.

To fritter away, to diminish; to pare off; to reduce to nothing by taking away a little at a time; also, to waste piecemeal; as, to fritter away time, strength, credit, etc.

Frit”ting (?), n. [See Frit to expose to heat.] The formation of frit or slag by heat with but incipient fusion.

Friv”o*lism (?), n. Frivolity. [R.] Pristley.

Fri*vol”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Frivolities (#). [Cg. F. frivolité. See Frivolous.] The condition or quality of being frivolous; also, acts or habits of trifling; unbecoming levity of disposition.

Friv”o*lous (?), a. [L. frivolus; prob. akin to friare to rub, crumble, E. friable: cf. F. frivole.]

1. Of little weight or importance; not worth notice; slight; as, a frivolous argument. Swift.

2. Given to trifling; marked with unbecoming levity; silly; interested especially in trifling matters.

His personal tastes were low and frivolous.

Macaulay.

Syn. — Trifling; trivial; slight; petty; worthless.

— Friv”o*lous*ly, adv. — Friv”o*lous*ness, n.

Friz (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzing (?).] [Cf. F. friser to curl, crisp, frizzle, to raise the nap (on certain stuffs); prob.akin to OFries. frisle hair of the head. Cf. Frieze kind of cloth.] [Written also frizz.] 1. To curl or form into small curls, as hair, with a crisping pin; to crisp.

With her hair frizzed short up to her ears.

Pepys.

2. To form into little burs, prominences, knobs, or tufts, as the nap of cloth.

3. (Leather Manufacture) To soften and make of even thickness by rubbing, as with pumice stone or a blunt instrument.

Frizzing machine. (a) (Fabrics) A machine for frizzing the surface of cloth. (b) (Wood Working) A bench with a revolving cutter head slightly protruding above its surface, for dressing boards.

Friz, n.; pl. Frizzes (&?;). That which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled, as a wig; a frizzle. [Written also frizz.]

He [Dr. Johnson], who saw in his glass how his wig became his face and head, might easily infer that a similar fullbottomed, well-curled friz of words would be no less becoming to his thoughts.

Hare.

Frize (?), n. (Arch.) See 1st Frieze.

Friz”el (?), a. (Firearms) A movable furrowed piece of steel struck by the flint, to throw sparks into the pan, in an early form of flintlock. Knight.

Fri*zette” (?), n. [F. frisette curl.] A curl of hair or silk; a pad of frizzed hair or silk worn by women under the hair to stuff it out.

Frizz (?), v. t. & n. See Friz, v. t. & n.

Friz”zle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling (?).] [Dim. of friz.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz; to crinkle. Gay.

To frizzle up, to crinkle or crisp excessively.

Friz”zle, n. A curl; a lock of hair crisped. Milton.

Friz”zler` (?), n. One who frizzles.

{ Friz”zly (?), Friz”zy (?), } a. Curled or crisped; as, frizzly, hair.

Fro (frō), adv. [OE. fra, fro, adv. & prep., Icel. frā, akin to Dan. fra from, E. from. See From.] From; away; back or backward; — now used only in opposition to the word to, in the phrase to and fro, that is, to and from. See To and fro under To. Milton.

Fro, prep. From. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Frock (?), n. [F. froc a monk’s cowl, coat, garment, LL. frocus, froccus, flocus, floccus, fr. L. floccus a flock of wool; hence orig., a flocky cloth or garment; cf. L. flaccus flabby, E. flaccid.] 1. A loose outer garment; especially, a gown forming a part of European modern costume for women and children; also, a coarse shirtlike garment worn by some workmen over their other clothes; a smock frock; as, a marketman’s frock.

2. A coarse gown worn by monks or friars, and supposed to take the place of all, or nearly all, other garments. It has a hood which can be drawn over the head at pleasure, and is girded by a cord.

Frock coat, a body coat for men, usually double-breasted, the skirts not being in one piece with the body, but sewed on so as to be somewhat full. — Smock frock. See in the Vocabulary.

Frock, v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock.

2. To make a monk of. Cf. Unfrock.

Frocked (?), a. Clothed in a frock.

Frock”less (?), a. Destitute of a frock.

Froe (frō), n. [See Frow.] A dirty woman; a slattern; a frow. [Obs.] “Raging frantic froes.” Draylon.

Froe, n. [See Frow the tool] An iron cleaver or splitting tool; a frow. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Frog (fr&obreve;g), n. [AS. froggu, frocga a frog (in sensel); akin to D. vorsch, OHG. frosk, G. frosch, Icel. froskr, fraukr, Sw. & Dan. frö.] 1. (Zoöl.) An amphibious animal of the genus Rana and related genera, of many species. Frogs swim rapidly, and take long leaps on land. Many of the species utter loud notes in the springtime.

&fist; The edible frog of Europe (Rana esculenta) is extensively used as food; the American bullfrog (R. Catesbiana) is remarkable for its great size and loud voice.

2. [Perh. akin to E. fork, cf. frush frog of a horse.] (Anat.) The triangular prominence of the hoof, in the middle of the sole of the foot of the horse, and other animals; the fourchette.

3. (Railroads) A supporting plate having raised ribs that form continuations of the rails, to guide the wheels where one track branches from another or crosses it.

4. [Cf. fraco of wool or silk, L. floccus, E. frock.] An oblong cloak button, covered with netted thread, and fastening into a loop instead of a button hole.

5. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or sword.

Cross frog (Railroads), a frog adapted for tracks that cross at right angles. — Frog cheese, a popular name for a large puffball. — Frog eater, one who eats frogs; — a term of contempt applied to a Frenchman by the vulgar class of English. — Frog fly. (Zoöl.) See Frog hopper. — Frog hopper (Zoöl.), a small, leaping, hemipterous insect living on plants. The larvæ are inclosed in a frothy liquid called cuckoo spit or frog spit. — Frog lily (Bot.), the yellow water lily (Nuphar). — Frog spit (Zoöl.), the frothy exudation of the frog hopper; — called also frog spittle. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

Frog (?), v. t. To ornament or fasten (a coat, etc.) with trogs. See Frog, n., 4.

Frog”bit` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A European plant (Hydrocharis Morsus- ranæ), floating on still water and propagating itself by runners. It has roundish leaves and small white flowers. (b) An American plant (Limnobium Spongia), with similar habits.

Frog”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Angler, n., 2. (b) An oceanic fish of the genus Antennarius or Pterophrynoides; — called also mousefish and toadfish.

Frogged (?), a. Provided or ornamented with frogs; as, a frogged coat. See Frog, n., 4. Ld. Lytton.

Frog”gy (?), a. Abounding in frogs. Sherwood.

Frog”mouth` (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of Asiatic and East Indian birds of the genus Batrachostomus (family Podargidæ); — so called from their very broad, flat bills.

Frog”s`-bit” (?), n. (Bot.) Frogbit.

Frog”shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of marine gastropod shells, belonging to Ranella and allied genera.

Froise (?), n. [OE. froise cf. F. froisser to bruise, E. frush to bruise,] A kind of pancake. See 1st Fraise. [Written also fraise.]

Frol”ic (fr&obreve;l”&ibreve;k), a. [D. vroolijk; akin to G. frölich, fr. froh, OHG. frō, Dan. fro, OS. frāh, cf. Icel. frār swift; all perh. akin to Skr. pru to spring up.] Full of levity; dancing, playing, or frisking about; full of pranks; frolicsome; gay; merry.

The frolic wind that breathes the spring.

Milton.

The gay, the frolic, and the loud.

Waller.

Frol”ic, n. 1. A wild prank; a flight of levity, or of gayety and mirth.

He would be at his frolic once again.

Roscommon.

2. A scene of gayety and mirth, as in lively play, or in dancing; a merrymaking.

Frol”ic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frolicked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frolicking.] To play wild pranks; to play tricks of levity, mirth, and gayety; to indulge in frolicsome play; to sport.

Hither, come hither, and frolic and play.

Tennyson.

Frol”ic*ful (?), a. Frolicsome. [R.]

Frol”ick*y (?), a. Frolicsome. [Obs.] Richardson.

Frol”ic*ly, adv. In a frolicsome manner; with mirth and gayety. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Frol”ic*some (?), a. Full of gayety and mirth; given to pranks; sportive.

Old England, who takes a frolicsome brain fever once every two or three years, for the benefit of her doctors.

Sir W. Scott.

— Frol”ic*some*ly, adv. — Frol”ic*some*ness, n.

From (fr&obreve;m), prep. [AS. fram, from; akin to OS. fram out, OHG. & Icel. fram forward, Sw. fram, Dan. frem, Goth. fram from, prob. akin to E. forth. &?;202. Cf. Fro, Foremost.] Out of the neighborhood of; lessening or losing proximity to; leaving behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; — used whenever departure, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, occurrence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, separation, etc., are to be expressed. It is construed with, and indicates, the point of space or time at which the action, state, etc., are regarded as setting out or beginning; also, less frequently, the source, the cause, the occasion, out of which anything proceeds; — the antithesis and correlative of to; as, it, is one hundred miles from Boston to Springfield; he took his sword from his side; light proceeds from the sun; separate the coarse wool from the fine; men have all sprung from Adam, and often go from good to bad, and from bad to worse; the merit of an action depends on the principle from which it proceeds; men judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from testimony.

Experience from the time past to the time present.

Bacon.

The song began from Jove.

Drpden.

From high Mæonia’s rocky shores I came.

Addison.

If the wind blow any way from shore.

Shak.

&fist; From sometimes denotes away from, remote from, inconsistent with. “Anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing.” Shak. From, when joined with another preposition or an adverb, gives an opportunity for abbreviating the sentence. “There followed him great multitudes of people . . . from [the land] beyond Jordan.” Math. iv. 25. In certain constructions, as from forth, from out, etc., the ordinary and more obvious arrangment is inverted, the sense being more distinctly forth from, out from — from being virtually the governing preposition, and the word the adverb. See From off, under Off, adv., and From afar, under Afar, adv.

Sudden partings such as press
The life from out young hearts.

Byron.

{ From”ward (?), From”wards (?), } prep. [AS. framweard about to depart. Cf. Froward] A way from; — the contrary of toward. [Obs.]

Towards or fromwards the zenith.

Cheyne.

Frond (?), n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch, foliage.] (Bot.) The organ formed by the combination or union into one body of stem and leaf, and often bearing the fructification; as, the frond of a fern or of a lichen or seaweed; also, the peculiar leaf of a palm tree.

Fron*da”tion (?), n. [L. frondatio, from frons. See Frond.] The act of stripping, as trees, of leaves or branches; a kind of pruning. Evelyn.

||Fronde (?), n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A political party in France, during the minority of Louis XIV., who opposed the government, and made war upon the court party.

Frond”ed (?), a. Furnished with fronds. “Fronded palms.” Whittier.

Fron”dent (?), a. [L. frondens, p. pr. of frondere to put forth leaves. See Frond.] Covered with leaves; leafy; as, a frondent tree. [R.]

Fron*desce” (?), v. i. [L. frondescere, inchoative fr. frondere. See Frondent.] To unfold leaves, as plants.

Fron*des”cence (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The time at which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. (b) The act of bursting into leaf. Milne. Martyn.

||Fron”deur` (?), n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A member of the Fronde.

Fron*dif”er*ous (?), a. [L. frondifer frons a leafy branch + ferre to bear: cf. F. frondifere.] Producing fronds.

Frond”let (?), n. (Bot.) A very small frond, or distinct portion of a compound frond.

Fron*dose” (?), a. [L. frondosus leafy.] (Bot.) (a) Frond bearing; resembling a frond; having a simple expansion not separable into stem and leaves. (b) Leafy. Gray.

Fron”dous (?), a. (Bot.) Frondose. [R.]

||Frons (?), n. [L., front.] (Anal.) The forehead; the part of the cranium between the orbits and the vertex.

Front (?), n. [F. frant forehead, L. frons, frontis; perh. akin to E. brow.] 1. The forehead or brow, the part of the face above the eyes; sometimes, also, the whole face.

Bless’d with his father’s front, his mother’s tongue.

Pope.

Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front.

Shak.

His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.

Prior.

2. The forehead, countenance, or personal presence, as expressive of character or temper, and especially, of boldness of disposition, sometimes of impudence; seeming; as, a bold front; a hardened front.

With smiling fronts encountering.

Shak.

The inhabitants showed a bold front.

Macaulay.

3. The part or surface of anything which seems to look out, or to be directed forward; the fore or forward part; the foremost rank; the van; — the opposite to back or rear; as, the front of a house; the front of an army.

Had he his hurts before?
Ay, on the front.

Shak.

4. A position directly before the face of a person, or before the foremost part of a thing; as, in front of un person, of the troops, or of a house.

5. The most conspicuous part.

The very head and front of my offending.

Shak.

6. That which covers the foremost part of the head: a front piece of false hair worn by women.

Like any plain Miss Smith’s, who wears s front.

Mrs. Browning.

7. The beginning. “Summer’s front.” Shak.

Bastioned front (Mil.), a curtain connerting two half bastions. — Front door, the door in the front wall of a building, usually the principal entrance. — Front of fortification, the works constructed upon any one side of a polygon. Farrow. — Front of operations, all that part of the field of operations in front of the successive positions occupied by the army as it moves forward. Farrow. — To come to the front, to attain prominence or leadership.

Front, a. Of or relating to the front or forward part; having a position in front; foremost; as, a front view.

Front, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fronting.] 1. To oppose face to face; to oppose directly; to meet in a hostile manner.

You four shall front them in the narrow lane.

Shak.

2. To appear before; to meet.

[Enid] daily fronted him
In some fresh splendor.

Tennyson.

3. To face toward; to have the front toward; to confront; as, the house fronts the street.

And then suddenly front the changed reality.

J. Morley.

4. To stand opposed or opposite to, or over against as, his house fronts the church.

5. To adorn in front; to supply a front to; as, to front a house with marble; to front a head with laurel.

Yonder walls, that pertly front your town.

Shak.

Front, v. t. To have or turn the face or front in any direction; as, the house fronts toward the east.

Front”age (?), n. The front part of an edifice or lot; extent of front.

Fron”tal (?), a. [Cf. F. frontal.] Belonging to the front part; being in front; esp. (Anat.), Of or pertaining to the forehead or the anterior part of the roof of the brain case; as, the frontal bones.

Fron”tal, n. [F. frontal, fronteau, OF. Frontel, frontal, L. frontale an ornament for the forehead, frontlet. See Front.] 1. Something worn on the forehead or face; a frontlet; as: (a) An ornamental band for the hair. (b) (Mil.) The metal face guard of a soldier.

2. (Arch.) A little pediment over a door or window.

3. (Eccl.) A movable, decorative member in metal, carved wood, or, commonly, in rich stuff or in embroidery, covering the front of the altar. Frontals are usually changed according to the different ceremonies.

4. (Med.) A medicament or application for the forehead. [Obs.] Quincy.

5. (Anat.) The frontal bone, or one of the two frontal bones, of the cranium.

Frontal hammer or helve, a forge hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a “tongue” immediately in front of the hammer head. Raymond.

{ Fron”tate (?), Fron’ta*ted (?), } a. Growing broader and broader, as a leaf; truncate.

Front”ed (?), a. Formed with a front; drawn up in line. “Fronted brigades.” Milton.

Fron”tier (?), n. [F. frontière, LL. frontaria. See Front.] 1. That part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region; the marches; the border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bordering on another country; the border of the settled and cultivated part of a country; as, the frontier of civilization.

2. (Fort.) An outwork. [Obs.]

Palisadoes, frontiers, parapets.

Shak.

Fron”tier, a. 1. Lying on the exterior part; bordering; conterminous; as, a frontier town.

2. Of or relating to a frontier. “Frontier experience.” W. Irving.

Fron”tier, v. i. To constitute or form a frontier; to have a frontier; — with on. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Fron”tiered (?), p. a. Placed on the frontiers. [R.]

Fron”tiers*man (?), n.; pl. Frontiersmen (&?;). A man living on the frontier.

||Fron`ti*gnac” (?), Fron`ti`gnan” (&?;), n. [So called from Frontignan, a town in Southern France.] 1. A sweet muscadine wine made in Frontignan (Languedoc), France.

2. (Bot.) A grape of many varieties and colors.

Front”ing*ly (?), adv. In a fronting or facing position; opposingly.

Fron`tin*iac” (?), n. See Frontignac.

Fron”tis*piece (?), n. [F. frontispice, LL. frontispicium beginning, front of a church, fr. L. frons front + spicere, specere, to look at, view: cf. It. frontispizio. See Front and Spy.] The part which first meets the eye; as: (a) (Arch.) The principal front of a building. [Obs. or R.] (b) An ornamental figure or illustration fronting the first page, or titlepage, of a book; formerly, the titlepage itself.

Front”less (?), a. Without face or front; shameless; not diffident; impudent. [Obs.] “Frontless vice.” Dryden. “Frontless flattery.” Pope.

Front”less*ly, adv. Shamelessly; impudently. [Obs.]

Front”let (?), n. [OF. frontelet brow band, dim. of frontel, frontal. See Frontal, n.] 1. A frontal or brow band; a fillet or band worn on the forehead.

They shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.

Deut. vi. 8.

2. A frown (likened to a frontlet). [R. & Poetic]

What makes that frontlet on? Methinks you are too much of late i’ the frown.

Shak.

3. (Zoöl.) The margin of the head, behind the bill of birds, often bearing rigid bristles.

Fron”to- (?). [L. frons, frontis, the forehead.] (Anat.) A combining form signifying relating to the forehead or the frontal bone; as, fronto-parietal, relating to the frontal and the parietal bones; fronto-nasal, etc.

||Fron`ton” (?), n. [F., a pediment. See Front.] (Arch.) Same as Frontal, 2.

Frop”pish (?), a. [Cf. Frap, Frape.] Peevish; froward. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Frore (?), adv. [See Frorn.] Frostily. [Obs.]

The parching air
Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire.

Milton.

Frorn (?), p. a. [AS. froren, p. p. of freósun to freeze. See Freeze.] Frozen. [Obs.]

Well nigh frorn I feel.

Spenser.

Fro”ry (?), a. [AS. freórig. See Frorn.] 1. Frozen; stiff with cold. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Covered with a froth like hoarfrost. [Archaic]

The foaming steed with frory bit to steer.

Fairfax.

Frost (fr&obreve;st; 115), n. [OE. frost, forst, AS. forst, frost. fr. freósan to freeze; akin to D. varst, G., OHG., Icel., Dan., & Sw. frost. √18. See Freeze, v. i.] 1. The act of freezing; — applied chiefly to the congelation of water; congelation of fluids.

2. The state or temperature of the air which occasions congelation, or the freezing of water; severe cold or freezing weather.

The third bay comes a frost, a killing frost.

Shak.

3. Frozen dew; — called also hoarfrost or white frost.

He scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes.

Ps. cxlvii. 16.

4. Coldness or insensibility; severity or rigidity of character. [R.]

It was of those moments of intense feeling when the frost of the Scottish people melts like a snow wreath.

Sir W. Scott.

Black frost, cold so intense as to freeze vegetation and cause it to turn black, without the formation of hoarfrost. — Frost bearer (Physics), a philosophical instrument illustrating the freezing of water in a vacuum; a cryophorus. — Frost grape (Bot.), an American grape, with very small, acid berries. — Frost lamp, a lamp placed below the oil tube of an Argand lamp to keep the oil limpid on cold nights; — used especially in lighthouses. Knight. — Frost nail, a nail with a sharp head driven into a horse’s shoe to keep him from slipping. — Frost smoke, an appearance resembling smoke, caused by congelation of vapor in the atmosphere in time of severe cold.

The brig and the ice round her are covered by a strange black
obscurity: it is the frost smoke of arctic winters.

Kane.

— Frost valve, a valve to drain the portion of a pipe, hydrant, pump, etc., where water would be liable to freeze. — Jack Frost, a popular personification of frost.

Frost (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Frosting.] 1. To injure by frost; to freeze, as plants.

2. To cover with hoarfrost; to produce a surface resembling frost upon, as upon cake, metals, or glass.

While with a hoary light she frosts the ground.

Wordsworth.

3. To roughen or sharpen, as the nail heads or calks of horseshoes, so as to fit them for frosty weather.

Frost”bird (?), n. (Zoöl.) The golden plover.

Frost”bite (?), n. The freezing, or effect of a freezing, of some part of the body, as the ears or nose. Kane.
[1913 Webster]

Frost`bite”, v. t. To expose to the effect of frost, or a frosty air; to blight or nip with frost.

My wife up and with Mrs. Pen to walk in the fields to frostbite themselves.

Pepys.

Frost`-bit”ten (?), p. a. Nipped, withered, or injured, by frost or freezing.

Frost`-blite” (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Atriplex; orache. Gray. (b) The lamb’s- quarters (Chenopodium album). Dr. Prior.

Frost”ed, a. Covered with hoarfrost or anything resembling hoarfrost; ornamented with frosting; also, frost-bitten; as, a frosted cake; frosted glass.

Frosted work is introduced as a foil or contrast to burnished work.

Knight.

Frost`fish” (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tomcod; — so called because it is abundant on the New England coast in autumn at about the commencement of frost. See Tomcod. (b) The smelt. [Local, U. S.] (c) A name applied in New Zealand to the scabbard fish (Lepidotus) valued as a food fish.

Frost”i*ly (?), adv. In a frosty manner.

Frost”i*ness, n. State or quality of being frosty.

Frost”ing, n. 1. A composition of sugar and beaten egg, used to cover or ornament cake, pudding, etc.

2. A lusterless finish of metal or glass; the process of producing such a finish.

Frost”less, a. Free from frost; as, a frostless winter.

Frost”weed` (?), n. (Bot.) An American species of rockrose (Helianthemum Canadense), sometimes used in medicine as an astringent or aromatic tonic.

&fist; It has large yellow flowers which are often sterile, and later it has abundant but inconspicuous flowers which bear seed. It is so called because, late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root; — called also frostwort.

Frost`work” (?), n. The figurework, often fantastic and delicate, which moisture sometimes forms in freezing, as upon a window pane or a flagstone.

Frost`wort” (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Frostweed.

Frost”y (?), a. [Cf. AS. fyrstig.] 1. Attended with, or producing, frost; having power to congeal water; cold; freezing; as, a frosty night.

2. Covered with frost; as, the grass is frosty.

3. Chill in affection; without warmth of affection or courage. Johnson.

4. Appearing as if covered with hoarfrost; white; gray-haired; as, a frosty head. Shak.

Frote (?), v. t. [F. frotter.] To rub or wear by rubbing; to chafe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fro”ter*er (?), n. One who frotes; one who rubs or chafes. [Obs.] Marston.

Froth (?), n. [OE. frothe, Icel. froða; akin to Dan. fraade, Sw. fradga, AS. āfreoðan to froth.]

1. The bubbles caused in fluids or liquors by fermentation or agitation; spume; foam; esp., a spume of saliva caused by disease or nervous excitement.

2. Any empty, senseless show of wit or eloquence; rhetoric without thought. Johnson.

It was a long speech, but all froth.

L’Estrange.

3. Light, unsubstantial matter. Tusser.

Froth insect (Zoöl.), the cuckoo spit or frog hopper; — called also froth spit, froth worm, and froth fly. — Froth spit. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

Froth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frothed (?); p. pr. & vb. n.. Frothing.] 1. To cause to foam.

2. To spit, vent, or eject, as froth.

He . . . froths treason at his mouth.

Dryden.

Is your spleen frothed out, or have ye more?

Tennyson.

3. To cover with froth; as, a horse froths his chain.

Froth, v. i. To throw up or out spume, foam, or bubbles; to foam; as beer froths; a horse froths.

Froth”i*ly (?), adv. In a frothy manner.

Froth”i*ness, n. State or quality of being frothy.

Froth”ing, n. Exaggerated declamation; rant.

Froth”less, a. Free from froth.

Froth”y (?), a. [Compar. Frothier (?); superl. Frothiest.] 1. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth or light bubbles; spumous; foamy.

2. Not firm or solid; soft; unstable. Bacon.

3. Of the nature of froth; light; empty; unsubstantial; as, a frothy speaker or harangue. Tillotson.

Frounce (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frounced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frouncing (?).] [OE. frouncen, fronsen, to told, wrinkle, OF. froncier, F. froncer, perh. fr. an assumed LL. frontiare to wrinkle the forehead, L. frons forehead. See Front, and cf. Flounce part of a dress.] To gather into or adorn with plaits, as a dress; to form wrinkles in or upon; to curl or frizzle, as the hair.

Not tricked and frounced, as she was wont.

Milton.

Frounce, v. i. To form wrinkles in the forehead; to manifest displeasure; to frown. [Obs.]

The Commons frounced and stormed.

Holland.

Frounce, n. 1. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a flounce; — also, a frown. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. An affection in hawks, in which white spittle gathers about the hawk’s bill. Booth.

Frounce”less, a. Without frounces. Rom. of R.

Frou”zy (?), a. [Prov. E. frouzy froward, peevish, offensive to the eye or smell; cf. froust a musty smell, frouse to rumple, frouze to curl, and E. frounce, frowy.] Fetid, musty; rank; disordered and offensive to the smell or sight; slovenly; dingy. See Frowzy. “Petticoats in frouzy heaps.” Swift.

Frow (?), n. [D. vrouw; akin to G. frau woman, wife, goth, fráuja master, lord, AS. freá.] 1. A woman; especially, a Dutch or German woman. Beau. & Fl.

2. A dirty woman; a slattern. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Frow (?), n. [Cf. Frower.] A cleaving tool with handle at right angles to the blade, for splitting cask staves and shingles from the block; a frower.

Frow (?), a. Brittle. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Fro”ward (?), a. [Fro + - ward. See Fro, and cf. Fromward.] Not willing to yield or compIy with what is required or is reasonable; perverse; disobedient; peevish; as, a froward child.

A froward man soweth strife.

Prov. xvi. 28.

A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing as innovation.

Bacon.

Syn. — Untoward; wayward; unyielding; ungovernable: refractory; obstinate; petulant; cross; peevish. See Perverse.

— Fro”ward*ly, adv. — Fro”ward*ness, n.

Frow”er (?), n. [Cf. frow a frower, and Prov. E, frommard.] A tool. See 2d Frow. Tusser.

Frow”ey (?), a. [See Frow, a.] (Carp.) Working smoothly, or without splitting; — said of timber.

Frown (?), v. i. [imp. &, p. p. Frowned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frowning.] [OF. froignier, F. frogner, in se refrogner, se renfrogner, to knit the brow, to frown; perh. of Teutonic origin; cf. It. in frigno wrinkled, frowning, Prov. It. frignare to cringe the face, to make a wry face, dial. Sw. fryna to make a wry face,] 1. To contract the brow in displeasure, severity, or sternness; to scowl; to put on a stern, grim, or surly look.

The frowning wrinkle of her brow.

Shak.

2. To manifest displeasure or disapprobation; to look with disfavor or threateningly; to lower; as, polite society frowns upon rudeness.

The sky doth frown and lower upon our army.

Shak.

Frown, v. t. To repress or repel by expressing displeasure or disapproval; to rebuke with a look; as, frown the impudent fellow into silence.

Frown, n. 1. A wrinkling of the face in displeasure, rebuke, etc.; a sour, severe, or stere look; a scowl.

His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.

Prior.

Her very frowns are fairer far
Than smiles of other maidens are.

H. Coleridge.

2. Any expression of displeasure; as, the frowns of Providence; the frowns of Fortune.

Frown”ing*ly, adv. In a frowning manner.

Frown”y (?), a. Frowning; scowling. [Obs.]

Her frowny mother’s ragged shoulder.

Sir F. Palgrave.

Frow”y (?), a. [Cf. Frowzy, Frouzy.] Musty. rancid; as, frowy butter. “Frowy feed.” Spenser

Frow”zy (?), a. [See Frouzy.] Slovenly; unkempt; untidy; frouzy. “With head all frowzy.” Spenser.

The frowzy soldiers’ wives hanging out clothes.

W. D. Howells.

Froze (?), imp. of Freeze.

Fro”zen (?), a. 1. Congealed with cold; affected by freezing; as, a frozen brook.

They warmed their frozen feet.

Dryden.

2. Subject to frost, or to long and severe cold; chilly; as, the frozen north; the frozen zones.

3. Cold-hearted; unsympathetic; unyielding. [R.]

Be not ever frozen, coy.

T. Carew.

Fro”zen*ness, n. A state of being frozen.

Frub”ish (?), v. t. [See Furbish.] To rub up: to furbish. [Obs.] Beau. c& Et.

Fruc”ted (?), a. [L. fructus fruit. See Fruit.] (Her.) Bearing fruit; — said of a tree or plant so represented upon an escutcheon. Cussans.

Fruc*tes”cence (?), n. [L. fructus fruit.] (Bot.) The maturing or ripening of fruit. [R.] Martyn.

Fruc*tic”u*lose` (?), a. Fruitful; full of fruit.

||Fruc`ti`dor” (?), n. [F., fr. L. fructus fruit.] The twelfth month of the French republican calendar; — commencing August 18, and ending September 16. See Vendémiaire.

||Fruc*tif”er*uos (?), a. [L. fructifer; fructus fruit + ferre to bear; cf. F. fructifère.] Bearing or producing fruit. Boyle.

||Fruc`ti*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. fructificatio: cf. F. fructification.] 1. The act of forming or producing fruit; the act of fructifying, or rendering productive of fruit; fecundation.

The prevalent fructification of plants.

Sir T. Brown.

2. (Bot.) (a) The collective organs by which a plant produces its fruit, or seeds, or reproductive spores. (b) The process of producing fruit, or seeds, or spores.

Fruc”ti*fy (frŭk”t&ibreve;*fī), v. i. [F. fructifier, L. fructificare; fructus fruit + -ficare (only in comp.), akin to L. facere to make. See Fruit, and Fact.] To bear fruit. “Causeth the earth to fructify.” Beveridge.

Fruc”ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fructified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fructifying.] To make fruitful; to render productive; to fertilize; as, to fructify the earth.

Fruc*tose” (frŭk*tōs” or frŭk”tōs), n. [L. fructus fruit.] (Chem.) Fruit sugar; levulose. [R.]

Fruc”tu*a*ry (frŭk”t&usl;*&asl;*r&ybreve;), n.; pl. Fructuaries (- r&ibreve;z). [L. fructuarius.] One who enjoys the profits, income, or increase of anything.

Kings are not proprietors nor fructuaries.

Prynne.

Fruc”tu*a`tion (-ā“shŭn), n. Produce; fruit. [R.]

Fruc”tu*ous (?), a. [L. fructuosus: cf, F. fructueux.] Fruitful; productive; profitable. [Obs.]

Nothing fructuous or profitable.

Chaucer.

— Fruc”tu*ous*ly, adv. — Fruc”tu*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Fruc”ture (?), n. [L. frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Use; fruition; enjoyment. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Frue” van”ner (?). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mining) A moving, inclined, endless apron on which ore is concentrated by a current of water; a kind of buddle.

Fru”gal (?), a. [L. frugalis, fr. frugi, lit., for fruit; hence, fit for food, useful, proper, temperate, the dative of frux, frugis, fruit, akin to E. fruit: cf. F. frugal. See Fruit, n.] 1. Economical in the use or appropriation of resources; not wasteful or lavish; wise in the expenditure or application of force, materials, time, etc.; characterized by frugality; sparing; economical; saving; as, a frugal housekeeper; frugal of time.

I oft admire
How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit
Such disproportions.

Milton.

2. Obtained by, or appropriate to, economy; as, a frugal fortune. “Frugal fare.” Dryden.

Fru*gal”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Frugalities (#). [L. frugalitas: cf. F. frugalité.] 1. The quality of being frugal; prudent economy; that careful management of anything valuable which expends nothing unnecessarily, and applies what is used to a profitable purpose; thrift; --- opposed to extravagance.

Frugality is founded on the principle that all riches have
limits.

Burke.

2. A sparing use; sparingness; as, frugality of praise.

Syn. — Economy; parsimony. See Economy.

Fru”gal*ly (?), adv. Thriftily; prudently.

Fru”gal*ness, n. Quality of being frugal; frugality.

Fru*gif”er*ous (?), a. [L. frugifer; frux, frugis, fruit + ferre to bear: cf. F. frugifere.] Producing fruit; fruitful; fructiferous. Dr. H. More.

||Fru*giv”o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Frugivorous.] (Zoöl.) The fruit bate; a group of the Cheiroptera, comprising the bats which live on fruits. See Eruit bat, under Fruit.

Fru*giv”o*rous (?), a. [L. frux, frugis, fruit + vorare to devour.: cf. F. frugivore.] Feeding on fruit, as birds and other animals. Pennant.

Fruit (?), n. [OE. fruit, frut, F. fruit, from L. fructus enjoyment, product, fruit, from frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy; akin to E. brook, v. t. See Brook, v. t., and cf. Fructify, Frugal.] 1. Whatever is produced for the nourishment or enjoyment of man or animals by the processes of vegetable growth, as corn, grass, cotton, flax, etc.; — commonly used in the plural.

Six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the
fruits thereof.

Ex. xxiii. 10.

2. (Hort.) The pulpy, edible seed vessels of certain plants, especially those grown on branches above ground, as apples, oranges, grapes, melons, berries, etc. See 3.

3. (Bot.) The ripened ovary of a flowering plant, with its contents and whatever parts are consolidated with it.

&fist; Fruits are classified as fleshy, drupaceous, and dry. Fleshy fruits include berries, gourds, and melons, orangelike fruits and pomes; drupaceous fruits are stony within and fleshy without, as peaches, plums, and cherries; and dry fruits are further divided into achenes, follicles, legumes, capsules, nuts, and several other kinds.
[1913 Webster]

4. (Bot.) The spore cases or conceptacles of flowerless plants, as of ferns, mosses, algae, etc., with the spores contained in them.

6. The produce of animals; offspring; young; as, the fruit of the womb, of the loins, of the body.

King Edward’s fruit, true heir to the English crown.

Shak.

6. That which is produced; the effect or consequence of any action; advantageous or desirable product or result; disadvantageous or evil consequence or effect; as, the fruits of labor, of self-denial, of intemperance.

The fruit of rashness.

Shak.

What I obtained was the fruit of no bargain.

Burke.

They shall eat the fruit of their doings.

Is. iii 10.

The fruits of this education became visible.

Macaulay.

&fist; Fruit is frequently used adjectively, signifying of, for, or pertaining to a fruit or fruits; as, fruit bud; fruit frame; fruit jar; fruit knife; fruit loft; fruit show; fruit stall; fruit tree; etc.

Fruit bat (Zoöl.), one of the Frugivora; — called also fruit-eating bat. — Fruit bud (Bot.), a bud that produces fruit; — in most oplants the same as the power bud. Fruit dot (Bot.), a collection of fruit cases, as in ferns. See Sorus. — Fruit fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Drosophila, which lives in fruit, in the larval state. — Fruit jar, a jar for holding preserved fruit, usually made of glass or earthenware. — Fruit pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons of the family Carpophagidæ, inhabiting India, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. They feed largely upon fruit. and are noted for their beautiful colors. — Fruit sugar (Chem.), a kind of sugar occurring, naturally formed, in many ripe fruits, and in honey; levulose. The name is also, though rarely, applied to invert sugar, or to the natural mixture or dextrose and levulose resembling it, and found in fruits and honey. — Fruit tree (Hort.), a tree cultivated for its edible fruit. — Fruit worm (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of insect larvæ: which live in the interior of fruit. They are mostly small species of Lepidoptera and Diptera. — Small fruits (Hort.), currants, raspberries, strawberries, etc.

Fruit (?), v. i. To bear fruit. Chesterfield.

Fruit”age (?), n. [F. fruitage.] 1. Fruit, collectively; fruit, in general; fruitery.

The trees . . . ambrosial fruitage bear.

Milton.

2. Product or result of any action; effect, good or ill.

Fruit”er (?), a. A ship for carrying fruit.

Fruit”er*er (?), n. [Cf. F. fruitier.] One who deals in fruit; a seller of fruits.

Fruit”er*ess, n. A woman who sells fruit.

Fruit”er*y (?), n.; pl. Fruiteries (#). [F. fruiterie place where fruit is kept, in OF. also, fruitage.]

1. Fruit, taken collectively; fruitage. J. Philips.

2. A repository for fruit. Johnson.

Fruit”es*tere (?), n. A fruiteress. [Obs.]

Fruit”ful (?), a. Full of fruit; producing fruit abundantly; bearing results; prolific; fertile; liberal; bountiful; as, a fruitful tree, or season, or soil; a fruitful wife. — Fruit”ful*ly, adv. — Fruit”ful*ness, n.

Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth.

Gen. i. 28.

[Nature] By disburdening grows
More fruitful.

Milton.

The great fruitfulness of the poet’s fancy.

Addison.

Syn. — Fertile; prolific; productive; fecund; plentiful; rich; abundant; plenteous. See Fertile.

Fruit”ing, a. Pertaining to, or producing, fruit.

Fruit”ing, n. The bearing of fruit.

Fru*i”tion (?), n. [OF. fruition, L. fruitio, enjoyment, fr. L. frui, p. p. fruitus, to use or enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Use or possession of anything, especially such as is accompanied with pleasure or satisfaction; pleasure derived from possession or use. “Capacity of fruition.” Rogers. “Godlike fruition.” Milton.

Where I may have fruition of her love.

Shak.

Fru”i*tive (?), a. [See Fruition.] Enjoying; possessing. [Obs.] Boyle.

Fruit”less (?), a. 1. Lacking, or not bearing, fruit; barren; destitute of offspring; as, a fruitless tree or shrub; a fruitless marriage. Shak.

2. Productive of no advantage or good effect; vain; idle; useless; unprofitable; as, a fruitless attempt; a fruitless controversy.

They in mutual accusation spent
The fruitless hours.

Milton.

Syn. — Useless; barren; unprofitable; abortive; ineffectual; vain; idle; profitless. See Useless.

— Fruit”less*ly, adv. — Fruit”lness*ness, n.

Fruit’y (?), a. Having the odor, taste, or appearance of fruit; also, fruitful. Dickens.

Fru”men*ta”ceous (?), a. [L. frumentaceus, fr. frumentum corn or grain, from the root of frux fruit: cf. F. frumentacé. See Frugal.] Made of, or resembling, wheat or other grain.

Fru`men*ta”ri*ous (?), a. [L. frumentarius.] Of or pertaining to wheat or grain. [R.] Coles.

Fru`men*ta”tion (?), n. [L. frumentatio.] (Rom. Antiq.) A largess of grain bestowed upon the people, to quiet them when uneasy.

Fru”men*ty (?), n. [OF. fromentée, fr. L. frumentum. See Frumentaceous.] Food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk, with sugar, plums, etc. [Written also furmenty and furmity.] Halliwell.

Frump (?), v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. frumple to wrinkle, ruffle, D. frommelen.] To insult; to flout; to mock; to snub. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Frump, n. 1. A contemptuous speech or piece of conduct; a gibe or flout. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. A cross, old-fashioned person; esp., an old woman; a gossip. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Frump”er (?), n. A mocker. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Frump”ish, a. 1. Cross-tempered; scornful. [Obs.]

2. Old-fashioned, as a woman’s dress.

Our Bell . . . looked very frumpish.

Foote.

Frush (?), v. t. [F. froisser to bruise. Cf. Froise.] To batter; to break in pieces. [Obs.]

I like thine armor well;
I’ll frush it and unlock the rivets all.

Shak.

Frush, a. Easily broken; brittle; crisp.

Frush, n. Noise; clatter; crash. [R.] Southey.

Frush, n. [Cf. OE. frosch, frosk, a frog (the animal), G. frosch frog (the animal), also carney or lampass of horses. See Frog, n., 2.] 1. (Far.) The frog of a horse’s foot.

2. A discharge of a fetid or ichorous matter from the frog of a horse’s foot; — also caled thrush.

Frus”tra*ble (?), a. [L. frustrabilis: cf. F. frustable.] Capable of beeing frustrated or defeated.

Frus*tra”ne*ous (?), a. [See Frustrate, a.] Vain; useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] South.

Frus”trate (?), a. [L. frustratus, p. p. of frustrare, frustrari, to deceive, frustrate, fr. frustra in vain, witout effect, in erorr, prob. for frudtra and akin to fraus, E. fraud.] Vain; ineffectual; useless; unprofitable; null; voil; nugatory; of no effect. “Our frustrate search.” Shak.

Frus”trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frustrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frustrating.] 1. To bring to nothing; to prevent from attaining a purpose; to disappoint; to defeat; to baffle; as, to frustrate a plan, design, or attempt; to frustrate the will or purpose.

Shall the adversary thus obtain
His end and frustrate thine ?

Milton.

2. To make null; to nullifly; to render invalid or of no effect; as, to frustrate a conveyance or deed.

Syn. — To balk; thwart; foil; baffle; defeat.

Frus”trate*ly (?), adv. In vain. [Obs.] Vicars.

Frus*tra”tion (?), n. [L. frustratio: cf. OF. frustration.] The act of frustrating; disappointment; defeat; as, the frustration of one’s designs

Frus”tra*tive (?), a. Tending to defeat; fallacious. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Frus”tra*to*ry (?), a. [L. frustratorius: cf. F. frustratoire.] Making void; rendering null; as, a frustratory appeal. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Frus”tule (?), n. [L. frustulum, dim. fr. frustum a piece: cf. F. frustule.] (Bot.) The siliceous shell of a diatom. It is composed of two valves, one overlapping the other, like a pill box and its cover.

Frus”tu*lent (?), a. [L. frustulentus. See Frustule.] Abounding in fragments. [R.]

||Frus”tum (?), n.; pl. L. Frusta (#), E. Frustums (#). [L. fruslum piece, bit.]

1. (Geom.) The part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the, top; or the part of any solid, as of a cone, pyramid, etc., between two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined to each other.

2. (Arch.) One of the drums of the shaft of a column.

Frut”age (?), n. [Cf. Fruitage.] 1. A picture of fruit; decoration by representation of fruit.

The cornices consist of frutages and festoons.

Evelyn.

2. A confection of fruit. [Obs.] Nares.

Fru*tes”cent (?), a. [L. frutex, fruticis, shrub, bush: cf. F. frutescent, L. fruticescens, p. pr.] (Bot.) Somewhat shrubby in character; imperfectly shrubby, as the American species of Wistaria.

||Fru”tex (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A plant having a woody, durable stem, but less than a tree; a shrub.

Fru”ti*cant (?), a. [L. fruticans, p. pr. of fruticare, to become bushy, fr. frutex, fruticis, shrub.] Full of shoots. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Fru”ti*cose` (?), a. [L. fruticosus, from frutex, fruticis, shrub] (Bot.) Pertaining to a shrub or shrubs; branching like a shrub; shrubby; shrublike; as, a fruticose stem. Gray.

Fru”ti*cous (?), a. (Bot.) Fruticose. [R.]

Fru*tic”u*lose` (?), a. [Dim. fr. L. fruticosus bushy: cf. F. fruticuleux.] (Bot.) Like, or pertaining to, a small shrub. Gray.

Fry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frying.] [OE. frien, F. frire, fr. L. frigere to roast, parch, fry, cf. Gr. &?;, Skr. bhrajj. Cf. Fritter.] To cook in a pan or on a griddle (esp. with the use of fat, butter, or olive oil) by heating over a fire; to cook in boiling lard or fat; as, to fry fish; to fry doughnuts.

Fry, v. i. 1. To undergo the process of frying; to be subject to the action of heat in a frying pan, or on a griddle, or in a kettle of hot fat.

2. To simmer; to boil. [Obs.]

With crackling flames a caldron fries.

Dryden

The frothy billows fry.

Spenser.

3. To undergo or cause a disturbing action accompanied with a sensation of heat.

To keep the oil from frying in the stomach.

Bacon.

4. To be agitated; to be greatly moved. [Obs.]

What kindling motions in their breasts do fry.

Fairfax.

Fry, n. 1. A dish of anything fried.

2. A state of excitement; as, to be in a fry. [Colloq.]

Fry, n. [OE. fri, fry, seed, descendants, cf. OF. froye spawning, spawn of. fishes, little fishes, fr. L. fricare tosub (see Friction), but cf. also Icel. fræ, frjō, seed, Sw. & Dan. frö, Goth. fraiw seed, descendants.]

1. (Zoöl.) The young of any fish.

2. A swarm or crowd, especially of little fishes; young or small things in general.

The fry of children young.

Spenser.

To sever . . . the good fish from the other fry.

Milton.

We have burned two frigates, and a hundred and twenty small fry.

Walpole.

Fry”ing, n. The process denoted by the verb fry.

Frying pan, an iron pan with a long handle, used for frying meat, vegetables, etc.

Fu”age (?), n. Same as Fumage.

Fu”ar (?), n. Same as Feuar.

Fub (?), Fubs (&?;), n. [Cf. Fob a pocket.] A plump young person or child. [Obs.] Smart.

Fub, v. t. [The same word as fob to cheat.] To put off by trickery; to cheat. [Obs.]

I have been fubbed off, and fubbed off, and fabbed off, from this day to that day.

Shak.

Fub”ber*y (?), n. Cheating; deception. Marston.

{ Fub”by (?), Fub”sy (?) } a. Plump; chubby; short and stuffy; as a fubsy sofa. [Eng.]

A fubsy, good-humored, silly . . . old maid.

Mme. D’Arblay.

{ Fu”cate (?), Fu”ca*ted (?) } a. [L. fucatus, p. p. of fucare to color, paint, fr. fucus.] Painted; disguised with paint, or with false show.

||Fuchs (?), n. [G., prop., a fox.] (German Univ.) A student of the first year.

Fuch”si*a (?), n.; pl. E. Fuchsias (#), L. Fuchsiæ (#). [NL. Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants having elegant drooping flowers, with four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a single pistil. They are natives of Mexico and South America. Double- flowered varieties are now common in cultivation.

Fuch”sine (?), n. [Named by the French inventor, from Fuchs a fox, the German equivalent of his own name, Renard.] (Chem.) Aniline red; an artificial coal-tar dyestuff, of a metallic green color superficially, resembling cantharides, but when dissolved forming a brilliant dark red. It consists of a hydrochloride or acetate of rosaniline. See Rosaniline.

Fu*civ”o*rous (?), a. [Fucus + L. vorare to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating fucus or other seaweeds.

Fu”coid (?), a. [Fucus + - oid.] (Bot.) (a) Properly, belonging to an order of alga: (Fucoideæ) which are blackish in color, and produce oöspores which are not fertilized until they have escaped from the conceptacle. The common rockweeds and the gulfweed (Sargassum) are fucoid in character. (b) In a vague sense, resembling seaweeds, or of the nature of seaweeds.

Fu”coid, n. (Bot.) A plant, whether recent or fossil, which resembles a seaweed. See Fucoid, a.

Fu*coid”al (?), a. 1. (Bot.) Fucoid.

2. (Geol.) Containing impressions of fossil fucoids or seaweeds; as, fucoidal sandstone.

Fu”cus (?), n.; pl. Fuci (#). [L. rock lichen, orchil, used as a red dye, red or purple color, disguise, deceit.] 1. A paint; a dye; also, false show. [Obs.]

2. (Bot.) A genus of tough, leathery seaweeds, usually of a dull brownish green color; rockweed.

&fist; Formerly most marine algæ were called fuci.

Fu”cu*sol (?), n. [Fucus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, resembling, and possibly identical with, furfurol, and obtained from fucus, and other seaweeds.

Fud (?), n. [Of uncertain origin.] 1. The tail of a hare, coney, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

2. Woolen waste, for mixing with mungo and shoddy.

Fud”der (?), n. See Fodder, a weight.

Fud”dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p., Fuddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fuddling (?).] [Perh. formed as a kind of dim. of full. Cf. Fuzzle.] To make foolish by drink; to cause to become intoxicated. [Colloq.]

I am too fuddled to take care to observe your orders.

Steele.

Fud”dle, v. i. To drink to excess. [Colloq.]

Fud”dler (?), n. A drunkard. [Colloq.] Baxter.

Fudge (?), n. [Cf. Prov. F. fuche, feuche, an interj. of contempt.] A made-up story; stuff; nonsense; humbug; — often an exclamation of contempt.

Fudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fudged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fudging.] 1. To make up; to devise; to contrive; to fabricate; as, he never did the experiment, and merely fudged the data.

Fudged up into such a smirkish liveliness.

N. Fairfax.

2. To foist; to interpolate.

That last “suppose” is fudged in.

Foote.

Fudge” wheel” (?). (Shoemaking) A tool for ornamenting the edge of a sole.

Fu*e”gi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Terra del Fuego. — n. A native of Terra del Fuego.

Fu”el (?), n. [OF. fouail, fuail, or fouaille, fuaille, LL. focalium, focale, fr. L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL., fire. See Focus.] [Formerly written also fewel.] 1. Any matter used to produce heat by burning; that which feeds fire; combustible matter used for fires, as wood, coal, peat, etc.

2. Anything that serves to feed or increase passion or excitement.

Artificial fuel, fuel consisting of small particles, as coal dust, sawdust, etc., consolidated into lumps or blocks.

Fu”el, v. t. 1. To feed with fuel. [Obs.]

Never, alas I the dreadful name,
That fuels the infernal flame.

Cowley.

2. To store or furnish with fuel or firing. [Obs.]

Well watered and well fueled.

Sir H. Wotton.

Fu”el*er (?), n. One who, or that which, supplies fuel. [R.] [Written also fueller.] Donne.

||Fu*e”ro (?), n. [Sp., fr. L. forum.] (Sp. Law) (a) A code; a charter; a grant of privileges. (b) A custom having the force of law. (c) A declaration by a magistrate. (d) A place where justice is administered. (e) The jurisdiction of a tribunal. Burrill.

Fuff (?), v. t. & i. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Puff.] To puff. [Prov. Eng. A Local, U. S.] Halliwel.

Fuff”y, a. Light; puffy. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.]

||Fu”ga (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A fugue.

Fu*ga”cious (?), a. [L. fugax, fugacis, from fugere: cf. F. fugace. See Fugitive.] 1. Flying, or disposed to fly; fleeing away; lasting but a short time; volatile.

Much of its possessions is so hid, so fugacious, and of so uncertain purchase.

Jer. Taylor.

2. (Biol.) Fleeting; lasting but a short time; — applied particularly to organs or parts which are short-lived as compared with the life of the individual.

Fu*ga”cious*ness, n. Fugacity. [Obs.]

Fu*gac”i*ty (?), a. [L fugacitas: cf. F. fugacité.] 1. The quality of being fugacious; fugaclousness; volatility; as, fugacity of spirits. Boyle.

2. Uncertainty; instability. Johnson.

Fu”ga*cy (?), n. Banishment. [Obs.] Milton.

||Fu*ga”to (?), a. (Mus.) in the gugue style, but not strictly like a fugue. — n. A composition resembling a fugue.

Fugh (?), interj. An exclamation of disgust; foh; faugh. Dryden.

||Fu*ghet”ta (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) a short, condensed fugue. Grove.

Fu”gi*tive (?), a. [OE. fugitif, F. fugitif, fr. L. fugitivus, fr. fugere to flee. See Bow to bend, and cf. Feverfew.] 1. Fleeing from pursuit, danger, restraint, etc., escaping, from service, duty etc.; as, a fugitive solder; a fugitive slave; a fugitive debtor.

The fugitive Parthians follow.

Shak.

Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself while her parents are in tear?

Richardson

A libellous pamphlet of a fugitive physician.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. Not fixed; not durable; liable to disappear or fall away; volatile; uncertain; evanescent; liable to fade; — applied to material and immaterial things; as, fugitive colors; a fugitive idea.

The me more tender and fugitive parts, the leaves . . . of vegatables.

Woodward.

Fugitive compositions, Such as are short and occasional, and so published that they quickly escape notice.

Syn. — Fleeting; unstable; wandering; uncertain; volatile; fugacious; fleeing; evanescent.

Fu”gi*tive (?), n. 1. One who flees from pursuit, danger, restraint, service, duty, etc.; a deserter; as, a fugitive from justice.

2. Something hard to be caught or detained.

Or Catch that airy fugitive called wit.

Harte.

Fugitive from justice (Law), one who, having committed a crime in one jurisdiction, flees or escapes into another to avoid punishment.

Fu”gi*tive*ly, adv. In a fugitive manner.

Fu”gi*tive*ness, n. The quality or condition of being fugitive; evanescence; volatility; fugacity; instability.

Fu”gle (?), v. i. To maneuver; to move hither and thither. [Colloq.]

Wooden arms with elbow joints jerking and fugling in the
air.

Carlyle.

Fu”gle*man (?), n.; pl. Fuglemen (#). [G. flügelmann file leader; flügel wing (akin to E. fly) + mann man. Cf. Flugrelman.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier especially expert and well drilled, who takes his place in front of a military company, as a guide for the others in their exercises; a file leader. He originally stood in front of the right wing. [Written also flugelman.]

2. Hence, one who leads the way. [Jocose]

Fugue (?), n. [F., fr. It. fuga, fr. L. fuga a fleeing, flight, akin to fugere to fiee. See Fugitive.] (Mus.) A polyphonic composition, developed from a given theme or themes, according to strict contrapuntal rules. The theme is first given out by one voice or part, and then, while that pursues its way, it is repeated by another at the interval of a fifth or fourth, and so on, until all the parts have answered one by one, continuing their several melodies and interweaving them in one complex progressive whole, in which the theme is often lost and reappears.

All parts of the scheme are eternally chasing each other, like the parts of a fugue.

Jer. Taylor.

Fu”guist (?), n. (Mus.) A musician who composes or performs fugues. Busby.

-ful (?). [See Full, a.] A suffix signifying full of, abounding with; as, boastful, harmful, woeful.

Fu”lahs`, Foo”lahs` (&?;), n. pl.; sing. Fulah, Foolah (&?;). (Ethnol.) A peculiar African race of uncertain origin, but distinct from the negro tribes, inhabiting an extensive region of Western Soudan. Their color is brown or yellowish bronze. They are Mohammedans. Called also Fellatahs, Foulahs, and Fellani. Fulah is also used adjectively; as, Fulah empire, tribes, language.

Ful”be (?), n. (Ethnol.) Same as Fulahs.

Ful”ci*ble (?), a. [L. fulcire to prop.] Capable of being propped up. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ful”ci*ment (?), n. [L. fulcimentum, fr. fulcire to prop.] A prop; a fulcrum. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins.

Ful”cra (?), n. pl. See Fulcrum.

Ful”crate (?), a. [See Fulcrum.] 1. (Bot.) Propped; supported by accessory organs. [R.] Gray.

2. Furnished with fulcrums.

Ful”crum (?), n.; pl. L. Fulcra (#), E. Fulcrums (#). [L., bedpost, fr. fulcire to prop.]

1. A prop or support.

2. (Mech.) That by which a lever is sustained, or about which it turns in lifting or moving a body.

3. (Bot.) An accessory organ such as a tendril, stipule, spine, and the like. [R.] Gray.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) The horny inferior surface of the lingua of certain insects. (b) One of the small, spiniform scales found on the front edge of the dorsal and caudal fins of many ganoid fishes.

5. (Anat.) The connective tissue supporting the framework of the retina of the eye.

Ful*fill” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulfilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fulfilling.] [OE. fulfillen, fulfullen, AS. fulfyllan; ful full + fyllan to fill. See Full, a., and Fill, v. t.] [Written also fulfil.] 1. To fill up; to make full or complete. [>Obs.] “Fulfill her week” Gen. xxix. 27.

Suffer thou that the children be fulfilled first, for it is not good to take the bread of children and give to hounds.

Wyclif (Mark vii. 27).

2. To accomplish or carry into effect, as an intention, promise, or prophecy, a desire, prayer, or requirement, etc.; to complete by performance; to answer the requisitions of; to bring to pass, as a purpose or design; to effectuate.

He will, fulfill the desire of them fear him.

Ps. cxlv. 199.

Here Nature seems fulfilled in all her ends.

Milton.

Servants must their masters’ minds fulfill.

Shak.

Ful*fill”er (?), n. One who fulfills. South.

Ful*fill”ment (?), n. [Written also fulfilment.]

1. The act of fulfilling; accomplishment; completion; as, the fulfillment of prophecy.

2. Execution; performance; as, the fulfillment of a promise.

Fulgen*cy (?), n. [See fulgent.] Brightness; splendor; glitter; effulgence. Bailey.

Ful”gent (?), a. [L. fulgens, -entis, p. pr. of fulgere to flash, glitter, shine, akin to Gr. &?; to burn. See Phlox, Flagrant.] Exquisitely bright; shining; dazzling; effulgent.

Other Thracians . . . fulgent morions wore.

Glower.

Ful”gent*ly, adv. Dazzlingly; glitteringly.

Ful”gid (?), a. [L. fulgidus. See Fulgent.] Shining; glittering; dazzling. [R.] Pope.

Ful*gid”i*ty (?), n. Splendor; resplendence; effulgence. [R.] Bailey.

Ful”gor (?), n. [L. fulgor, fr. fulgere to shine.] Dazzling brightness; splendor. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ful”gu*rant (?) a. [L. fulgurans, p. pr. of fulgurare.] Lightening. [R.] Dr. H. More.

||Ful”gu*ra”ta (?), n. [NL.] (Electricity) A spectro-electric tube in which the decomposition of a liquid by the passage of an electric spark is observed. Knight.

Ful”gu*rate (?), v. i. [L. fulguratus, p. p. of fulgurare to flash, fr. fulgur lightning, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent.] To flash as lightning. [R.]

Ful”gu*ra`ting (?), a. (Med.) Resembling lightning; — used to describe intense lancinating pains accompanying locomotor ataxy.

Ful”gu*ra`tion (?), n. [L. fulguratio: cf. F. fulguration.] 1. The act of lightening. [R.] Donne.

2. (Assaying) The sudden brightening of a fused globule of gold or silver, when the last film of the oxide of lead or copper leaves its surface; — also called blick.

A phenomenon called, by the old chemists, fulguration.

Ure.

Ful”gu*rite (?), n. [L. fulguritus, p. p. of fulgurire to strike with lightning, fr. fulgur lightning: cf. F. fulgurite.] A vitrified sand tube produced by the striking of lightning on sand; a lightning tube; also, the portion of rock surface fused by a lightning discharge.

Ful”gu*ry (?), n. [L. fulgur.] Lightning. [Obs.]

Ful”ham (?), n. [So named because supposed to have been chiefly made at Fulham, in Middlesex, Eng.] A false die. [Cant] [Written also fullam.] Shak.

Fu*lig”i*nos”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. fuliginosité.] The condition or quality of being fuliginous; sootiness; matter deposited by smoke. [R.]

Fu*lig”i*nous (?), a. [L. fuliginosus, from fuligo soot: cf. F. fuligineux. See Fume.] 1. Pertaining to soot; sooty; dark; dusky.

2. Pertaining to smoke; resembling smoke.

Fu*lig”i*nous*ly, adv. In a smoky manner.

Fu”li*mart (?), n. Same as Foumart.

Full (f&usdot;l), a. [Compar. Fuller (&etilde;r); superl. Fullest.] [OE. & AS. ful; akin to OS. ful, D. vol, OHG. fol, G. voll, Icel. fullr, Sw. full, Dan. fuld, Goth. fulls, L. plenus, Gr. plh`rhs, Skr. pū&rsdot;na full, prā to fill, also to Gr. poly`s much, E. poly, pref., G. viel, AS. fela. √80. Cf. Complete, Fill, Plenary, Plenty.] 1. Filled up, having within its limits all that it can contain; supplied; not empty or vacant; — said primarily of hollow vessels, and hence of anything else; as, a cup full of water; a house full of people.

Had the throne been full, their meeting would not have been regular.

Blackstone.

2. Abundantly furnished or provided; sufficient in quantity, quality, or degree; copious; plenteous; ample; adequate; as, a full meal; a full supply; a full voice; a full compensation; a house full of furniture.

3. Not wanting in any essential quality; complete; entire; perfect; adequate; as, a full narrative; a person of full age; a full stop; a full face; the full moon.

It came to pass, at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh
dreamed.

Gen. xii. 1.

The man commands
Like a full soldier.

Shak.

I can not
Request a fuller satisfaction
Than you have freely granted.

Ford.

4. Sated; surfeited.

I am full of the burnt offerings of rams.

Is. i. 11.

5. Having the mind filled with ideas; stocked with knowledge; stored with information.

Reading maketh a full man.

Bacon.

6. Having the attention, thoughts, etc., absorbed in any matter, and the feelings more or less excited by it, as, to be full of some project.

Every one is full of the miracles done by cold baths on decayed and weak constitutions.

Locke.

7. Filled with emotions.

The heart is so full that a drop overfills it.

Lowell.

8. Impregnated; made pregnant. [Obs.]

Ilia, the fair, . . . full of Mars.

Dryden.

At full, when full or complete. Shak. — Full age (Law) the age at which one attains full personal rights; majority; — in England and the United States the age of 21 years. Abbott. — Full and by (Naut.), sailing closehauled, having all the sails full, and lying as near the wind as poesible. — Full band (Mus.), a band in which all the instruments are employed. — Full binding, the binding of a book when made wholly of leather, as distinguished from half binding. — Full bottom, a kind of wig full and large at the bottom. — Full brother or sister, a brother or sister having the same parents as another. — Full cry (Hunting), eager chase; — said of hounds that have caught the scent, and give tongue together. — Full dress, the dress prescribed by authority or by etiquette to be worn on occasions of ceremony. — Full hand (Poker), three of a kind and a pair. — Full moon. (a) The moon with its whole disk illuminated, as when opposite to the sun. (b) The time when the moon is full. — Full organ (Mus.), the organ when all or most stops are out. — Full score (Mus.), a score in which all the parts for voices and instruments are given. — Full sea, high water. — Full swing, free course; unrestrained liberty; “Leaving corrupt nature to . . . the full swing and freedom of its own extravagant actings.” South (Colloq.) — In full, at length; uncontracted; unabridged; written out in words, and not indicated by figures. — In full blast. See under Blast.

Full (?), n. Complete measure; utmost extent; the highest state or degree.

The swan’s-down feather,
That stands upon the swell at full of tide.

Shak.

Full of the moon, the time of full moon.

Full, adv. Quite; to the same degree; without abatement or diminution; with the whole force or effect; thoroughly; completely; exactly; entirely.

The pawn I proffer shall be full as good.

Dryden.

The diapason closing full in man.

Dryden.

Full in the center of the sacred wood.

Addison.

&fist; Full is placed before adjectives and adverbs to heighten or strengthen their signification. “Full sad.” Milton. “Master of a full poor cell.” Shak. “Full many a gem of purest ray serene.” T. Gray.

Full is also prefixed to participles to express utmost extent or degree; as, full-bloomed, full-blown, full-crammed full-grown, full-laden, full-stuffed, etc. Such compounds, for the most part, are self-defining.

Full, v. i. To become full or wholly illuminated; as, the moon fulls at midnight.

Full, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fulling.] [OE. fullen, OF. fuler, fouler, F. fouler, LL. fullare, fr. L. fullo fuller, cloth fuller, cf. Gr. &?; shining, white, AS. fullian to whiten as a fuller, to baptize, fullere a fuller. Cf. Defile to foul, Foil to frustrate, Fuller. n. ] To thicken by moistening, heating, and pressing, as cloth; to mill; to make compact; to scour, cleanse, and thicken in a mill.

Full, v. i. To become fulled or thickened; as, this material fulls well.

Full”age (?), n. The money or price paid for fulling or cleansing cloth. Johnson.

Ful”lam (?), n. A false die. See Fulham.

Full”-blood`ed (?), a. 1. Having a full supply of blood.

2. Of pure blood; thoroughbred; as, a full-blooded horse.

Full”-bloomed` (?), a. Like a perfect blossom. “Full-bloomed lips.” Crashaw.

Full”-blown` (?), a. 1. Fully expanded, as a blossom; as, a full-bloun rose. Denham.

2. Fully distended with wind, as a sail. Dryden.

Full”-bot”tomed (?), a. 1. Full and large at the bottom, as wigs worn by certain civil officers in Great Britain.

2. (Naut.) Of great capacity below the water line.

Full”-butt” (?), adv. With direct and violent opposition; with sudden collision. [Colloq.] L’Estrange.

Full`-drive” (?), adv. With full speed. [Colloq.]

Full”er (?), n. [AS. fullere, fr. L. fullo. See Full, v. t.] One whose occupation is to full cloth.

Fuller’s earth, a variety of clay, used in scouring and cleansing cloth, to imbibe grease. — Fuller’s herb (Bot.), the soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), formerly used to remove stains from cloth. — Fuller’s thistle or weed (Bot.), the teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) whose burs are used by fullers in dressing cloth. See Teasel.

Full”er, n. [From Full, a.] (Blacksmith’s Work) A die; a half- round set hammer, used for forming grooves and spreading iron; — called also a creaser.

Full”er, v. t. To form a groove or channel in, by a fuller or set hammer; as, to fuller a bayonet.

Full”er*y (?), n.; pl. Fulleries (&?;). The place or the works where the fulling of cloth is carried on.

Full”-formed` (?), a. Full in form or shape; rounded out with flesh.

The full-formed maids of Afric.

Thomson.

Full”-grown` (?), a. Having reached the limits of growth; mature. “Full-grown wings.” Lowell.

Full”-heart`ed (?), a. Full of courage or confidence. Shak.

Full”-hot` (?), a. Very fiery. Shak.

Full”ing, n. The process of cleansing, shrinking, and thickening cloth by moisture, heat, and pressure.

Fulling mill, a mill for fulling cloth as by means of pesties or stampers, which alternately fall into and rise from troughs where the cloth is placed with hot water and fuller’s earth, or other cleansing materials.

Full”-manned` (?), a. Completely furnished wiith men, as a ship.

Full”mart” (?), n. See Foumart. B. Jonson.

Full”ness, n. The state of being full, or of abounding; abundance; completeness. [Written also fulness.]

“In thy presence is fullness of joy.”

Ps. xvi. 11.

Ful*lon”i*cal (?), a. [L. fullonicus, from fullo a cloth fuller.] Pertaining to a fuller of cloth. [Obs.] Blount.

Full”-orbed` (&?;), a. Having the orb or disk complete or fully illuminated; like the full moon.

Full”-sailed` (?), a. Having all its sails set,; hence, without restriction or reservation. Massinger.

Full”-winged` (?), a. 1. Having large and strong or complete wings. Shak.

2. Ready for flight; eager. [Archaic] Beau. & Fl.

Ful”ly (?), adv. In a full manner or degree; completely; entirely; without lack or defect; adequately; satisfactorily; as, to be fully persuaded of the truth of a proposition.

Fully committed (Law), committed to prison for trial, in distinction from being detained for examination.

Syn. — Completely; entirely; maturely; plentifully; abundantly; plenteously; copiously; largely; amply; sufficiently; clearly; distinctly; perfectly.

Ful”mar (fŭlmär), n. [Icel. fūlmār. See foul, and Man a gull.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds, of the family Procellariidæ, allied to the albatrosses and petrels. Among the well-known species are the arctic fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) (called also fulmar petrel, malduck, and mollemock), and the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea).

Ful”mi*nant (?), a. [L. fulminans, p. pr. of fulminare to lighten: cf. F. fulminant.] Thundering; fulminating. [R.] Bailey.

Ful”mi*nate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fulminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fulminating.] [L. fulminatus, p. p. of fulminare to lighten, strike with lightning, fr. fulmen thunderbolt, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent, and cf. Fulmine.] 1. To thunder; hence, to make a loud, sudden noise; to detonate; to explode with a violent report.

2. To issue or send forth decrees or censures with the assumption of supreme authority; to thunder forth menaces.

Ful”mi*nate, v. t. 1. To cause to explode. Sprat.

2. To utter or send out with denunciations or censures; — said especially of menaces or censures uttered by ecclesiastical authority.

They fulminated the most hostile of all decrees.

De Quincey.

Ful”mi*nate (?), n. [Cf. P. fulminate. See Fulminate, v. i.] (Chem.) (a) A salt of fulminic acid. See under Fulminic. (b) A fulminating powder.

Fulminate of gold, an explosive compound of gold; — called also fulminating gold, and aurum fulminans.

Ful”mi*na”ting (?), a. 1. Thundering; exploding in a peculiarly sudden or violent manner.

2. Hurling denunciations, menaces, or censures.

Fulminating oil, nitroglycerin. — Fulminating powder (Chem.) any violently explosive powder, but especially one of the fulminates, as mercuric fulminate.

Ful”mi*na`tion (?), n. [L. fulminatio a darting of lightning: cf. F. fulmination.] 1. The act of fulminating or exploding; detonation.

2. The act of thundering forth threats or censures, as with authority.

3. That which is fulminated or thundered forth; vehement menace or censure.

The fulminations from the Vatican were turned into ridicule.

Ayliffe.

Ful”mi*na*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. fulminatoire.] Thundering; striking terror. Cotgrave.

Ful”mine (?), v. i. [F. fulminer. See Fulminate, v.] To thunder. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton.

Ful”mine, v. t. To shoot; to dart like lightning; to fulminate; to utter with authority or vehemence.

She fulmined out her scorn of laws Salique.

Tennyson.

Ful*min”e*ous (?), a. [L. fulmen thunder.] Of, or concerning thunder.

Ful*min”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. fulminique.] Pertaining to fulmination; detonating; specifically (Chem.), pertaining to, derived from, or denoting, an acid, so called; as, fulminic acid.

Fulminic acid (Chem.), a complex acid, H_2C_2N_2O_2, isomeric with cyanic and cyanuric acids, and not known in the free state, but forming a large class of highly explosive salts, the fulminates. Of these, mercuric fulminate, the most common, is used, mixed with niter, to fill percussion caps, charge cartridges, etc. Fulminic acid is made by the action of nitric acid on alcohol.

Ful”mi*nu”ric (?), a. [Fulminic + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to fulminic and cyanuric acids, and designating an acid so called.

Fulminuric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, explosive substance, H_3C_3N_3O_3, forming well known salts, and obtained from the fulminates. It is isomeric with cyanuric acid, and hence is also called isocyanuric acid.

Ful”ness (?), n. See Fullness.

Ful*sam”ic (?), a. [See Fulsome.] Fulsome. [Obs.]

Ful”some (?), a. [Full, a. + -some.] 1. Full; abundant; plenteous; not shriveled. [Obs.]

His lean, pale, hoar, and withered corpse grew fulsome, fair, and fresh.

Golding.

2. Offending or disgusting by overfullness, excess, or grossness; cloying; gross; nauseous; esp., offensive from excess of praise; as, fulsome flattery.

And lest the fulsome artifice should fail
Themselves will hide its coarseness with a veil.

Cowper.

3. Lustful; wanton; obscene; also, tending to obscenity. [Obs.] “Fulsome ewes.” Shak.

— Ful”some*ly, adv. — Ful”some*ness, n. Dryden.

Ful”vid (?), a. [LL. fulvidus, fr. L. fulvus.] Fulvous. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Ful”vous (?), a. [L. fulvus.] Tawny; dull yellow, with a mixture of gray and brown. Lindley.

Fum (?), v. i. To play upon a fiddle. [Obs.]

Follow me, and fum as you go.

B. Jonson.

Fu*ma”cious (?), a. [From Fume.] Smoky; hence, fond of smoking; addicted to smoking tobacco.

Fu*made” (?), Fu*ma”do (&?;), n.; pl. Fumades (#), Fumadoes (#). [Sp. fumodo smoked, p. p. of fumar to smoke, fr. L. fumare. See Fume, v. i.] A salted and smoked fish, as the pilchard.

Fu”mage (?), n. [OF. fumage, fumaige, fr. L. fumus smoke.] Hearth money.

Fumage, or fuage, vulgarly called smoke farthings.

Blackstone.

Fu”ma*rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of fumaric acid.

Fu*mar”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fumitory (Fumaria officinalis).

Fumaric acid (Chem.), a widely occurring organic acid, extracted from fumitory as a white crystallline substance, C_2H_2(CO_2H)2, and produced artificially in many ways, as by the distillation of malic acid; boletic acid. It is found also in the lichen, Iceland moss, and hence was also called lichenic acid.

Fu”ma*rine (?), n. [L. fumus smoke, fume.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from fumitory, as a white crystalline substance.

Fu”ma*role (?), n. [It. fumaruola, fr. fumo smoke, L. fumus: cf. F. fumerolle, fumarolle.] A hole or spot in a volcanic or other region, from which fumes issue.

Fu”ma*to*ry (?), n. See Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fum”ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fumbling (?).] [Akin to D. fommelen to crumple, fumble, Sw. fumla to fusuble, famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, fumble, Icel. falme, AS. folm palm of the hand. See Feel, and cf. Fanble, Palm.] 1. To feel or grope about; to make awkward attempts to do or find something.

Adams now began to fumble in his pockets.

Fielding.

2. To grope about in perplexity; to seek awkwardly; as, to fumble for an excuse. Dryden.

My understanding flutters and my memory fumbles.

Chesterfield.

Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.

Wordsworth.

3. To handle much; to play childishly; to turn over and over.

I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers.

Shak.

Fum”ble, v. t. To handle or manage awkwardly; to crowd or tumble together. Shak.

Fum”bler (?), n. One who fumbles.

Fum”bling*ly (?), adv. In the manner of one who fumbles.

Fume (fūm), n. [L. fumus; akin to Skr. dhūma smoke, dhū to shake, fan a flame, cf. Gr. qy`ein to sacrifice, storm, rage, qy`mon, qy`mos, thyme, and perh. to E. dust: cf. OF. fum smoke, F. fumée. Cf. Dust, n., Femerell, Thyme.] 1. Exhalation; volatile matter (esp. noxious vapor or smoke) ascending in a dense body; smoke; vapor; reek; as, the fumes of tobacco.

The fumes of new shorn hay.

T. Warton.

The fumes of undigested wine.

Dryden.

2. Rage or excitement which deprives the mind of self-control; as, the fumes of passion. South.

3. Anything vaporlike, unsubstantial, or airy; idle conceit; vain imagination.

A show of fumes and fancies.

Bacon.

4. The incense of praise; inordinate flattery.

To smother him with fumes and eulogies.

Burton.

In a fume, in ill temper, esp. from impatience.

Fume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fuming.] [Cf. F. fumer, L. fumare to smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To smoke; to throw off fumes, as in combustion or chemical action; to rise up, as vapor.

Where the golden altar fumed.

Milton.

Silenus lay,
Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain.

Roscommon.

2. To be as in a mist; to be dulled and stupefied.

Keep his brain fuming.

Shak.

3. To pass off in fumes or vapors.

Their parts are kept from fuming away by their fixity.

Cheyne.

4. To be in a rage; to be hot with anger.

He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.

Dryden.

While her mother did fret, and her father did fume.

Sir W. Scott.

To fume away, to give way to excitement and displeasure; to storm; also, to pass off in fumes.

Fume, v. t. 1. To expose to the action of fumes; to treat with vapors, smoke, etc.; as, to bleach straw by fuming it with sulphur; to fill with fumes, vapors, odors, etc., as a room.

She fumed the temple with an odorous flame.

Dryden.

2. To praise inordinately; to flatter.

They demi-deify and fume him so.

Cowper.

3. To throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vapor.

The heat will fume away most of the scent.

Montimer.

How vicious hearts fume frenzy to the brain!

Young.

Fume”less, a. Free from fumes.

Fum”er (?), n. 1. One that fumes.

2. One who makes or uses perfumes. [Obs.]

Embroiderers, feather makers, fumers.

Beau. & Fl.

Fu”mer*ell (?), n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

Fu”met (?), n. [Cf. F. fumier dung, OF. femier, fr. L. fimus dung.] The dung of deer. B. Jonson.

{ Fu”met (?) ||Fu*mette” (?), } n. [F. fumet odor, fume of wine or meat, fr. L. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] The stench or high flavor of game or other meat when kept long. Swift.

Fu”me*tere” (?), n. Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fu”mid (?), a. [L. fumidus, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.] Smoky; vaporous. Sir T. Broune.

{ Fu*mid”i*ty (?), Fu”mid*ness (?) } n. The state of being fumid; smokiness.

Fu*mif”er*ous (?), a. [L. fumifer; fumus smoke + ferre to bear.] Producing smoke.

Fu*mif”u*gist (?), n. [L. fumus smoke + fugare to put to flight, fugere to flee.] One who, or that which, drives away smoke or fumes.

Fu”mi*fy (?), v. t. [Fume + - fy.] To subject to the action of smoke. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu”mi*gant (?), a. [L. fumigans, p. pr. of fumigare. See Fumigate.] Fuming. [R.]

Fu”mi*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fumigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fumigating (?).] [L. fumigate, p. p. of fumigare to fumigate, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To apply smoke to; to expose to smoke or vapor; to purify, or free from infection, by the use of smoke or vapors.

2. To smoke; to perfume. Dryden.

Fum`iga”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fumigation.]

1. The act of fumigating, or applying smoke or vapor, as for disinfection.

2. Vapor raised in the process of fumigating.

Fu”mi*ga`tor (?), n. One who, or that which, fumigates; an apparattus for fumigating.

Fu”mi*ga*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. fumigatoire.] Having the quality of purifying by smoke. [R.]

Fum”i*ly (?), adv. Smokily; with fume.

Fum”ing, a. Producing fumes, or vapors.

Cadet’s fuming liquid (Chem.), alkarsin. — Fuming liquor of Libavius (Old Chem.), stannic chloride; the chloride of tin, SnCl_4, forming a colorless, mobile liquid which fumes in the air. Mixed with water it solidifies to the so-called butter of tin. — Fuming sulphuric acid. (Chem.) Same as Disulphuric acid, uder Disulphuric.

Fum”ing*ly, adv. In a fuming manner; angrily. “They answer fumingly.” Hooker.

Fum”ish, a. Smoky; hot; choleric.

Fum”ish*ness, n. Choler; fretfulness; passion.

Fu”mi*ter` (?), n. (Bot.) Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fu”mi*to*ry (?), n. [OE. fumetere, F. fumeterre, prop., smoke of the ground, fr. L. fumus smoke + terra earth. See Fume, and Terrace.] (Bot.) The common uame of several species of the genus Fumaria, annual herbs of the Old World, with finely dissected leaves and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. F. officinalis is a common species, and was formerly used as an antiscorbutic.

Climbing fumitory (Bot.), the Alleghany vine (Adlumia cirrhosa); a biennial climbing plant with elegant feathery leaves and large clusters of pretty white or pinkish flowers looking like grains of rice.

Fum”mel (?), n. (Zoöl.) A hinny.

Fu*mos”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. OF. fumosité.] The fumes of drink. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fum”ous (?), a. [L. fumosus, fr. fumus smoke: cf. F. fumeux.] 1. Producing smoke; smoky.

2. Producing fumes; full of fumes.

Garlic, onions, mustard, and such-like fumous things.

Barough (1625).

Fum”y (?), a. Producing fumes; fumous. “Drowned in fumy wine.” H. Brooke.

Fun (?), n. [Perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. fonn pleasure.] Sport; merriment; frolicsome amusement. “Oddity, frolic, and fun.” Goldsmith.

To make fun of, to hold up to, or turn into, ridicule.

Fu*nam”bu*late (?), v. i. [See Funambulo.] To walk or to dance on a rope.

Fu*nam”bu*la`tion (?), n. Ropedancing.

Fu*nam”bu*la`to*ry (?), a. 1. Performing like a ropedancer. Chambers.

2. Narrow, like the walk of a ropedancer.

This funambulatory track.

Sir T. Browne.

Fu*nam”bu*list (?), n. A ropewalker or ropedancer.

{ ||Fu*nam”bu*lo (?), ||Fu*nam”bu*lus (?) } n. [Sp. funambulo, or It. funambolo, fr. L. funambulus; funis rope (perh. akin to E. bind) + ambulare to walk. See Amble, and cf. Funambulist.] A ropewalker or ropedancer. [Obs.] Bacon.

Func”tion (?), n. [L. functio, fr. fungi to perform, execute, akin to Skr. bhuj to enjoy, have the use of: cf. F. fonction. Cf. Defunct.] 1. The act of executing or performing any duty, office, or calling; performance. “In the function of his public calling.” Swift.

2. (Physiol.) The appropriate action of any special organ or part of an animal or vegetable organism; as, the function of the heart or the limbs; the function of leaves, sap, roots, etc.; life is the sum of the functions of the various organs and parts of the body.

3. The natural or assigned action of any power or faculty, as of the soul, or of the intellect; the exertion of an energy of some determinate kind.

As the mind opens, and its functions spread.

Pope.

4. The course of action which peculiarly pertains to any public officer in church or state; the activity appropriate to any business or profession.

Tradesmen . . . going about their functions.

Shak.

The malady which made him incapable of performing his
regal functions.

Macaulay.

5. (Math.) A quantity so connected with another quantity, that if any alteration be made in the latter there will be a consequent alteration in the former. Each quantity is said to be a function of the other. Thus, the circumference of a circle is a function of the diameter. If x be a symbol to which different numerical values can be assigned, such expressions as x^2, 3x, Log. x, and Sin. x, are all functions of x.

Algebraic function, a quantity whose connection with the variable is expressed by an equation that involves only the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a given power, and extracting a given root; — opposed to transcendental function. — Arbitrary function. See under Arbitrary. — Calculus of functions. See under Calculus. — Carnot’s function (Thermo-dynamics), a relation between the amount of heat given off by a source of heat, and the work which can be done by it. It is approximately equal to the mechanical equivalent of the thermal unit divided by the number expressing the temperature in degrees of the air thermometer, reckoned from its zero of expansion. — Circular functions. See Inverse trigonometrical functions (below). — Continuous function, a quantity that has no interruption in the continuity of its real values, as the variable changes between any specified limits. — Discontinuous function. See under Discontinuous. — Elliptic functions, a large and important class of functions, so called because one of the forms expresses the relation of the arc of an ellipse to the straight lines connected therewith. — Explicit function, a quantity directly expressed in terms of the independently varying quantity; thus, in the equations y = 6x^2, y = 10 – x^3, the quantity y is an explicit function of x. — Implicit function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is expressed indirectly by an equation; thus, y in the equation x^2 + y^2 = 100 is an implicit function of x. — Inverse trigonometrical functions, or Circular function, the lengths of arcs relative to the sines, tangents, etc. Thus, AB is the arc whose sine is BD, and (if the length of BD is x) is written sin -1x, and so of the other lines. See Trigonometrical function (below). Other transcendental functions are the exponential functions, the elliptic functions, the gamma functions, the theta functions, etc. — One- valued function, a quantity that has one, and only one, value for each value of the variable. — Transcendental functions, a quantity whose connection with the variable cannot be expressed by algebraic operations; thus, y in the equation y = 10x is a transcendental function of x. See Algebraic function (above). — Trigonometrical function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is the same as that of a certain straight line drawn in a circle whose radius is unity, to the length of a corresponding are of the circle. Let AB be an arc in a circle, whose radius OA is unity let AC be a quadrant, and let OC, DB, and AF be drawnpependicular to OA, and EB and CG parallel to OA, and let OB be produced to G and F. E Then BD is the sine of the arc AB; OD or EB is the cosine, AF is the tangent, CG is the cotangent, OF is the secant OG is the cosecant, AD is the versed sine, and CE is the coversed sine of the are AB. If the length of AB be represented by x (OA being unity) then the lengths of Functions. these lines (OA being unity) are the trigonometrical functions of x, and are written sin x, cos x, tan x (or tang x), cot x, sec x, cosec x, versin x, coversin x. These quantities are also considered as functions of the angle BOA.

{ Func”tion (?), Func”tion*ate (?), } v. i. To execute or perform a function; to transact one’s regular or appointed business.

Func”tion*al (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, a function or duty; official.

2. (Physiol.) Pertaining to the function of an organ or part, or to the functions in general.

Functional disease (Med.), a disease of which the symptoms cannot be referred to any appreciable lesion or change of structure; the derangement of an organ arising from a cause, often unknown, external to itself opposed to organic disease, in which the organ itself is affected.

Func”tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To assign to some function or office. [R.]

Func”tion*al*ly, adv. In a functional manner; as regards normal or appropriate activity.

The organ is said to be functionally disordered.

Lawrence.

Func”tion*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Functionaries (#). [Cf. F. fonctionnaire.] One charged with the performance of a function or office; as, a public functionary; secular functionaries.

Func”tion*less, a. Destitute of function, or of an appropriate organ. Darwin.

Fund (?), n. [OF. font, fond, nom. fonz, bottom, ground, F. fond bottom, foundation, fonds fund, fr. L. fundus bottom, ground, foundation, piece of land. See Found to establish.] 1. An aggregation or deposit of resources from which supplies are or may be drawn for carrying on any work, or for maintaining existence.

2. A stock or capital; a sum of money appropriated as the foundation of some commercial or other operation undertaken with a view to profit; that reserve by means of which expenses and credit are supported; as, the fund of a bank, commercial house, manufacturing corporation, etc.

3. pl. The stock of a national debt; public securities; evidences (stocks or bonds) of money lent to government, for which interest is paid at prescribed intervals; — called also public funds.

4. An invested sum, whose income is devoted to a specific object; as, the fund of an ecclesiastical society; a fund for the maintenance of lectures or poor students; also, money systematically collected to meet the expenses of some permanent object.

5. A store laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a supply; a full provision of resources; as, a fund of wisdom or good sense.

An inexhaustible fund of stories.

Macaulay.

Sinking fund, the aggregate of sums of money set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for the extinguishment of the debt of a government, or of a corporation, by the accumulation of interest.

Fund, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Funded; p. pr. & vb. n. Funding.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of; to make permanent provision of resources (as by a pledge of revenue from customs) for discharging the interest of or principal of; as, to fund government notes.

2. To place in a fund, as money.

3. To put into the form of bonds or stocks bearing regular interest; as, to fund the floating debt.

Fund”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being funded, or converted into a fund; convertible into bonds.

Fun”da*ment (?), n. [OE. fundament, fundement, fondement, OF. fundement, fondement, F. fondement, fr. L. fundamentum foundation, fr. fundare to lay the bottom, to found, fr. fundus bottom. See Fund.] 1. Foundation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. The part of the body on which one sits; the buttocks; specifically (Anat.), the anus. Hume.

Fun`da*men”tal (?), a. [Cf. F. fondamental.] Pertaining to the foundation or basis; serving for the foundation. Hence: Essential, as an element, principle, or law; important; original; elementary; as, a fundamental truth; a fundamental axiom.

The fundamental reasons of this war.

Shak.

Some fundamental antithesis in nature.

Whewell.

Fundamental bass (Mus.), the root note of a chord; a bass formed of the roots or fundamental tones of the chords. — Fundamental chord (Mus.), a chord, the lowest tone of which is its root. — Fundamental colors, red, green, and violet-blue. See Primary colors, under Color.

Fun”da*men`tal, n. A leading or primary principle, rule, law, or article, which serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part, as, the fundamentals of the Christian faith.

Fun`da*men”tal*ly, adv. Primarily; originally; essentially; radically; at the foundation; in origin or constituents. “Fundamentally defective.” Burke.

Fund”ed (?), a. 1. Existing in the form of bonds bearing regular interest; as, funded debt.

2. Invested in public funds; as, funded money.

Fund”hold”er (?), a. One who has money invested in the public funds. J. S. Mill.

Fund”ing, a. 1. Providing a fund for the payment of the interest or principal of a debt.

2. Investing in the public funds.

Funding system, a system or scheme of finance or revenue by which provision is made for paying the interest or principal of a public debt.

Fund”less, a. Destitute of funds.

||Fun”dus (fŭn”dŭs), n. [L., bottom.] (Anat.) The bottom or base of any hollow organ; as, the fundus of the bladder; the fundus of the eye.

Fu*ne”bri*al (f&usl;nē“br&ibreve;al), a. [L. funebris belonging to a funeral, fr. funus funeral.] Pertaining to a funeral or funerals; funeral; funereal. [Obs.] [Written also funebral.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu*ne”bri*ous (?), a. Funebrial. [Obs.]

Fu”ner*al (fū“n&etilde;r*al), n. [LL. funeralia, prop. neut. pl. of funeralis of a funeral, fr. L. funus, funeris, funeral: cf. F. funérailles.] 1. The solemn rites used in the disposition of a dead human body, whether such disposition be by interment, burning, or otherwise; esp., the ceremony or solemnization of interment; obsequies; burial; — formerly used in the plural.

King James his funerals were performed very solemnly in the collegiate church at Westminster.

Euller.

2. The procession attending the burial of the dead; the show and accompaniments of an interment. “The long funerals.” Pope.

3. A funeral sermon; — usually in the plural. [Obs.]

Mr. Giles Lawrence preached his funerals.

South.

Fu”ner*al, a. [LL. funeralis. See Funeral, n.] Per. taining to a funeral; used at the interment of the dead; as, funeral rites, honors, or ceremonies. Shak.

Funeral pile, a structure of combustible material, upon which a dead body is placed to be reduced to ashes, as part of a funeral rite; a pyre.

— Fu”ner*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu”ner*ate (?), v. t. [L. funeratus, p. p. of funerare to funerate, fr. funus. See Funeral.] To bury with funeral rites. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Fu`ner*a”tion (?), n. [L. funeratio.] The act of burying with funeral rites. [Obs.] Knatchbull.

Fu*ne”re*al (?), a. [L. funereus, fr. fentus a funeral.] Suiting a funeral; pertaining to burial; solemn. Hence: Dark; dismal; mournful. Jer. Taylor.

What seem to us but sad funereal tapers May be heaven’s distant lamps.

Longfellow.

— Fu*ne”re*al*ly, adv.

Fu*nest” (?), a. [L. funestus, fr. funus a funeral, destruction: cf. F. funeste.] Lamentable; doleful. [R.] “Funest and direful deaths.” Coleridge.

A forerunner of something very funest.

Evelyn.

Fun”gal (?), a. Of or pertaining to fungi.

Fun”gate (?), n. [Cf. F. fongate.] (Chem.) A salt of fungic acid. [Formerly written also fungiate.]

Funge (?), n. [L. fungus mushroom, dolt.] A blockhead; a dolt; a fool. [Obs.] Burton.

Fun”gi (?), n. pl. (Bot.) See Fungus.

||Fun”gi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fongie.] (Zoöl.) A genus of simple, stony corals; — so called because they are usually flat and circular, with radiating plates, like the gills of a mushroom. Some of them are eighteen inches in diameter.

Fun”gi*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Fungidæ, a family of stony corals. — n. One of the Fungidæ.

Fun”gi*bles (?), n. pl. [LL. (res) fungibiles, probably fr. L. fungi to discharge. “A barbarous term, supposed to have originated in the use of the words functionem recipere in the Digeste.” Bouvier. “Called fungibiles, quia una alterius vice fungitur.” John Taylor (1755). Cf. Function.] 1. (Civ. Law) Things which may be furnished or restored in kind, as distinguished from specific things; — called also fungible things. Burrill.

2. (Scots Law) Movable goods which may be valued by weight or measure, in contradistinction from those which must be judged of individually. Jamieson.

Fun”gic (?), a. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fungique, fongique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, mushrooms; as, fungic acid.

Fun”gi*cide` (?), n. [Fungi + -cide, fr. L. caedere to kill.] Anything that kills fungi. — Fun`gi*ci”dal (#), n.

Fun”gi*form (?), a. [Eungus + -form: cf. F. fongiforme.] Shaped like a fungus or mushroom.

Fungiform papillæ (Anat.), numerous small, rounded eminences on the upper surface of the tongue.

Fun*gil”li*form (?), a. Shaped like a small fungus.

Fun”gin (?), n. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F, fongine, fungine.] (Chem.) A name formerly given to cellulose found in certain fungi and mushrooms.

Fun”gite (?), n. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. pongite.] (Paleon.) A fossil coral resembling Fungia.

Fun*giv”o*rous (?), a. [L. fungus + vorare to eat greedily: cf. F. fongivore.] (Zoöl.) Eating fungi; — said of certain insects and snails.

Fun”goid (?), a. [Fungus + - oil: cf. F. fongoïde.] Like a fungus; fungous; spongy.

Fun*gol”o*gist (?), n. A mycologist.

Fun*gol”o*gy (?), n. [Fungus + -logy.] Mycology.

Fun*gos”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. fungosité, fongosité.] The quality of that which is fungous; fungous excrescence. Dunglison.

Fun”gous (?), a. [L. fungosus: cf. F. fungueux.] 1. Of the nature of fungi; spongy.

2. Growing suddenly, but not substantial or durable.

Fun”gus (?), n.; pl. L. Fungi (#), E. Funguses (#). [L., a mushroom; perh. akin to a doubtful Gr. &?; sponge, for &?;; if so, cf. E. sponge.] 1. (Bot.) Any one of the Fungi, a large and very complex group of thallophytes of low organization, — the molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls, and the allies of each.

&fist; The fungi are all destitute of chorophyll, and, therefore, to be supplied with elaborated nourishment, must live as saprophytes or parasites. They range in size from single microscopic cells to systems of entangled threads many feet in extent, which develop reproductive bodies as large as a man’s head. The vegetative system consists of septate or rarely unseptate filaments called hyphæ; the aggregation of hyphæ into structures of more or less definite form is known as the mycelium. See Fungi, in the Supplement.

2. (Med.) A spongy, morbid growth or granulation in animal bodies, as the proud flesh of wounds. Hoblyn.

Fu”nic (?), a. (Anat.) Funicular.

Fu”ni*cle (?), n. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis cord, rope: cf. F. funicule funicle (in sense 2). Cf. Funambulo.] (Bot.) 1. A small cord, ligature, or fiber.

2. (Bot.) The little stalk that attaches a seed to the placenta.

Fu*nic”u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. funiculaire.]

1. Consisting of a small cord or fiber.

2. Dependent on the tension of a cord.

3. (Anat.) Pertaining to a funiculus; made up of, or resembling, a funiculus, or funiculi; as, a funicular ligament.

Funicular action (Mech.), the force or action exerted by a rope in drawing together the supports to which its ends are Fastened, when acted upon by forces applied in a direction transverse to the rope, as in the archer’s bow. — Funicular curve. Same as Catenary. — Funicular machine (Mech.), an apparatus for illustrating certain principles in statics, consisting of a cord or chain attached at one end to a fixed point, and having the other passed over a pulley and sustaining a weight, while one or more other weights are suspended from the cord at points between the fixed support and the pulley. — Funicular polygon (Mech.), the polygonal figure assumed by a cord fastened at its extremities, and sustaining weights at different points.

Fu*nic”u*late (?), a. Forming a narrow ridge.

||Fu*nic”u*lus (?), n.; pl. Funiculi (#). [L., a little cord. See Funicle.] 1. (Anat.) A cord, baud, or bundle of fibers; esp., one of the small bundles of fibers, of which large nerves are made up; applied also to different bands of white matter in the brain and spinal cord.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A short cord which connects the embryo of some myriapods with the amnion. (b) In Bryozoa, an organ extending back from the stomach. See Bryozoa, and Phylactolema.

Fu*nil”i*form (?), a. [L. funis rope + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling a cord in toughness and flexibility, as the roots of some endogenous trees.

||Fu”nis (?), n. [L., a rope. ] A cord; specifically, the umbilical cord or navel string.

Funk (?), n. [OE. funke a little fire; akin to Prov. E. funk touchwood, G. funke spark, and perh. to Goth. f&?;n fire.] An offensive smell; a stench. [Low]

Funk, v. t. To envelop with an offensive smell or smoke. [Obs.] King.

Funk, v. i. 1. To emit an offensive smell; to stink.

2. To be frightened, and shrink back; to flinch; as, to funk at the edge of a precipice. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley.

To funk out, to back out in a cowardly fashion. [Colloq.]

To funk right out o’ political strife.

Lowell (Biglow Papers).

{ Funk, Funk”ing, } n. A shrinking back through fear. [Colloq.] “The horrid panic, or funk (as the men of Eton call it).” De Quincey.

Funk”y (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, great fear, or funking. [Colloq. Eng.]

Fun”nel (?), n. [OE. funel, fonel, prob. through OF. fr, L. fundibulum, infundibulum, funnel, fr. infundere to pour in; in in + fundere to pour; cf. Armor. founil funnel, W. ffynel air hole, chimney. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. A vessel of the shape of an inverted hollow cone, terminating below in a pipe, and used for conveying liquids into a close vessel; a tunnel.

2. A passage or avenue for a fluid or flowing substance; specifically, a smoke flue or pipe; the iron chimney of a steamship or the like.

Funnel box (Mining), an apparatus for collecting finely crushed ore from water. Knight. — Funnel stay (Naut.), one of the ropes or rods steadying a steamer’s funnel.

Fun”nel*form` (?), a. (Bot.) Having the form of a funnel, or tunnel; that is, expanding gradually from the bottom upward, as the corolla of some flowers; infundibuliform.

Fun”ny (?), a. [Compar. Funnier (?); superl. Funniest.] [From Fun.] Droll; comical; amusing; laughable.

Funny bone. See crazy bone, under Crazy.

Fun”ny, n.; pl. Funnies (&?;). A clinkerbuit, narrow boat for sculling. [Eng.]

Fur (fûr), n. [OE. furre, OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar lining, case, G. futter; akin to Icel. fōðr lining, Goth. fōdr, scabbard; cf. Skr. pātra vessel, dish. The German and Icel. words also have the sense, fodder, but this was probably a different word originally. Cf. Fodder food, Fother, v. t., Forel, n.] 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals, growing thick on the skin, and distinguished from the hair, which is longer and coarser.

2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur; peltry; as, a cargo of furs.

3. Strips of dressed skins with fur, used on garments for warmth or for ornament.

4. pl. Articles of clothing made of fur; as, a set of furs for a lady (a collar, tippet, or cape, muff, etc.).

Wrapped up in my furs.

Lady M. W. Montagu.

5. Any coating considered as resembling fur; as: (a) A coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue in persons affected with fever. (b) The soft, downy covering on the skin of a peach. (c) The deposit formed on the interior of boilers and other vessels by hard water.

6. (Her.) One of several patterns or diapers used as tinctures. There are nine in all, or, according to some writers, only six. See Tincture.

Fur (?), a. Of or pertaining to furs; bearing or made of fur; as, a fur cap; the fur trade.

Fur seal (Zoöl.) one of several species of seals of the genera Callorhinus and Arclocephalus, inhabiting the North Pacific and the Antarctic oceans. They have a coat of fine and soft fur which is highly prized. The northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) breeds in vast numbers on the Prybilov Islands, off the coast of Alaska; — called also sea bear.

Fur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Furring.] 1. To line, face, or cover with fur; as, furred robes. “You fur your gloves with reason.” Shak.

2. To cover with morbid matter, as the tongue.

3. (Arch.) To nail small strips of board or larger scantling upon, in order to make a level surface for lathing or boarding, or to provide for a space or interval back of the plastered or boarded surface, as inside an outer wall, by way of protection against damp. Gwill.

Fu*ra”cious (?), a. [L. furax, -racis thievish, from fur thief.] Given to theft; thievish. [Obs.]

Fu*rac”i*ty (?), n. [L. furacitas.] Addictedness to theft; thievishness. [Obs.]

Fur”be*low (?), n. [Prov. F. farbala, equiv. to F. falbala, It. falbalà.] A plaited or gathered flounce on a woman’s garment.

Fur”be*low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbelowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Furbelowing.] To put a furbelow on; to ornament.

Fur”bish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Furbishing.] [OE. forbischen, OF. forbir, furbir, fourbir, F. fourbir, fr. OHG. furban to clean. See -ish.] To rub or scour to brightness; to clean; to burnish; as, to furbish a sword or spear. Shak.

Furbish new the name of John a Gaunt.

Shak.

Fur”bish*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being furbished.

Fur”bish*er (?), n. [Cf. F. fourbisseur.] One who furbishes; esp., a sword cutler, who finishes sword blades and similar weapons.

{ Fur”cate (?), Fur”ca*ted (?), } a. [L. furca fork. See Fork.] Forked; branching like a fork; as, furcate twigs.

Fur*ca”tion (?), n. A branching like a fork.

Fur*cif”er*ous (?), a. [L. furcifer yoke bearer, scoundrel; furca fork, yoke, fork-shaped instrument of punishment + ferre to bear.] Rascally; scandalous. [R.] “Furciferous knaves.” De Quincey.

||Fur”cu*la (?), n. [L., a forked prop, dim. of furca a fork.] (Anat.) A forked process; the wishbone or furculum.

Fur”cu*lar (?), a. Shaped like a fork; furcate.

||Fur”cu*lum (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. furca a fork.] (Anat.) The wishbone or merrythought of birds, formed by the united clavicles.

Fur”dle (?), v. t. [See Fardel, and cf. Furl.] To draw up into a bundle; to roll up. [Ods.]

||Fur”fur (?), n. [L.] Scurf; dandruff.

Fur”fu*ra”ceous (?), a. [L. furfuraceus.] Made of bran; like bran; scurfy.

Fur”fu*ran (?), n. [L. furfur bran.] (Chem.) A colorless, oily substance, C_4H_4O, obtained by distilling certain organic substances, as pine wood, salts of pyromucic acid, etc.; — called also tetraphenol.

Fur”fu*ra”tion (?), n. [L. furfur bran, scurf.] Falling of scurf from the head; desquamation.

Fur”fu*rine (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline base, obtained indirectly from furfurol.

Fur”fu*rol (?), n. [L. furfur bran + oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, C_4H_3O.CHO, of a pleasant odor, obtained by the distillation of bran, sugar, etc., and regarded as an aldehyde derivative of furfuran; — called also furfural.

Fur”fu*rous (?), a. Made of bran; furfuraceous. [R.] “Furfurous bread.” Sydney Smith.

Fu”ri*al (?), a. [L. furialis: cf. OF. furial.] Furious; raging; tormenting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fu`ri*bun”dal (?), a. [L. furibundus, fr. furere to rage.] Full of rage. [Obs.] G. Harvey.

Fu”ries (?), n. pl. See Fury, 3.

Fu”rile (?), n. [Furfurol + benzile.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, (C_4H_3O)2.C_2O_2, obtained by the oxidation of furoin. [Written also furil.]

Fu*ril”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, furile; as, furilic acid.

||Fu”ri*o”so (?), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) With great force or vigor; vehemently.

Fu”ri*ous (?), a. [L. furiosus, fr. furia rage, fury: cf. F. furieux. See Fury.] 1. Transported with passion or fury; raging; violent; as, a furious animal.

2. Rushing with impetuosity; moving with violence; as, a furious stream; a furious wind or storm.

Syn. — Impetuous; vehement; boisterous; fierce; turbulent; tumultuous; angry; mad; frantic; frenzied.

— Fu”ri*ous*ly, adv. — Fu”ri*ous*ness, n.

Furl (fûrl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furled (fûrl); p. pr. & vb. n. Furling.] [Contr. fr. furdle, fr. fardel bundle: cf. F. ferler to furl, OF. fardeler to pack. See Furdle, Fardel, and cf. Farl.] To draw up or gather into close compass; to wrap or roll, as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast, or, as a flag, close to or around its staff, securing it there by a gasket or line. Totten.

Fur”long (?), n. [OE. furlong, furlang, AS. furlang, furlung, prop., the length of a furrow; furh furrow + lang long. See Furrow, and Long, a.] A measure of length; the eighth part of a mile; forty rods; two hundred and twenty yards.

Fur”lough (?), n. [Prob. fr. D. verlof, fr. a prefix akin to E. for + the root of E. lief, and akin to Dan. forlov, Sw. förlof, G. verlaub permission. See Life, a.] (Mil.) Leave of absence; especially, leave given to an officer or soldier to be absent from service for a certain time; also, the document granting leave of absence.

Fur”lough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furloughed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Furloughing.] (Mil.) To furnish with a furlough; to grant leave of absence to, as to an officer or soldier.

{ Fur”mon*ty (?), Fur”mi*ty (?) } n. Same as Frumenty.

Fur”nace (?), n. [OE. fornais, forneis, OF. fornaise, F. fournaise, from L. fornax; akin to furnus oven, and prob. to E. forceps.] 1. An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as, an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc.

&fist; Furnaces are classified as wind or air. furnaces when the fire is urged only by the natural draught; as blast furnaces, when the fire is urged by the injection artificially of a forcible current of air; and as reverberatory furnaces, when the flame, in passing to the chimney, is thrown down by a low arched roof upon the materials operated upon.

2. A place or time of punishment, affiction, or great trial; severe experience or discipline. Deut. iv. 20.

Bustamente furnace, a shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores. — Furnace bridge, Same as Bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. — Furnace cadmiam or cadmia, the oxide of zinc which accumulates in the chimneys of furnaces smelting zinciferous ores. Raymond. — Furnace hoist (Iron Manuf.), a lift for raising ore, coal, etc., to the mouth of a blast furnace.

Fur”nace, n. 1. To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also, to put into a furnace. [Obs. or R.]

He furnaces
The thick sighs from him.

Shak.

Fur”ni*ment (?), n. [Cf. F. fourniment. See Furnish.] Furniture. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fur”nish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furnished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Furnishing.] [OF. furnir, fornir, to furnish, finish, F. fournir; akin to Pr. formir, furmir, fromir, to accomplish, satisfy, fr. OHG. frumjan to further, execute, do, akin to E. frame. See Frame, v. t., and - ish.] 1. To supply with anything necessary, useful, or appropriate; to provide; to equip; to fit out, or fit up; to adorn; as, to furnish a family with provisions; to furnish one with arms for defense; to furnish a Cable; to furnish the mind with ideas; to furnish one with knowledge or principles; to furnish an expedition or enterprise, a room or a house.

That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished
unto all good works.

2 Tim. iii. 17,

2. To offer for use; to provide (something); to give (something); to afford; as, to furnish food to the hungry: to furnish arms for defense.

Ye are they . . . that furnish the drink offering unto that number.

Is. lxv. 11.

His writings and his life furnish abundant proofs that he was not a man of strong sense.

Macaulay.

Fur”nish, n. That which is furnished as a specimen; a sample; a supply. [Obs.] Greene.

Fur”nish*er (?), n. One who supplies or fits out.

Fur”nish*ment (?), n. The act of furnishing, or of supplying furniture; also, furniture. [Obs.] Daniel.

Fur”ni*ture (?), n. [F. fourniture. See Furnish, v. t.] 1. That with which anything is furnished or supplied; supplies; outfit; equipment.

The form and all the furniture of the earth.

Tillotson.

The thoughts which make the furniture of their minds.

M. Arnold.

2. Articles used for convenience or decoration in a house or apartment, as tables, chairs, bedsteads, sofas, carpets, curtains, pictures, vases, etc.

3. The necessary appendages to anything, as to a machine, a carriage, a ship, etc. (a) (Naut.) The masts and rigging of a ship. (b) (Mil.) The mountings of a gun. (c) Builders’ hardware such as locks, door and window trimmings. (d) (Print) Pieces of wood or metal of a lesser height than the type, placed around the pages or other matter in a form, and, with the quoins, serving to secure the form in its place in the chase.

4. (Mus.) A mixed or compound stop in an organ; — sometimes called mixture.

Fu”ro*in (?), n. [See Furfurol.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline substance, C_10H_8O_4, from furfurol.

Fu*ro”re (?), n. [It.] Excitement; commotion; enthusiasm.

Fur”ri*er (?), n. [Cf. F. fourreur.] A dealer in furs; one who makes or sells fur goods.

Fur”ri*er*y (?), n. 1. Furs, in general. Tooke.

2. The business of a furrier; trade in furs.

Fur”ring (?), n. 1. (Carp.) (a) The leveling of a surface, or the preparing of an air space, by means of strips of board or of larger pieces. See Fur, v. t., 3. (b) The strips thus laid on.

2. (Shipbuilding) Double planking of a ship’s side.

3. A deposit from water, as on the inside of a boiler; also, the operation of cleaning away this deposit.

Fur”row (?), n. [OE. forow, forgh, furgh, AS. furh; akin to D. voor, OHG. furuh, G. furche, Dan. fure, Sw. f&?;ra, Icel. for drain, L. porca ridge between two furrows.] 1. A trench in the earth made by, or as by, a plow.

2. Any trench, channel, or groove, as in wood or metal; a wrinkle on the face; as, the furrows of age.

Farrow weed a weed which grows on plowed land. Shak. — To draw a straight furrow, to live correctly; not to deviate from the right line of duty. Lowell.

Fur”row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furrowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Furrowing.] [From Furrow, n.; cf. AS. fyrian.] 1. To cut a furrow in; to make furrows in; to plow; as, to furrow the ground or sea. Shak.

2. To mark with channels or with wrinkles.

Thou canst help time to furrow me with age.

Shak.

Fair cheeks were furrowed with hot tears.

Byron.

Fur”row*y (?), a. Furrowed. [R.] Tennyson.

Fur”ry (?), a. [From Fur.] 1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur. “Furry nations.” Thomson.

2. Consisting of fur; as, furry spoils. Dryden.

3. Resembling fur.

Fur”ther (?), adv. [A comparative of forth; OE. further, forther, AS. fur&?;or, far&?;ur; akin to G. fürder. See Forth, adv.] To a greater distance; in addition; moreover. See Farther.

Carries us, I know not how much further, into familiar company.

M. Arnold.

They sdvanced us far as Eleusis and Thria; but no further.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Further off, not so near; apart by a greater distance.

Fur”ther, a. compar. [Positive wanting; superl. Furthest.] 1. More remote; at a greater distance; more in advance; farther; as, the further end of the field. See Farther.

2. Beyond; additional; as, a further reason for this opinion; nothing further to suggest.

&fist; The forms further and farther are in general not differentiated by writers, but further is preferred by many when application to quantity or degree is implied.

Fur”ther”, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furthered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Furthering.] [OE. furthren, forthren, AS. fyrðran, fyrðrian. See Further, adv.] To help forward; to promote; to advance; to forward; to help or assist.

This binds thee, then, to further my design.

Dryden.

I should nothing further the weal public.

Robynsom (More’s Utopia).

Fur”ther*ance (?), n. The act of furthering or helping forward; promotion; advancement; progress.

I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your
furthersnce and joy of faith.

Phil. i. 25.

Built of furtherance and pursuing, Not of spent deeds, but of doing.

Emerson.

Fur”ther*er (?), n. One who furthers. or helps to advance; a promoter. Shak.

Fur”ther*more” (?), adv. or conj. Moreover; besides; in addition to what has been said.

Fur”ther*most” (?), a. Most remote; furthest.

Fur”ther*some (?), a. Tending to further, advance, or promote; helpful; advantageous. [R.]

You will not find it furthersome.

Carlyle.

Fur”thest (?), a. superl. Most remote; most in advance; farthest. See Further, a.

Fur”thest, adv. At the greatest distance; farthest.

Fur”tive (?), a. [L. furtivus, fr. furtum theft, fr. fur thief, akin to ferre to bear: cf. F. furtif. See Fertile.] Stolen; obtained or characterized by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy; as, a furtive look. Prior.

A hasty and furtive ceremony.

Hallam.

Fur”tive*ly, adv. Stealthily by theft. Lover.

Fu”run*cle (?), n. [L. furunculus a petty thief, a boil, dim. of fur thief: cf. F. furoncle.] (Med.) A superficial, inflammatory tumor, suppurating with a central core; a boil.

Fu*run”cu*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a furuncle; marked by the presence of furuncles.

Fu”ry (?), n. [L. fur.] A thief. [Obs.]

Have an eye to your plate, for there be furies.

J. Fleteher.

Fu”ry, n.; pl. Furies (#). [L. furia, fr. furere to rage: cf. F. furie. Cf. Furor.] 1. Violent or extreme excitement; overmastering agitation or enthusiasm.

Her wit began to be with a divine fury inspired.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. Violent anger; extreme wrath; rage; — sometimes applied to inanimate things, as the wind or storms; impetuosity; violence. “Fury of the wind.” Shak.

I do oppose my patience to his fury.

Shak.

3. pl. (Greek Myth.) The avenging deities, Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megæra; the Erinyes or Eumenides.

The Furies, they said, are attendants on justice, and if the sun in heaven should transgress his path would punish him.

Emerson.

4. One of the Parcæ, or Fates, esp. Atropos. [R.]

Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears,
And slits the thin-spun life.

Milton.

5. A stormy, turbulent violent woman; a hag; a vixen; a virago; a termagant.

Syn. — Anger; indignation; resentment; wrath; ire; rage; vehemence; violence; fierceness; turbulence; madness; frenzy. See Anger.

Furze (?), n. [OE. firs, As. fyrs.] (Bot.) A thorny evergreen shrub (Ulex Europæus), with beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain; — called also gorse, and whin. The dwarf furze is Ulex nanus.

Furze”chat” (?), n. (Zoöl.) The whinchat; — called also furzechuck.

Furze”ling (?), n. (Zoöl.) An English warbler (Melizophilus provincialis); — called also furze wren, and Dartford warbler.

Furz”en (?), a. Furzy; gorsy. [Obs.] Holland.

Furz”y (?), a. Abounding in, or overgrown with, furze; characterized by furze. Gay.

||Fu”sain” (?), n. [F., the spindle tree; also, charcoal made from it.] (Fine Arts) (a) Fine charcoal of willow wood, used as a drawing implement. (b) A drawing made with it. See Charcoal, n. 2, and Charcoal drawing, under Charcoal.

Fu”sa*role (?), n. [F. fusarolle, fr. It. fusaruolo, fr. fuso spindle, shaft of a column. See Fusee a conical wheel.] (Arch.) A molding generally placed under the echinus or quarter round of capitals in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders of architecture.

Fus*ca”tion (?), n. [L. fuscare, fuscatum, to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] A darkening; obscurity; obfuscation. [R.] Blount.

Fus”cin (?), n. [L. fuscus dark- colored, tawny.] (Physiol. Chem.) A brown, nitrogenous pigment contained in the retinal epithelium; a variety of melanin.

Fus”cine (?), n. (Chem.) A dark-colored substance obtained from empyreumatic animal oil. [R.]

Fus”cous (?), a. [L. fuscus.] Brown or grayish black; darkish.

Sad and fuscous colors, as black or brown, or deep purple
and the like.

Burke.

Fuse (fūz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fused (fūzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fusing.] [L. fusus, p. p. of fundere to pour, melt, cast. See Foundo to cast, and cf. Futile.] 1. To liquefy by heat; to render fluid; to dissolve; to melt.

2. To unite or blend, as if melted together.

Whose fancy fuses old and new.

Tennyson.

Fuse, v. i. 1. To be reduced from a solid to a fluid state by heat; to be melted; to melt.

2. To be blended, as if melted together.

Fusing point, the degree of temperature at which a substance melts; the point of fusion.

Fuse, n. [For fusee, fusil. See 2d Fusil.] (Gunnery, Mining, etc.) A tube or casing filled with combustible matter, by means of which a charge of powder is ignited, as in blasting; — called also fuzee. See Fuze.

Fuse hole, the hole in a shell prepared for the reception of the fuse. Farrow.

Fu*see” (?), n. [See 2d Fusil, and cf. Fuse, n.] 1. A flintlock gun. See 2d Fusil. [Obs.]

2. A fuse. See Fuse, n.

3. A kind of match for lighting a pipe or cigar.

Fu*see”, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] The track of a buck. Ainsworth.

Fu*see”, n. [F. fusée a spindleful, fusee, LL. fusata, fr. fusare to use a spindle, L. fusus spindle.] (a) The cone or conical wheel of a watch or clock, designed to equalize the power of the mainspring by having the chain from the barrel which contains the spring wind in a spiral groove on the surface of the cone in such a manner that the diameter of the cone at the point where the chain acts may correspond with the degree of tension of the spring. (b) A similar wheel used in other machinery.

Fu”sel (?), n., Fu”sel oil. [G. fusel bad liquor.] (Chem.) A hot, acrid, oily liquid, accompanying many alcoholic liquors (as potato whisky, corn whisky, etc.), as an undesirable ingredient, and consisting of several of the higher alcohols and compound ethers, but particularly of amyl alcohol; hence, specifically applied to amyl alcohol.

Fu”si*bil”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. fusibilité.] The quality of being fusible.

Fu”si*ble (?), a. [F. fusible. See Fuse, v. t.] CapabIe of being melted or liquefied.

Fusible metal, any alloy of different metals capable of being easily fused, especially an alloy of five parts of bismuth, three of lead, and two of tin, which melts at a temperature below that of boiling water. Ure. — Fusible plug (Steam Boiler), a piece of easily fusible alloy, placed in one of the sheets and intended to melt and blow off the steam in case of low water.

Fu”si*form (?), a. [L. fusus spindle + -form: cf. F. fusiforme.] Shaped like a spindle; tapering at each end; as, a fusiform root; a fusiform cell.

Fu”sil (?), a. [L. fusilis molten, fluid, fr. fundere, fusum, to pour, cast. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. Capable of being melted or rendered fluid by heat; fusible. [R.] “A kind of fusil marble” Woodward.

2. Running or flowing, as a liquid. [R.] “A fusil sea.” J. Philips.

3. Formed by melting and pouring into a mold; cast; founded. [Obs.] Milton.

Fu”sil (?), n. [F. fusil, LL. fosile a steel for kindling fire, from L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL. fire. See Focus, and cf. Fusee a firelock.] A light kind of flintlock musket, formerly in use.

Fu”sil, n. [See 3d Fusee.] (Her.) A bearing of a rhomboidal figure; — named from its shape, which resembles that of a spindle.

&fist; It differs from a lozenge in being longer in proportion to its width.

Fu”sile (?), a. Same as Fusil, a.

{ Fu”sil*eer”, Fu”sil*ier” } (?), n. [F. fusilier, fr. fusil.] (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a soldier armed with a fusil. Hence, in the plural: (b) A title now borne by some regiments and companies; as, “The Royal Fusiliers,” etc.

Fu”sil*lade” (?), n. [F. fusillade, cf. It. fucilata. See Fusil a firelock.] (Mil.) A simultaneous discharge of firearms.

Fu”sil*lade” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fusillader; p. pr. & vb. n. Fusillading.] To shoot down of shoot at by a simultaneous discharge of firearms.

Fu”sion (?), n. [L. fusio, fr. fundere, fusum to pour, melt: cf. F. fusion. See Fuse, v. t., and cf. Foison.] 1. The act or operation of melting or rendering fluid by heat; the act of melting together; as, the fusion of metals.

2. The state of being melted or dissolved by heat; a state of fluidity or flowing in consequence of heat; as, metals in fusion.

3. The union or blending together of things, as, melted together.

The universal fusion of races, languages, and customs . . .
had produced a corresponding fusion of creeds.

C. Kingsley.

Watery fusion (Chem.) the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallization.

4. (Biol.) The union, or binding together, of adjacent parts or tissues.

Fu”some (?), a. [AS. f&?;san to hasten, fr. f&?;s ready, prompt, quick; akin to OS. f&?;s, OHG. funs, Icel. fuss willing; prob. from the root of E. find.] Handy; reat; handsome; notable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fuss (?), n. [Cf. Fusome.] 1. A tumult; a bustle; unnecessary or annoying ado about trifles. Byron.

Zealously, assiduously, and with a minimum of fuss or noise

Carlyle.

2. One who is unduly anxious about trifles. [R.]

I am a fuss and I don’t deny it.

W. D. Howell.

Fuss, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fussed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fussing.] To be overbusy or unduly anxious about trifles; to make a bustle or ado. Sir W. Scott.

Fuss”i*ly (?), adv. In a fussy manner. Byron.

Fuss”i*ness, n. The quality of being fussy.

Fuss”y (?), a. [Compar. Fussier (?); superl Fussiest.] Making a fuss; disposed to make an unnecessary ado about trifles; overnice; fidgety.

Not at all fussy about his personal appearance.

R. G. White.

Fust (fŭst), n. [OF. fust, F. fût, fr. L. fustis stick staff.] (Arch.) The shaft of a column, or trunk of a pilaster. Gwilt.

Fust, n. [OF. fust cask, F. fût cask, taste or smell of the cask, fustiness, cf. sentir le fût to taste of the cask. See 1st Fust.] A strong, musty smell; mustiness.

Fust, v. i. To become moldy; to smell ill. [Obs.]

Fust”ed, a. Moldy; ill- smelling. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fus”ter*ic (?), n. The coloring matter of fustet. Ure.

Fus”tet (?), n. [F. fustet (cf. Sp. & Pg. fustete), LL. fustetus, fr. L. fustis stick, in LL., tree, See 1st Fust, and cf. Fustic.] The wood of the Rhus Cotinus or Venice sumach, a shrub of Southern Europe, which yields a fine orange color, which, however, is not durable without a mordant. Ure.

Fus”tian (?), n. [OE. fustan, fustian, OF. fustaine, F. futaine, It. fustagno, fr. LL. fustaneum, fustanum; cf. Pr. fustani, Sp. fustan. So called from Fustāt, i. e., Cairo, where it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse twilled cotton or cotton and linen stuff, including corduroy, velveteen, etc.

2. An inflated style of writing; a kind of writing in which high-sounding words are used, above the dignity of the thoughts or subject; bombast.

Claudius . . . has run his description into the most wretched
fustian.

Addison.

Fus”tian, a. 1. Made of fustian.

2. Pompous; ridiculously tumid; inflated; bombastic; as, fustian history. Walpole.

Fus”tian*ist, n. A writer of fustian. [R.] Milton.

Fus”tic (?), n. [F. fustoc, Sp. fustoc. Cf. Fustet.] The wood of the Maclura tinctoria, a tree growing in the West Indies, used in dyeing yellow; — called also old fustic. [Written also fustoc.]

&fist; Other kinds of yellow wood are often called fustic; as that of species of Xanthoxylum, and especially the Rhus Cotinus, which is sometimes called young fustic to distinguish it from the Maclura. See Fustet.

Fus”ti*gate (?), v. t. [L. fustigare, fr. fustis stick. See 1st Fust.] To cudgel. [R.] Bailey.

Fus”ti*ga”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fustigation.] A punishment by beating with a stick or club; cudgeling.

This satire, composed of actual fustigation.

Motley.

Fus”ti*la”ri*an (?), n. [From Fusty.] A low fellow; a stinkard; a scoundrel. [Obs.] Shak.

{ Fus”ti*lug` (&?;), Fus”ti*lugs` (?) }, n. [Fusty + lug something heavy, to be drawn or carried.] A gross, fat, unwieldy person. [Obs.] F. Junius.

Fust”i*ness (?), n. A fusty state or quality; moldiness; mustiness; an ill smell from moldiness.

Fusty (?), a. [Compar. Fustier (#); superl Fustiest.] [See 2d Fust.] 1. Moldy; musty; ill-smelling; rank. “A fusty nut.” “Fusty plebeians.” Shak.

2. Moping. [Archaic]

A melancholy, fusty humor.

Pepys.

Fu”sure (?), n. [L. fusura, fr. fundere, fusum. See Fuse, v. t.] Act of fusing; fusion. [R.]

Futch”el (?), n. The jaws between which the hinder end of a carriage tongue is inserted. Knight.

Fu”tile (?; 277), a. [L. futilis that easily pours out, that easily lets loose, vain, worthless, from the root of fundere to pour out: cf. F. futile. See Fuse, v. t.]

1. Talkative; loquacious; tattling. [Obs.]

Talkers and futile persons.

Bacon.

2. Of no importance; answering no useful end; useless; vain; worthless. “Futile theories.” I. Taylor.

His reasoning . . . was singularly futile.

Macaulay.

Fu”tile*ly, adv. In a futile manner.

Fu”til`i*ty (?), n. [L. futilitas: cf. F. futilité.] 1. The quality of being talkative; talkativeness; loquaciousness; loquacity. [Obs.]

2. The quality of producing no valuable effect, or of coming to nothing; uselessness.

The futility of this mode of philosophizing.

Whewell.

Fu”til*ous (?), a. Futile; trifling. [Obs.]

Fu”ttock (?), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. foothook.] (Naut.) One of the crooked timbers which are scarfed together to form the lower part of the compound rib of a vessel; one of the crooked transverse timbers passing across and over the keel.

Futtock plates (Naut.), plates of iron to which the dead-eyes of the topmast rigging are secured. — Futtock shrouds, short iron shrouds leading from the upper part of the lower mast or of the main shrouds to the edge of the top, or through it, and connecting the topmast rigging with the lower mast. Totten.

Fu”tur*a*ble (?; 135), a. Capable of being future; possible to occur. [R.]

Not only to things future, but futurable.

Fuller.

Fu”ture (?; 135), a. [F. futur, L. futurus, used as fut. p. of esse to be, but from the same root as E. be. See Be, v. i.] That is to be or come hereafter; that will exist at any time after the present; as, the next moment is future, to the present.

Future tense (Gram.), the tense or modification of a verb which expresses a future act or event.

Fu”ture (?), n. [Cf. F. futur. See Future, a.]

1. Time to come; time subsequent to the present (as, the future shall be as the present); collectively, events that are to happen in time to come. “Lay the future open.” Shak.

2. The possibilities of the future; — used especially of prospective success or advancement; as, he had great future before him.

3. (Gram.) A future tense.

To deal in futures, to speculate on the future values of merchandise or stocks. [Brokers’ cant]

Fu”ture*less, a. Without prospect of betterment in the future. W. D. Howells.

Fu”ture*ly, adv. In time to come. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Fu”tur*ist, n. 1. One whose chief interests are in what is to come; one who anxiously, eagerly, or confidently looks forward to the future; an expectant.

2. (Theol.) One who believes or maintains that the fulfillment of the prophecies of the Bible is to be in the future.

Fu`tu*ri”tial (?; 135), a. Relating to what is to come; pertaining to futurity; future. [R.]

Fu`tu*ri”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. futurition.] The state of being future; futurity. [R.]

Nothing . . . can have this imagined futurition, but as it is decreed.

Coleridge.

Fu*tu”ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Futurities (&?;).

1. State of being that is yet to come; future state.

2. Future time; time to come; the future.

3. Event to come; a future event.

All futurities are naked before the All-seeing Eye.

South.

Fuze (?), n. A tube, filled with combustible matter, for exploding a shell, etc. See Fuse, n.

Chemical fuze, a fuze in which substances separated until required for action are then brought into contact, and uniting chemically, produce explosion. — Concussion fuze, a fuze ignited by the striking of the projectile. — Electric fuze, a fuze which is ignited by heat or a spark produced by an electric current. – - Friction fuze, a fuze which is ignited by the heat evolved by friction. — Percussion fuze, a fuze in which the ignition is produced by a blow on some fulminating compound. — Time fuze, a fuze adapted, either by its length or by the character of its composition, to burn a certain time before producing an explosion.

Fuzz (?), v. t. To make drunk. [Obs.] Wood.

Fuzz, n. [Cf. Prov. E. fuzzy that ravels (of silk or cotton), D. voos spongy, fungous, G. faser filament. E. feaze to untwist.] Fine, light particles or fibers; loose, volatile matter.

Fuzz ball, a kind of fungus or mushroom, which, when pressed, bursts and scatters a fine dust; a puffball.

Fuzz, v. i. To fly off in minute particles.

Fuz”zle (?), v. t. [Cf. LG. fuseln to drink common liquor, fr. fusel bad liquor.] To make drunk; to intoxicate; to fuddle. [Obs.] Burton.

Fuzz”y (?), a. [See Fuzz, n.] 1. Not firmly woven; that ravels. [Written also fozy.] [Prov. Eng.]

2. Furnished with fuzz; having fuzz; like fuzz; as, the fuzzy skin of a peach.

-fy (?). [Through French verbs in fier, L. ficare, akin to facere to do, make. See Fact.] A suffix signifying to make, to form into, etc.; as, acetify, amplify, dandify, Frenchify, etc.

Fy (?), interj. [See Fie, interj.] A word which expresses blame, dislike, disapprobation, abhorrence, or contempt. See Fie.

Fyke (?), n. [D. fuik a bow net.] A long bag net distended by hoops, into which fish can pass easily, without being able to return; — called also fyke net. Cozzens.

Fyl”lot (?), n. [Prov. fr. AS. fy&?;erf&?;te, fierf&?;te, feówerf&?;te. See Four, and Foot, n.] A rebated cross, formerly used as a secret emblem, and a common ornament. It is also called gammadion, and swastika.

Fyrd (?), Fyr”dung (&?;), n. [AS.; akin to E. fare, v. i.] (Old. Eng. Hist.) The military force of the whole nation, consisting of all men able to bear arms.

The national fyrd or militia.

J. R. Green.

Fytte (?), n. See Fit a song. [Archaic]

G.

G (jē) 1. G is the seventh letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It has two sounds; one simple, as in gave, go, gull; the other compound (like that of j), as in gem, gin, dingy. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 231-6, 155, 176, 178, 179, 196, 211, 246.

The form of G is from the Latin, in the alphabet which it first appeared as a modified form of C. The name is also from the Latin, and probably comes to us through the French. Etymologically it is most closely related to a c hard, k y, and w; as in corn, grain, kernel; kin L. genus, Gr. &?;; E. garden, yard; drag, draw; also to ch and h; as in get, prehensile; guest, host (an army); gall, choler; gust, choose. See C.

2. (Mus.) G is the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model scale; — called also sol by the Italians and French. It was also originally used as the treble clef, and has gradually changed into the character represented in the margin. See Clef. G♯ (G sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A.

Gab (?), n. [Cf. Gaff.] (Steam Engine) The hook on the end of an eccentric rod opposite the strap. See. Illust. of Eccentric.

Gab, n. [OE. gabbe gabble, mocking, fr. Icel. gabb mocking, mockery, or OF. gab, gabe; perh. akin to E. gape, or gob. Cf. Gab, v. i., Gibber.] The mouth; hence, idle prate; chatter; unmeaning talk; loquaciousness. [Colloq.]

Gift of gab, facility of expression. [Colloq.]

Gab, v. i. [OE. gabben to jest, lie, mock, deceive, fr. Icel. gabba to mock, or OF. gaber. See 2d Gab, and cf. Gabble.] 1. To deceive; to lie. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To talk idly; to prate; to chatter. Holinshed.

Gab”ar*age (?), n. A kind of coarse cloth for packing goods. [Obs.]

Gab`ar*dine”, Gab`er*dine” (&?;), n. [Sp. gabardina; cf. It. gavardina, OF. galvardine, calvardine, gavardine, galeverdine; perh. akin to Sp. & OF. gaban a sort of cloak or coat for rainy weather, F. caban great coat with a hood and sleeves, It. gabbano and perh. to E. cabin.] A coarse frock or loose upper garment formerly worn by Jews; a mean dress. Shak.

Gab”ber (?), n. 1. A liar; a deceiver. [Obs.]

2. One addicted to idle talk.

Gab”ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gabbling (?).] [Freq. of gab. See Gab, v. i.] 1. To talk fast, or to talk without meaning; to prate; to jabber. Shak.

2. To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity; as, gabbling fowls. Dryden.

Gab”ble, n. 1. Loud or rapid talk without meaning.

Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders.

Milton.

2. Inarticulate sounds rapidly uttered; as of fowls.

Gab”bler (?), n. One who gabbles; a prater.

Gab”bro (?), n. [It.] (Geol.) A name originally given by the Italians to a kind of serpentine, later to the rock called euphotide, and now generally used for a coarsely crystalline, igneous rock consisting of lamellar pyroxene (diallage) and labradorite, with sometimes chrysolite (olivine gabbro).

Ga”bel (?), n. [F. gabelle, LL. gabella, gabulum, gablum; of uncertain origin. Cf.Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) A rent, service, tribute, custom, tax, impost, or duty; an excise. Burrill.

He enables St. Peter to pay his gabel by the ministry of a fish.

Jer. Taylor.

Ga”bel*er (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) A collector of gabels or taxes.

||Ga`belle” (?), n. [F. See Gabel.] A tax, especially on salt. [France] Brande & C.

Ga*belle”man (?), n. A gabeler. Carlyle.

Gab`er*dine” (?), n. See Gabardine.

Gab”er-lun`zie (?), n. [Gael. gabair talker + lunndair idler.] A beggar with a wallet; a licensed beggar. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gab”ert (?), n. [Cf.F. gabare, Arm. kobar, gobar.] A lighter, or vessel for inland navigation. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Ga”bi*on (?), n.[F., from It. gabbione a large cage, gabion, from gabbia cage, L. cavea. See Cage.] 1. (Fort.) A hollow cylinder of wickerwork, like a basket without a bottom. Gabions are made of various sizes, and filled with earth in building fieldworks to shelter men from an enemy’s fire.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.) An openwork frame, as of poles, filled with stones and sunk, to assist in forming a bar dyke, etc., as in harbor improvement.

Ga`bi*on*ade” (?), n. [F. gabionnade.] 1. (Fort.) A traverse made with gabions between guns or on their flanks, protecting them from enfilading fire.

2. A structure of gabions sunk in lines, as a core for a sand bar in harbor improvements.

Ga”bi*on*age (?), n. [F. gabionnage.] (Mil.) The part of a fortification built of gabions.

Ga”bi*oned (?), p. a. Furnished with gabions.

||Ga`bion`nade” (?), n. See Gabionade.

Ga”ble (?), n. A cable. [Archaic] Chapman.

Ga”ble, n. [OE. gable, gabil, F. gable, fr. LL. gabalum front of a building, prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. OHG. gibil, G. giebel gable, Icel. gafl, Goth. gibla pinnacle; perh. akin to Gr. &?; head, and E. cephalic, or to G. gabel fork, AS. geafl, E. gaffle, L. gabalus a kind of gallows.] (Arch.) (a) The vertical triangular portion of the end of a building, from the level of the cornice or eaves to the ridge of the roof. Also, a similar end when not triangular in shape, as of a gambrel roof and the like. Hence: (b) The end wall of a building, as distinguished from the front or rear side. (c) A decorative member having the shape of a triangular gable, such as that above a Gothic arch in a doorway.

Bell gable. See under Bell. — Gable roof, a double sloping roof which forms a gable at each end. — Gable wall. Same as Gable (b). — Gable window, a window in a gable.

Ga”blet (?), n. (Arch.) A small gable, or gable-shaped canopy, formed over a tabernacle, niche, etc.

Gab”lock (?), n. [See Gavelock.] A false spur or gaff, fitted on the heel of a gamecock. Wright.

Ga”by (?), n. [Icel. gapi a rash, reckless man. Cf. Gafe.] A simpleton; a dunce; a lout. [Colloq.]

Gad (?), n. [OE. gad, Icel. gaddr goad, sting; akin to Sw. gadd sting, Goth. gazds, G. gerte switch. See Yard a measure.] 1. The point of a spear, or an arrowhead.

2. A pointed or wedge-shaped instrument of metal, as a steel wedge used in mining, etc.

I will go get a leaf of brass,
And with a gad of steel will write these words.

Shak.

3. A sharp-pointed rod; a goad.

4. A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling. Fairholt.

5. A wedge-shaped billet of iron or steel. [Obs.]

Flemish steel . . . some in bars and some in gads.

Moxon.

6. A rod or stick, as a fishing rod, a measuring rod, or a rod used to drive cattle with. [Prov. Eng. Local, U.S.] Halliwell. Bartlett.

Upon the gad, upon the spur of the moment; hastily. [Obs.] “All this done upon the gad!” Shak.

Gad, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gadded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gadding.] [Prob. fr. gad, n., and orig. meaning to drive about.] To walk about; to rove or go about, without purpose; hence, to run wild; to be uncontrolled. “The gadding vine.” Milton.

Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way?

Jer. ii. 36.

Gad”a*bout` (?), n. A gadder [Colloq.]

Gad”bee` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gadfly.

Gad”der (?), n. One who roves about idly, a rambling gossip.

Gad”ding, a. & n. Going about much, needlessly or without purpose.

Envy is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets.

Bacon.

The good nuns would check her gadding tongue.

Tennyson.

Gadding car, in quarrying, a car which carries a drilling machine so arranged as to drill a line of holes.

Gad”ding*ly (?), adv. In a roving, idle manner.

Gad”dish (?), a. Disposed to gad. — Gad”dish*nes, n. “Gaddishness and folly.” Abp. Leighton.

Gade (?), n. [Cf. Cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small British fish (Motella argenteola) of the Cod family. (b) A pike, so called at Moray Firth; — called also gead. [Prov. Eng.]

Gad”er*e (?), Gad”re (&?;), v. t. & i. To gather. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gad”fly` (?), n.; pl. Gadflies (#). [Gad + fly.] (Zoöl.) Any dipterous insect of the genus Oestrus, and allied genera of botflies.

&fist; The sheep gadfly (Oestrus ovis) deposits its young in the nostrils of sheep, and the larvæ develop in the frontal sinuses. The common species which infests cattle (Hypoderma bovis) deposits its eggs upon or in the skin where the larvæ or bots live and produce sores called wormels. The gadflies of the horse produce the intestinal parasites called bots. See Botfly, and Bots. The true horseflies are often erroneously called gadflies, and the true gadflies are sometimes incorrectly called breeze flies.

Gadfly petrel (Zoöl.), one of several small petrels of the genus Oestrelata.

Gadhel”ic (gāl”&ibreve;k), a. [See Gaelic.] Of or pertaining to that division of the Celtic languages, which includes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx. J. Peile.

Gad”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the cod (Gadus); — applied to an acid obtained from cod-liver oil, viz., gadic acid.

Gad`i*ta`ni*an (?), a. [L. Gaditanus, fr. Gades Cadiz.] Of or relating to Cadiz, in Spain. — n. A native or inhabitant of Cadiz.

Gad”ling (?), n. [Gad, n. + - ling.] (Mediæval Armor) [R.] See Gad, n., 4.

Gad”ling, a. [See Gad, v. i.] Gadding about. [Obs.]

Gad”ling, n. A roving vagabond. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Gadman (?), n. A gadsman.

Ga”doid (?; 277), a. [NL. gadus cod + -oid: cf. F. gadoïde gadoid, Gr. &?; a sort of fish, F. gade.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family of fishes (Gadidæ) which includes the cod, haddock, and hake. — n. One of the Gadidæ. [Written also gadid.]

Gad`o*lin”i*a (?), n. [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) A rare earth, regarded by some as an oxide of the supposed element gadolinium, by others as only a mixture of the oxides of yttrium, erbium, ytterbium, etc.

Gad`o*lin”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to or containing gadolinium.

Gad”o*lin*ite (?), n. [Named after Gadolin, a Russian chemist.] (Min.) A mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of yttrium, cerium, and iron.

Gad`o*lin”i*um (?), n. [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) A supposed rare metallic element, with a characteristic spectrum, found associated with yttrium and other rare metals. Its individuality and properties have not yet been determined.

Gads”man (?), n. One who uses a gad or goad in driving.

Gad”u*in (?), n.[NL. gadus codfish.] (Chem.) A yellow or brown amorphous substance, of indifferent nature, found in cod-liver oil.

Gad”wall (?), n. [Gad to walk about + well.] (Zoöl.) A large duck (Anas strepera), valued as a game bird, found in the northern parts of Europe and America; — called also gray duck. [Written also gaddwell.]

Gael (?), n.sing. & pl. [See Gaelic.] (Ethnol.) A Celt or the Celts of the Scotch Highlands or of Ireland; now esp., a Scotch Highlander of Celtic origin.

Gael”ic (?; 277), a. [Gael. Gàidhealach, Gaelach, from Gàidheal, Gael, a Scotch Highlander.] (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the Gael, esp. to the Celtic Highlanders of Scotland; as, the Gaelic language.

Gael”ic (?), n. [Gael. Gaelig, Gàilig.] The language of the Gaels, esp. of the Highlanders of Scotland. It is a branch of the Celtic.

Gaff (?), n. [OE. gaffe, F. gaffe an iron hook with which seamen pull great fishes into their ships; cf. Ir. gaf, gafa hook; perh. akin to G. gabel fork, Skr. gabhasti. Cf. Gaffle, Gable.] 1. A barbed spear or a hook with a handle, used by fishermen in securing heavy fish.

2. (Naut.) The spar upon which the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail is extended.

3. Same as Gaffle, 1. Wright.

Gaff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaffing.] To strike with a gaff or barbed spear; to secure by means of a gaff; as, to gaff a salmon.

Gaf”fer (?), n. [Possibly contr. fr. godfather; but prob. fr. gramfer for grandfather. Cf. Gammer.] 1. An old fellow; an aged rustic.

Go to each gaffer and each goody.

Fawkes.

&fist; Gaffer was originally a respectful title, now degenerated into a term of familiarity or contempt when addressed to an aged man in humble life.

2. A foreman or overseer of a gang of laborers. [Prov. Eng.]

Gaf”fle (?), n. [Cf. AS. geafl fork, LG., D., Sw., & Dan. gaffel, G. gabel, W. gafl, Ir. & Gael. gabhal. Cf. Gaff.] 1. An artificial spur or gaff for gamecocks.

2. A lever to bend crossbows.

Gaff`-top”sail (?), n. (Naut.) A small triangular sail having its foot extended upon the gaff and its luff upon the topmast.

Gag (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gagging (?).] [Prob. fr. W. cegio to choke or strangle, fr. ceg mouth, opening, entrance.] 1. To stop the mouth of, by thrusting sometimes in, so as to hinder speaking; hence, to silence by authority or by violence; not to allow freedom of speech to. Marvell.

The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hood winked.

Maccaulay.

2. To pry or hold open by means of a gag.

Mouths gagged to such a wideness.

Fortescue (Transl.).

3. To cause to heave with nausea.

Gag, v. i. 1. To heave with nausea; to retch.

2. To introduce gags or interpolations. See Gag, n., 3. [Slang] Cornill Mag.

Gag, n. 1. Something thrust into the mouth or throat to hinder speaking.

2. A mouthful that makes one retch; a choking bit; as, a gag of mutton fat. Lamb.

3. A speech or phrase interpolated offhand by an actor on the stage in his part as written, usually consisting of some seasonable or local allusion. [Slang]

Gag rein (Harness), a rein for drawing the bit upward in the horse’s mouth. — Gag runner (Harness), a loop on the throat latch guiding the gag rein.

Gag”ate (?; 48), n. [L. gagates. See Jet a black mineral.] Agate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Gage (?), n. [F. gage, LL. gadium, wadium; of German origin; cf. Goth. wadi, OHG. wetti, weti, akin to E. wed. See Wed, and cf. Wage, n.] 1. A pledge or pawn; something laid down or given as a security for the performance of some act by the person depositing it, and forfeited by nonperformance; security.

Nor without gages to the needy lend.

Sandys.

2. A glove, cap, or the like, cast on the ground as a challenge to combat, and to be taken up by the accepter of the challenge; a challenge; a defiance. “There I throw my gage.” Shak.

Gage (?), n. [So called because an English family named Gage imported the greengage from France, in the last century.] A variety of plum; as, the greengage; also, the blue gage, frost gage, golden gage, etc., having more or less likeness to the greengage. See Greengage.

Gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaged (?); p. pr & vb. n. Gaging (?).] [Cf. F. gager. See Gage, n., a pledge.] 1. To give or deposit as a pledge or security for some act; to wage or wager; to pawn or pledge. [Obs.]

A moiety competent
Was gaged by our king.

Shak.

2. To bind by pledge, or security; to engage.

Great debts
Wherein my time, sometimes too prodigal,
Hath left me gaged.

Shak.

Gage, n. A measure or standard. See Gauge, n.

Gage, v. t. To measure. See Gauge, v. t.

You shall not gage me
By what we do to-night.

Shak.

Ga”ger (?), n. A measurer. See Gauger.

Gag”ger (?), n. 1. One who gags.

2. (Founding) A piece of iron imbedded in the sand of a mold to keep the sand in place.

Gag”gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaggling (?).] [Of imitative origin; cf. D. gaggelen, gagelen, G. gackeln, gackern, MHG. g&?;gen, E. giggle, cackle.] To make a noise like a goose; to cackle. Bacon.

Gag”gle, n. [Cf. Gaggle v. i.] (Zoöl.) A flock of wild geese. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Gag”tooth` (?), n.; pl. Gagteeth (&?;). A projecting tooth. [Obs.]

Gag”-toothed” (?), a. Having gagteeth. [Obs.]

Gahn”ite (?), n. [Named after Gahn, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Zinc spinel; automolite.

Ga*id”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to hypogeic acid; — applied to an acid obtained from hypogeic acid.

Gai”e*ty (?), n. Same as Gayety.

Gail”er (?), n. A jailer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Gail`lard” (?), a. [F. See Galliard.] Gay; brisk; merry; galliard. Chaucer.

||Gail*liarde” (?), n. [See Galliard a dance.] A lively French and Italian dance.

Gai”ly (?), adv. [From Gay.] Merrily; showily. See gaily.

Gain (gān), n. [Cf. W. gan a mortise.] (Arch.) A square or beveled notch cut out of a girder, binding joist, or other timber which supports a floor beam, so as to receive the end of the floor beam.

Gain, a. [OE. gein, gain, good, near, quick; cf. Icel. gegn ready, serviceable, and gegn, adv., against, opposite. Cf. Ahain.] Convenient; suitable; direct; near; handy; dexterous; easy; profitable; cheap; respectable. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gain (gān), n. [OE. gain, gein, ga&yogh;hen, gain, advantage, Icel. gagn; akin to Sw. gagn, Dan. gavn, cf. Goth. gageigan to gain. The word was prob. influenced by F. gain gain, OF. gaain. Cf. Gain, v. t.] 1. That which is gained, obtained, or acquired, as increase, profit, advantage, or benefit; — opposed to loss.

But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ.

Phil. iii. 7.

Godliness with contentment is great gain.

1 Tim. vi. 6.

Every one shall share in the gains.

Shak.

2. The obtaining or amassing of profit or valuable possessions; acquisition; accumulation. “The lust of gain.” Tennyson.

Gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gained (gānd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaining.] [From gain, n. but. prob. influenced by F. gagner to earn, gain, OF. gaaignier to cultivate, OHG. weidinōn, weidinen to pasture, hunt, fr. weida pasturage, G. weide, akin to Icel. veiðr hunting, AS. wāðu, cf. L. venari to hunt, E. venison. See Gain, n., profit.]

1. To get, as profit or advantage; to obtain or acquire by effort or labor; as, to gain a good living.

What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?

Matt. xvi. 26.

To gain dominion, or to keep it gained.

Milton.

For fame with toil we gain, but lose with ease.

Pope.

2. To come off winner or victor in; to be successful in; to obtain by competition; as, to gain a battle; to gain a case at law; to gain a prize.

3. To draw into any interest or party; to win to one’s side; to conciliate.

If he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother.

Matt. xviii. 15.

To gratify the queen, and gained the court.

Dryden.

4. To reach; to attain to; to arrive at; as, to gain the top of a mountain; to gain a good harbor.

Forded Usk and gained the wood.

Tennyson.

5. To get, incur, or receive, as loss, harm, or damage. [Obs. or Ironical]

Ye should . . . not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss.

Acts xxvii. 21.

Gained day, the calendar day gained in sailing eastward around the earth. — To gain ground, to make progress; to advance in any undertaking; to prevail; to acquire strength or extent. — To gain over, to draw to one’s party or interest; to win over. — To gain the wind (Naut.), to reach the windward side of another ship.

Syn. — To obtain; acquire; get; procure; win; earn; attain; achieve. See Obtain. — To Gain, Win. Gain implies only that we get something by exertion; win, that we do it in competition with others. A person gains knowledge, or gains a prize, simply by striving for it; he wins a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it in a struggle with others.

Gain (?), v. i. To have or receive advantage or profit; to acquire gain; to grow rich; to advance in interest, health, or happiness; to make progress; as, the sick man gains daily.

Thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbors by extortion.

Ezek. xxii. 12.

Gaining twist, in rifled firearms, a twist of the grooves, which increases regularly from the breech to the muzzle. To gain on or upon. (a) To encroach on; as, the ocean gains on the land. (b) To obtain influence with. (c) To win ground upon; to move faster than, as in a race or contest. (d) To get the better of; to have the advantage of.

The English have not only gained upon the Venetians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice itself.

Addison.

My good behavior had so far gained on the emperor, that I began to conceive hopes of liberty.

Swift.

Gain”a*ble (?), a. [CF. F. gagnable. See Gain, v. t.] Capable of being obtained or reached. Sherwood.

Gain”age (?, 48), n. [OF. gaignage pasturage, crop, F. gaignage pasturage. See Gain, v. t.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) The horses, oxen, plows, wains or wagons and implements for carrying on tillage. (b) The profit made by tillage; also, the land itself. Bouvier.

Gain”er (?), n. One who gains. Shak.

Gain”ful (?), a. Profitable; advantageous; lucrative. “A gainful speculation.” Macaulay. — Gain”ful*ly, adv. — Gain”ful*ness, n.

Gain”giv`ing (?), n. [See Again, and Give.] A misgiving. [Obs.]

Gain”less, a. Not producing gain; unprofitable. Hammond. — Gain”less/ness, n.

Gain”ly, adv. [See Gain, a.] Handily; readily; dexterously; advantageously. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Gain”pain` (?), n.[F. gagner to gain + pain bread.] Bread-gainer; — a term applied in the Middle Ages to the sword of a hired soldier.

Gain`say” (? or ?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainsaid (? or ?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gainsaying.] [OE. geinseien, ageinseien. See Again, and Say to utter.] To contradict; to deny; to controvert; to dispute; to forbid.

I will give you a mouth and wisdom which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist.

Luke xxi. 15.

The just gods gainsay
That any drop thou borrow’dst from thy mother,
My sacred aunt, should by my mortal sword
Be drained.

Shak.

Gain`say”er (?), n. One who gainsays, contradicts, or denies. “To convince the gainsayers.” Tit. i. 9.

Gain”some (?), a. 1. Gainful.

2. Prepossessing; well-favored. [Obs.] Massinger.

‘Gainst (?), prep. A contraction of Against.

Gain”stand` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainstood; p. pr. & vb. n. gainstanding.] [See Again, and Stand.] To withstand; to resist. [Obs.]

Durst . . . gainstand the force of so many enraged desires.

Sir P. Sidney.

Gain”strive` (?), v. t. & i. [See Again, and Strive.] To strive or struggle against; to withstand. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gair”fowl` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Garefowl.

Gair”ish (?), a., Gair”ish*ly, adv., Gair”ish/ness, n. Same as Garish, Garishly, Garishness.

Gait (?), n. [See Gate a way.] 1. A going; a walk; a march; a way.

Good gentleman, go your gait, and let poor folks pass.

Shak.

2. Manner of walking or stepping; bearing or carriage while moving.

‘T is Cinna; I do know him by his gait.

Shak.

Gait”ed (?), a. Having (such) a gait; — used in composition; as, slow-gaited; heavy- gaited.

Gait”er (?), n. [F. guêtre, cf. Armor. gweltren; or perh. of German origin, and akin to E. wear, v.] 1. A covering of cloth or leather for the ankle and instep, or for the whole leg from the knee to the instep, fitting down upon the shoe.

2. A kind of shoe, consisting of cloth, and covering the ankle.

Gai”ter (?), v. t. To dress with gaiters.

Gai”tre, Gay”tre (&?;), n. [OE. Cf. Gatten tree.] The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga”la (?), n. [F. gala show, pomp, fr. It. gala finery, gala; of German origin. See Gallant.] Pomp, show, or festivity. Macaulay.

Gala day, a day of mirth and festivity; a holiday.

Ga*lac”ta-gogue (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, milk + &?; to lead.] (Med.) An agent exciting secretion of milk.

Ga*lac”tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; milky, fr. &?;, &?;, milk. See Galaxy, and cf. Lactic.] 1. Of or pertaining to milk; got from milk; as, galactic acid.

2. Of or pertaining to the galaxy or Milky Way.

Galactic circle (Astron.), the great circle of the heavens, to which the course of the galaxy most nearly conforms. Herschel. — Galactic poles, the poles of the galactic circle.

Ga*lac”tin (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, milk. Cf. Lactin.] (Chem.) (a) An amorphous, gelatinous substance containing nitrogen, found in milk and other animal fluids. It resembles peptone, and is variously regarded as a coagulating or emulsifying agent. (b) A white waxy substance found in the sap of the South American cow tree (Galactodendron). (c) An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate resembling gelose, found in the seeds of leguminous plants, and yielding on decomposition several sugars, including galactose.

Ga*lac`to*den*sim”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?; + E. densimeter.] Same as Galactometer.

Gal`ac*tom”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, milk + -meter: cf. F. galactomètre. Cf. Lactometer.] An instrument for ascertaining the quality of milk (i.e., its richness in cream) by determining its specific gravity; a lactometer.

Gal`ac*toph”a*gist (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, milk + &?; to eat: cf. &?; to live on milk.] One who eats, or subsists on, milk.

Gal`ac*toph”a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. galactophade.] Feeding on milk.

Gal`ac*toph”o*rous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, milk + &?; to bear: cf. F. galactophore. Cf. Lactiferous.] (Anat.) Milk-carrying; lactiferous; — applied to the ducts of mammary glands.

Ga*lac`to*poi*et”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, milk + &?; capable of making; fr. &?; to make.] (Med.) Increasing the flow of milk; milk-producing. — n. A galactopoietic substance.

Ga*lac”tose (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline sugar, C_6H_12O_6, isomeric with dextrose, obtained by the decomposition of milk sugar, and also from certain gums. When oxidized it forms mucic acid. Called also lactose (though it is not lactose proper).

Ga*lage” (?), n. (Obs.) See Galoche. Spenser.

Ga*la”go (?), n.; pl. Galagos (#). [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A genus of African lemurs, including numerous species.

&fist; The grand galago (Galago crassicaudata) is about the size of a cat; the mouse galago (G. murinus)is about the size of a mouse.

{ Ga*lan”ga (?), Ga*lan”gal (?) }, n.[OE. galingale, OF. galingal, garingal, F. galanga (cf. Sp. galanga), prob. fr. Ar. khalanj&?;n. ] The pungent aromatic rhizome or tuber of certain East Indian or Chinese species of Alpinia (A. Galanga and A. officinarum) and of the Kæmpferia Galanga), — all of the Ginger family.

Gal”an*tine (? or ?), n. [F. galantine.] A dish of veal, chickens, or other white meat, freed from bones, tied up, boiled, and served cold. Smart.

Gal”a*pee` tree” (?), (Bot.) The West Indian Sciadophyllum Brownei, a tree with very large digitate leaves.

Ga*la”tian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Galatia or its inhabitants. — A native or inhabitant of Galatia, in Asia Minor; a descendant of the Gauls who settled in Asia Minor.

Gal”ax*y (?), n.; pl. Galaxies (#). [F. galaxie, L. galaxias, fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?; circle), fr. &?;, &?;, milk; akin to L. lac. Cf. Lacteal.]

1. (Astron.) The Milky Way; that luminous tract, or belt, which is seen at night stretching across the heavens, and which is composed of innumerable stars, so distant and blended as to be distinguishable only with the telescope. The term has recently been used for remote clusters of stars. Nichol.

2. A splendid assemblage of persons or things.

{ Gal”ban, Gal”ba*num (?), } n. [L. galbanum, Gr. &?;, prob. from Heb. klekb’n&?;h: cf. F. galbanum.] A gum resin exuding from the stems of certain Asiatic umbelliferous plants, mostly species of Ferula. The Bubon Galbanum of South Africa furnishes an inferior kind of galbanum. It has an acrid, bitter taste, a strong, unpleasant smell, and is used for medical purposes, also in the arts, as in the manufacture of varnish.

Gale (gāl), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. gal furious, Icel. galinn, cf. Icel. gala to sing, AS. galan to sing, Icel. galdr song, witchcraft, AS. galdor charm, sorcery, E. nightingale; also, Icel. gjōla gust of wind, gola breeze. Cf. Yell.] 1. A strong current of air; a wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane. The most violent gales are called tempests.

&fist; Gales have a velocity of from about eighteen (“moderate”) to about eighty (“very heavy”) miles an our. Sir. W. S. Harris.

2. A moderate current of air; a breeze.

A little gale will soon disperse that cloud.

Shak.

And winds of gentlest gale Arabian odors fanned
From their soft wings.

Milton.

3. A state of excitement, passion, or hilarity.

The ladies, laughing heartily, were fast getting into what, in New England, is sometimes called a gale.

Brooke (Eastford).

Topgallant gale (Naut.), one in which a ship may carry her topgallant sails.

Gale (?), v. i. (Naut.) To sale, or sail fast.

Gale, n. [OE. gal. See Gale wind.] A song or story. [Obs.] Toone.

Gale, v. i. [AS. galan. See 1st Gale.] To sing. [Obs.] “Can he cry and gale.” Court of Love.

Gale, n. [AS. gagel, akin to D. gagel.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Myrica, growing in wet places, and strongly resembling the bayberry. The sweet gale (Myrica Gale) is found both in Europe and in America.

Gale, n. [Cf. Gabel.] The payment of a rent or annuity. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Gale day, the day on which rent or interest is due.

||Ga”le*a (?), n. [L., a helmet.] 1. (Bot.) The upper lip or helmet-shaped part of a labiate flower.

2. (Surg.) A kind of bandage for the head.

3. (Pathol.) Headache extending all over the head.

4. (Paleon.) A genus of fossil echini, having a vaulted, helmet-shaped shell.

5. (Zoöl.) The anterior, outer process of the second joint of the maxillae in certain insects.

Gal”e*as (?), n. See Galleass.

{ Ga”le*ate (?), Ga”le*a`ted (?), } a. [L. galeatus, p. p. of galeare helmet.] 1. Wearing a helmet; protected by a helmet; covered, as with a helmet.

2. (Biol.) Helmeted; having a helmetlike part, as a crest, a flower, etc.; helmet-shaped.

||Ga”le*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Galeus, name of one genus, fr. Gr. &?; a kind of shark.] (Zoöl.) That division of elasmobranch fishes which includes the sharks.

Ga*le”na (?), n.[L. galena lead ore, dross that remains after melting lead: cf. F. galène sulphide of lead ore, antidote to poison, stillness of the sea, calm, tranquility.]

1. (Med.) A remedy or antidote for poison; theriaca. [Obs.] Parr.

2. (Min.) Lead sulphide; the principal ore of lead. It is of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, and is cubic in crystallization and cleavage.

False galena. See Blende.

Ga*len”ic (?), Ga*len”ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or containing, galena.

Ga*len”ic, Ga*len”ic*al, a. [From Galen, the physician.] Relating to Galen or to his principles and method of treating diseases. Dunglison.

Galenic pharmacy, that branch of pharmacy which relates to the preparation of medicines by infusion, decoction, etc., as distinguished from those which are chemically prepared.

Ga”len*ism (?), n. The doctrines of Galen.

Ga*len*ist, n. A follower of Galen.

Ga*le”nite (?), n. (Min.) Galena; lead ore.

||Ga`le*o*pi*the”cus (gā`l&esl;*&osl;*p&ibreve;*thē“kŭs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gale`h a weasel + pi`qhkos an ape.] (Zoöl.) A genus of flying Insectivora, formerly called flying lemurs. See Colugo.

Gal`er*ic”u*late (?), a. [L. galericulum, dim. of galerum a hat or cap, fr. galea helmet.] Covered as with a hat or cap. Smart.

Gal”er*ite (?), n. [L. galerum a hat, cap: cf. F. galérite.] (Paleon.) A cretaceous fossil sea urchin of the genus Galerites.

Ga*li”cian (?), a. [Cf. Sp. Galiciano, Gallego, fr. L. Gallaecus, Gallaicus, fr. Gallaeci a people in Western Spain.] Of or pertaining to Galicia, in Spain, or to Galicia, the kingdom of Austrian Poland. — n. A native of Galicia in Spain; — called also Gallegan.

Gal`i*le”an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Galileo; as, the Galilean telescope. See Telescope.

Gal`i*le”an (?), a. [L. Galilaeus, fr. Galilaea Galilee, Gr. &?;: cf. F. galiléen.] Of or relating to Galilee.

Gal`i*le”an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Galilee, the northern province of Palestine under the Romans.

2. (Jewish Hist.) One of the party among the Jews, who opposed the payment of tribute to the Romans; — called also Gaulonite.

3. A Christian in general; — used as a term of reproach by Mohammedans and Pagans. Byron.

Gal”i*lee (?), n. [Supposed to have been so termed in allusion to the scriptural “Galilee of the Gentiles.” cf. OF. galilée.] (Arch.) A porch or waiting room, usually at the west end of an abbey church, where the monks collected on returning from processions, where bodies were laid previous to interment, and where women were allowed to see the monks to whom they were related, or to hear divine service. Also, frequently applied to the porch of a church, as at Ely and Durham cathedrals. Gwilt.

Gal`i*ma”tias (?), n. [F.] Nonsense; gibberish; confused and unmeaning talk; confused mixture.

Her dress, like her talk, is a galimatias of several countries.

Walpole.

Gal”in*gale (?), n. [See Galangal.] (Bot.) A plant of the Sedge family (Cyperus longus) having aromatic roots; also, any plant of the same genus. Chaucer.

Meadow, set with slender galingale.

Tennyson.

Gal”i*ot (?), n. [OE. galiote, F. galiote. See Galley.] (Naut.) (a) A small galley, formerly used in the Mediterranean, built mainly for speed. It was moved both by sails and oars, having one mast, and sixteen or twenty seats for rowers. (b) A strong, light-draft, Dutch merchant vessel, carrying a mainmast and a mizzenmast, and a large gaff mainsail.

Gal”i*pot (?), n. [F. galipot; cf. OF. garipot the wild pine or pitch tree.] An impure resin of turpentine, hardened on the outside of pine trees by the spontaneous evaporation of its essential oil. When purified, it is called yellow pitch, white pitch, or Burgundy pitch.

Gall (g&add;l), n.[OE. galle, gal, AS. gealla; akin to D. gal, OS. & OHG. galla, Icel. gall, SW. galla, Dan. galde, L. fel, Gr. &?;, and prob. to E. yellow. √49. See Yellow, and cf. Choler] 1. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkaline, viscid fluid found in the gall bladder, beneath the liver. It consists of the secretion of the liver, or bile, mixed with that of the mucous membrane of the gall bladder.

2. The gall bladder.

3. Anything extremely bitter; bitterness; rancor.

He hath . . . compassed me with gall and travail.

Lam. iii. 5.

Comedy diverted without gall.

Dryden.

4. Impudence; brazen assurance. [Slang]

Gall bladder (Anat.), the membranous sac, in which the bile, or gall, is stored up, as secreted by the liver; the cholecystis. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. — Gall duct, a duct which conveys bile, as the cystic duct, or the hepatic duct. — Gall sickness, a remitting bilious fever in the Netherlands. Dunglison. — Gall of the earth (Bot.), an herbaceous composite plant with variously lobed and cleft leaves, usually the Prenanthes serpentaria.

Gall (?), n. [F. galle, noix de galle, fr. L. galla.] (Zoöl.) An excrescence of any form produced on any part of a plant by insects or their larvae. They are most commonly caused by small Hymenoptera and Diptera which puncture the bark and lay their eggs in the wounds. The larvae live within the galls. Some galls are due to aphids, mites, etc. See Gallnut.

&fist; The galls, or gallnuts, of commerce are produced by insects of the genus Cynips, chiefly on an oak (Quercus infectoria or Lusitanica) of Western Asia and Southern Europe. They contain much tannin, and are used in the manufacture of that article and for making ink and a black dye, as well as in medicine.

Gall insect (Zoöl.), any insect that produces galls. — Gall midge (Zoöl.), any small dipterous insect that produces galls. — Gall oak, the oak (Quercus infectoria) which yields the galls of commerce. — Gall of glass, the neutral salt skimmed off from the surface of melted crown glass; — called also glass gall and sandiver. Ure. — Gall wasp. (Zoöl.) See Gallfly.

Gall, v. t. (Dyeing) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts. Ure.

Gall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Galling.] [OE. gallen; cf. F. galer to scratch, rub, gale scurf, scab, G. galle a disease in horses’ feet, an excrescence under the tongue of horses; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gall gallnut.] 1. To fret and wear away by friction; to hurt or break the skin of by rubbing; to chafe; to injure the surface of by attrition; as, a saddle galls the back of a horse; to gall a mast or a cable.

I am loth to gall a new-healed wound.

Shak.

2. To fret; to vex; as, to be galled by sarcasm.

They that are most galled with my folly,
They most must laugh.

Shak.

3. To injure; to harass; to annoy; as, the troops were galled by the shot of the enemy.

In our wars against the French of old, we used to gall them with our longbows, at a greater distance than they could shoot their arrows.

Addison.

Gall, v. i. To scoff; to jeer. [R.] Shak.

Gall, n. A wound in the skin made by rubbing.

Gal”lant (?), a. [F. gallant, prop. p. pr. of OF. galer to rejoice, akin to OF. gale amusement, It. gala ornament; of German origin; cf. OHG. geil merry, luxuriant, wanton, G. geil lascivious, akin to AS. g&?;l wanton, wicked, OS. g&?;l merry, Goth. gailjan to make to rejoice, or perh. akin to E. weal. See Gala, Galloon.]

1. Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay; well- dressed.

The town is built in a very gallant place.

Evelyn.

Our royal, good and gallant ship.

Shak.

2. Noble in bearing or spirit; brave; high- spirited; courageous; heroic; magnanimous; as, a gallant youth; a gallant officer.

That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds.

Shak.

The gay, the wise, the gallant, and the grave.

Waller.

Syn. — Gallant, Courageous, Brave. Courageous is generic, denoting an inward spirit which rises above fear; brave is more outward, marking a spirit which braves or defies danger; gallant rises still higher, denoting bravery on extraordinary occasions in a spirit of adventure. A courageous man is ready for battle; a brave man courts it; a gallant man dashes into the midst of the conflict.

Gal*lant” (?; 277), a. Polite and attentive to ladies; courteous to women; chivalrous.

Gal*lant” (?; 277), n. 1. A man of mettle or spirit; a gay, fashionable man; a young blood. Shak.

2. One fond of paying attention to ladies.

3. One who wooes; a lover; a suitor; in a bad sense, a seducer. Addison.

&fist; In the first sense it is by some orthoëpists (as in Shakespeare) accented on the first syllable.

Gal*lant” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallanting.] 1. To attend or wait on, as a lady; as, to gallant ladies to the play.

2. To handle with grace or in a modish manner; as, to gallant a fan. [Obs.] Addison.

Gal*lant”ly (?), adv. In a polite or courtly manner; like a gallant or wooer.

Gal”lant*ly (?), adv. In a gallant manner.

Gal”lant*ness (?), n. The quality of being gallant.

Gal”lant*ry (?), n.; pl. Gallantries (#). [F. galanterie.] 1. Splendor of appearance; ostentatious finery. [Archaic]

Guess the gallantry of our church by this . . . when the desk whereon the priest read was inlaid with plates of silver.

Fuller.

2. Bravery; intrepidity; as, the troops behaved with great gallantry.

3. Civility or polite attention to ladies; in a bad sense, attention or courtesy designed to win criminal favors from a female; freedom of principle or practice with respect to female virtue; intrigue.

4. Gallant persons, collectively. [R.]

Helenus, Antenor, and all the gallantry of Troy.

Shak.

Syn. — See Courage, and Heroism.

Gal”late (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. gallate. See Gall gallnut.] (Chem.) A salt of gallic acid.

Gal”la*ture (?; 135), n. [From L. gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) The tread, treadle, or chalasa of an egg.

Gal”le*ass (?; 135), n. [F. galéasse, galéace; cf. It. galeazza, Sp. galeaza; LL. galea a galley. See Galley.] (Naut.) A large galley, having some features of the galleon, as broadside guns; esp., such a vessel used by the southern nations of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. See Galleon, and Galley. [Written variously galeas, gallias, etc.]

&fist; “The galleasses . . . were a third larger than the ordinary galley, and rowed each by three hundred galley slaves. They consisted of an enormous towering structure at the stern, a castellated structure almost equally massive in front, with seats for the rowers amidships.” Motley.

{ Gal*le”gan (găl*lē“gan), Gal*le”go (găl*lē“g&osl; or g&adot;*lyā“g&osl;), } n. [Sp. Gallego.] A native or inhabitant of Galicia, in Spain; a Galician.

Gal”le*ïn (?), n. [Pyrogallol + phthaleïn.] (Chem.) A red crystalline dyestuff, obtained by heating together pyrogallic and phthalic acids.

Gal”le*on (?), n. [Sp. galeon, cf. F. galion; fr. LL. galeo, galio. See Galley.] (Naut.) A sailing vessel of the 15th and following centuries, often having three or four decks, and used for war or commerce. The term is often rather indiscriminately applied to any large sailing vessel.

The galleons . . . were huge, round-stemmed, clumsy vessels, with bulwarks three or four feet thick, and built up at stem and stern, like castles.

Motley.

Gal”le*ot (?), n. (Naut.) See Galiot.

Gal”ler*y (?), n.; pl. Galleries (#). [F. galerie, It. galleria, fr. LL. galeria gallery, perh. orig., a festal hall, banquetting hall; cf. OF. galerie a rejoicing, fr. galer to rejoice. Cf. Gallant, a.] 1. A long and narrow corridor, or place for walking; a connecting passageway, as between one room and another; also, a long hole or passage excavated by a boring or burrowing animal.

2. A room for the exhibition of works of art; as, a picture gallery; hence, also, a large or important collection of paintings, sculptures, etc.

3. A long and narrow platform attached to one or more sides of public hall or the interior of a church, and supported by brackets or columns; — sometimes intended to be occupied by musicians or spectators, sometimes designed merely to increase the capacity of the hall.

4. (Naut.) A frame, like a balcony, projecting from the stern or quarter of a ship, and hence called stern gallery or quarter gallery, — seldom found in vessels built since 1850.

5. (Fort.) Any communication which is covered overhead as well as at the sides. When prepared for defense, it is a defensive gallery.

6. (Mining) A working drift or level.

Whispering gallery. See under Whispering.

Gal”le*tyle (?), n. [OE. gallytile. Cf. Gallipot.] A little tile of glazed earthenware. [Obs.] “The substance of galletyle.” Bacon.

Gal”ley (?), n.; pl. Galleys (#). [OE. gale, galeie (cf. OF. galie, galée, LL. galea, LGr. &?;; of unknown origin.] 1. (Naut.) A vessel propelled by oars, whether having masts and sails or not; as: (a) A large vessel for war and national purposes; — common in the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th century. (b) A name given by analogy to the Greek, Roman, and other ancient vessels propelled by oars. (c) A light, open boat used on the Thames by customhouse officers, press gangs, and also for pleasure. (d) One of the small boats carried by a man-of- war.

&fist; The typical galley of the Mediterranean was from one hundred to two hundred feet long, often having twenty oars on each side. It had two or three masts rigged with lateen sails, carried guns at prow and stern, and a complement of one thousand to twelve hundred men, and was very efficient in mediaeval warfare. Galleons, galliots, galleasses, half galleys, and quarter galleys were all modifications of this type.

2. The cookroom or kitchen and cooking apparatus of a vessel; — sometimes on merchant vessels called the caboose.

3. (Chem.) An oblong oven or muffle with a battery of retorts; a gallery furnace.

4. [F. galée; the same word as E. galley a vessel.] (Print.) (a) An oblong tray of wood or brass, with upright sides, for holding type which has been set, or is to be made up, etc. (b) A proof sheet taken from type while on a galley; a galley proof.

Galley slave, a person condemned, often as a punishment for crime, to work at the oar on board a galley. “To toil like a galley slave.” Macaulay.— Galley slice (Print.), a sliding false bottom to a large galley. Knight.

Gal”ley-bird` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker; also, the spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.]

Gal”ley-worm` (?), n. [Prob. so called because the numerous legs along the sides move rhythmically like the oars of a galley.] (Zoöl.) A chilognath myriapod of the genus Iulus, and allied genera, having numerous short legs along the sides; a milliped or “thousand legs.” See Chilognatha.

Gall”fly` (?), n.; pl. Gallflies (&?;). (Zoöl.) An insect that deposits its eggs in plants, and occasions galls, esp. any small hymenopteran of the genus Cynips and allied genera. See Illust. of Gall.

Gal`li*am”bic (?), a. [L. galliambus a song used by the priests of Cybele; Gallus (a name applied to these priests) + iambus] (Pros.) Consisting of two iambic dimeters catalectic, the last of which lacks the final syllable; — said of a kind of verse.

Gal”li*an (?), a. [See Gallic.] Gallic; French. [Obs.] Shak.

Gal”liard (?), a. [OE., fr. F. gaillard, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. galach valiant, or AS. gagol, geagl, wanton, lascivious.] Gay; brisk; active. [Obs.]

Gal”liard, n. A brisk, gay man. [Obs.]

Selden is a galliard by himself.

Cleveland.

Gal”liard, n. [F. gaillarde, cf. Sp. gallarda. See Galliard, a.] A gay, lively dance. Cf. Gailliarde.

Never a hall such a galliard did grace.

Sir. W. Scott.

Gal`liard*ise (?), n. [F. gaillardise. See Galliard, a.] Excessive gayety; merriment. [Obs.]

The mirth and galliardise of company.

Sir. T. Browne.

Gal”liard*ness, n. Gayety. [Obs.] Gayton.

Gal”li*ass (?), n. Same as Galleass.

Gal”lic (?), a. [From Gallium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, gallium.

Gal”lic (277), a. [From Gall the excrescence.] Pertaining to, or derived from, galls, nutgalls, and the like.

Gallic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, very widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, being found in the free state in galls, tea, etc., and produced artificially. It is a white, crystalline substance, C_6H_2(HO)3.CO_2H, with an astringent taste, and is a strong reducing agent, as employed in photography. It is usually prepared from tannin, and both give a dark color with iron salts, forming tannate and gallate of iron, which are the essential ingredients of common black ink.

Gal”lic (?), a. [L. Gallicus belonging to the Gauls, fr. Galli the Gauls, Gallia Gaul, now France: cf. F. gallique.] Pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallican.

Gal”li*can (?), a. [L. Gallicanus: cf. F. gallican.] Of or pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallic; French; as, the Gallican church or clergy.

Gal”li*can, n. An adherent to, and supporter of, Gallicanism. Shipley.

Gal”li*can*ism (?), n. The principles, tendencies, or action of those, within the Roman Catholic Church in France, who (esp. in 1682) sought to restrict the papal authority in that country and increase the power of the national church. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

Gal”li*cism (?), n. [F. gallicisme.] A mode of speech peculiar to the French; a French idiom; also, in general, a French mode or custom.

Gal”li*cize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallicized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gallicizing (?).] To conform to the French mode or idiom.

Gal”lied (?), p. p. & a. (Naut.) Worried; flurried; frightened. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Gal”li*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like the Gallinae (or Galliformes) in structure.

Gal`li*gas”kins (?), n. pl. [Prob. corrupted fr. It. Grechesco Grecian, a name which seems to have been given in Venice, and to have been afterwards confused with Gascony, as if they came from Gascony.] Loose hose or breeches; leather leg quards. The word is used loosely and often in a jocose sense.

||Gal`li*ma”ti*a (? or ?), n. Senseless talk. [Obs. or R.] See Galimatias.

Gal`li*mau”fry (?), n.; pl. Gallimaufries (#). [F. galimafrée a sort of ragout or mixed hash of different meats.] 1. A hash of various kinds of meats, a ragout.

Delighting in hodge-podge, gallimaufries, forced meat.

King.

2. Any absurd medley; a hotchpotch.

The Mahometan religion, which, being a gallimaufry made up of many, partakes much of the Jewish.

South.

Gal”lin (?), n. (Chem.) A substance obtained by the reduction of galleïn.

||Gal”li*nace*ae (?), n. pl. [NL. See Gallinaceous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Gallinae.

Gal`li*na”cean (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gallinae or gallinaceous birds.

Gal`li*na”ceous (?), a.[L. gallinaceus, fr. gallina hen, fr. gallus cock.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the domestic fowls and pheasants; of or pertaining to the Gallinae.

||Gal*li”nae (?), n.; pl. [NL., fr. L. gallina a hen, gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the common domestic fowls, pheasants, grouse, quails, and allied forms; — sometimes called Rasores.

Gall”ing (?), a. Fitted to gall or chafe; vexing; harassing; irritating. — Gall”ing*ly, adv.

Gal”li*nip`per (?), n. A large mosquito.

Gal”li*nule (?), n. [L. gallinula chicken, dim. of gallina hen: cf. F. gallinule.] (Zoöl.) One of several wading birds, having long, webless toes, and a frontal shield, belonging to the family Rallidae. They are remarkable for running rapidly over marshes and on floating plants. The purple gallinule of America is Ionornis Martinica, that of the Old World is Porphyrio porphyrio. The common European gallinule (Gallinula chloropus) is also called moor hen, water hen, water rail, moor coot, night bird, and erroneously dabchick. Closely related to it is the Florida gallinule (Gallinula galeata).

&fist; The purple gallinule of Southern Europe and Asia was formerly believed to be able to detect and report adultery, and for that reason, chiefly, it was commonly domesticated by the ancients.

Gal”li*ot (?), n. See Galiot.

Gal*lip”o*li oil` (?). An inferior kind of olive oil, brought from Gallipoli, in Italy.

Gal”li*pot (?), n. [Prob. fr. OD. gleypot, the first part of which is possibly akin to E. glad. See Glad, and Pot.] A glazed earthen pot or vessel, used by druggists and apothecaries for containing medicines, etc.

Gal”li*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Gallia France.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, found in certain zinc ores. It is white, hard, and malleable, resembling aluminium, and remarkable for its low melting point (86° F., 30° C). Symbol Ga. Atomic weight 69.9.

&fist; The element was predicted with most of its properties, under the name ekaluminium, by the Russian chemist Mendelejeff, on the basis of the Periodic law. This prediction was verified in its discovery by the French chemist Lecoq de Boisbaudran by its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines), in an examination of a zinc blende from the Pyrenees.

Gal”li*vant (?), v. i. [From Gallant.] To play the beau; to wait upon the ladies; also, to roam about for pleasure without any definite plan. [Slang] Dickens.

Gal”li*vat (?), n.[Prob. fr. Pg. galeota; cf. E. galiot, galley.] (Naut.) A small armed vessel, with sails and oars, — used on the Malabar coast. A. Chalmers.

Gal”li*wasp` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A West Indian lizard (Celestus occiduus), about a foot long, imagined by the natives to be venomous.

Gall”nut` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A round gall produced on the leaves and shoots of various species of the oak tree. See Gall, and Nutgall.

Gal`lo*ma”ni*a (?), n. [L. Galli Gauls + mania madness.] An excessive admiration of what is French. — Gal`lo*ma”ni*ac (#), n.

Gal”lon (?), n. [OF galon, jalon, LL. galo, galona, fr. galum a liquid measure; cf. F. jale large bowl. Cf. Gill a measure.] A measure of capacity, containing four quarts; — used, for the most part, in liquid measure, but sometimes in dry measure.

&fist; The standart gallon of the Unites States contains 231 cubic inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at its maximum density, and with the barometer at 30 inches. This is almost exactly equivalent to a cylinder of seven inches in diameter and six inches in height, and is the same as the old English wine gallon. The beer gallon, now little used in the United States, contains 282 cubic inches. The English imperial gallon contains 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at 62&?; of Fahrenheit, and barometer at 30 inches, equal to 277.274 cubic inches.

Gal*loon” (?), n. [From F. or Sp. galon. See Gala. ] 1. A narrow tapelike fabric used for binding hats, shoes, etc., — sometimes made ornamental.

2. A similar bordering or binding of rich material, such as gold lace.

Silver and gold galloons, with the like glittering gewgaws.

Addison.

Gal*looned` (?), a. Furnished or adorned with galloon.

Gal”lop (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Galloped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Galloping.] [OE. galopen, F. galoper, of German origin; cf. assumed Goth. ga-hlaupan to run, OHG. giloufen, AS. gehleápan to leap, dance, fr. root of E. leap, and a prefix; or cf. OFlem. walop a gallop. See Leap, and cf. 1st Wallop.] 1. To move or run in the mode called a gallop; as a horse; to go at a gallop; to run or move with speed.

But gallop lively down the western hill.

Donne.

2. To ride a horse at a gallop.

3. Fig.: To go rapidly or carelessly, as in making a hasty examination.

Such superficial ideas he may collect in galloping over it.

Locke.

Gal”lop (?), v. t. To cause to gallop.

Gal”lop, n. [Cf. F. galop. See Gallop, v. i., and cf. Galop.] A mode of running by a quadruped, particularly by a horse, by lifting alternately the fore feet and the hind feet, in successive leaps or bounds.

Hand gallop, a slow or gentle gallop.

Gal”lo*pade` (?), n. [F. galopade. See Gallop, n.] 1. I horsemanship, a sidelong or curveting kind of gallop.

2. A kind of dance; also, music to the dance; a galop.

Gal`lo*pade” (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gallopaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallopading.] 1. To gallop, as on horseback.

2. To perform the dance called gallopade.

Gal”lop*er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, gallops.

2. (Mil.) A carriage on which very small guns were formerly mounted, the gun resting on the shafts, without a limber. Farrow.

Galloper gun, a light gun, supported on a galloper, — formerly attached to British infantry regiments.

Gal”lo*pin (?), n.[F. galopin. See Gallop, v. i.] An under servant for the kitchen; a scullion; a cook’s errand boy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Gal”lop*ing (?), a. Going at a gallop; progressing rapidly; as, a galloping horse.

Gal`lo*tan”nic (?), a. [Gall nutgall + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to the tannin or nutgalls.

Gallotannic acid. See Tannic acid, under Tannic.

Gal”low (?), v. t. [Cf. AS. āgelwan to stupefy.] To fright or terrify. See Gally, v. t. [Obs.] Shak.

Gal”lo*way (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small horse of a breed raised at Galloway, Scotland; — called also garran, and garron.

Gal”low*glass` (?), n. [Ir. galloglach. Cf. Gillie.] A heavy-armed foot soldier from Ireland and the Western Isles in the time of Edward &?; Shak.

Gal”lows (?), n. sing.; pl. Gallowses (#) or Gallows. [OE. galwes, pl., AS. galga, gealga, gallows, cross; akin to D. galg gallows, OS. & OHG. galgo, G. galgen, Icel. gālgi, Sw. & Dan. galge, Goth. galga a cross. Etymologically and historically considered, gallows is a noun in the plural number, but it is used as a singular, and hence is preceded by a; as, a gallows.] 1. A frame from which is suspended the rope with which criminals are executed by hanging, usually consisting of two upright posts and a crossbeam on the top; also, a like frame for suspending anything.

So they hanged Haman on the gallows.

Esther vii. 10.

If I hang, I’ll make a fat pair of gallows.

Shak.

O, there were desolation of gaolers and gallowses!

Shak.

2. A wretch who deserves the gallows. [R.] Shak.

3. (Print.) The rest for the tympan when raised.

4. pl. A pair of suspenders or braces. [Colloq.]

Gallows bird, a person who deserves the gallows. [Colloq.] — Gallows bitts (Naut.), one of two or more frames amidships on deck for supporting spare spars; — called also gallows, gallows top, gallows frame, etc. — Gallows frame. (a) The frame supporting the beam of an engine. (b) (Naut.) Gallows bitts. — Gallows, or Gallow tree, the gallows.

At length him nailéd on a gallow tree.

Spenser.

Gall”stone` (?), n. A concretion, or calculus, formed in the gall bladder or biliary passages. See Calculus, n., 1.

Gal”ly (?), v. t. [See Gallow, v. t.] To frighten; to worry. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] T. Brown.

Gall”y (?), a. Like gall; bitter as gall. Cranmer.

Gal”ly (?), n. See Galley, n., 4.

Gal`ly*gas”kins, n. pl. See Galligaskins.

Ga*loche”, Ga*loshe” (&?;), [OE. galoche, galache, galage, shoe, F. galoche galoche, perh. altered fr. L. gallica a Gallic shoe, or fr. LL. calopedia wooden shoe, or shoe with a wooden sole, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?;, &?;, a shoemaker’s last; &?; wood + &?; foot.] 1. A clog or patten. [Obs.]

Nor were worthy [to] unbuckle his galoche.

Chaucer.

2. Hence: An overshoe worn in wet weather.

3. A gaiter, or legging, covering the upper part of the shoe and part of the leg.

Ga*loot” (?), n. A noisy, swaggering, or worthless fellow; a rowdy. [Slang, U. S.]

Gal”op (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A kind of lively dance, in 2-4 time; also, the music to the dance.

Ga*lore” (?), n. & a. [Scot. gelore, gilore, galore, fr. Gael. gu leòr, enough; gu- to, also an adverbial prefix + leòr, leòir, enough; or fr. Ir. goleor, the same word.] Plenty; abundance; in abundance.

Ga*loshe” (?), n. Same as Galoche.

Galpe (?), v. i. To gape,; to yawn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gal”some (?), a. [Gall bitterness + some.] Angry; malignant. [Obs.] Bp. Morton.

Galt (?), n. [See Gault.] Same as Gault.

Gal*van”ic (?), a. [From Galvani, a professor of physiology at Bologna, on account of his connection (about 1780) with the discovery of dynamical or current electricity: cf. F. galvanique.] Of or pertaining to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, galvanism; employing or producing electrical currents.

Galvanic battery (Elec.), an apparatus for generating electrical currents by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; — now usually called voltaic battery. See Battery. — Galvanic circuit or circle. (Elec.) See under Circuit. — Galvanic pile (Elec.), the voltaic pile. See under Voltaic.

Gal”va*nism (?), n. [From Galvani: cf. F. galvanisme. See Galvanic.] (Physics) (a) Electricity excited by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; dynamical electricity. (b) The branch of physical science which treats of dynamical elecricity, or the properties and effects of electrical currents.

&fist; The words galvanism and galvanic, formerly in very general use, are now rarely employed. For the latter, voltaic, from the name of Volta, is commonly used.

Gal”va*nist (?), n. One versed in galvanism.

Gal”va*niza`tion (?), n. The act of process of galvanizing.

Gal”va*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galvanized (?); p pr. & vb. n. Galvanizing (?).] [Cf. F. galvaniser.] 1. To affect with galvanism; to subject to the action of electrical currents.

2. To plate, as with gold, silver, etc., by means of electricity.

3. To restore to consciousness by galvanic action (as from a state of suspended animation); hence, to stimulate or excite to a factitious animation or activity.

4. To coat, as iron, with zinc. See Galvanized iron.

Galvanized iron, formerly, iron coated with zink by electrical deposition; now more commonly, iron coated with zink by plunging into a bath of melted zink, after its surface has been cleaned by friction with the aid of dilute acid.

Gal”va*ni`zer (?), n. One who, or that which, galvanize.

Gal*van`o*caus”tic (?), a. [Galvanic + caustic.] Relating to the use of galvanic heat as a caustic, especially in medicine.

Gal*van`o*cau”ter*y (?), n. (Med.) Cautery effected by a knife or needle heated by the passage of a galvanic current.

Gal`va*nog”ly*phy (?), n. [Galvanic + Gr. &?; to engrave.] Same as Glyphography.

Gal*van”o*graph (?), n. [Galvanic + -graph.] (Engraving) A copperplate produced by the method of galvanography; also, a picture printed from such a plate.

Gal*van`o*graph”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to galvanography.

Gal`va*nog”ra*phy (?), n. [Galvanic + -graphy.] 1. The art or process of depositing metals by electricity; electrotypy.

2. A method of producing by means of electrotyping process (without etching) copperplates which can be printed from in the same manner as engraved plates.

Gal`va*nol”o*gist (?), n. One who describes the phenomena of galvanism; a writer on galvanism.

Gal`va*nol”o*gy (?) n. [Galvanic + -logy.] A treatise on galvanism, or a description of its phenomena.

Gal`va*nom”e*ter (?), n. [Galvanic + -meter: cf. F. galvanomètre.] (Elec.) An instrument or apparatus for measuring the intensity of an electric current, usually by the deflection of a magnetic needle.

Differential galvanometer. See under Differental, a. — Sine galvanometer, Cosine galvanometer, Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer in which the sine, cosine, or tangent respectively, of the angle through which the needle is deflected, is proportional to the strength of the current passed through the instrument.

Gal*van`o*met”ric (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or measured by, a galvanometer.

Gal`va*nom”e*try (?), n. The art or process of measuring the force of electric currents.

Gal*van`o*plas”tic (?), a. [Galvanic + -plastic.] Of or pertaining to the art or process of electrotyping; employing, or produced by, the process of electolytic deposition; as, a galvano-plastic copy of a medal or the like.

Gal*van”o*plas`ty (?), n. [Cf. F. galanoplastie.] The art or process of electrotypy.

Gal*van`o*punc”ture (?), n. (Med.) Same as Electro-puncture.

Gal*van`o*scope (?), n. [Galvanic + -scope: cf. F. galvanoscope.] (Elec.) An instrument or apparatus for detecting the presence of electrical currents, especially such as are of feeble intensity.

Gal*van`o*scop”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a galvanoscope.

Gal`va*nos”co*py (?), n. (Physiol.) The use of galvanism in physiological experiments.

||Gal`va*not”o*nus (?), n. [NL., fr. E. galvanic + Gr. &?; to tone.] (Physiol.) Same as Electrotonus.

Gal`va*not”ro*pism (?), n. [Galvanic + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Bot.) The tendency of a root to place its axis in the line of a galvanic current.

Gal”wes (?), n. Gallows. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga”ma grass` (?). [From Gama, a cluster of the Maldive Islands.] (Bot.) A species of grass (Tripsacum dactyloides) tall, stout, and exceedingly productive; cultivated in the West Indies, Mexico, and the Southern States of North America as a forage grass; — called also sesame grass.

Ga*mash”es (?), n. pl. [F. gamaches.] High boots or buskins; in Scotland, short spatterdashes or riding trousers, worn over the other clothing.

||Gam”ba (?), n. A viola da gamba.

Gam*ba”does (?), n. pl. [I. or Sp. gamba leg. See Gambol, n.] Same as Gamashes.

His thin legs tenanted a pair of gambadoes fastened at the side with rusty clasps.

Sir W. Scott.

Gam”be*son (?), n. Same as Gambison.

Gam”bet (?), n. [Fr. gambette, or It. gambetta.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genuis Totanus. See Tattler.

Gam”bier (?), n. [Malayan.] (a) The inspissated juice of a plant (Uncaria Gambir) growing in Malacca. It is a powerful astringent, and, under the name of Terra Japonica, is used for chewing with the Areca nut, and is exported for tanning and dyeing. (b) Catechu. [Written also gambeer and gambir.]

Gam”bi*son (?), n. [OF. gambeson, gambaison, fr. gambais, wambais, of German origin: cf. MHG. wambeis, G. wams doublet, fr. OHG. wamba, stomach. See Womb.] A defensive garment formerly in use for the body, made of cloth stuffed and quilted.

Gam”bist (?), n. [It. gamba leg.] (Mus.) A performer upon the viola di gamba. See under Viola.

Gam”bit (?), n. [F. gambit, cf. It. gambitto gambit, a tripping up. See Gambol, n.] (Chess Playing) A mode of opening the game, in which a pawn is sacrificed to gain an attacking position.

Gam”ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gambling (?).] [Dim. of game. See 2d Game.] To play or game for money or other stake.

Gamble, v. t. To lose or squander by gaming; — usually with away. “Bankrupts or sots who have gambled or slept away their estates.” Ames.

Gam”bler (?), n. One who gambles.

Gam*boge” (?), n. A concrete juice, or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylindrical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, — whence its name. The best kind is of a dense, compact texture, and of a beatiful reddish yellow. Taken internally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic and emetic. [Written also camboge.]

&fist; There are several kinds of gamboge, but all are derived from species of Garcinia, a genus of trees of the order Guttiferæ. The best Siam gamboge is thought to come from Garcinia Hanburii. Ceylon gamboge is from G. Morella. G. pictoria, of Western India, yields gamboge, and also a kind of oil called gamboge butter.

{ Gam*bo”gi*an (?), Gambogic (?), } a. Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, gamboge.

Gam”bol (găm”b&obreve;l), n. [OE. gambolde, gambaulde, F. gambade, gambol, fr. It. gambata kick, fr. L. gamba leg, akin to F. jambe, OF. also, gambe, fr. L. gamba, hoof or perh. joint: cf. Gr. kamph` a binding, winding, W., Ir. & Gael. cam crooked; perh. akin to E. chamber: cf.F. gambiller to kick about. Cf. Jamb, n., Gammon ham, Gambadoes.] A skipping or leaping about in frolic; a hop; a sportive prank. Dryden.

Gam”bol v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamboled (?), or Gambolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gamboling or Gambolling.] To dance and skip about in sport; to frisk; to skip; to play in frolic, like boys or lambs.

Gam”brel (?), n. [OF. gambe, jambe leg, F. jambe. Cf. Cambrel, Chambrel, and see Gambol. n.] 1. The hind leg of a horse.

2. A stick crooked like a horse’s hind leg; – - used by butchers in suspending slaughtered animals.

Gambrel roof (Arch.), a curb roof having the same section in all parts, with a lower steeper slope and an upper and flatter one, so that each gable is pentagonal in form.

Gam”brel v. t. To truss or hang up by means of a gambrel. Beau. & Fl.

Gam*broon” (?), n. A kind of twilled linen cloth for lining. Simmonds.

Game (?), a. [Cf. W. cam crooked, and E. gambol, n.] Crooked; lame; as, a game leg. [Colloq.]

Game, n. [OE. game, gamen, AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport; akin to OS., OHG., & Icel. gaman, Dan. gammen mirth, merriment, OSw. gamman joy. Cf. Gammon a game, Backgammon, Gamble v. i.] 1. Sport of any kind; jest, frolic.

We have had pastimes here, and pleasant game.

Shak.

2. A contest, physical or mental, according to certain rules, for amusement, recreation, or for winning a stake; as, a game of chance; games of skill; field games, etc.

But war’s a game, which, were their subject wise,
Kings would not play at.

Cowper.

&fist; Among the ancients, especially the Greeks and Romans, there were regularly recurring public exhibitions of strength, agility, and skill under the patronage of the government, usually accompanied with religious ceremonies. Such were the Olympic, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the Isthmian games.

3. The use or practice of such a game; a single match at play; a single contest; as, a game at cards.

Talk the game o’er between the deal.

Lloyd.

4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game; also, the number of points necessary to be scored in order to win a game; as, in short whist five points are game.

5. (Card Playing) In some games, a point credited on the score to the player whose cards counts up the highest.

6. A scheme or art employed in the pursuit of an object or purpose; method of procedure; projected line of operations; plan; project.

Your murderous game is nearly up.

Blackw. Mag.

It was obviously Lord Macaulay’s game to blacken the greatest literary champion of the cause he had set himself to attack.

Saintsbury.

7. Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen; wild meats designed for, or served at, table.

Those species of animals . . . distinguished from the rest by the well-known appellation of game.

Blackstone.

Confidence game. See under Confidence. — To make game of, to make sport of; to mock. Milton.

Game, a. 1. Having a resolute, unyielding spirit, like the gamecock; ready to fight to the last; plucky.

I was game . . . .I felt that I could have fought even to the death.

W. Irving.

2. Of or pertaining to such animals as are hunted for game, or to the act or practice of hunting.

Game bag, a sportsman’s bag for carrying small game captured; also, the whole quantity of game taken. — Game bird, any bird commonly shot for food, esp. grouse, partridges, quails, pheasants, wild turkeys, and the shore or wading birds, such as plovers, snipe, woodcock, curlew, and sandpipers. The term is sometimes arbitrarily restricted to birds hunted by sportsmen, with dogs and guns. — Game egg, an egg producing a gamecock. — Game laws, laws regulating the seasons and manner of taking game for food or for sport. — Game preserver, a land owner who regulates the killing of game on his estate with a view to its increase. [Eng.] — To be game. (a) To show a brave, unyielding spirit. (b) To be victor in a game. [Colloq.] — To die game, to maintain a bold, unyielding spirit to the last; to die fighting.

Game (gām), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamed (gāmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaming.] [OE. gamen, game&?;en, to rejoice, AS. gamenian to play. See Game, n.] 1. To rejoice; to be pleased; — often used, in Old English, impersonally with dative. [Obs.]

God loved he best with all his whole hearte
At alle times, though him gamed or smarte.

Chaucer.

2. To play at any sport or diversion.

3. To play for a stake or prize; to use cards, dice, billiards, or other instruments, according to certain rules, with a view to win money or other thing waged upon the issue of the contest; to gamble.

Game”cock` (-k&obreve;k`), n. (Zoöl.) The male game fowl.

Game” fowl` (-foul`). (Zoöl.) A handsome breed of the common fowl, remarkable for the great courage and pugnacity of the males.

Game”ful (-f&usdot;l), a. Full of game or games.

Game”keep`er (-kēp`&etilde;r), n. One who has the care of game, especially in a park or preserve. Blackstone.

Game”less, a. Destitute of game.

Game”ly, adv. In a plucky manner; spiritedly.

Game”ness, n. Endurance; pluck.

Game”some (?), a. Gay; sportive; playful; frolicsome; merry. Shak.

Gladness of the gamesome crowd.

Byron.

— Game”some*ly, adv. — Game”some*ness, n.

Game”ster (?), n. [Game + - ster.] 1. A merry, frolicsome person. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A person who plays at games; esp., one accustomed to play for a stake; a gambler; one skilled in games.

When lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentlest gamester is the soonest winner.

Shak.

3. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obs.] Shak.

Gam”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; marriage.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or resulting from, sexual connection; formed by the union of the male and female elements.

||Gam”in (?), n. [F.] A neglected and untrained city boy; a young street Arab.

In Japan, the gamins run after you, and say, ‘Look at the Chinaman.’

L. Oliphant.

Gam”ing (?), n. The act or practice of playing games for stakes or wagers; gambling.

Gam”ma (?), n. The third letter (&GAMMA;, γ = Eng. G) of the Greek alphabet.

Gam*ma”di*on (?), n. A cross formed of four capital gammas, formerly used as a mysterious ornament on ecclesiastical vestments, etc. See Fylfot.

Gam”mer (găm”m&etilde;r), n. [Possibly contr. fr. godmother; but prob. fr. grammer for grandmother. Cf. Gaffer.] An old wife; an old woman; — correlative of gaffer, an old man.

Gam”mon (-mŭn), n. [OF. gambon, F. jambon, fr. OF. gambe leg, F. jambe. See Gambol, n., and cf. Ham.] The buttock or thigh of a hog, salted and smoked or dried; the lower end of a flitch. Goldsmith.

Gam”mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gammoned (-mŭnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gammoning.] To make bacon of; to salt and dry in smoke.
[1913 Webster]

Gam”mon, n. [See 2d Game.] 1. Backgammon.

2. An imposition or hoax; humbug. [Colloq.]

Gam”mon, v. t. 1. To beat in the game of backgammon, before an antagonist has been able to get his “men” or counters home and withdraw any of them from the board; as, to gammon a person.

2. To impose on; to hoax; to cajole. [Colloq.] Hood.

Gam”mon, v. t. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) To fasten (a bowsprit) to the stem of a vessel by lashings of rope or chain, or by a band of iron. Totten.

Gam”mon*ing, n. [From 5th Gammon.] (Naut.) The lashing or iron band by which the bowsprit of a vessel is secured to the stem to opposite the lifting action of the forestays.

Gammoning fashion, in the style of gammoning lashing, that is, having the turns of rope crossed. — Gammoning hole (Naut.), a hole cut through the knee of the head of a vessel for the purpose of gammoning the bowsprit.

Gam”mon*ing, n. [From 4th Gammon.] The act of imposing upon or hoaxing a person. [Colloq.]

||Gam`o*gen”e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; marriage + E. genesis.] (Biol.) The production of offspring by the union of parents of different sexes; sexual reproduction; — the opposite of agamogenesis.

Gam`o*ge*net”ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to gamogenesis. — Gam`o*ge*net”ic*al*ly, adv.

Gam`o*mor”phism (?), n. [Gr. &?; marriage + &?; form, shape.] (Biol.) That stage of growth or development in an organism, in which the reproductive elements are generated and matured in preparation for propagating the species.

Gam`o*pet”al*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?; marriage + E. petalous: cf. F. gamopétale.] (Bot.) Having the petals united or joined so as to form a tube or cup; monopetalous.

Ga*moph”yl*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?; marriage + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Composed of leaves united by their edges (coalescent). Gray.

Gam`o*sep”al*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?; marriage + E. sepal.] (Bot.) Formed of united sepals; monosepalous.

Gam”ut (?), n. [F. gamme + ut the name of a musical note. F. gamme is fr. the name of the Greek letter &?;, which was used by Guido d’Arezzo to represent the first note of his model scale. See Gamma, and Ut.] (Mus.) The scale.

Gam”y (?), a. 1. (Cookery) Having the flavor of game, esp. of game kept uncooked till near the condition of tainting; high- flavored.

2. (Sporting) Showing an unyielding spirit to the last; plucky; furnishing sport; as, a gamy trout.

Gan (?), imp. of Gin. [See Gin, v.] Began; commenced.

&fist; Gan was formerly used with the infinitive to form compound imperfects, as did is now employed. Gan regularly denotes the singular; the plural is usually denoted by gunne or gonne.

This man gan fall (i.e., fell) in great suspicion.

Chaucer.

The little coines to their play gunne hie (i. e., hied).

Chaucer.

Later writers use gan both for singular and plural.

Yet at her speech their rages gan relent.

Spenser.

Ganch (?), v. t. [Cf. F. ganche, n., also Sp. & Pg. gancho hook, It. gancio.] To drop from a high place upon sharp stakes or hooks, as the Turks dropped malefactors, by way of punishment.

Ganching, which is to let fall from on high upon hooks, and there to hang until they die.

Sandys.

Gan”der (?), n. [AS. gandra, ganra, akin to Prov. G. gander, ganter, and E. goose, gannet. See Goose.] The male of any species of goose.

Gane (?), v. i. [See Yawn.] To yawn; to gape. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga*ne”sa (?), n. (Hind. Myth.) The Hindoo god of wisdom or prudence.

&fist; He is represented as a short, fat, red-colored man, with a large belly and the head of an elephant. Balfour.

Gang (?), v. i. [AS. gangan, akin to OS. & OHG. gangan, Icel. ganga, Goth. gaggan; cf. Lith. &?;engti to walk, Skr. ja&?;gha leg. √48. Cf. Go.] To go; to walk.

&fist; Obsolete in English literature, but still used in the North of England, and also in Scotland.

Gang, n. [Icel. gangr a going, gang, akin to AS., D., G., & Dan. gang a going, Goth. gaggs street, way. See Gang, v. i.] 1. A going; a course. [Obs.]

2. A number going in company; hence, a company, or a number of persons associated for a particular purpose; a group of laborers under one foreman; a squad; as, a gang of sailors; a chain gang; a gang of thieves.

3. A combination of similar implements arranged so as, by acting together, to save time or labor; a set; as, a gang of saws, or of plows.

4. (Naut.) A set; all required for an outfit; as, a new gang of stays.

5. [Cf. Gangue.] (Mining) The mineral substance which incloses a vein; a matrix; a gangue.

Gang board, or Gang plank. (Naut.) (a) A board or plank, with cleats for steps, forming a bridge by which to enter or leave a vessel. (b) A plank within or without the bulwarks of a vessel’s waist, for the sentinel to walk on. — Gang cask, a small cask in which to bring water aboard ships or in which it is kept on deck. — Gang cultivator, Gang plow, a cultivator or plow in which several shares are attached to one frame, so as to make two or more furrows at the same time. — Gang days, Rogation days; the time of perambulating parishes. See Gang week (below). — Gang drill, a drilling machine having a number of drills driven from a common shaft. — Gang master, a master or employer of a gang of workmen. — Gang plank. See Gang board (above). — Gang plow. See Gang cultivator (above). — Gang press, a press for operating upon a pile or row of objects separated by intervening plates. — Gang saw, a saw fitted to be one of a combination or gang of saws hung together in a frame or sash, and set at fixed distances apart. — Gang tide. See Gang week (below). — Gang tooth, a projecting tooth. [Obs.] Halliwell. — Gang week, Rogation week, when formerly processions were made to survey the bounds of parishes. Halliwell. — Live gang, or Round gang, the Western and the Eastern names, respectively, for a gang of saws for cutting the round log into boards at one operation. Knight. — Slabbing gang, an arrangement of saws which cuts slabs from two sides of a log, leaving the middle part as a thick beam.

Gang”er (?), n. One who oversees a gang of workmen. [R.] Mayhew.

Gan*get”ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or inhabiting, the Ganges; as, the Gangetic shark.

Gang”-flow`er (?), n. (Bot.) The common English milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), so called from blossoming in gang week. Dr. Prior.

Gan”gion (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A short line attached to a trawl. See Trawl, n.

{ Gan”gli*ac (?), Gan”gli*al (?), } a. (Anat.) Relating to a ganglion; ganglionic.

{ Gan”gli*ate (?), Gan”gli*a`ted (?), } a. (Anat.) Furnished with ganglia; as, the gangliated cords of the sympathetic nervous system.

{ Gan”gli*form` (?), Gan”gli*o*form` (?), } a. [Ganglion + -form.] (Anat.) Having the form of a ganglion.

Gan”gli*on (?), n.; pl. L. Ganglia (#), E. Ganglions (#). [L. ganglion a sort of swelling or excrescence, a tumor under the skin, Gr. &?;: cf. F. ganglion.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A mass or knot of nervous matter, including nerve cells, usually forming an enlargement in the course of a nerve. (b) A node, or gland in the lymphatic system; as, a lymphatic ganglion.

2. (Med.) A globular, hard, indolent tumor, situated somewhere on a tendon, and commonly formed by the effusion of a viscid fluid into it; — called also weeping sinew.

Ganglion cell, a nerve cell. See Illust. under Bipolar.

Gan”gli*on*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. ganglionnarie.] (Anat.) Ganglionic.

Gan`gli*on”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. ganglionique.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, ganglia or ganglion cells; as, a ganglionic artery; the ganglionic columns of the spinal cord.

Gan”grel (?), a. [Cf. Gang, v. i.] Wandering; vagrant. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gan”gre*nate (?), v. t. To gangrene. [Obs.]

Gan”grene (?), n. [F. gangrène, L. gangraena, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to gnaw, eat; cf. Skr. gras, gar, to devour, and E. voracious, also canker, n., in sense 3.] (Med.) A term formerly restricted to mortification of the soft tissues which has not advanced so far as to produce complete loss of vitality; but now applied to mortification of the soft parts in any stage.

Gan”grene, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gangrened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gangrening.] [Cf. F. gangréner.] To produce gangrene in; to be affected with gangrene.

Gan`gre*nes”cent (?), a. Tending to mortification or gangrene.

Gan”gre*nous (?), a. [Cf. F. gangréneux.] Affected by, or produced by, gangrene; of the nature of gangrene.

Gangue (?), n. [F. gangue, fr. G. gang a metallic vein, a passage. See Gang, n.] (Mining) The mineral or earthy substance associated with metallic ore.

Gang”way` (?), n. [See Gang, v. i.] 1. A passage or way into or out of any inclosed place; esp., a temporary way of access formed of planks.

2. In the English House of Commons, a narrow aisle across the house, below which sit those who do not vote steadly either with the government or with the opposition.

3. (Naut.) The opening through the bulwarks of a vessel by which persons enter or leave it.

4. (Naut.) That part of the spar deck of a vessel on each side of the booms, from the quarter-deck to the forecastle; — more properly termed the waist. Totten.

Gangway ladder, a ladder rigged on the side of a vessel at the gangway. — To bring to the gangway, to punish (a seaman) by flogging him at the gangway.

Gan”il (?), n. [F.] A kind of brittle limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Kirwan.

Gan”is*ter (?), Gan”nis*ter, n. (Mech.) A refractory material consisting of crushed or ground siliceous stone, mixed with fire clay; — used for lining Bessemer converters; also used for macadamizing roads.

Gan”ja (?), n. [Hind. gānjhā.] The dried hemp plant, used in India for smoking. It is extremely narcotic and intoxicating.

Gan”net (?), n. [OE. gant, AS. ganet, ganot, a sea fowl, a fen duck; akin to D. gent gander, OHG. ganazzo. See Gander, Goose.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds of the genus Sula, allied to the pelicans.

&fist; The common gannet of Europe and America (S. bassana), is also called solan goose, chandel goose, and gentleman. In Florida the wood ibis is commonly called gannet.

Booby gannet. See Sula.

||Gan`o*ceph”a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; brightness + &?; head.] (Paleon.) A group of fossil amphibians allied to the labyrinthodonts, having the head defended by bony, sculptured plates, as in some ganoid fishes.

Gan`o*ceph”a*lous (?), a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Ganocephala.

Ga”noid (?), a. [Gr. &?; brightness + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Ganoidei. — n. One of the Ganoidei.

Ganoid scale (Zoöl.), one kind of scales of the ganoid fishes, composed of an inner layer of bone, and an outer layer of shining enamel. They are often so arranged as to form a coat of mail.

Ga*noid”al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Ganoid.

||Ga*noi”de*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) One of the subclasses of fishes. They have an arterial cone and bulb, spiral intestinal valve, and the optic nerves united by a chiasma. Many of the species are covered with bony plates, or with ganoid scales; others have cycloid scales.

&fist; They were numerous, and some of them of large size, in early geological periods; but they are represented by comparatively few living species, most of which inhabit fresh waters, as the bowfin, gar pike, bichir, Ceratodus, paddle fish, and sturgeon.

Ga*noid”i*an (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Ganoid.

Ga”no*ine (?), n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar bony tissue beneath the enamel of a ganoid scale.

Gan”sa (?), n. Same as Ganza. Bp. Hall.

Gant”let (?), n. [Gantlet is corrupted fr. gantlope; gantlope is for gatelope, Sw. gatlopp, orig., a running down a lane; gata street, lane + lopp course, career, akin to löpa to run. See Gate a way, and Leap.] A military punishment formerly in use, wherein the offender was made to run between two files of men facing one another, who struck him as he passed.

To run the gantlet, to suffer the punishment of the gantlet; hence, to go through the ordeal of severe criticism or controversy, or ill-treatment at many hands.

Winthrop ran the gantlet of daily slights.

Palfrey.

&fist; Written also, but less properly, gauntlet.

Gant”let, n. A glove. See Gauntlet.

Gant”line` (?), n. A line rigged to a mast; — used in hoisting rigging; a girtline.

Gant”lope` (?), n. See Gantlet. [Obs.]

Gan”try (?), n. See Gauntree.

Gan”za (?), n. [Sp. gansa, ganso, goose; of Gothic origin. See Gannet, Goose.] A kind of wild goose, by a flock of which a virtuoso was fabled to be carried to the lunar world. [Also gansa.] Johnson.

Gaol (?), n. [See Jail.] A place of confinement, especially for minor offenses or provisional imprisonment; a jail. [Preferably, and in the United States usually, written jail.]

Commission of general gaol delivery, an authority conferred upon judges and others included in it, for trying and delivering every prisoner in jail when the judges, upon their circuit, arrive at the place for holding court, and for discharging any whom the grand jury fail to indict. [Eng.] — Gaol delivery. (Law) See Jail delivery, under Jail.

Gaol”er (?), n. The keeper of a jail. See Jailer.

Gap (?), n. [OE. gap; cf. Icel. gap an empty space, Sw. gap mouth, breach, abyss, Dan. gab mouth, opening, AS. geap expanse; as adj., wide, spacious. See Gape.] An opening in anything made by breaking or parting; as, a gap in a fence; an opening for a passage or entrance; an opening which implies a breach or defect; a vacant space or time; a hiatus; a mountain pass.

Miseries ensued by the opening of that gap.

Knolles.

It would make a great gap in your own honor.

Shak.

Gap lathe (Mach.), a turning lathe with a deep notch in the bed to admit of turning a short object of large diameter. — To stand in the gap, to expose one’s self for the protection of something; to make defense against any assailing danger; to take the place of a fallen defender or supporter. — To stop a gap, to secure a weak point; to repair a defect.

Gap, v. t. 1. To notch, as a sword or knife.

2. To make an opening in; to breach.

Their masses are gapp’d with our grape.

Tennyson.

Gape (?; in Eng, commonly ?; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaped (? or ?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaping] [OE. gapen, AS. geapan to open; akin to D. gapen to gape, G. gaffen, Icel. & Sw. gapa, Dan. gabe; cf. Skr. jabh to snap at, open the mouth. Cf. Gaby, Gap.] 1. To open the mouth wide; as: (a) Expressing a desire for food; as, young birds gape. Dryden.(b) Indicating sleepiness or indifference; to yawn.

She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes,
And asks if it be time to rise.

Swift.

(c) Showing self-forgetfulness in surprise, astonishment, expectation, etc.

With gaping wonderment had stared aghast.

Byron.

(d) Manifesting a desire to injure, devour, or overcome.

They have gaped upon me with their mouth.

Job xvi. 10.

2. To pen or part widely; to exhibit a gap, fissure, or hiatus.

May that ground gape and swallow me alive!

Shak.

3. To long, wait eagerly, or cry aloud for something; — with for, after, or at.

The hungry grave for her due tribute gapes.

Denham.

Syn. — To gaze; stare; yawn. See Gaze.

Gape, n. 1. The act of gaping; a yawn. Addison.

2. (Zoöl.) The width of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, etc.

The gapes. (a) A fit of yawning. (b) A disease of young poultry and other birds, attended with much gaping. It is caused by a parasitic nematode worm (Syngamus trachealis), in the windpipe, which obstructs the breathing. See Gapeworm.

Gap”er (?), n. 1. One who gapes.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish. See 4th Comber. (b) A large edible clam (Schizothærus Nuttalli), of the Pacific coast; — called also gaper clam. (c) An East Indian bird of the genus Cymbirhynchus, related to the broadbills.

Gape”seed` (?), n. Any strange sight. Wright.

Gapes”ing (? or ?), n. Act of gazing about; sightseeing. [Prov. Eng.]

Gape”worm` (? or ?), n. (Zoöl.) The parasitic worm that causes the gapes in birds. See Illustration in Appendix.

Gap”ing*stock` (? or ?), n. One who is an object of open-mouthed wonder.

I was to be a gapingstock and a scorn to the young volunteers.

Godwin.

Gap”-toothed` (?), a. Having interstices between the teeth. Dryden.

Gar (?), n. [Prob. AS. gār dart, spear, lance. The name is applied to the fish on account of its long and slender body and pointed head. Cf. Goad, Gore, v.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any slender marine fish of the genera Belone and Tylosurus. See Garfish. (b) The gar pike. See Alligator gar (under Alligator), and Gar pike.

Gar pike, or Garpike (Zoöl.), a large, elongated ganoid fish of the genus Lepidosteus, of several species, inhabiting the lakes and rivers of temperate and tropical America.

Gar, v. t. [Of Scand. origin. See Gear, n.] To cause; to make. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser.

Gar”an*cin (?; 104), n. [F. garance madder, LL. garantia.] (Chem.) An extract of madder by sulphuric acid. It consists essentially of alizarin.

Garb (?), n. [OF. garbe looks, countenance, grace, ornament, fr. OHG. garawī, garwī, ornament, dress. akin to E. gear. See Gear, n.] 1. (a) Clothing in general. (b) The whole dress or suit of clothes worn by any person, especially when indicating rank or office; as, the garb of a clergyman or a judge. (c) Costume; fashion; as, the garb of a gentleman in the 16th century.

2. External appearance, as expressive of the feelings or character; looks; fashion or manner, as of speech.

You thought, because he could not speak English in the native garb, he could not therefore handle an English cudgel.

Shak.

Garb (?), n. [F. gerbe, OF. also garbe, OHG. garba, G. garbe; cf. Skr. grbh to seize, E. grab.] (Her.) A sheaf of grain (wheat, unless otherwise specified).

Garb, v. t. To clothe; array; deck.

These black dog-Dons
Garb themselves bravely.

Tennyson.

Gar”bage (?; 48), n. [OE. also garbash, perh. orig., that which is purged or cleansed away; cf. OF. garber to make fine, neat, OHG. garawan to make ready, prepare, akin to E. garb dress; or perh. for garbleage, fr. garble; or cf. OF. garbage tax on sheaves, E. garb sheaf.] Offal, as the bowels of an animal or fish; refuse animal or vegetable matter from a kitchen; hence, anything worthless, disgusting, or loathsome. Grainger.

Gar”bage, v. t. To strip of the bowels; to clean. “Pilchards . . . are garbaged.” Holland.

Garbed (?), a. Dressed; habited; clad.

Gar”bel (?), n. (Naut.) Same as Garboard.

Gar”bel, n. [Cf. Garble, v. t.] Anything sifted, or from which the coarse parts have been taken. [Obs.]

Gar”ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garbling.] [Formerly, to pick out, sort, OF. grabeler, for garbeler to examine precisely, garble spices, fr. LL. garbellare to sift; cf. Sp. garbillar to sift, garbillo a coarse sieve, L. cribellum, dim. of cribrum sieve, akin to cernere to separate, sift (cf. E. Discern); or perh. rather from Ar. gharbāl, gharbil, sieve.] 1. To sift or bolt, to separate the fine or valuable parts of from the coarse and useless parts, or from dros or dirt; as, to garble spices. [Obs.]

2. To pick out such parts of as may serve a purpose; to mutilate; to pervert; as, to garble a quotation; to garble an account.

Gar”ble, n. 1. Refuse; rubbish. [Obs.] Wolcott.

2. pl. Impurities separated from spices, drugs, etc.; — also called garblings.

Gar”bler (?), n. One who garbles.

Gar”board (?), n. (Naut.) One of the planks next the keel on the outside, which form a garboard strake.

Garboard strake or streak, the first range or strake of planks laid on a ship’s bottom next the keel. Totten.

Gar”boil (?), n. [OF. garbouil; cf. Sp. garbullo, It. garbuglio; of uncertain origin; the last part is perh. fr. L. bullire to boil, E. boil.] Tumult; disturbance; disorder. [Obs.] Shak.

||Gar*cin”i*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including the mangosteen tree (Garcinia Mangostana), found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago; — so called in honor of Dr. Garcin.

Gard (?), n. [See Garde, Yard] Garden. [Obs.] “Trees of the gard.” F. Beaumont.

Gard, v. & n. See Guard.

Gar”dant (?), a. [F. See Guardant.] (Her.) Turning the head towards the spectator, but not the body; — said of a lion or other beast.

Gar”den (gär”d’n; 277), n. [OE. gardin, OF. gardin, jardin, F. jardin, of German origin; cf. OHG. garto, G. garten; akin to AS. geard. See Yard an inclosure.] 1. A piece of ground appropriated to the cultivation of herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables.

2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country.

I am arrived from fruitful Lombardy,
The pleasant garden of great Italy.

Shak.

&fist; Garden is often used adjectively or in self- explaining compounds; as, garden flowers, garden tools, garden walk, garden wall, garden house or gardenhouse.

Garden balsam, an ornamental plant (Impatiens Balsamina). — Garden engine, a wheelbarrow tank and pump for watering gardens. — Garden glass. (a) A bell glass for covering plants. (b) A globe of dark-colored glass, mounted on a pedestal, to reflect surrounding objects; — much used as an ornament in gardens in Germany. — Garden house (a) A summer house. Beau. & Fl. (b) A privy. [Southern U.S.] — Garden husbandry, the raising on a small scale of seeds, fruits, vegetables, etc., for sale. — Garden mold or mould, rich, mellow earth which is fit for a garden. Mortimer. — Garden nail, a cast nail used, for fastening vines to brick walls. Knight. — Garden net, a net for covering fruits trees, vines, etc., to protect them from birds. — Garden party, a social party held out of doors, within the grounds or garden attached to a private residence. — Garden plot, a plot appropriated to a garden. Garden pot, a watering pot. — Garden pump, a garden engine; a barrow pump. — Garden shears, large shears, for clipping trees and hedges, pruning, etc. – - Garden spider, (Zoöl.), the diadem spider (Epeira diadema), common in gardens, both in Europe and America. It spins a geometrical web. See Geometric spider, and Spider web. — Garden stand, a stand for flower pots. — Garden stuff, vegetables raised in a garden. [Colloq.] — Garden syringe, a syringe for watering plants, sprinkling them with solutions for destroying insects, etc. — Garden truck, vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.] — Garden ware, garden truck. [Obs.] Mortimer. — Bear garden, Botanic garden, etc. See under Bear, etc. — Hanging garden. See under Hanging. — Kitchen garden, a garden where vegetables are cultivated for household use. — Market garden, a piece of ground where vegetable are cultivated to be sold in the markets for table use.

Gar”den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gardened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gardening.] To lay out or cultivate a garden; to labor in a garden; to practice horticulture.

Gar”den, v. t. To cultivate as a garden.

Gar”den*er (?), n. One who makes and tends a garden; a horticulturist.

||Garde”ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some species of which produce beautiful and fragrant flowers; Cape jasmine; — so called in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden.

Gar”den*ing (?), n. The art of occupation of laying out and cultivating gardens; horticulture.

Gar”den*less (?), a. Destitute of a garden. Shelley.

Gar”den*ly (?), a. Like a garden. [R.] W. Marshall.

Gar”den*ship, n. Horticulture. [Obs.]

Gar”don (?), n. [F] (Zoöl.) A European cyprinoid fish; the id.

Gar`dy*loo” (?), n. [F. gare l’eau beware of the water.] An old cry in throwing water, slops, etc., from the windows in Edingburgh. Sir. W. Scott.

Gare (?), n. [Cf. Gear.] Coarse wool on the legs of sheep. Blount.

Gare”fowl` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The great auk; also, the razorbill. See Auk. [Written also gairfowl, and gurfel.]

Gar”fish` (?), n. [See Gar, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European marine fish (Belone vulgaris); — called also gar, gerrick, greenback, greenbone, gorebill, hornfish, longnose, mackerel guide, sea needle, and sea pike. (b) One of several species of similar fishes of the genus Tylosurus, of which one species (T. marinus) is common on the Atlantic coast. T. Caribbæus, a very large species, and T. crassus, are more southern; — called also needlefish. Many of the common names of the European garfish are also applied to the American species.

Gar”ga*lize (?), v. t. [Cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] To gargle; to rinse. [Obs.] Marston.

Gar”ga*ney (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small European duck (Anas querquedula); — called also cricket teal, and summer teal.

Gar*gan”tu*an (?; 135), a. [From Gargantua, an allegorical hero of Rabelais.] Characteristic of Gargantua, a gigantic, wonderful personage; enormous; prodigious; inordinate.

Gar”ga*rism (?), n. [F. gargarisme, L. gargarisma. See Gargarize.] (Med.) A gargle.

Gar”ga*rize (?), v. t. [F. gargarizare, fr. Gr. &?;.] To gargle; to rinse or wash, as the mouth and throat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Garget (?), n. [OE. garget, gargate, throat, OF. gargate. Cf. Gorge. The etymol. of senses 2, 3, & 4 is not certain.] 1. The throat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A diseased condition of the udders of cows, etc., arising from an inflammation of the mammary glands.

3. A distemper in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appetite. Youatt.

4. (Bot.) See Poke.

Gar”gil (?), n. [Cf. Garget, Gargoyle.] A distemper in geese, affecting the head.

Gar”gle (?), n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Gar”gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garggled (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Gargling (&?;).] [F. gargouiller to dabble, paddle, gargle. Cf. Gargoyle, Gurgle.] 1. To wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat, particular the latter, agitating the liquid (water or a medicinal preparation) by an expulsion of air from the lungs.

2. To warble; to sing as if gargling [Obs.] Waller.

Gar”gle, n. A liquid, as water or some medicated preparation, used to cleanse the mouth and throat, especially for a medical effect.

Gar”gol (?), n. [Cf. Gargil.] A distemper in swine; garget. Mortimer.

||Gar`gou*lette” (?), n. [F.] A water cooler or jug with a handle and spout; a gurglet. Mollett.

Gar”goyle (?), n. [OE. garguilie, gargouille, cf. Sp. gárgola, prob. fr. the same source as F. gorge throat, influenced by L. gargarizare to gargle. See Gorge and cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] (Arch.) A spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely. [Written also gargle, gargyle, and gurgoyle.]

Gar”gyle (?), n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Ga`ri*bal”di (?), n. 1. A jacket worn by women; — so called from its resemblance in shape to the red shirt worn by the Italians patriot Garibaldi.

2. (Zoöl.) A California market fish (Pomancentrus rubicundus) of a deep scarlet color.

Gar”ish (?), a. [Cf. OE. gauren to stare; of uncertain origin. Cf. gairish.] 1. Showy; dazzling; ostentatious; attracting or exciting attention. “The garish sun.” “A garish flag.” Shak. “In . . . garish colors.” Asham. “The garish day.” J. H. Newman.

Garish like the laughters of drunkenness.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Gay to extravagance; flighty.

It makes the mind loose and garish.

South.

— Gar”ish*ly, adv. — Garish*ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

Gar”land (?), n. [OE. garland, gerlond, OF. garlande, F. guirlande; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. wiara, wiera, crown, pure gold, MHG. wieren to adorn.]

1. The crown of a king. [Obs.] Graffon.

2. A wreath of chaplet made of branches, flowers, or feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, to be worn on the head like a crown; a coronal; a wreath. Pope.

3. The top; the thing most prized. Shak.

4. A book of extracts in prose or poetry; an anthology.

They [ballads] began to be collected into little miscellanies under the name of garlands.

Percy.

5. (Naut.) (a) A sort of netted bag used by sailors to keep provision in. (b) A grommet or ring of rope lashed to a spar for convenience in handling.

Gar”land (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garlanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Garlanding.] To deck with a garland. B. Jonson.

Gar”land*less, a. Destitute of a garland. Shelley.

Gar”lic (?), n. [OE. garlek, AS. gārleác; gar spear, lance + leác leek. See Gar, n., and Leek.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Allium (A. sativum is the cultivated variety), having a bulbous root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. Each root is composed of several lesser bulbs, called cloves of garlic, inclosed in a common membranous coat, and easily separable.

2. A kind of jig or farce. [Obs.] Taylor (1630).

Garlic mustard, a European plant of the Mustard family (Alliaria officinalis) which has a strong smell of garlic. — Garlic pear tree, a tree in Jamaica (Cratæva gynandra), bearing a fruit which has a strong scent of garlic, and a burning taste.

Gar”lick*y (?), a. Like or containing garlic.

Gar”ment (?), n. [OE. garnement, OF. garnement, garniment, fr. garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] Any article of clothing, as a coat, a gown, etc.

No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto old garment.

Matt. ix. 16.

Gar”ment*ed, p. a. Having on a garment; attired; enveloped, as with a garment. [Poetic]

A lovely lady garmented in light
From her own beauty.

Shelley.

Gar”men*ture (?), n. Clothing; dress.

Gar”ner (?), n. [OE. garner, gerner, greiner, OF. gernier, grenier, F. grenier, fr. L. granarium, fr. granum. See 1st Grain, and cf. Granary.] A granary; a building or place where grain is stored for preservation.

Gar”ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnering.] To gather for preservation; to store, as in a granary; to treasure. Shak.

Gar”net (?), n. [OE. gernet, grenat, OF. grenet,grenat, F. grenat, LL. granatus, fr. L. granatum pomegranate, granatus having many grains or seeds, fr. granum grain, seed. So called from its resemblance in color and shape to the grains or seeds of the pomegranate. See Grain, and cf. Grenade, Pomegranate.] (Min.) A mineral having many varieties differing in color and in their constituents, but with the same crystallization (isometric), and conforming to the same general chemical formula. The commonest color is red, the luster is vitreous, and the hardness greater than that of quartz. The dodecahedron and trapezohedron are the common forms.

&fist; There are also white, green, yellow, brown, and black varieties. The garnet is a silicate, the bases being aluminia lime (grossularite, essonite, or cinnamon stone), or aluminia magnesia (pyrope), or aluminia iron (almandine), or aluminia manganese (spessartite), or iron lime (common garnet, melanite, allochroite), or chromium lime (ouvarovite, color emerald green). The transparent red varieties are used as gems. The garnet was, in part, the carbuncle of the ancients. Garnet is a very common mineral in gneiss and mica slate.

Garnet berry (Bot.), the red currant; — so called from its transparent red color. — Garnet brown (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff, produced as an explosive brown crystalline substance with a green or golden luster. It consists of the potassium salt of a complex cyanogen derivative of picric acid.

Gar”net, n. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) A tackle for hoisting cargo in or out.

Clew garnet. See under Clew.

Gar`net*if”er*ous (?), a. [1st garnet + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing garnets.

Gar”ni*er*ite (?), n. [Named after the French geologist Garnier.] (Min.) An amorphous mineral of apple-green color; a hydrous silicate of nickel and magnesia. It is an important ore of nickel.

Gar”nish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] [OE. garnischen, garnissen, OF. garnir to provide, strengthen, prepare, garnish, warn, F. garnir to provide, furnish, garnish, — of German origin; cf. OHG. warnōn to provide, equip; akin to G. wahren to watch, E. aware, ware, wary, and cf. also E. warn. See Wary, -ish, and cf. Garment, Garrison.] 1. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to set off; to adorn; to embellish.

All within with flowers was garnished.

Spenser.

2. (Cookery) To ornament, as a dish, with something laid about it; as, a dish garnished with parsley.

3. To furnish; to supply.

4. To fit with fetters. [Cant] Johnson.

5. (Law) To warn by garnishment; to give notice to; to garnishee. See Garnishee, v. t. Cowell.

Gar”nish, n. 1. Something added for embellishment; decoration; ornament; also, dress; garments, especially such as are showy or decorated.

So are you, sweet,
Even in the lovely garnish of a boy.

Shak.

Matter and figure they produce;
For garnish this, and that for use.

Prior.

2. (Cookery) Something set round or upon a dish as an embellishment. See Garnish, v. t., 2. Smart.

3. Fetters. [Cant]

4. A fee; specifically, in English jails, formerly an unauthorized fee demanded by the old prisoners of a newcomer. [Cant] Fielding.

Garnish bolt (Carp.), a bolt with a chamfered or faceted head. Knight.

Gar`nish*ee” (?), n. (Law) One who is garnished; a person upon whom garnishment has been served in a suit by a creditor against a debtor, such person holding property belonging to the debtor, or owing him money.

&fist; The order by which warning is made is called a garnishee order.

Gar`nish*ee”, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnisheed (-ēd); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnisheeing.] (Law) (a) To make (a person) a garnishee; to warn by garnishment; to garnish. (b) To attach (the fund or property sought to be secured by garnishment); to trustee.

Gar”nish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, garnishes.

Gar”nish*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. garnissement protection, guarantee, warning.] 1. Ornament; embellishment; decoration. Sir H. Wotton.

2. (Law) (a) Warning, or legal notice, to one to appear and give information to the court on any matter. (b) Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods to the defendant, but to appear in court and give information as garnishee.

3. A fee. See Garnish, n., 4.

Gar”ni*ture (?), n. [F. garniture. See Garnish, v. t.] That which garnishes; ornamental appendage; embellishment; furniture; dress.

The pomp of groves and garniture of fields.

Beattie.

||Ga*roo”kuh (?), n. A small fishing vessel met with in the Persian Gulf.

Ga”rous (?), a. [From Garum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, garum. Sir T. Browne.

Gar” pike` or Gar”pike`. (Zoöl.) See under Gar.

Gar”ran (?), n. [Gael. garrán, gearrán, gelding, work horse, hack.] (Zoöl.) See Galloway. [Scot. garron or gerron. Jamieson.]

Gar”ret (?), n. [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, place of lookout, OF. garite, also meaning, a place of refuge, F. guérite a place of refuge, donjon, sentinel box, fr. OF. garir to preserve, save, defend, F. guérir to cure; of German origin; cf. OHG. werian to protect, defend, hinder, G. wehren, akin to Goth. warjan to hinder, and akin to E. weir, or perhaps to wary. See Weir, and cf. Guerite.] 1. A turret; a watchtower. [Obs.]

He saw men go up and down on the garrets of the gates and walls.

Ld. Berners.

2. That part of a house which is on the upper floor, immediately under or within the roof; an attic.

The tottering garrets which overhung the streets of Rome.

Macaulay.

Gar”ret*ed, a. Protected by turrets. [Obs.] R. Carew.

Gar`ret*eer” (?), n. One who lives in a garret; a poor author; a literary hack. Macaulay.

Gar”ret*ing (?), n. Small splinters of stone inserted into the joints of coarse masonry. Weale.

Gar”ri*son (?), n. [OE. garnisoun, F. garnison garrison, in OF. & OE. also, provision, munitions, from garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] (Mil.) (a) A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified town. (b) A fortified place, in which troops are quartered for its security.

In garrison, in the condition of a garrison; doing duty in a fort or as one of a garrison.

Gar”ri*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garrisoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garrisoning.] (Mil.) (a) To place troops in, as a fortification, for its defense; to furnish with soldiers; as, to garrison a fort or town. (b) To secure or defend by fortresses manned with troops; as, to garrison a conquered territory.

Gar”ron (?), n. Same as Garran. [Scot.]

Gar”rot (?), n. [F. Cf. Garrote.] (Surg.) A stick or small wooden cylinder used for tightening a bandage, in order to compress the arteries of a limb.

Gar”rot, n. (Zoöl.) The European golden-eye.

Gar*rote” (?), n. [Sp. garrote, from garra claw, talon, of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. & W. gar leg, ham, shank. Cf. Garrot stick, Garter.] A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post and tightened by a screw until life become extinct; also, the instrument by means of which the punishment is inflicted.

Gar*rote”, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garroted; p. pr. & vb. n. Garroting.] To strangle with the garrote; hence, to seize by the throat, from behind, with a view to strangle and rob.

Gar*rot”er (?), n. One who seizes a person by the throat from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him.

Gar*ru”li*ty (?), n. [L. garrulitas: cf. F. garrulité.] Talkativeness; loquacity.

Gar”ru*lous (?), a. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire to chatter, talk; cf. Gr. &?; voice, &?; to speak, sing. Cf. Call.] 1. Talking much, especially about commonplace or trivial things; talkative; loquacious.

The most garrulous people on earth.

De Quincey.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a loud, harsh note; noisy; — said of birds; as, the garrulous roller.

Syn. — Garrulous, Talkative, Loquacious. A garrulous person indulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and lengthened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and loquacious a great flow of words at command. A child is talkative; a lively woman is loquacious; an old man in his dotage is garrulous.

— Gar”ru*lous*ly, adv. — Gar”ru*lous*ness, n.

Gar*ru”pa (?), n. [Prob. fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Grouper the fish.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; — called also rockfish. See Rockfish.

Gar”ter (?), n. [OE. gartier, F. jarretière, fr. OF. garet bend of the knee, F. jarret; akin to Sp. garra claw, Prov. garra leg. See Garrote.] 1. A band used to prevent a stocking from slipping down on the leg.

2. The distinguishing badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter, instituted by Edward III.; also, the Order itself.

3. (Her.) Same as Bendlet.

Garter fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the genus Lepidopus, having a long, flat body, like the blade of a sword; the scabbard fish. — Garter king-at- arms, the chief of the official heralds of England, king-at-arms to the Order of the Garter; — often abbreviated to Garter. — Garter snake (Zoöl.), one of several harmless American snakes of the genus Eutænia, of several species (esp. E. saurita and E. sirtalis); one of the striped snakes; — so called from its conspicuous stripes of color.

Gar”ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gartered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter.

He . . . could not see to garter his hose.

Shak.

2. To invest with the Order of the Garter. T. Warton.

Garth (gärth), n. [Icel. garðr yard. See Yard.] 1. A close; a yard; a croft; a garden; as, a cloister garth.

A clapper clapping in a garth
To scare the fowl from fruit.

Tennyson.

2. A dam or weir for catching fish.

Garth, n. [Girth.] A hoop or band. [Prov. Eng.]

||Ga”rum (gā“rŭm), n. [L., fr. Gr. ga`ros.] A sauce made of small fish. It was prized by the ancients.

Gar”vie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sprat; — called also garvie herring, and garvock. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Gas (găs), n.; pl. Gases (-&ebreve;z). [Invented by the chemist Van Helmont of Brussels, who died in 1644.] 1. An aëriform fluid; — a term used at first by chemists as synonymous with air, but since restricted to fluids supposed to be permanently elastic, as oxygen, hydrogen, etc., in distinction from vapors, as steam, which become liquid on a reduction of temperature. In present usage, since all of the supposed permanent gases have been liquified by cold and pressure, the term has resumed nearly its original signification, and is applied to any substance in the elastic or aëriform state.

2. (Popular Usage) (a) A complex mixture of gases, of which the most important constituents are marsh gas, olefiant gas, and hydrogen, artificially produced by the destructive distillation of gas coal, or sometimes of peat, wood, oil, resin, etc. It gives a brilliant light when burned, and is the common gas used for illuminating purposes. (b) Laughing gas. (c) Any irrespirable aëriform fluid.

&fist; Gas is often used adjectively or in combination; as, gas fitter or gasfitter; gas meter or gas-meter, etc.

Air gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing air through some volatile hydrocarbon, as the lighter petroleums. The air is so saturated with combustible vapor as to be a convenient illuminating and heating agent. — Gas battery (Elec.), a form of voltaic battery, in which gases, especially hydrogen and oxygen, are the active agents. — Gas carbon, Gas coke, etc. See under Carbon, Coke, etc. — Gas coal, a bituminous or hydrogenous coal yielding a high percentage of volatile matters, and therefore available for the manufacture of illuminating gas. R. W. Raymond. — Gas engine, an engine in which the motion of the piston is produced by the combustion or sudden production or expansion of gas; — especially, an engine in which an explosive mixture of gas and air is forced into the working cylinder and ignited there by a gas flame or an electric spark. — Gas fitter, one who lays pipes and puts up fixtures for gas. — Gas fitting. (a) The occupation of a gas fitter. (b) pl. The appliances needed for the introduction of gas into a building, as meters, pipes, burners, etc. — Gas fixture, a device for conveying illuminating or combustible gas from the pipe to the gas- burner, consisting of an appendage of cast, wrought, or drawn metal, with tubes upon which the burners, keys, etc., are adjusted. — Gas generator, an apparatus in which gas is evolved; as: (a) a retort in which volatile hydrocarbons are evolved by heat; (b) a machine in which air is saturated with the vapor of liquid hydrocarbon; a carburetor; (c) a machine for the production of carbonic acid gas, for aërating water, bread, etc. Knight. — Gas jet, a flame of illuminating gas. — Gas machine, an apparatus for carbureting air for use as illuminating gas. — Gas meter, an instrument for recording the quantity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular place. — Gas retort, a retort which contains the coal and other materials, and in which the gas is generated, in the manufacture of gas. — Gas stove, a stove for cooking or other purposes, heated by gas. — Gas tar, coal tar. — Gas trap, a drain trap; a sewer trap. See 4th Trap, 5. — Gas washer (Gas Works), an apparatus within which gas from the condenser is brought in contact with a falling stream of water, to precipitate the tar remaining in it. Knight. — Gas water, water through which gas has been passed for purification; — called also gas liquor and ammoniacal water, and used for the manufacture of sal ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and Prussian blue. Tomlinson. — Gas well, a deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. Raymond. — Gas works, a manufactory of gas, with all the machinery and appurtenances; a place where gas is generated for lighting cities. — Laughing gas. See under Laughing. — Marsh gas (Chem.), a light, combustible, gaseous hydrocarbon, CH_4, produced artificially by the dry distillation of many organic substances, and occurring as a natural product of decomposition in stagnant pools, whence its name. It is an abundant ingredient of ordinary illuminating gas, and is the first member of the paraffin series. Called also methane, and in coal mines, fire damp. — Natural gas, gas obtained from wells, etc., in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere, and largely used for fuel and illuminating purposes. It is chiefly derived from the Coal Measures. — Olefiant gas (Chem.). See Ethylene. — Water gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing steam over glowing coals, whereby there results a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This gives a gas of intense heating power, but destitute of light-giving properties, and which is charged by passing through some volatile hydrocarbon, as gasoline.

Gas`a*lier” (?), n. [Formed from gas, in imitation of chandelier.] A chandelier arranged to burn gas.

Gas”-burn`er (?), n. The jet piece of a gas fixture where the gas is burned as it escapes from one or more minute orifices.

Gas”coines (?), n. pl. See Gaskins, 1. Lyly.

Gas”con (?; F. ?), a. [F.] Of or pertaining to Gascony, in France, or to the Gascons; also, braggart; swaggering. — n. A native of Gascony; a boaster; a bully. See Gasconade.

Gas`con*ade” (?), n. [F. gasconnade, from Gascon an inhabitant of Gascony, the people of which were noted for boasting.] A boast or boasting; a vaunt; a bravado; a bragging; braggodocio. Swift.

Gas`con*ade”, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasconaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gasconading.] To boast; to brag; to bluster.

Gas`con*ad”er (?), n. A great boaster; a blusterer.

Gas”coynes (?), n. pl. Gaskins. Beau. & Fl.

Gas*e”i*ty (? or ?), n. State of being gaseous. [R] Eng. Cyc.

Gas”e*ous (? or ?; 277), a. [From Gas. Cf. F. gazeux.] 1. In the form, or of the nature, of gas, or of an aëriform fluid.

2. Lacking substance or solidity; tenuous. “Unconnected, gaseous information.” Sir J. Stephen.

Gash (găsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gashed (găsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Gashing.] [For older garth or garse, OF. garser to scarify, F. gercer to chap, perh. from an assumed LL. carptiare, fr. L. carpere, carptum, to pluck, separate into parts; cf. LL. carptare to wound. Cf. Carpet.] To make a gash, or long, deep incision in; — applied chiefly to incisions in flesh.

Grievously gashed or gored to death.

Hayward.

Gash, n. A deep and long cut; an incision of considerable length and depth, particularly in flesh.

Gash”ful (?), a. Full of gashes; hideous; frightful. [Obs.] “A gashful, horrid, ugly shape.” Gayton.

Gas`i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [See Gasify.] The act or process of converting into gas.

Gas”i*form, a. Having a form of gas; gaseous.

Gas”i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gasified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gasifying.] [Gas + -fy.] To convert into gas, or an aëriform fluid, as by the application of heat, or by chemical processes.

Gas”i*fy (?), v. i. To become gas; to pass from a liquid to a gaseous state. Scientific American.

Gas”ket (?), n. [Cf. F. garcette, It. gaschetta, Sp. cajeta caburn, garceta reef point.] 1. (Naut.) A line or band used to lash a furled sail securely. Sea gaskets are common lines; harbor gaskets are plaited and decorated lines or bands. Called also casket.

2. (Mech.) (a) The plaited hemp used for packing a piston, as of the steam engine and its pumps. (b) Any ring or washer of packing.

Gas”kins (?), n. pl. [Cf. Galligaskins.] 1. Loose hose or breeches; galligaskins. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Packing of hemp. Simmonds.

3. A horse’s thighs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Gas”light` (?), n. 1. The light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas.

2. A gas jet or burner.

Gas”o*gen (?), n. [Gas + - gen.] 1. An apparatus for the generation of gases, or for impregnating a liquid with a gas, or a gas with a volatile liquid.

2. A volatile hydrocarbon, used as an illuminant, or for charging illuminating gas.

Gas`o*lene (?), n. See Gasoline.

Gas`o*lier” (?), n. Same as Gasalier.

Gas”o*line (? or ?; 104), n. A highly volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum, as also by the distillation of bituminous coal. It is used in making air gas, and in giving illuminating power to water gas. See Carburetor.

Gas*om”e*ter (? or ?), n. [Gas + -meter. Cf. F. gazomètre.] An apparatus for holding and measuring of gas; in gas works, a huge iron cylinder closed at one end and having the other end immersed in water, in which it is made to rise or fall, according to the volume of gas it contains, or the pressure required.

{ Gas`o*met”ric (? or ?), Gas`o*met”ric*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the measurement of gases; as, gasometric analysis.

Gas*om”e*try (? or ?), n. The art or practice of measuring gases; also, the science which treats of the nature and properties of these elastic fluids. Coxe.

Gas”o*scope (?), n. [Gas + - scope.] An apparatus for detecting the presence of any dangerous gas, from a gas leak in a coal mine or a dwelling house.

Gasp (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gasping.] [OE. gaspen, gaispen, to yawn, gasp, Icel. geispa to yawn; akin to Sw. gäspa, Dan. gispe to gasp.] 1. To open the mouth wide in catching the breath, or in laborious respiration; to labor for breath; to respire convulsively; to pant violently.

She gasps and struggles hard for life.

Lloyd.

2. To pant with eagerness; to show vehement desire.

Quenching the gasping furrows’ thirst with rain.

Spenser.

Gasp, v. t. To emit or utter with gasps; — with forth, out, away, etc.

And with short sobs he gasps away his breath.

Dryden.

Gasp, n. The act of opening the mouth convulsively to catch the breath; a labored respiration; a painful catching of the breath.

At the last gasp, at the point of death. Addison.

Gas”per*eau (?), n. (Zoöl.) The alewife. [Local, Canada]

Gas*se”ri*an (?), a. Relating to Casserio (L. Gasserius), the discover of the Gasserian ganglion.

Gasserian ganglion (Anat.), a large ganglion, at the root of the trigeminal, or fifth cranial, nerve.

Gas”sing (?), n. 1. (Manuf.) The process of passing cotton goods between two rollers and exposing them to numerous minute jets of gas to burn off the small fibers; any similar process of singeing.

2. Boasting; insincere or empty talk. [Slang]

Gas”sy (?), a. Full of gas; like gas. Hence: [Colloq.] Inflated; full of boastful or insincere talk.

Gast (?), v. t. [OE. gasten, g&?;sten to frighten, akin to Goth. usgaisjan. See Aghast, Ghastly, and cf. Gaze.] To make aghast; to frighten; to terrify. See Aghast. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

Gast”er (?), v. t. To gast. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

||Gas`te*ro*my*ce”tes (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; stomach + &?; a mushroom.] (Bot.) An order of fungi, in which the spores are borne inside a sac called the peridium, as in the puffballs.

Gas”ter*o*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropod.

||Gas`te*rop`o*da (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropoda.

Gas`ter*op”o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropodous.

Gast”ful, Gast”ly (&?;), a. [Obs.] See Ghastful, Ghastly.

Gas”tight` (?), a. So tightly fitted as to preclude the escape of gas; impervious to gas.

Gast”ness (?), n. See Ghastness. [Obs.]

||Gas*tor”nis (?), n. [NL., from Gaston M. Plante, the discover + Gr. &?; bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of large eocene birds from the Paris basin.

||Gas*træ“a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, the stomach.] (Biol.) A primeval larval form; a double-walled sac from which, according to the hypothesis of Haeckel, man and all other animals, that in the first stages of their individual evolution pass through a two-layered structural stage, or gastrula form, must have descended. This idea constitutes the Gastræa theory of Haeckel. See Gastrula.

||Gas*tral”gi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; pain.] (Med.) Pain in the stomach or epigastrium, as in gastric disorders.

Gas”tric (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach: cf. F. gastrique.] Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the stomach; as, the gastric artery.

Gastric digestion (Physiol.), the conversion of the albuminous portion of food in the stomach into soluble and diffusible products by the solvent action of gastric juice. — Gastric fever (Med.), a fever attended with prominent gastric symptoms; — a name applied to certain forms of typhoid fever; also, to catarrhal inflammation of the stomach attended with fever. — Gastric juice (Physiol.), a thin, watery fluid, with an acid reaction, secreted by a peculiar set of glands contained in the mucous membrane of the stomach. It consists mainly of dilute hydrochloric acid and the ferment pepsin. It is the most important digestive fluid in the body, but acts only on proteid foods. — Gastric remittent fever (Med.), a form of remittent fever with pronounced stomach symptoms.

Gas*tril”o*quist (?), n. [Gr. gasth`r, gastro`s, stomach + L. loqui to speak.] One who appears to speak from his stomach; a ventriloquist.

Gas*tril”o*quous (?), a. Ventriloquous. [R.]

Gas*tril”o*quy (?), n. A voice or utterance which appears to proceed from the stomach; ventriloquy.

||Gas*tri”tis (?), n. [NL., from. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach, esp. of its mucuos membrane.

Gas”tro- (?). A combining form from the Gr. &?;, &?;, the stomach, or belly; as in gastrocolic, gastrocele, gastrotomy.

Gas`troc*ne”mi*us (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; the calf of the leg.] (Anat.) The muscle which makes the greater part of the calf of the leg.

Gas`tro*col”ic (?), a. [Gastro- + colic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the stomach and the colon; as, the gastrocolic, or great, omentum.

Gas`tro*disc (?), n. [Gastro- + disc.] (Biol.) That part of blastoderm where the hypoblast appears like a small disk on the inner face of the epibladst.

Gas`tro*du”o*de”nal (?), a. [Gastro- + -duodenal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and duodenum; as, the gastroduodenal artery.

Gas`tro*du`o*de*ni”tis (?), n. [NL. See Gastroduodenal, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum. It is one of the most frequent causes of jaundice.

Gas`tro*el`y*trot”o*my (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr &?; sheath + &?; a cutting] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the upper part of the vagina, through the abdomen (without opening the peritoneum), for the purpose of removing a fetus. It is a substitute for the Cæsarean operation, and less dangerous.

Gas`tro*en*te”ric (?), a. [Gastro- + -enteric.] (Anat. & Med.) Gastrointestinal.

||Gas`tro*en`te*ri”tis (?), n. [NL. See Gastroenrteric, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lining membrane of the stomach and the intestines.

Gas`tro*ep`i*plo”ic (?), a. [Gastro- + -epiploic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the stomach and omentum.

Gas`tro*he*pat”ic (?), a. [Gastro- + -hepatic.] (Med.) Pertaining to the stomach and liver; hepatogastric; as, the gastrohepatic, or lesser, omentum.

Gas`tro*hys`ter*ot”o*my (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr. &?; womb + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) Cæsarean section. See under Cæsarean.

Gas`tro*in*tes”ti*nal (?), a. [Gastro- + -intestinal.] (Anat. & Med.) Of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines; gastroenteric.

Gas`tro*lith (?), n. [Gastro- + -lith.] (Zoöl.) See Crab’s eyes, under Crab.

Gas*trol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr &?;; &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; discourse: cf. F. gastrologie.] The science which treats of the structure and functions of the stomach; a treatise of the stomach.

||Gas`tro*ma*la”ci*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; softness, fr. &?; soft.] (Med.) A softening of the coats of the stomach; — usually a post- morten change.

Gas`tro*man”cy (?), n. [Gastro- + -mancy: cf. F. gastromancy.] (Antiq.) (a) A kind of divination, by means of words seemingly uttered from the stomach. (b) A species of divination, by means of glasses or other round, transparent vessels, in the center of which figures are supposed to appear by magic art.

||Gas`tro*my”ces (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?;, &?;, a fungus.] (Biol.) The fungoid growths sometimes found in the stomach; such as Torula, etc.

Gas”tro*myth (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr. &?; to say, speak.] One whose voice appears to proceed from the stomach; a ventriloquist. [Obs.]

{ Gas”tro*nome (?), Gas*tron”o*mer (?), } n. [F. gastronome, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; law, &?; to distribute.] One fond of good living; an epicure. Sir W. Scott.

Gas`tro*nom”ic (?), Gas`tro*nom”ic*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. gastronomique.] Pertaining to gastromony.

Gas*tron”o*mist (?), n. A gastromomer.

Gas*tron”o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. gastronomie.] The art or science of good eating; epicurism; the art of good cheer.

Gas`tro*phren”ic (?), a. [Gastro- + -phrenic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and diaphragm; as, the gastrophrenic ligament.

Gas`tro*pneu*mat”ic (?), a. [Gastro- + pneumatic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the alimentary canal and air passages, and to the cavities connected with them; as, the gastropneumatic mucuos membranes.

Gas”tro*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gastropoda. [Written also gasteropod.]

||Gas*trop”o*da (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + -poda.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Mollusca, of great extent. It includes most of the marine spiral shells, and the land and fresh-water snails. They generally creep by means of a flat, muscular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. The head usually bears one or two pairs of tentacles. See Mollusca. [Written also Gasteropoda.]

&fist; The Gastropoda are divided into three subclasses; viz.: (a) The Streptoneura or Dioecia, including the Pectinibranchiata, Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa, and Heteropoda. (b) The Euthyneura, including the Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia. (c) The Amphineura, including the Polyplacophora and Aplacophora.

Gas*trop”o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gastropoda.

Gas*tror”a*phy (?), n. [Gr.&?;; &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; a sewing, fr. &?; to sew: cf. F. gastrorrhaphie.] (Surg.) The operation of sewing up wounds of the abdomen. Quincy.

Gas”tro*scope (?), n. [Gastro- + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for viewing or examining the interior of the stomach.

Gas`tro*scop”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to gastroscopy.

Gas*tros”co*py (?), n. (Med.) Examination of the abdomen or stomach, as with the gastroscope.

Gas`tro*splen”ic (?), n. [Gastro- + splenic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and spleen; as, the gastrosplenic ligament.

Gas*tros”tege (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr. &?; roof.] (Zoöl.) One of the large scales on the belly of a serpent.

Gas*tros”to*my (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr. &?; mouth.] (Surg.) The operation of making a permanent opening into the stomach, for the introduction of food.

Gas*trot”o*my (?), n. [Gastro + Gr. &?; to cut: cf. F. gastrotomie.] (Surg.) A cutting into, or opening of, the abdomen or the stomach.

||Gas*trot”ri*cha (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. &?; belly + &?;, &?;, hair.] (Zoöl.) A group of small wormlike animals, having cilia on the ventral side. The group is regarded as an ancestral or synthetic one, related to rotifers and annelids.

||Gas*trot”ro*cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; a wheel.] (Zoöl.) A form of annelid larva having cilia on the ventral side.

Gas`tro*vas”cu*lar (?), a. [Gastro- + -vascular.] (Zoöl.) Having the structure, or performing the functions, both of digestive and circulatory organs; as, the gastrovascular cavity of cœlenterates.

||Gas”tru*la (?), n.; pl. Gastrulæ (#) [NL., dim. fr. Gr. &?; the stomach.] (Biol.) An embryonic form having its origin in the invagination or pushing in of the wall of the planula or blastula (the blastosphere) on one side, thus giving rise to a double- walled sac, with one opening or mouth (the blastopore) which leads into the cavity (the archenteron) lined by the inner wall (the hypoblast). See Illust. under Invagination. In a more general sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. See Gastræa. — a. Of or pertaining to a gastrula.

Gas`tru*la”tion (găs`tr&usdot;*lā“shŭn), n. (Biol.) The process of invagination, in embryonic development, by which a gastrula is formed.

||Gas*tru”ra (găs*tr&udd;“r&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gasth`r belly + o’yra` tail.] (Zoöl.) See Stomatopoda.

Gas*tru”rous (-rŭs), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gastrura.

Gat (găt), imp. of Get. [Obs.]

Gate (gāt), n. [OE. &yogh;et, &yogh;eat, giat, gate, door, AS. geat, gat, gate, door; akin to OS., D., & Icel. gat opening, hole, and perh. to E. gate a way, gait, and get, v. Cf. Gate a way, 3d Get.] 1. A large door or passageway in the wall of a city, of an inclosed field or place, or of a grand edifice, etc.; also, the movable structure of timber, metal, etc., by which the passage can be closed.

2. An opening for passage in any inclosing wall, fence, or barrier; or the suspended framework which closes or opens a passage. Also, figuratively, a means or way of entrance or of exit.

Knowest thou the way to Dover?
Both stile and gate, horse way and footpath.

Shak.

Opening a gate for a long war.

Knolles.

3. A door, valve, or other device, for stopping the passage of water through a dam, lock, pipe, etc.

4. (Script.) The places which command the entrances or access; hence, place of vantage; power; might.

The gates of hell shall not prevail against it.

Matt. xvi. 18.

5. In a lock tumbler, the opening for the stump of the bolt to pass through or into.

6. (Founding) (a) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mold; the ingate. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in the opening; a sprue or sullage piece. [Written also geat and git.]

Gate chamber, a recess in the side wall of a canal lock, which receives the opened gate. — Gate channel. See Gate, 5. — Gate hook, the hook-formed piece of a gate hinge. — Gate money, entrance money for admission to an inclosure. — Gate tender, one in charge of a gate, as at a railroad crossing. — Gate valva, a stop valve for a pipe, having a sliding gate which affords a straight passageway when open. — Gate vein (Anat.), the portal vein. — To break gates (Eng. Univ.), to enter a college inclosure after the hour to which a student has been restricted. — To stand in the gate, or gates, to occupy places or advantage, power, or defense.

Gate, v. t. 1. To supply with a gate.

2. (Eng. Univ.) To punish by requiring to be within the gates at an earlier hour than usual.

Gate, n. [Icel. gata; akin to SW. gata street, lane, Dan. gade, Goth. gatwö, G. gasse. Cf. Gate a door, Gait.] 1. A way; a path; a road; a street (as in Highgate). [O. Eng. & Scot.]

I was going to be an honest man; but the devil has this very day flung first a lawyer, and then a woman, in my gate.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Manner; gait. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

Gat”ed (?), a. Having gates. Young.

Gate”house` (?), n. A house connected or associated with a gate.

Gate”less, a. Having no gate.

Gate”man (?), n. A gate keeper; a gate tender.

Gate”post` (?), n. 1. A post to which a gate is hung; — called also swinging or hinging post.

2. A post against which a gate closes; — called also shutting post.

Gate”way` (?), n. A passage through a fence or wall; a gate; also, a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate in hung, or a structure at an entrance or gate designed for ornament or defense.

Gate”wise` (?), adv. In the manner of a gate.

Three circles of stones set up gatewise.

Fuller.

Gath”er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gathering.] [OE. gaderen, AS. gaderian, gadrian, fr. gador, geador, together, fr. gæd fellowship; akin to E. good, D. gaderen to collect, G. gatte husband, MHG. gate, also companion, Goth. gadiliggs a sister’s son. √29. See Good, and cf. Together.]

1. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate.

And Belgium’s capital had gathered them
Her beauty and her chivalry.

Byron.

When he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together.

Matt. ii. 4.

2. To pick out and bring together from among what is of less value; to collect, as a harvest; to harvest; to cull; to pick off; to pluck.

A rose just gathered from the stalk.

Dryden.

Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?

Matt. vii. 16.

Gather us from among the heathen.

Ps. cvi. 47.

3. To accumulate by collecting and saving little by little; to amass; to gain; to heap up.

He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.

Prov. xxviii. 8.

To pay the creditor . . . he must gather up money by degrees.

Locke.

4. To bring closely together the parts or particles of; to contract; to compress; to bring together in folds or plaits, as a garment; also, to draw together, as a piece of cloth by a thread; to pucker; to plait; as, to gather a ruffle.

Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand
In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand.

Pope.

5. To derive, or deduce, as an inference; to collect, as a conclusion, from circumstances that suggest, or arguments that prove; to infer; to conclude.

Let me say no more!
Gather the sequel by that went before.

Shak.

6. To gain; to win. [Obs.]

He gathers ground upon her in the chase.

Dryden.

7. (Arch.) To bring together, or nearer together, in masonry, as where the width of a fireplace is rapidly diminished to the width of the flue, or the like.

8. (Naut.) To haul in; to take up; as, to gather the slack of a rope.

To be gathered to one’s people, or to one’s fathers to die. Gen. xxv. 8. — To gather breath, to recover normal breathing after being out of breath; to get breath; to rest. Spenser. — To gather one’s self together, to collect and dispose one’s powers for a great effort, as a beast crouches preparatory to a leap. — To gather way (Naut.), to begin to move; to move with increasing speed.

Gath”er (?), v. i. 1. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate.

When small humors gather to a gout.

Pope.

Tears from the depth of some divine despair
Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes.

Tennyson.

2. To grow larger by accretion; to increase.

Their snowball did not gather as it went.

Bacon.

3. To concentrate; to come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus; as, a boil has gathered.

4. To collect or bring things together.

Thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strewed.

Matt. xxv. 26.

Gath”er, n. 1. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker.

2. (Carriage Making) The inclination forward of the axle journals to keep the wheels from working outward.

3. (Arch.) The soffit or under surface of the masonry required in gathering. See Gather, v. t., 7.

Gath”er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being gathered or collected; deducible from premises. [R.] Godwin.

Gath”er*er (?), n. 1. One who gathers or collects.

2. (Sewing Machine) An attachment for making gathers in the cloth.

Gath”er*ing, n. 1. The act of collecting or bringing together.

2. That which is gathered, collected, or brought together; as: (a) A crowd; an assembly; a congregation. (b) A charitable contribution; a collection. (c) A tumor or boil suppurated or maturated; an abscess.

Gath”er*ing, a. Assembling; collecting; used for gathering or concentrating.

Gathering board (Bookbinding), a table or board on which signatures are gathered or assembled, to form a book. Knight. — Gathering coal, a lighted coal left smothered in embers over night, about which kindling wood is gathered in the morning. — Gathering hoop, a hoop used by coopers to draw together the ends of barrel staves, to allow the hoops to be slipped over them. — Gathering peat. (a) A piece of peat used as a gathering coal, to preserve a fire. (b) In Scotland, a fiery peat which was sent round by the Borderers as an alarm signal, as the fiery cross was by the Highlanders.

Gat”ling gun` (&?;). [From the inventor, R.J. Gatling.] An American machine gun, consisting of a cluster of barrels which, being revolved by a crank, are automatically loaded and fired.

&fist; The improved Gatling gun can be fired at the rate of 1,200 shots per minute. Farrow.

Gat”ten tree` (?). [Cf. Prov. E. gatter bush.] (Bot.) A name given to the small trees called guelder- rose (Viburnum Opulus), cornel (Cornus sanguinea), and spindle tree (Euonymus Europæus).

Gat”-toothed` (?), a. [OE. gat goat + tooth. See Goat the animal.] Goat-toothed; having a lickerish tooth; lustful; wanton. [Obs.]

||Gauche (gōsh), n. [F.] 1. Left handed; hence, awkward; clumsy.

2. (Geom.) Winding; twisted; warped; – - applied to curves and surfaces.

||Gauche`rie” (?), n. [F.] An awkward action; clumsiness; boorishness.

||Gau”cho (gou”ch&osl;), n., pl. Gauchos (-ch&osl;z) [Sp.] One of the native inhabitants of the pampas, of Spanish-American descent. They live mostly by rearing cattle.

Gaud (?), n. [OE. gaude jest, trick, gaudi bead of a rosary, fr. L. gaudium joy, gladness. See Joy.] 1. Trick; jest; sport. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Deceit; fraud; artifice; device. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. An ornament; a piece of worthless finery; a trinket. “An idle gaud.” Shak.

Gaud, v. i. [Cf. F. se gaudir to rejoice, fr. L. gaudere. See Gaud, n.] To sport or keep festival. [Obs.] “Gauding with his familiars. ” [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Gaud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gauding.] To bedeck gaudily; to decorate with gauds or showy trinkets or colors; to paint. [Obs.] “Nicely gauded cheeks.” Shak.

Gaud”-day` (?), n. See Gaudy, a feast.

Gaud”er*y (?), n. Finery; ornaments; ostentatious display. [R.] “Tarnished gaudery.” Dryden.

Gaud”ful (?), a. Joyful; showy. [Obs.]

Gaud”i*ly (?), adv. In a gaudy manner. Guthrie.

Gaud”i*ness, n. The quality of being gaudy. Whitlock.

Gaud”ish, a. Gaudy. “Gaudish ceremonies.” Bale.

Gaud”less, a. Destitute of ornament. [R.]

Gaud”y (?), a. [Compar. Gaudier (?); superl. Gauidiest.] 1. Ostentatiously fine; showy; gay, but tawdry or meretricious.

Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy.

Shak.

2. Gay; merry; festal. Tennyson.

Let’s have one other gaudy night.

Shak.

Gaud”y, n.; pl. Gaudies (#) [See Gaud, n.] One of the large beads in the rosary at which the paternoster is recited. [Obs.] Gower.

Gaud”y, n. A feast or festival; — called also gaud-day and gaudy day. [Oxford Univ.] Conybeare.

Gaud”y*green` (?), a. or n. [OE. gaude grene.] Light green. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gauf”fer (?), v. t. [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, velvet, and other stuffs, fr. gaufre honeycomb, waffle; of German origin. See Waffle, Wafer, and cf. Goffer, Gopher an animal.] To plait, crimp, or flute; to goffer, as lace. See Goffer.

Gauf”fer*ing (?), n. A mode of plaiting or fluting.

Gauffering iron, a kind of fluting iron for fabrics. — Gauffering press (Flower Manuf.), a press for crimping the leaves and petals into shape.

||Gauf”fre (?), n. [See Gopher.] (Zoöl.) A gopher, esp. the pocket gopher.

Gauge (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gauging (?)] [OF. gaugier, F. jauger, cf. OF. gauge gauge, measuring rod, F. jauge; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an assumed L. qualificare to determine the qualities of a thing (see Qualify); but cf. also F. jalon a measuring stake in surveying, and E. gallon.] [Written also gage.]

1. To measure or determine with a gauge.

2. To measure or to ascertain the contents or the capacity of, as of a pipe, barrel, or keg.

3. (Mech.) To measure the dimensions of, or to test the accuracy of the form of, as of a part of a gunlock.

The vanes nicely gauged on each side.

Derham.

4. To draw into equidistant gathers by running a thread through it, as cloth or a garment.

5. To measure the capacity, character, or ability of; to estimate; to judge of.

You shall not gauge me
By what we do to-night.

Shak.

Gauge, n. [Written also gage.] 1. A measure; a standard of measure; an instrument to determine dimensions, distance, or capacity; a standard.

This plate must be a gauge to file your worm and groove to equal breadth by.

Moxon.

There is not in our hands any fixed gauge of minds.

I. Taylor.

2. Measure; dimensions; estimate.

The gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt.

Burke.

3. (Mach. & Manuf.) Any instrument for ascertaining or regulating the dimensions or forms of things; a templet or template; as, a button maker’s gauge.

4. (Physics) Any instrument or apparatus for measuring the state of a phenomenon, or for ascertaining its numerical elements at any moment; — usually applied to some particular instrument; as, a rain gauge; a steam gauge.

5. (Naut.) (a) Relative positions of two or more vessels with reference to the wind; as, a vessel has the weather gauge of another when on the windward side of it, and the lee gauge when on the lee side of it. (b) The depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. Totten.

6. The distance between the rails of a railway.

&fist; The standard gauge of railroads in most countries is four feet, eight and one half inches. Wide, or broad, gauge, in the United States, is six feet; in England, seven feet, and generally any gauge exceeding standard gauge. Any gauge less than standard gauge is now called narrow gauge. It varies from two feet to three feet six inches.

7. (Plastering) The quantity of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to accelerate its setting.

8. (Building) That part of a shingle, slate, or tile, which is exposed to the weather, when laid; also, one course of such shingles, slates, or tiles.

Gauge of a carriage, car, etc., the distance between the wheels; — ordinarily called the track. — Gauge cock, a stop cock used as a try cock for ascertaining the height of the water level in a steam boiler. — Gauge concussion (Railroads), the jar caused by a car-wheel flange striking the edge of the rail. — Gauge glass, a glass tube for a water gauge. — Gauge lathe, an automatic lathe for turning a round object having an irregular profile, as a baluster or chair round, to a templet or gauge. — Gauge point, the diameter of a cylinder whose altitude is one inch, and contents equal to that of a unit of a given measure; — a term used in gauging casks, etc. — Gauge rod, a graduated rod, for measuring the capacity of barrels, casks, etc. — Gauge saw, a handsaw, with a gauge to regulate the depth of cut. Knight. — Gauge stuff, a stiff and compact plaster, used in making cornices, moldings, etc., by means of a templet. — Gauge wheel, a wheel at the forward end of a plow beam, to determine the depth of the furrow. — Joiner’s gauge, an instrument used to strike a line parallel to the straight side of a board, etc. — Printer’s gauge, an instrument to regulate the length of the page. — Rain gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain at any given place. — Salt gauge, or Brine gauge, an instrument or contrivance for indicating the degree of saltness of water from its specific gravity, as in the boilers of ocean steamers. — Sea gauge, an instrument for finding the depth of the sea. — Siphon gauge, a glass siphon tube, partly filled with mercury, — used to indicate pressure, as of steam, or the degree of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an air pump or other vacuum; a manometer. — Sliding gauge. (Mach.) (a) A templet or pattern for gauging the commonly accepted dimensions or shape of certain parts in general use, as screws, railway-car axles, etc. (b) A gauge used only for testing other similar gauges, and preserved as a reference, to detect wear of the working gauges. (c) (Railroads) See Note under Gauge, n., 5. — Star gauge (Ordnance), an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore of a cannon at any point of its length. — Steam gauge, an instrument for measuring the pressure of steam, as in a boiler. — Tide gauge, an instrument for determining the height of the tides. — Vacuum gauge, a species of barometer for determining the relative elasticities of the vapor in the condenser of a steam engine and the air. — Water gauge. (a) A contrivance for indicating the height of a water surface, as in a steam boiler; as by a gauge cock or glass. (b) The height of the water in the boiler. — Wind gauge, an instrument for measuring the force of the wind on any given surface; an anemometer. — Wire gauge, a gauge for determining the diameter of wire or the thickness of sheet metal; also, a standard of size. See under Wire.

Gauge”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being gauged.

Gauged (?), p. a. Tested or measured by, or conformed to, a gauge.

Gauged brick, brick molded, rubbed, or cut to an exact size and shape, for arches or ornamental work. — Gauged mortar. See Gauge stuff, under Gauge, n.

Gau”ger (?), n. One who gauges; an officer whose business it is to ascertain the contents of casks.

Gau”ger-ship, n. The office of a gauger.

Gau”ging rod`. See Gauge rod, under Gauge, n.

Gaul (?), n. [F. Gaule, fr. L. Gallia, fr. Gallus a Gaul.] 1. The Anglicized form of Gallia, which in the time of the Romans included France and Upper Italy (Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul).

2. A native or inhabitant of Gaul.

Gaul”ish (?), a. Pertaining to ancient France, or Gaul; Gallic. [R.]

Gault (?), n. [Cf. Norw. gald hard ground, Icel. gald hard snow.] (Geol.) A series of beds of clay and marl in the South of England, between the upper and lower greensand of the Cretaceous period.

||Gaul*the”ri*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of ericaceous shrubs with evergreen foliage, and, often, edible berries. It includes the American winter- green (Gaultheria procumbens), and the larger-fruited salal of Northwestern America (Gaultheria Shallon).

Gaunt (?), a. [Cf. Norw. gand a thin pointed stick, a tall and thin man, and W. gwan weak.] Attenuated, as with fasting or suffering; lean; meager; pinched and grim. “The gaunt mastiff.” Pope.

A mysterious but visible pestilence, striding gaunt and fleshless across our land.

Nichols.

Gaunt”let (?), n. (Mil.) See Gantlet.

Gaunt”let (?), n. [F. gantelet, dim. of gant glove, LL. wantus, of Teutonic origin; cf. D. want, Sw. & Dan. vante, Icel. vöttr, for vantr.] 1. A glove of such material that it defends the hand from wounds.

&fist; The gauntlet of the Middle Ages was sometimes of chain mail, sometimes of leather partly covered with plates, scales, etc., of metal sewed to it, and, in the 14th century, became a glove of small steel plates, carefully articulated and covering the whole hand except the palm and the inside of the fingers.

2. A long glove, covering the wrist.

3. (Naut.) A rope on which hammocks or clothes are hung for drying.

To take up the gauntlet, to accept a challenge. — To throw down the gauntlet, to offer or send a challenge. The gauntlet or glove was thrown down by the knight challenging, and was taken up by the one who accepted the challenge; — hence the phrases.

Gaunt”lett*ed, a. Wearing a gauntlet.

Gaunt”ly, adv. In a gaunt manner; meagerly.

{ Gaun”tree (?), Gaun”try (?), } n. [F. chantier, LL. cantarium, fr. L. canterius trellis, sort of frame.] 1. A frame for supporting barrels in a cellar or elsewhere. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Engin.) A scaffolding or frame carrying a crane or other structure. Knight.

||Gaur (g&add;r or gour), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian species of wild cattle (Bibos gauris), of large size and an untamable disposition. [Spelt also gour.]

Gaure (g&add;r), v. i. To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gauze (g&add;z), n. [F. gaze; so called because it was first introduced from Gaza, a city of Palestine.] A very thin, slight, transparent stuff, generally of silk; also, any fabric resembling silk gauze; as, wire gauze; cotton gauze.

Gauze dresser, one employed in stiffening gauze.

Gauze, a. Having the qualities of gauze; thin; light; as, gauze merino underclothing.

Gauz”i*ness (?), n. The quality of being gauzy; flimsiness. Ruskin.

Gauz”y (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, gauze; thin and slight as gauze.

Gave (gāv), imp. of Give.

Gav”el (găv”&ebreve;l), n. A gable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Gav”el, n. [OF. gavelle, F. javelle, prob. dim. from L. capulus handle, fr. capere to lay hold of, seize; or cf. W. gafael hold, grasp. Cf. Heave.] A small heap of grain, not tied up into a bundle. Wright.

Gav”el, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. The mallet of the presiding officer in a legislative body, public assembly, court, masonic body, etc.

2. A mason’s setting maul. Knight.

Gav”el, n. [OF. gavel, AS. gafol, prob. fr. gifan to give. See Give, and cf. Gabel tribute.] (Law) Tribute; toll; custom. [Obs.] See Gabel. Cowell.

Gav”el*et (?), n. [From Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) An ancient special kind of cessavit used in Kent and London for the recovery of rent. [Obs.]

Gav”el*kind` (?), n. [OE. gavelkynde, gavelkende. See Gavel tribute, and Kind, n.] (O. Eng. Law) A tenure by which land descended from the father to all his sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, dying without issue, descended equally to his brothers. It still prevails in the county of Kent. Cowell.

Gav”e*loche (?), n. Same as Gavelock.

Gav”e*lock (?), n. [OE. gaveloc a dart, AS. gafeluc; cf. Icel. gaflok, MHG. gabil&?;t, OF. gavelot, glavelot, F. javelot, Ir. gabhla spear, W. gaflach fork, dart, E. glave, gaff] 1. A spear or dart. [R. & Obs.]

2. An iron crow or lever. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

Ga”ver*ick (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). [Prov. Eng.]

||Ga”viæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gavia a sea mew.] (Zoöl.) The division of birds which includes the gulls and terns.

Ga”vi*al (gā“v&ibreve;*al), n. [Hind. gha&rsdot;iyāl: cf. F. gavial.] (Zoöl.) A large Asiatic crocodilian (Gavialis Gangeticus); — called also nako, and Gangetic crocodile.

&fist; The gavial has a long, slender muzzle, teeth of nearly uniform size, and feet completely webbed. It inhabits the Ganges and other rivers of India. The name is also applied to several allied fossil species.

Gav”ot (? or ?; 277), n. [F. gavotte, fr. Gavots, a people inhabiting a mountainous district in France, called Gap.] (Mus.) A kind of difficult dance; a dance tune, the air of which has two brisk and lively, yet dignified, strains in common time, each played twice over. [Written also gavotte.]

Gaw”by (g&add;“b&ybreve;), n. A baby; a dunce. [Prov. Eng.]

Gawk (g&add;k), n. [OE. gok, gowk, cuckoo, fool, Icel. gaukr cuckoo; akin to OHG. gouh, G. gauch cuckoo, fool, AS. géac cuckoo, Sw. gök, Dan. giög] 1. A cuckoo. Johnson.

2. A simpleton; a booby; a gawky. Carlyle.

Gawk, v. i. To act like a gawky.

Gawk”y (?), a. [Compar. Gawkier (?); superl. Gawkiest.] Foolish and awkward; clumsy; clownish; as, gawky behavior. — n. A fellow who is awkward from being overgrown, or from stupidity, a gawk.

Gawn (?), n. [Corrupted fr. gallon.] A small tub or lading vessel. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Gawn”tree (?), n. See Gauntree.

Gay (?), a. [Compar. Gayer (?); superl. Gayest.] [F. gai, perhaps fr. OHG. g&?;hi swift, rapid, G. gäh, jäh, steep, hasty; or cf. OHG. w&?;hi beatiful, good. Cf. Jay.]

1. Excited with merriment; manifesting sportiveness or delight; inspiring delight; livery; merry.

Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.

Pope.

Gay hope is theirs by fancy fed.

Gray.

2. Brilliant in colors; splendid; fine; richly dressed.

Why is my neighbor’s wife so gay?

Chaucer.

A bevy of fair women, richly gay
In gems and wanton dress!

Milton.

3. Loose; dissipated; lewd. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Merry; gleeful; blithe; airy; lively; sprightly, sportive; light-hearted; frolicsome; jolly; jovial; joyous; joyful; glad; showy; splendid; vivacious.

Gay, n. An ornament [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Gay”al (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A Southern Asiatic species of wild cattle (Bibos frontalis).

||Gay”di*ang (?), n. (Naut.) A vessel of Anam, with two or three masts, lofty triangular sails, and in construction somewhat resembling a Chinese junk.

Gay”e*ty (?), n.; pl. Gayeties (&?;). [Written also gaiety.] [F. gaieté. See Gay, a.] 1. The state of being gay; merriment; mirth; acts or entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry delight; — used often in the plural; as, the gayeties of the season.

2. Finery; show; as, the gayety of dress.

Syn. — Liveliness; mirth; animation; vivacity; glee; blithesomeness; sprightliness; jollity. See Liveliness.

Gay”lus*site` (?), n. [Named after Gay-Lussac, the French chemist.] (Min.) A yellowish white, translucent mineral, consisting of the carbonates of lime and soda, with water.

Gay”ly (?), adv. 1. With mirth and frolic; merrily; blithely; gleefully.

2. Finely; splendidly; showily; as, ladies gayly dressed; a flower gayly blooming. Pope.

Gayne (?), v. i. [See Gain.] To avail. [Obs.]

Gay”ness (?), n. Gayety; finery. [R.]

Gay”some (?), a. Full of gayety. Mir. for Mag.

Gay”tre (?), n. [See Gaitre.] The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gaze (gāz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gazed (gāzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gazing.] [OE. gasen, akin to dial. Sw. gasa, cf. Goth. us-gaisjan to terrify, us- geisnan to be terrified. Cf. Aghast, Ghastly, Ghost, Hesitate.] To fix the eyes in a steady and earnest look; to look with eagerness or curiosity, as in admiration, astonishment, or with studious attention.

Why stand ye gazing up into heaven?

Acts i. 11.

Syn. — To gape; stare; look. — To Gaze, Gape, Stare. To gaze is to look with fixed and prolonged attention, awakened by excited interest or elevated emotion; to gape is to look fixedly, with open mouth and feelings of ignorant wonder; to stare is to look with the fixedness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover of nature gazes with delight on the beauties of the landscape; the rustic gapes with wonder at the strange sights of a large city; the idiot stares on those around with a vacant look.

Gaze, v. t. To view with attention; to gaze on. [R.]

And gazed a while the ample sky.

Milton.

Gaze, n. 1. A fixed look; a look of eagerness, wonder, or admiration; a continued look of attention.

With secret gaze
Or open admiration him behold.

Milton.

2. The object gazed on.

Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze.

Milton.

At gaze (a) (Her.) With the face turned directly to the front; — said of the figures of the stag, hart, buck, or hind, when borne, in this position, upon an escutcheon. (b) In a position expressing sudden fear or surprise; — a term used in stag hunting to describe the manner of a stag when he first hears the hounds and gazes round in apprehension of some hidden danger; hence, standing agape; idly or stupidly gazing.

I that rather held it better men should perish one by one,
Than that earth should stand at gaze like Joshua’s moon in Ajalon!

Tennyson.

Ga*zee”bo (?), n. [Humorously formed from gaze.] A summerhouse so situated as to command an extensive prospect. [Colloq.]

Gaze”ful (?), a. Gazing. [R.] Spenser.

Gaze”hound` (?), n. A hound that pursues by the sight rather than by the scent. Sir W. Scott.

Ga”zel (?), n. The black currant; also, the wild plum. [Prov. Eng.]

Ga*zel” (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Gazelle.

Ga*zelle” (?), n. [F. gazelle, OF. also, gazel; cf. Sp. gacela, Pr. gazella, It. gazella; all fr. Ar. ghaz&?;l a wild goat.] (Zoöl.) One of several small, swift, elegantly formed species of antelope, of the genus Gazella, esp. G. dorcas; — called also algazel, corinne, korin, and kevel. The gazelles are celebrated for the luster and soft expression of their eyes. [Written also gazel.]

&fist; The common species of Northern Africa (Gazella dorcas); the Arabian gazelle, or ariel (G. Arabica); the mohr of West Africa (G. mohr); the Indian (G. Bennetti); the ahu or Persian (G. subgutturosa); and the springbok or tsebe (G. euchore) of South Africa, are the best known.

Gaze”ment (?), n. View. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gaz”er (?), n. One who gazes.

Ga*zet (?), n. [It. gazeta, gazzetta, prob. dim. of L. gaza royal treasure.] A Venetian coin, worth about three English farthings, or one and a half cents. [Obs.]

Ga*zette” (?), n. [F. gazette, It. gazzetta, perh. from gazetta a Venetian coin (see Gazet), said to have been the price of the first newspaper published at Venice; or perh. dim. of gazza magpie, a name perh. applied to the first newspaper; cf. OHG. agalstra magpie, G. elster.] A newspaper; a printed sheet published periodically; esp., the official journal published by the British government, and containing legal and state notices.

Ga*zette”, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gazetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gazetting.] To announce or publish in a gazette; to announce officially, as an appointment, or a case of bankruptcy.

Gaz`et*teer” (?), n. [Cf. F. gazetier.] 1. A writer of news, or an officer appointed to publish news by authority. Johnson.

2. A newspaper; a gazette. [Obs.] Burke.

3. A geographical dictionary; a book giving the names and descriptions, etc., of many places.

4. An alphabetical descriptive list of anything.

Gaz”ing*stock` (?), n. A person or thing gazed at with scorn or abhorrence; an object of curiosity or contempt. Bp. Hall.

Gaz”o*gene (?), n. [F. gazogène; gaz gas + gène, E. gen.] A portable apparatus for making soda water or aërated liquids on a small scale. Knight.

Ga*zon” (?), n. [F. gazon turf, fr. OHG. waso, G. wasen.] (Fort.) One of the pieces of sod used to line or cover parapets and the faces of earthworks.

Ge- (?). An Anglo-Saxon prefix. See Y- .

Geal (?), v. i. [F. geler, fr. L. gelare, fr. gelu. See Gelid.] To congeal. [Obs. or Scot.]

Gean (?), n. [F. guigne the fruit of the gean; cf. OHG. wīhsila, G. weichsel.] (Bot.) A species of cherry tree common in Europe (Prunus avium); also, the fruit, which is usually small and dark in color.

Ge`an*ti*cli”nal (?), n. [Gr. &?; the earth + E. anticlinal.] (Geol.) An upward bend or flexure of a considerable portion of the earth’s crust, resulting in the formation of a class of mountain elevations called anticlinoria; — opposed to geosynclinal.

Gear (?), n. [OE. gere, ger, AS. gearwe clothing, adornment, armor, fr. gearo, gearu, ready, yare; akin to OHG. garawī, garwī ornament, dress. See Yare, and cf. Garb dress.] 1. Clothing; garments; ornaments.

Array thyself in thy most gorgeous gear.

Spenser.

2. Goods; property; household stuff. Chaucer.

Homely gear and common ware.

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

3. Whatever is prepared for use or wear; manufactured stuff or material.

Clad in a vesture of unknown gear.

Spenser.

4. The harness of horses or cattle; trapping.

5. Warlike accouterments. [Scot.] Jamieson.

6. Manner; custom; behavior. [Obs.] Chaucer.

7. Business matters; affairs; concern. [Obs.]

Thus go they both together to their gear.

Spenser.

8. (Mech.) (a) A toothed wheel, or cogwheel; as, a spur gear, or a bevel gear; also, toothed wheels, collectively. (b) An apparatus for performing a special function; gearing; as, the feed gear of a lathe. (c) Engagement of parts with each other; as, in gear; out of gear.

9. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b).

10. Anything worthless; stuff; nonsense; rubbish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright.

That servant of his that confessed and uttered this gear was an honest man.

Latimer.

Bever gear. See Bevel gear. — Core gear, a mortise gear, or its skeleton. See Mortise wheel, under Mortise. — Expansion gear (Steam Engine), the arrangement of parts for cutting off steam at a certain part of the stroke, so as to leave it to act upon the piston expansively; the cut-off. See under Expansion. — Feed gear. See Feed motion, under Feed, n. — Gear cutter, a machine or tool for forming the teeth of gear wheels by cutting. — Gear wheel, any cogwheel. — Running gear. See under Running. — To throw in, or out of, gear (Mach.), to connect or disconnect (wheelwork or couplings, etc.); to put in, or out of, working relation.

Gear (?) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gearing.] 1. To dress; to put gear on; to harness.

2. (Mach.) To provide with gearing.

Double geared, driven through twofold compound gearing, to increase the force or speed; — said of a machine.

Gear, v. i. (Mach.) To be in, or come into, gear.

Gear”ing, n. 1. Harness.

2. (Mach.) The parts by which motion imparted to one portion of an engine or machine is transmitted to another, considered collectively; as, the valve gearing of locomotive engine; belt gearing; esp., a train of wheels for transmitting and varying motion in machinery.

Frictional gearing. See under Frictional. — Gearing chain, an endless chain transmitted motion from one sprocket wheel to another. See Illust. of Chain wheel. — Spur gearing, gearing in which the teeth or cogs are ranged round either the concave or the convex surface (properly the latter) of a cylindrical wheel; — for transmitting motion between parallel shafts, etc.

Gea”son (?), a. [OE. gesen, geson, rare, scanty, AS. g&?;sne barren, wanting. Cf. Geest.] Rare; wonderful. [Obs.] Spenser.

Geat (gēt), n. [See Gate a door.] (Founding) The channel or spout through which molten metal runs into a mold in casting. [Written also git, gate.]

Ge`car*cin”i*an (jē`kär*s&ibreve;n”&ibreve;*an), n. [Gr. gh^ earth + karki`nos crab.] (Zoöl.) A land crab of the genus Gecarcinus, or of allied genera.

Geck (?), n. [D. gek fool, fop; akin to G. geck; cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person.] 1. Scorn, derision, or contempt. [Prov. Eng.]

2. An object of scorn; a dupe; a gull. [Obs.]

To become the geck and scorn
O’the other’s villainy.

Shak.

Geck, v. t. [Cf. OD. ghecken, G. gecken. See Geck, n.]

1. To deride; to scorn; to mock. [Prov. Eng.]

2. To cheat; trick, or gull. [Obs.] Johnson.

Geck, v. i. To jeer; to show contempt. Sir W. Scott.

Geck”o (g&ebreve;k”&osl;), n.; pl. Geckoes (-ōz). [Cf. F. & G. gecko; — so called from the sound which the animal utters.] (Zoöl.) Any lizard of the family Geckonidæ. The geckoes are small, carnivorous, mostly nocturnal animals with large eyes and vertical, elliptical pupils. Their toes are generally expanded, and furnished with adhesive disks, by which they can run over walls and ceilings. They are numerous in warm countries, and a few species are found in Europe and the United States. See Wall gecko, Fanfoot.

Geck*o”tian (?), n. (Zoöl.) A gecko.

Ged, Gedd (&?;), n. The European pike.

Gee (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Geeing.] 1. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq. or Prov. Eng.] Forby.

2. [Cf. G. jü, interj., used in calling to a horse, It. giò, F. dia, used to turn a horse to the left.] To turn to the off side, or from the driver (i.e., in the United States, to the right side); — said of cattle, or a team; used most frequently in the imperative, often with off, by drivers of oxen, in directing their teams, and opposed to haw, or hoi. [Written also jee.]

&fist; In England, the teamster walks on the right-hand side of the cattle; in the United States, on the left-hand side. In all cases, however, gee means to turn from the driver, and haw to turn toward him.

Gee ho, or Gee whoa. Same as Gee.

Gee, v. t. [See Gee to turn.] To cause (a team) to turn to the off side, or from the driver. [Written also jee.]

Geer (?), Geer”ing. [Obs.] See Gear, Gearing.

Geese (?), n., pl. of Goose.

Geest (?), n. [Cf. LG. geest, geestland, sandy, dry and, OFries. gēst, gāst, gēstlond, gāstlond, fr. Fries. gāst barren. Cf. Geason.] Alluvial matter on the surface of land, not of recent origin. R. Jameson.

Geet (?), n. [See Jet.] Jet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Geez (?), n. The original native name for the ancient Ethiopic language or people. See Ethiopic.

Ge*hen”na (g&esl;*h&ebreve;n”n&adot;), n. [L. Gehenna, Gr. Ge`enna, Heb. Gē Hinnōm.] (Jewish Hist.) The valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, where some of the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, which, on this account, was afterward regarded as a place of abomination, and made a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. In the New Testament the name is transferred, by an easy metaphor, to Hell.

The pleasant valley of Hinnom. Tophet thence
And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell.

Milton.

Ge”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, earthy or vegetable mold.

Geic acid. (Chem.) See Humin.

Ge”in (?), n. [Gr. &?; earth.] (Chem.) See Humin.

Geis”sler tube` (?). (Elec.) A glass tube provided with platinum electrodes, and containing some gas under very low tension, which becomes luminous when an electrical discharge is passed through it; — so called from the name of a noted maker in germany. It is called also Plücker tube, from the German physicist who devised it.

Gei”to*nog”a*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; neighbor + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of flowers by pollen from other flowers on the same plant.

Gel”a*ble (?), a. [L. gelare to congeal: cf. F. gelable. See Geal.] Capable of being congealed; capable of being converted into jelly.

||Gel”a*da (?), n. (Zoöl.) A baboon (Gelada Ruppelli) of Abyssinia, remarkable for the length of the hair on the neck and shoulders of the adult male.

Ge*las”tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; inclined to laugh, from &?; to laugh.] Pertaining to laughter; used in laughing. “Gelastic muscles.” Sir T. Browne.

Ge*lat”i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [Gelatin + L. ficare. (in comp.) to make. See fy.] (Physiol. Chem.) The formation of gelatin.

Gel`a*tig”e*nous (?), n. [Gelatin + -genous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Producing, or yielding, gelatin; gelatiniferous; as, the gelatigeneous tissues.

Gel”a*tin, Gel”a*tine (&?;), n. [F. gélatine, fr. L. gelare to congeal. See Geal.] (Chem.) Animal jelly; glutinous material obtained from animal tissues by prolonged boiling. Specifically (Physiol. Chem.), a nitrogeneous colloid, not existing as such in the animal body, but formed by the hydrating action of boiling water on the collagen of various kinds of connective tissue (as tendons, bones, ligaments, etc.). Its distinguishing character is that of dissolving in hot water, and forming a jelly on cooling. It is an important ingredient of calf’s- foot jelly, isinglass, glue, etc. It is used as food, but its nutritious qualities are of a low order.

&fist; Both spellings, gelatin and gelatine, are in good use, but the tendency of writers on physiological chemistry favors the form in – in, as in the United States Dispensatory, the United States Pharmacopœia, Fownes’ Watts’ Chemistry, Brande & Cox’s Dictionary.

Blasting gelatin, an explosive, containing about ninety-five parts of nitroglycerin and five of collodion. — Gelatin process, a name applied to a number of processes in the arts, involving the use of gelatin. Especially: (a) (Photog.) A dry-plate process in which gelatin is used as a substitute for collodion as the sensitized material. This is the dry-plate process in general use, and plates of extreme sensitiveness are produced by it. (b) (Print.) A method of producing photographic copies of drawings, engravings, printed pages, etc., and also of photographic pictures, which can be printed from in a press with ink, or (in some applications of the process) which can be used as the molds of stereotype or electrotype plates. (c) (Print. or Copying) A method of producing facsimile copies of an original, written or drawn in aniline ink upon paper, thence transferred to a cake of gelatin softened with glycerin, from which impressions are taken upon ordinary paper. — Vegetable gelatin. See Gliadin.

Ge*lat”i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelatinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gelatinating.] To convert into gelatin, or into a substance resembling jelly.

Ge*lat”i*nate, v. i. To be converted into gelatin, or into a substance like jelly.

Lapis lazuli, if calcined, does not effervesce, but gelatinates with the mineral acids.

Kirwan.

Ge*lat`i*na”tion (?), n. The act of process of converting into gelatin, or a substance like jelly.

Gel”a*tine (?), n. Same as Gelatin.

Gel`a*tin*if”er*ous (?), a. [Gelatin + -ferous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Yielding gelatin on boiling with water; capable of gelatination.

Gel`a*tin”i*form (?), a. Having the form of gelatin.

Ge*lat`i*ni*za”tion (?), n. Same as Gelatination.

Ge*lat”i*nize (?), v. t. 1. To convert into gelatin or jelly. Same as Gelatinate, v. t.

2. (Photog.) To coat, or otherwise treat, with gelatin.

Ge*lat”i*nize (?), v. i. Same as Gelatinate, v. i.

Ge*lat”i*nous (?), a. [Cf. F. gélatineux.] Of the nature and consistence of gelatin or the jelly; resembling jelly; viscous.

Ge*la”tion (?), n. [L. gelatio a freezing, fr. gelare to freeze.] (Astron.) The process of becoming solid by cooling; a cooling and solidifying.

Geld (?), n. [AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, payment, fr. gieldan to pay, render. See Yield.] Money; tribute; compensation; ransom.[Obs.]

&fist; This word occurs in old law books in composition, as in danegeld, or danegelt, a tax imposed by the Danes; weregeld, compensation for the life of a man, etc.

Geld (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelded or Gelt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Gelding.] [Icel. gelda to castrate; akin to Dan. gilde, Sw. gälla, and cf. AS. gilte a young sow, OHG. galt dry, not giving milk, G. gelt, Goth. gilpa siclke.] 1. To castrate; to emasculate.

2. To deprive of anything essential.

Bereft and gelded of his patrimony.

Shak.

3. To deprive of anything exceptionable; as, to geld a book, or a story; to expurgate. [Obs.] Dryden.

Geld”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being gelded.

Geld”a*ble, a. [From Geld money.] Liable to taxation. [Obs.] Burrill.

Geld”er (?), n. One who gelds or castrates.

Gel”der-rose (?), n. Same as Guelder-rose.

Geld”ing (?), n. [Icel. gelding a gelding, akin to geldingr wether, eunuch, Sw. gälling gelding, Dan. gilding eunuch. See Geld, v. t.] A castrated animal; — usually applied to a horse, but formerly used also of the human male.

They went down both into the water, Philip and the gelding, and Philip baptized him.

Wyclif (Acts viii. 38).

Geld”ing, p. pr., a., & vb. n. from Geld, v. t.

Gel”id (j&ebreve;l”&ibreve;d), a. [L. gelidus, fr. gelu frost, cold. See Cold, and cf. Congeal, Gelatin, Jelly.] Cold; very cold; frozen. “Gelid founts.” Thompson.

Ge*lid”i*ty (?), n. The state of being gelid.

Gel”id*ly (?), adv. In a gelid manner; coldly.

Gel”id*ness, n. The state of being gelid; gelidity.

Gel”ly (j&ebreve;l”l&ybreve;), n. Jelly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ge*los”copy (?), n. [Gr. &?; to laugh + -scopy.] Divination by means of laughter.

Ge*lose” (?), n. [See Gelatin.] (Chem.) An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate, found in Gelidium, agar-agar, and other seaweeds.

Gel*se”mic (?), a. Gelseminic.

Gel”se*mine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens), as a bitter white semicrystalline substance; — called also gelsemia.

Gel`se*min”ic (?), n. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens); as, gelseminic acid, a white crystalline substance resembling esculin.

||Gel*se”mium (?), n. [NL., fr. It. gelsomino jasmine.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants. The yellow (false) jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens) is a native of the Southern United States. It has showy and deliciously fragrant flowers.

2. (Med.) The root of the yellow jasmine, used in malarial fevers, etc.

Gelt (?), n. [See 1st Geld.] Trubute, tax. [Obs.]

All these the king granted unto them . . . free from all gelts and payments, in a most full and ample manner.

Fuller.

Gelt, n. [See Gelt, v. t.] A gelding. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Gelt, n. Gilding; tinsel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gem (?), n. [OE. gemme precious stone, F. gemme, fr. L. gemma a precious stone, bud.] 1. (Bot.) A bud.

From the joints of thy prolific stem
A swelling knot is raised called a gem.

Denham.

2. A precious stone of any kind, as the ruby, emerald, topaz, sapphire, beryl, spinel, etc., especially when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel. Milton.

3. Anything of small size, or expressed within brief limits, which is regarded as a gem on account of its beauty or value, as a small picture, a verse of poetry, a witty or wise saying.

Artificial gem, an imitation of a gem, made of glass colored with metallic oxide. Cf. Paste, and Strass.

Gem v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gemmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gemming] 1. To put forth in the form of buds. “Gemmed their blossoms.” [R.] Milton.

2. To adorn with gems or precious stones.

3. To embellish or adorn, as with gems; as, a foliage gemmed with dewdrops.

England is . . . gemmed with castles and palaces.

W. Irving.

Ge*ma”ra (?), n. [Heb.] (Jewish Law) The second part of the Talmud, or the commentary on the Mishna (which forms the first part or text).

Ge*mar”ic (?), a. Pertaining to the Gemara.

Ge*ma”rist (?), n. One versed in the Gemara, or adhering to its teachings.

Gem”el (?), a. [OF. gemel twin, F. jumeau, L. gemellus twin, doubled, dim. of geminus. See Gemini, and cf. Gimmal.] (Her.) Coupled; paired.

Bars gemel (Her.), two barrulets placed near and parallel to each other.

Gem”el (?), n. 1. One of the twins. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. (Heb.) One of the barrulets placed parallel and closed to each other. Cf. Bars gemel, under Gemel, a.

Two gemels silver between two griffins passant.

Strype.

Gemel hinge (Locksmithing), a hinge consisting of an eye or loop and a hook. — Gemel ring, a ring with two or more links; a gimbal. See Gimbal. — Gemel window, a window with two bays.

Gem`el*lip”a-rous (?), a. [L. gemellipara, fem., gemellus twin + parere to bear, produce.] Producing twins. [R.] Bailey.

Gem”i*nal (?), a. [L. geminus twin.] A pair. [Obs.] Drayton.

Gem”i*nate (?), a. [L. geminatus, p. p. of genimare to double. See Gemini.] (Bot.) In pairs or twains; two together; binate; twin; as, geminate flowers. Gray.

Gem”i*nate (?), v. t. To double. [R.] B. Jonson.

Gem`i*na”tion (?), n. [L. geminatio.] A doubling; duplication; repetition. [R.] Boyle.

||Gem”i*ni (?), n. pl. [L., twins, pl. of geminus; cf. Skr. j&?;mi related as brother or sister.] (Astron.) A constellation of the zodiac, containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux; also, the third sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about May 20th.

Gem`i*ni*flo”rous (?), a. [L. geminus twin + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the flowers arranged in pairs.

Gem”i*nous (?), a. [L. geminus.] Double; in pairs. Sir T. Browne.

Gemi*ny (?), n. [See Gemini.] Twins; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] Shak.

||Gem`i*to”res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gemere, gemitum, to sign, moan.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the true pigeons.

||Gem”ma (?), n.; pl. Gemmæ (#). [L., a bud.] 1. (Bot.) A leaf bud, as distinguished from a flower bud.

2. (Biol.) A bud spore; one of the small spores or buds in the reproduction of certain Protozoa, which separate one at a time from the parent cell.

Gem*ma”ceous (?), a. Of or pertaining to gems or to gemmæ; of the nature of, or resembling, gems or gemmæ.

Gem”ma*ry (?), a. [L. gemmarius. See Gem.] Of or pertaining to gems.

Gem”ma*ry (?), n. A receptacle for jewels or gems; a jewel house; jewels or gems, collectively.

Gem”mate (?), a. [L. gemmatus, p. p. of gemmare to put forth buds, fr. gemma bud.] (Bot.) Having buds; reproducing by buds.

Gem”ma*ted (?), a. Having buds; adorned with gems or jewels.

Gem*ma”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. gemmation.]

1. (Biol.) The formation of a new individual, either animal or vegetable, by a process of budding; an asexual method of reproduction; gemmulation; gemmiparity. See Budding.

2. (Bot.) The arrangement of buds on the stalk; also, of leaves in the bud.

Gem”me*ous (?), a. [L. gemmeus. See Gem.] Pertaining to gems; of the nature of gems; resembling gems. Pennant.

Gem*mif”er*ous (?), a. [L. gemma bud + -ferous: cf. F. gemmifère.] Producing gems or buds; (Biol.) multiplying by buds.

Gem`mi*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. gemma bud + ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy.] (Biol.) The production of a bud or gem.

Gem`mi*flo”rate (?), a. [L. gemma bud + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers like buds.

Gem”mi*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being gemmy; spruceness; smartness.

{ ||Gem*mip”a*ra (?) ||Gem*mip”a*res (?) } n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gemma bud + parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Animals which increase by budding, as hydroids.

Gem`mi*par”i*ty (?), n. (Biol.) Reproduction by budding; gemmation. See Budding.

Gem*mip”a*rous (?), a. [Cf. F. gemmipare.] (Biol.) Producing buds; reproducing by buds. See Gemmation, 1.

Gem*mos”i*ty (?), n. [L. gemmosus set with jewels. See Gem.] The quality or characteristics of a gem or jewel. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gem`mu*la”tion (?), n. [From L. gemmula, dim. of gemma bud.] (Biol.) See Gemmation.

Gem”mule (?), n. [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma: cf. F. gemmule. See Gem.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A little leaf bud, as the plumule between the cotyledons. (b) One of the buds of mosses. (c) One of the reproductive spores of algæ. (d) An ovule.

2. (Biol.) (a) A bud produced in generation by gemmation. (b) One of the imaginary granules or atoms which, according to Darwin’s hypothesis of pangenesis, are continually being thrown off from every cell or unit, and circulate freely throughout the system, and when supplied with proper nutriment multiply by self-division and ultimately develop into cells like those from which they were derived. They are supposed to be transmitted from the parent to the offspring, but are often transmitted in a dormant state during many generations and are then developed. See Pangenesis.

Gem`mu*lif”er*ous (?), a. [Gemmule + -ferous.] Bearing or producing gemmules or buds.

Gem”my (?), a. [From Gem, n.]

1. Full of gems; bright; glittering like a gem.

The gemmy bridle glittered free.

Tennyson.

2. Spruce; smart. [Colloq. Eng.]

Ge*mote” (?), n. [As. gem&?;t an assembly. See Meet, v. t.] (AS. Hist.) A meeting; — used in combination, as, Witenagemote, an assembly of the wise men.

Gems (?), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) The chamois.

Gems”bok (?), n. [D.; akin to G. gemsbock the male or buck of the chamois; gemse chamois, goat of the Alps + bock buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African antelope (Oryx Capensis), having long, sharp, nearly straight horns.

Gems”-horn` (?), n. [G., prop., chamois horn.] (Mus.) An organ stop with conical tin pipes.

Ge*mul” (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small South American deer (Furcifer Chilensis), with simple forked horns. [Written also guemul.]

-gen (?). [(1) From Gr. gen, from the same root as ge`nos race, stock (see Genus). (2) From Gr. suffix -genh`s born. Cf. F. -gène.] 1. A suffix used in scientific words in the sense of producing, generating: as, amphigen, amidogen, halogen.

2. A suffix meaning produced, generated; as, exogen.

||Ge”na (?), [L., the cheek.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird. (b) The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached.

||Ge*nappe” (?), n. [From Genappe, in Belgium.] A worsted yarn or cord of peculiar smoothness, used in the manufacture of braid, fringe, etc. Simmonds.

||Gen`darme” (?), n.; pl. Gendarmes (#), or Gens d’armes. [F.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of heavy cavalry. [Obs.] [France]

2. An armed policeman in France. Thackeray.

Gen*darm”er*y (?), n. [F. gendarmerie.] The body of gendarmes.

Gen”der (j&ebreve;n”d&etilde;r), n. [OF. genre, gendre (with excrescent d.), F. genre, fr. L. genus, generis, birth, descent, race, kind, gender, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born, akin to E. kin. See Kin, and cf. Generate, Genre, Gentle, Genus.]

1. Kind; sort. [Obs.] “One gender of herbs.” Shak.

2. Sex, male or female. [Obs. or Colloq.]

3. (Gram.) A classification of nouns, primarily according to sex; and secondarily according to some fancied or imputed quality associated with sex.

Gender is a grammatical distinction and applies to words only. Sex is natural distinction and applies to living objects.

R. Morris.

&fist; Adjectives and pronouns are said to vary in gender when the form is varied according to the gender of the words to which they refer.

Gen”der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gendering.] [OF. gendrer, fr. L. generare. See Gender, n.] To beget; to engender.

Gen”der, v. i. To copulate; to breed. [R.] Shak.

Gen”der*less, a. Having no gender.

Gen`e*a*gen”e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; race + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Alternate generation. See under Generation.

Gen`e*a*log”ic (?), a. Genealogical.

Gen`e*a*log”ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. généalogique.] Of or pertaining to genealogy; as, a genealogical table; genealogical order. — Gen`e*a*log”ic*al*ly, adv.

Genealogical tree, a family lineage or genealogy drawn out under the form of a tree and its branches.

Gen`e*al”o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. généalogiste.] One who traces genealogies or the descent of persons or families.

Gen`e*al”o*gize (?), v. i. To investigate, or relate the history of, descents.

Gen`e*al”o*gy (?), n.; pl. Genealogies (#). [OE. genealogi, genelogie, OF. genelogie, F. généalogie, L. genealogia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; birth, race, descent (akin to L. genus) + &?; discourse.]

1. An account or history of the descent of a person or family from an ancestor; enumeration of ancestors and their children in the natural order of succession; a pedigree.

2. Regular descent of a person or family from a progenitor; pedigree; lineage.

Gen”e*arch (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; race + &?; a leader.] The chief of a family or tribe.

Gen”e*ra (?), n. pl. See Genus.

Gen`er*a*bil”i*ty (?), n. Capability of being generated. Johnstone.

Gen”er*a*ble (?), a. [L. generabilis.] Capable of being generated or produced. Bentley.

Gen”er*al (?), a. [F. général, fr. L. generalis. See Genus.] 1. Relating to a genus or kind; pertaining to a whole class or order; as, a general law of animal or vegetable economy.

2. Comprehending many species or individuals; not special or particular; including all particulars; as, a general inference or conclusion.

3. Not restrained or limited to a precise import; not specific; vague; indefinite; lax in signification; as, a loose and general expression.

4. Common to many, or the greatest number; widely spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; as, a general opinion; a general custom.

This general applause and cheerful shout
Argue your wisdom and your love to Richard.

Shak.

5. Having a relation to all; common to the whole; as, Adam, our general sire. Milton.

6. As a whole; in gross; for the most part.

His general behavior vain, ridiculous.

Shak.

7. Usual; common, on most occasions; as, his general habit or method.

&fist; The word general, annexed to a name of office, usually denotes chief or superior; as, attorney- general; adjutant general; commissary general; quartermaster general; vicar-general, etc.

General agent (Law), an agent whom a principal employs to transact all his business of a particular kind, or to act in his affairs generally. — General assembly. See the Note under Assembly. — General average, General Court. See under Average, Court. — General court-martial (Mil.), the highest military and naval judicial tribunal. — General dealer (Com.), a shopkeeper who deals in all articles in common use. — General demurrer (Law), a demurrer which objects to a pleading in general terms, as insufficient, without specifying the defects. Abbott. — General epistle, a canonical epistle. — General guides (Mil.), two sergeants (called the right, and the left, general guide) posted opposite the right and left flanks of an infantry battalion, to preserve accuracy in marching. Farrow. — General hospitals (Mil.), hospitals established to receive sick and wounded sent from the field hospitals. Farrow. General issue (Law), an issue made by a general plea, which traverses the whole declaration or indictment at once, without offering any special matter to evade it. Bouvier. Burrill. — General lien (Law), a right to detain a chattel, etc., until payment is made of any balance due on a general account. — General officer (Mil.), any officer having a rank above that of colonel. — General orders (Mil.), orders from headquarters published to the whole command. — General practitioner, in the United States, one who practices medicine in all its branches without confining himself to any specialty; in England, one who practices both as physician and as surgeon. — General ship, a ship not chartered or let to particular parties. — General term (Logic), a term which is the sign of a general conception or notion. — General verdict (Law), the ordinary comprehensive verdict in civil actions, “for the plaintiff” or “for the defendant”. Burrill. — General warrant (Law), a warrant, now illegal, to apprehend suspected persons, without naming individuals.

Syn. General, Common, Universal. Common denotes primarily that in which many share; and hence, that which is often met with. General is stronger, denoting that which pertains to a majority of the individuals which compose a genus, or whole. Universal, that which pertains to all without exception. To be able to read and write is so common an attainment in the United States, that we may pronounce it general, though by no means universal.

Gen”er*al (?), n. [F. général. See General., a.]

1. The whole; the total; that which comprehends or relates to all, or the chief part; — opposed to particular.

In particulars our knowledge begins, and so spreads itself by degrees to generals.

Locke.

2. (Mil.) One of the chief military officers of a government or country; the commander of an army, of a body of men not less than a brigade. In European armies, the highest military rank next below field marshal.

&fist; In the United States the office of General of the Army has been created by temporary laws, and has been held only by Generals U. S. Grant, W. T. Sherman, and P. H. Sheridan. Popularly, the title General is given to various general officers, as General, Lieutenant general, Major general, Brigadier general, Commissary general, etc. See Brigadier general, Lieutenant general, Major general, in the Vocabulary.

3. (Mil.) The roll of the drum which calls the troops together; as, to beat the general.

4. (Eccl.) The chief of an order of monks, or of all the houses or congregations under the same rule.

5. The public; the people; the vulgar. [Obs.] Shak.

In general, in the main; for the most part.

||Gen`e*ra”li*a (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. generalis.] Generalities; general terms. J. S. Mill.

Gen`er*al*is”si*mo (?), n. [It., superl. of generale general. See General, a.] The chief commander of an army; especially, the commander in chief of an army consisting of two or more grand divisions under separate commanders; — a title used in most foreign countries.

Gen`er*al”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Generalities (#). [L. generalitas: cf. F. généralité. Cf. Generalty.]

1. The state of being general; the quality of including species or particulars. Hooker.

2. That which is general; that which lacks specificalness, practicalness, or application; a general or vague statement or phrase.

Let us descend from generalities to particulars.

Landor.

The glittering and sounding generalities of natural right which make up the Declaration of Independence.

R. Choate.

3. The main body; the bulk; the greatest part; as, the generality of a nation, or of mankind.

Gen”er*al*i`za*ble (?), a. Capable of being generalized, or reduced to a general form of statement, or brought under a general rule.

Extreme cases are . . . not generalizable.

Coleridge

Gen`er*al*i*za”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. généralisation.]

1. The act or process of generalizing; the act of bringing individuals or particulars under a genus or class; deduction of a general principle from particulars.

Generalization is only the apprehension of the one in the many.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A general inference.

Gen”er*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Generalizing (?).] [Cf. F. généraliser.]

1. To bring under a genus or under genera; to view in relation to a genus or to genera.

Copernicus generalized the celestial motions by merely referring them to the moon’s motion. Newton generalized them still more by referring this last to the motion of a stone through the air.

W. Nicholson.

2. To apply to other genera or classes; to use with a more extensive application; to extend so as to include all special cases; to make universal in application, as a formula or rule.

When a fact is generalized, our discontent is quited, and we consider the generality itself as tantamount to an explanation.

Sir W. Hamilton.

3. To derive or deduce (a general conception, or a general principle) from particulars.

A mere conclusion generalized from a great multitude of facts.

Coleridge.

Gen”er*al*ize, v. i. To form into a genus; to view objects in their relations to a genus or class; to take general or comprehensive views.

Gen”er*al*ized (?), a. (Zoöl.) Comprising structural characters which are separated in more specialized forms; synthetic; as, a generalized type.

Gen”er*al*i`zer (&?;), n. One who takes general or comprehensive views. Tyndall.

Gen”er*al*ly, adv. 1. In general; commonly; extensively, though not universally; most frequently.

2. In a general way, or in general relation; in the main; upon the whole; comprehensively.

Generally speaking, they live very quietly.

Addison.

3. Collectively; as a whole; without omissions. [Obs.]

I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee.

2 Sam. xvii. ll.

Gen”er*al*ness, n. The condition or quality of being general; frequency; commonness. Sir P. Sidney.

Gen”er*al*ship, n. 1. The office of a general; the exercise of the functions of a general; — sometimes, with the possessive pronoun, the personality of a general.

Your generalship puts me in mind of Prince Eugene.

Goldsmith.

2. Military skill in a general officer or commander.

3. Fig.: Leadership; management.

An artful stroke of generalship in Trim to raise a dust.

Sterne.

Gen”er*al*ty (?), n. Generality. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Gen”er*ant (?), a. [L. generans, p. pr. of generare.] Generative; producing; esp. (Geom.), acting as a generant.

Gen”er*ant, n. 1. That which generates. Glanvill.

2. (Geom.) A generatrix.

Gen”er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Generating.] [L. generatus, p. p. of generare to generate, fr. genus. See Genus, Gender.]

1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; to produce (a being similar to the parent); to engender; as, every animal generates its own species.

2. To cause to be; to bring into life. Milton.

3. To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process; to produce; to cause.

Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle must likewise generate milk.

Arbuthnot.

4. (Math.) To trace out, as a line, figure, or solid, by the motion of a point or a magnitude of inferior order.

Gen`er*a”tion (?), n. [OE. generacioun, F. génération, fr.L. generatio.] 1. The act of generating or begetting; procreation, as of animals.

2. Origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; formation; as, the generation of sounds, of gases, of curves, etc.

3. That which is generated or brought forth; progeny; offspiring.

4. A single step or stage in the succession of natural descent; a rank or remove in genealogy. Hence: The body of those who are of the same genealogical rank or remove from an ancestor; the mass of beings living at one period; also, the average lifetime of man, or the ordinary period of time at which one rank follows another, or father is succeeded by child, usually assumed to be one third of a century; an age.

This is the book of the generations of Adam.

Gen. v. 1.

Ye shall remain there [in Babylon] many years, and for a long season, namely, seven generations.

Baruch vi. 3.

All generations and ages of the Christian church.

Hooker.

5. Race; kind; family; breed; stock.

Thy mother’s of my generation; what’s she, if I be a dog?

Shak.

6. (Geom.) The formation or production of any geometrical magnitude, as a line, a surface, a solid, by the motion, in accordance with a mathematical law, of a point or a magnitude; as, the generation of a line or curve by the motion of a point, of a surface by a line, a sphere by a semicircle, etc.

7. (Biol.) The aggregate of the functions and phenomene which attend reproduction.

&fist; There are four modes of generation in the animal kingdom: scissiparity or by fissiparous generation, gemmiparity or by budding, germiparity or by germs, and oviparity or by ova.

Alternate generation (Biol.), alternation of sexual with asexual generation, in which the products of one process differ from those of the other, — a form of reproduction common both to animal and vegetable organisms. In the simplest form, the organism arising from sexual generation produces offspiring unlike itself, agamogenetically. These, however, in time acquire reproductive organs, and from their impregnated germs the original parent form is reproduced. In more complicated cases, the first series of organisms produced agamogenetically may give rise to others by a like process, and these in turn to still other generations. Ultimately, however, a generation is formed which develops sexual organs, and the original form is reproduced. — Spontaneous generation (Biol.), the fancied production of living organisms without previously existing parents from inorganic matter, or from decomposing organic matter, a notion which at one time had many supporters; abiogenesis.

Gen”er*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. génératif.] Having the power of generating, propagating, originating, or producing. “That generative particle.” Bentley.

Gen”er*a`tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces.

2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort, or vessel for generating carbonic acid gas, etc.

3. (Mus.) The principal sound or sounds by which others are produced; the fundamental note or root of the common chord; — called also generating tone.

Gen`er*a”trix (?), n.; pl. L. Generatrices (#), E. Generatrixes (#). [L.] (Geom.) That which generates; the point, or the mathematical magnitude, which, by its motion, generates another magnitude, as a line, surface, or solid; — called also describent.

{ Ge*ner”ic (?), Ge*ner”ic*al (?), } a. [L. genus, generis, race, kind: cf. F. générique. See Gender.]

1. (Biol.) Pertaining to a genus or kind; relating to a genus, as distinct from a species, or from another genus; as, a generic description; a generic difference; a generic name.

2. Very comprehensive; pertaining or appropriate to large classes or their characteristics; — opposed to specific.

Ge*ner”ic*al*ly, adv. With regard to a genus, or an extensive class; as, an animal generically distinct from another, or two animals or plants generically allied.

Ge*ner”ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being generic.

Ge*ner`i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. genus kind, class + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of generalizing.

Out of this the universal is elaborated by generification.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Gen`er*os”i*ty (?), n. [L. generositas: cf. F. générosité.] 1. Noble birth. [Obs.] Harris (Voyages).

2. The quality of being noble; noble- mindedness.

Generosity is in nothing more seen than in a candid estimation of other men’s virtues and good qualities.

Barrow.

3. Liberality in giving; munificence.

Syn. — Magnanimity; liberality.

Gen”er*ous (?), a. [F. généreux, fr. L. generous of noble birth, noble, excellent, magnanimous, fr. genus birth, race: cf. It. generoso. See 2d Gender.]

1. Of honorable birth or origin; highborn. [Obs.]

The generous and gravest citizens.

Shak.

2. Exhibiting those qualities which are popularly reregarded as belonging to high birth; noble; honorable; magnanimous; spirited; courageous. “The generous critic.” Pope. “His generous spouse.” Pope. “A generous pack [of hounds].” Addison.

3. Open-handed; free to give; not close or niggardly; munificent; as, a generous friend or father.

4. Characterized by generosity; abundant; overflowing; as, a generous table. Swift.

5. Full of spirit or strength; stimulating; exalting; as, generous wine.

Syn. — Magnanimous; bountiful. See Liberal.

— Gen”er*ous*ly, adv. — Gen”er*ous*ness, n.

Gen`e*see” ep”och (?). (Geol.) The closing subdivision of the Hamilton period in the American Devonian system; – - so called because the formations of this period crop out in Genesee, New York.

Ge*ne”sial (?), a. Of or relating to generation.

Ge*ne`si*ol”gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; birth + -logy.] The doctrine or science of generation.

Gen”e*sis (?), n. [L., from Gr. ge`nesis, fr. the root of gi`gnesqai to beget, be born; akin to L. genus birth, race. See Gender.]

1. The act of producing, or giving birth or origin to anything; the process or mode of originating; production; formation; origination.

The origin and genesis of poor Sterling’s club.

Carlyle.

2. The first book of the Old Testament; — so called by the Greek translators, from its containing the history of the creation of the world and of the human race.

3. (Geom.) Same as Generation.

Gen”et (j&ebreve;n”&ebreve;t or j&esl;*n&ebreve;t”), Ge*nette” (j&esl;*n&ebreve;t”), n. [F. genette, Sp. gineta, fr. Ar. jarnei&tsdot;.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of several species of small Carnivora of the genus Genetta, allied to the civets, but having the scent glands less developed, and without a pouch.

&fist; The common genet (Genetta vulgaris) of Southern Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa, is dark gray, spotted with black. The long tail is banded with black and white. The Cape genet (G. felina), and the berbe (G. pardina), are related African species.

2. The fur of the common genet (Genetta vulgaris); also, any skin dressed in imitation of this fur.

Gen”et (?), n. [See Jennet.] A small-sized, well-proportioned, Spanish horse; a jennet. Shak.

Ge*neth”li*ac (?), a. [L. genethliacus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; belonging to one’s birth, gene`qlh birth, fr. gi`gnesqai to be born.] Pertaining to nativities; calculated by astrologers; showing position of stars at one’s birth. Howell.

Ge*neth”li*ac, n. 1. A birthday poem.

2. One skilled in genethliacs.

Gen`eth*li”a*cal (?), a. Genethliac.

Ge*neth”li*acs (?), n. The science of calculating nativities, or predicting the future events of life from the stars which preside at birth. Johnson.

Ge*neth`li*al”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. geneqlhalogi`a astrology; gene`qlh birth + lo`gos discourse.] Divination as to the destinies of one newly born; the act or art of casting nativities; astrology.

Ge*neth`li*at”ic (?), n. One who calculates nativities. Sir W. Drummond.

Ge*net”ic (j&esl;*n&ebreve;t”&ibreve;k), a. Same as Genetical.

Ge*net”ic*al (-&ibreve;*kal), a. [See Genesis.] Pertaining to, concerned with, or determined by, the genesis of anything, or its natural mode of production or development.

This historical, genetical method of viewing prior systems of philosophy.

Hare.

Ge*net”ic*al*ly, adv. In a genetical manner.

Ge*ne”va (?), n. The chief city of Switzerland.

Geneva Bible, a translation of the Bible into English, made and published by English refugees in Geneva (Geneva, 1560; London, 1576). It was the first English Bible printed in Roman type instead of the ancient black letter, the first which recognized the division into verses, and the first which omitted the Apocrypha. In form it was a small quarto, and soon superseded the large folio of Cranmer’s translation. Called also Genevan Bible. — Geneva convention (Mil.), an agreement made by representatives of the great continental powers at Geneva and signed in 1864, establishing new and more humane regulation regarding the treatment of the sick and wounded and the status of those who minister to them in war. Ambulances and military hospitals are made neutral, and this condition affects physicians, chaplains, nurses, and the ambulance corps. Great Britain signed the convention in 1865. — Geneva cross (Mil.), a red Greek cross on a white ground; — the flag and badge adopted in the Geneva convention.

Ge*ne”va (?), n. [F. genièvre juniper, juniper berry, gin, OF. geneivre juniper, fr. L. juniperus the juniper tree: cf. D. jenever, fr. F. genièvre. See Juniper, and cf. Gin a liquor.] A strongly alcoholic liquor, flavored with juniper berries; — made in Holland; Holland gin; Hollands.

Ge*ne”van (?), a. Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevese.

Ge*ne”van, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Geneva.

2. A supported of Genevanism.

Ge*ne”van*ism (?), n. [From Geneva, where Calvin resided.] Strict Calvinism. Bp. Montagu.

Gen`e*vese” (?), a. [Cf. L. Genevensis, F. génevois.] Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevan. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Geneva; collectively, the inhabitants of Geneva; people of Geneva.

Ge*ni”al (?), a. (Anat.) Same as Genian.

Gen”ial (?), a. [L. genialis: cf. OF. genial. See Genius.] 1. Contributing to, or concerned in, propagation or production; generative; procreative; productive. “The genial bed.” Milton.

Creator Venus, genial power of love.

Dryden.

2. Contributing to, and sympathizing with, the enjoyment of life; sympathetically cheerful and cheering; jovial and inspiring joy or happiness; exciting pleasure and sympathy; enlivening; kindly; as, she was of a cheerful and genial disposition.

So much I feel my genial spirits droop.

Milton.

3. Belonging to one’s genius or natural character; native; natural; inborn. [Obs.]

Natural incapacity and genial indisposition.

Sir T. Browne.

4. Denoting or marked with genius; belonging to the higher nature. [R.]

Men of genius have often attached the highest value to their less genial works.

Hare.

Genial gods (Pagan Mythol.), the powers supposed to preside over marriage and generation.

Ge`ni*al”i*ty (?), n. [L. genialitas.] The quality of being genial; sympathetic cheerfulness; warmth of disposition and manners.

Gen”ial*ly (?), adv. 1. By genius or nature; naturally. [Obs.]

Some men are genially disposed to some opinions.

Glanvill.

2. Gayly; cheerfully. Johnson.

Gen”ial*ness, n. The quality of being genial.

Ge*ni”an (?), a. [Gr. &?; chin; akin to &?; under jaw. Cf. Chin.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin; mental; as, the genian prominence.

Ge*nic”u*late (?), a. [L. geniculatus, fr. geniculum little knee, knot or joint, dim. of genu knee. See Knee.] Bent abruptly at an angle, like the knee when bent; as, a geniculate stem; a geniculate ganglion; a geniculate twin crystal.

Ge*nic”u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geniculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Geniculating.] To form joints or knots on. [R.] Cockeram.

Ge*nic”u*la`ted (?), a. Same as Geniculate.

Ge*nic`u*la”tion (?), n. [L. geniculatio a kneeling.]

1. The act of kneeling. [R.] Bp. Hall.

2. The state of being bent abruptly at an angle.

||Gé`nie (?), n. [F.] See Genius.

||Ge”ni*o (?), n. [It. See Genius.] A man of a particular turn of mind. [R.] Tatler.

Ge`ni*o*hy”oid (?), a. [Gr. &?; the chin + E. hyoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin and hyoid bone; as, the geniohyoid muscle.

Gen”i*pap (?), n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a West Indian tree (Genipa Americana) of the order Rubiaceæ. It is oval in shape, as a large as a small orange, of a pale greenish color, and with dark purple juice.

||Ge*nis”ta (?), n. [L., broom.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the common broom of Western Europe.

Gen”i*tal (?), a. [L. genitalis, fr. genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. génital. See Gender.] Pertaining to generation, or to the generative organs.

Genital cord (Anat.), a cord developed in the fetus by the union of portions of the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts and giving rise to parts of the urogenital passages in both sexes.

Gen”i*tals (?), n. pl. [From Genital, a.: cf. L. genitalia.] The organs of generation; the sexual organs; the private parts.

Gen”i*ting (?), n. [See Jenneting.] A species of apple that ripens very early. Bacon.

Gen`i*ti”val (?), a. Possessing genitive from; pertaining to, or derived from, the genitive case; as, a genitival adverb. — Gen`i*ti”val*ly, adv.

Gen”i*tive (?), a. [L. genitivus, fr. gignere, genitum, to beget: cf. F. génitif. See Gender.] (Gram.) Of or pertaining to that case (as the second case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses source or possession. It corresponds to the possessive case in English.

Gen”i*tive, n. (Gram.) The genitive case.

Genitive absolute, a construction in Greek similar to the ablative absolute in Latin. See Ablative absolute.

Gen`i*to*cru”ral (?), a. [Genital + crural.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the genital organs and the thigh; — applied especially to one of the lumbar nerves.

Gen”i*tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who begets; a generator; an originator. Sheldon.

2. pl. The genitals. [Obs.] Holland.

Gen`i*to*u”ri*na*ry (?), a. [Genital + urinary.] (Anat.) See Urogenital.

Gen”i*ture (?), n. [L. genitura: cf. F. géniture.] Generation; procreation; birth. Dryden.

Gen”ius (?), n.; pl. E. Geniuses (#); in sense 1, L. Genii (#). [L. genius, prop., the superior or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spirit, the tutelar deity or genius of a person or place, taste, talent, genius, from genere, gignere, to beget, bring forth. See Gender, and cf. Engine.] 1. A good or evil spirit, or demon, supposed by the ancients to preside over a man’s destiny in life; a tutelary deity; a supernatural being; a spirit, good or bad. Cf. Jinnee.

The unseen genius of the wood.

Milton.

We talk of genius still, but with thought how changed! The genius of Augustus was a tutelary demon, to be sworn by and to receive offerings on an altar as a deity.

Tylor.

2. The peculiar structure of mind with which each individual is endowed by nature; that disposition or aptitude of mind which is peculiar to each man, and which qualifies him for certain kinds of action or special success in any pursuit; special taste, inclination, or disposition; as, a genius for history, for poetry, or painting.

3. Peculiar character; animating spirit, as of a nation, a religion, a language.

4. Distinguished mental superiority; uncommon intellectual power; especially, superior power of invention or origination of any kind, or of forming new combinations; as, a man of genius.

Genius of the highest kind implies an unusual intensity of the modifying power.

Coleridge.

5. A man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind; a man of superior intellectual faculties; as, Shakespeare was a rare genius.

Syn. — Genius, Talent. Genius implies high and peculiar gifts of nature, impelling the mind to certain favorite kinds of mental effort, and producing new combinations of ideas, imagery, etc. Talent supposes general strength of intellect, with a peculiar aptitude for being molded and directed to specific employments and valuable ends and purposes. Genius is connected more or less with the exercise of imagination, and reaches its ends by a kind of intuitive power. Talent depends more on high mental training, and a perfect command of all the faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, etc. Hence we speak of a genius for poetry, painting. etc., and a talent for business or diplomacy. Among English orators, Lord Chatham was distinguished for his genius; William Pitt for his preëminent talents, and especially his unrivaled talent for debate.

||Genius loci (&?;) [L.], the genius or presiding divinity of a place; hence, the pervading spirit of a place or institution, as of a college, etc.

Gen`o*ese” (?), a. Of or pertaining to Genoa, a city of Italy. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Genoa; collectively, the people of Genoa.

||Ge*nouil`lère” (?), n. [F.]

1. (Anc. Armor) A metal plate covering the knee.

2. (Fort.) That part of a parapet which lies between the gun platform and the bottom of an embrasure.

-ge*nous. [-gen + -ous.] A suffix signifying producing, yielding; as, alkaligenous; endogenous.

||Genre (zhäN”r’), n. [F. See Gender.] (Fine Arts) A style of painting, sculpture, or other imitative art, which illustrates everyday life and manners.

||Gens (j&ebreve;nz), n.; pl. Gentes (j&ebreve;n”tēz). [L. See Gentle, a.] (Rom. Hist.) 1. A clan or family connection, embracing several families of the same stock, who had a common name and certain common religious rites; a subdivision of the Roman curia or tribe.

2. (Ethnol.) A minor subdivision of a tribe, among American aborigines. It includes those who have a common descent, and bear the same totem.

Gent (?), a. [OF. gent, fr. L. genitus born, or (less prob.) fr. gentilis. See Genteel.]

1. Gentle; noble; of gentle birth. [Obs.]

All of a knight [who] was fair and gent.

Chaucer.

2. Neat; pretty; fine; elegant. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her body gent and small.

Chaucer.

Gen*teel” (?), a. [F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful. See Gentle.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting the qualities popularly regarded as belonging to high birth and breeding; free from vulgarity, or lowness of taste or behavior; adapted to a refined or cultivated taste; polite; well-bred; as, genteel company, manners, address.

2. Graceful in mien or form; elegant in appearance, dress, or manner; as, the lady has a genteel person. Law.

3. Suited to the position of lady or a gentleman; as, to live in a genteel allowance.

Syn. — Polite; well-bred; refined; polished.

Gen*teel”ish, a. Somewhat genteel.

Gen*teel”ly, adv. In a genteel manner.

Gen*teel”ness, n. The quality of being genteel.

Gen”ter*ie (?), Gen”trie (&?;), n. [OE. See Gentry.] Nobility of birth or of character; gentility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen”tian (j&ebreve;n”shan or – sh&ibreve;*an), n. [OE. genciane, F. gentiane, L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, an Illyrian king, said to have discovered its properties.] (Bot.) Any one of a genus (Gentiana) of herbaceous plants with opposite leaves and a tubular four- or five-lobed corolla, usually blue, but sometimes white, yellow, or red. See Illust. of Capsule.

&fist; Many species are found on the highest mountains of Europe, Asia, and America, and some are prized for their beauty, as the Alpine (Gentiana verna, Bavarica, and excisa), and the American fringed gentians (G. crinita and G. detonsa). Several are used as tonics, especially the bitter roots of Gentiana lutea, the officinal gentian of the pharmacopœias.

Horse gentian, fever root. — Yellow gentian (Bot.), the officinal gentian (Gentiana lutea). See Bitterwort.

Gen`tian*a”ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Gentianaceæ) of which the gentian is the type.

Gen`tian*el”la (?), n. [See Gentian.] A kind of blue color. Johnson.

Gen`ti*an”ic (?), a. Pertaining to or derived from the gentian; as, gentianic acid.

Gen”tian*ine (?), n. (Chem.) A bitter, crystallizable substance obtained from gentian.

Gen”tian*ose` (?), n. (Chem.) A crystallizable, sugarlike substance, with a slightly sweetish taste, obtained from the gentian.

Gen”til (?), a. & n. Gentle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen”tile (j&ebreve;n”tīl), n. [L. gentilis belonging to the same clan, stock, race, people, or nation; in opposition to Roman, a foreigner; in opposition to Jew or Christian, a heathen: cf. F. gentil. See Gentle, a.] One of a non-Jewish nation; one neither a Jew nor a Christian; a worshiper of false gods; a heathen.

&fist; The Hebrews included in the term gōyim, or nations, all the tribes of men who had not received the true faith, and were not circumcised. The Christians translated gōyim by the L. gentes, and imitated the Jews in giving the name gentiles to all nations who were neither Jews nor Christians. In civil affairs, the denomination was given to all nations who were not Romans.

Syn. — Pagan; heathen. See Pagan.

Gen”tile, a. 1. Belonging to the nations at large, as distinguished from the Jews; ethnic; of pagan or heathen people.

2. (Gram.) Denoting a race or country; as, a gentile noun or adjective.

Gen”tile-fal`con (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Falcon-gentil.

Gen`ti*lesse” (?), n. [OF. gentilesse, gentelise, F. gentillesse. See Gentle. a.] Gentleness; courtesy; kindness; nobility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen”til*ish (?), a. Heathenish; pagan.

Gen”til*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. gentilisme.]

1. Hethenism; paganism; the worship of false gods.

2. Tribal feeling; devotion to one’s gens.

{ Gen`ti*li”tial (?), Gen`ti*li”tious (?), } a. [L. gentilitius. See Gentile.] [Obs.]

1. Peculiar to a people; national. Sir T. Browne.

2. Hereditary; entailed on a family. Arbuthnot.

Gen*til”i*ty (?), n. [L. gentilitas the relationship of those who belong to the same clan, also, heathenism: cf. F. gentilité heathenism. See Gentile.]

1. Good extraction; dignity of birth. Macaulay.

He . . . mines my gentility with my education.

Shak.

2. The quality or qualities appropriate to those who are well born, as self-respect, dignity, courage, courtesy, politeness of manner, a graceful and easy mien and behavior, etc.; good breeding.

3. The class in society who are, or are expected to be, genteel; the gentry. [R.] Sir J. Davies.

4. Paganism; heathenism. [Obs.] Hooker.

Gen”til*ize (?), v. i. [See Gentile.]

1. To live like a gentile or heathen. [Obs.] Milton.

2. To act the gentleman; — with it (see It, 5). [Obs.]

Gen”til*ize, v. i. To render gentile or gentlemanly; as, to gentilize your unworthy sones. [R.] Sylvester.

Gen”til*ly (?), adv. [From Gentil, a.] In a gentle or hoble manner; frankly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen`ti*o*pi”krin (?), n. [Gentian + Gr. &?; bitter.] (Chem.) A bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and obtained from the gentian.

Gen”ti*sin (?), n. (Chem.) A tasteless, yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from the gentian; — called also gentianin.

Gen”tle (?), a. [Compar. Gentler (?); superl. Gentlest (?).] [OE. gentil, F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful, fr. L. gentilis of the same clan or race, fr. gens, gentis, tribe, clan, race, orig. that which belongs together by birth, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget; hence gentle, properly, of birth or family, that is, of good or noble birth. See Gender, and cf. Genteel, Gentil, Gentile, Gentoo, Jaunty.] 1. Well-born; of a good family or respectable birth, though not noble.

British society is divided into nobility, gentry, and yeomanry, and families are either noble, gentle, or simple.

Johnson’s Cyc.

The studies wherein our noble and gentle youth ought to bestow their time.

Milton.

2. Quiet and refined in manners; not rough, harsh, or stern; mild; meek; bland; amiable; tender; as, a gentle nature, temper, or disposition; a gentle manner; a gentle address; a gentle voice.

3. A compellative of respect, consideration, or conciliation; as, gentle reader. “Gentle sirs.” “Gentle Jew.” “Gentle servant.” Shak.

4. Not wild, turbulent, or refractory; quiet and docile; tame; peaceable; as, a gentle horse.

5. Soft; not violent or rough; not strong, loud, or disturbing; easy; soothing; pacific; as, a gentle touch; a gentle gallop . “Gentle music.” Sir J. Davies.

O sleep! it is a gentle thing.

Coleridge.

The gentle craft, the art or trade of shoemaking.

Syn. — Mild; meek; placid; dovelike; quiet; peaceful; pacific; bland; soft; tame; tractable; docile. — Gentle, Tame, Mild, Meek. Gentle describes the natural disposition; tame, that which is subdued by training; mild implies a temper which is, by nature, not easily provoked; meek, a spirit which has been schooled to mildness by discipline or suffering. The lamb is gentle; the domestic fowl is tame; John, the Apostle, was mild; Moses was meek.

Gen”tle, n. 1. One well born; a gentleman. [Obs.]

Gentles, methinks you frown.

Shak.

2. A trained falcon. See Falcon- gentil.

3. (Zoöl.) A dipterous larva used as fish bait.

Gent”le, v. t. 1. To make genteel; to raise from the vulgar; to ennoble. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make smooth, cozy, or agreeable. [R. or Poet.]

To gentle life’s descent,
We shut our eyes, and think it is a plain.

Young.

3. To make kind and docile, as a horse. [Colloq.]

Gen”tle*folk` (?), Gen”tle*folks` (&?;), n. pl. Persons of gentle or good family and breeding. [Generally in the United States in the plural form.] Shak.

Gen”tle-heart`ed (?), a. Having a kind or gentle disposition. Shak. — Gen”tle- heart`ed*ness, n.

Gen”tle*man (?), n.; pl. Gentlemen (#). [OE. gentilman nobleman; gentil noble + man man; cf. F. gentilhomme.]

1. A man well born; one of good family; one above the condition of a yeoman.

2. One of gentle or refined manners; a well- bred man.

3. (Her.) One who bears arms, but has no title.

4. The servant of a man of rank.

The count’s gentleman, one Cesario.

Shak.

5. A man, irrespective of condition; — used esp. in the plural (= citizens; people), in addressing men in popular assemblies, etc.

&fist; In Great Britain, the term gentleman is applied in a limited sense to those having coats of arms, but who are without a title, and, in this sense, gentlemen hold a middle rank between the nobility and yeomanry. In a more extended sense, it includes every man above the rank of yeoman, comprehending the nobility. In the United States, the term is applied to men of education and good breeding of every occupation.

Gentleman commoner, one of the highest class of commoners at the University of Oxford. — Gentleman usher, one who ushers visitors into the presence of a sovereign, etc. — Gentleman usher of the black rod, an usher belonging to the Order of the Garter, whose chief duty is to serve as official messenger of the House of Lords. — Gentlemen-at-arms, a band of forty gentlemen who attend the sovereign on state occasions; formerly called gentlemen pensioners. [Eng.]

Gen”tle*man*hood (?), n. The qualities or condition of a gentleman. [R.] Thackeray.

{ Gen”tle*man*like` (?), Gen”tle*man*ly (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, resembling, or becoming, a gentleman; well-behaved; courteous; polite.

Gen”tle*man*li*ness (?), n. The state of being gentlemanly; gentlemanly conduct or manners.

Gen”tle*man*ship, n. The carriage or quality of a gentleman.

Gen”tle*ness, n. The quality or state of being gentle, well-born, mild, benevolent, docile, etc.; gentility; softness of manners, disposition, etc.; mildness.

Gen”tle*ship, n. The deportment or conduct of a gentleman. [Obs.] Ascham.

Gent”lesse (?), n. Gentilesse; gentleness. [Obs.]

Gen”tle*wom`an (?), n.; pl. Gentlewomen (&?;).

1. A woman of good family or of good breeding; a woman above the vulgar. Bacon.

2. A woman who attends a lady of high rank. Shak.

Gen”tly (?), adv. In a gentle manner.

My mistress gently chides the fault I made.

Dryden.

Gen*too” (?), n.; pl. Gentoos (#). [Pg. gentio gentile, heathen. See Gentile.] A native of Hindostan; a Hindoo. [Archaic]

Gen”try (?), n. [OE. genterie, gentrie, noble birth, nobility, cf. gentrise, and OF. gentelise, genterise, E. gentilesse, also OE. genteleri high-mindedness. See Gent, a., Gentle, a.] 1. Birth; condition; rank by birth. [Obs.] “Pride of gentrie.” Chaucer.

She conquers him by high almighty Jove,
By knighthood, gentry, and sweet friendship’s oath.

Shak.

2. People of education and good breeding; in England, in a restricted sense, those between the nobility and the yeomanry. Macaulay.

3. Courtesy; civility; complaisance. [Obs.]

To show us so much gentry and good will.

Shak.

Gen”ty (?), a. [From F. gentil. Cf. Jaunty.] Neat; trim. [Scot.] Burns.

||Ge”nu (?), n.; pl. Genua (#). [L., the knee.] (Anat.) (a) The knee. (b) The kneelike bend, in the anterior part of the callosum of the brain.

Gen`u*flect” (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Genuflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Genuflecting.] [See Genuflection.] To bend the knee, as in worship.

Gen`u*flec”tion (?), n. [F. génuflexion, fr. LL. genuflexio, fr. L. genu knee + flexio a bending, fr. flectere, flexum, to bend. See Knee, Flexible.] The act of bending the knee, particularly in worship. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Gen”u*ine (?), a. [L. genuinus, fr. genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born: cf. F. génuine. See Gender.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, the original stock; native; hence, not counterfeit, spurious, false, or adulterated; authentic; real; natural; true; pure; as, a genuine text; a genuine production; genuine materials. “True, genuine night.” Dryden.

Syn. — Authentic; real; true; pure; unalloyed; unadulterated. See Authentic.

— Gen”u*ine*ly, adv. — Gen”u*ine*ness, n.

The evidence, both internal and external, against the genuineness of these letters, is overwhelming.

Macaulay.

Ge”nus (jē“nŭs), n.; pl. Genera (#). [L., birth, race, kind, sort; akin to Gr. &?;. See Gender, and cf. Benign.]

1. (Logic) A class of objects divided into several subordinate species; a class more extensive than a species; a precisely defined and exactly divided class; one of the five predicable conceptions, or sorts of terms.

2. (Biol.) An assemblage of species, having so many fundamental points of structure in common, that in the judgment of competent scientists, they may receive a common substantive name. A genus is not necessarily the lowest definable group of species, for it may often be divided into several subgenera. In proportion as its definition is exact, it is natural genus; if its definition can not be made clear, it is more or less an artificial genus.

&fist; Thus in the animal kingdom the lion, leopard, tiger, cat, and panther are species of the Cat kind or genus, while in the vegetable kingdom all the species of oak form a single genus. Some genera are represented by a multitude of species, as Solanum (Nightshade) and Carex (Sedge), others by few, and some by only one known species.

Subaltern genus (Logic), a genus which may be a species of a higher genus, as the genus denoted by quadruped, which is also a species of mammal. — Summum genus [L.] (Logic), the highest genus; a genus which can not be classed as a species, as being.

||Ge”nys (jē“n&ibreve;s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ge`nys the under jaw.] (Zoöl.) See Gonys.

{ Ge`o*cen”tric (?), Ge`o*cen”tric*al (?), } a. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + ke`ntron center: cf. F. géocentrique.] (Astron.) (a) Having reference to the earth as center; in relation to or seen from the earth, — usually opposed to heliocentric, as seen from the sun; as, the geocentric longitude or latitude of a planet. (b) Having reference to the center of the earth.

Geocentric latitude (of place) the angle included between the radius of the earth through the place and the plane of the equator, in distinction from geographic latitude. It is a little less than the geographic latitude.

Ge`o*cen”tric*al*ly, adv. In a geocentric manner.

Ge*oc”ro*nite (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + Kro`nos Saturn, the alchemistic name of lead: cf. G. geokronit.] (Min.) A lead-gray or grayish blue mineral with a metallic luster, consisting of sulphur, antimony, and lead, with a small proportion of arsenic.

Ge`o*cyc”lic (?), a. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + ky`klos circle.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or illustrating, the revolutions of the earth; as, a geocyclic machine.

2. Circling the earth periodically.

Ge”ode (jē”ōd), n. [F. géode, L. geodes, fr. Gr. &?; earthlike; ge`a, gh^, the earth + e’i^dos form.] (Min.) (a) A nodule of stone, containing a cavity, lined with crystals or mineral matter. (b) The cavity in such a nodule.

Ge`o*deph”a*gous (jē`&osl;*d&ebreve;f”&adot;*gŭs), a. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, earth + ‘adhfa`gos eating one’s fill; gluttonous.] (Zoöl.) Living in the earth; — applied to the ground beetles.

{ Ge`o*des”ic (jē`&osl;*d&ebreve;s”&ibreve;k), Ge`o*des”ic*al (-&ibreve;*kal), } a. [Cf. F. géodésique.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to geodesy; geodetic.

Ge`o*des”ic, n. A geodetic line or curve.

Ge*od”e*sist (?), n. One versed in geodesy.

Ge*od”e*sy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; to divide: cf. F. géodésie.] (Math.) That branch of applied mathematics which determines, by means of observations and measurements, the figures and areas of large portions of the earth’s surface, or the general figure and dimenshions of the earth; or that branch of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account, as in the surveys of States, or of long lines of coast.

{ Ge`o*det”ic (?), Ge`o*det”ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to geodesy; obtained or determined by the operations of geodesy; engaged in geodesy; geodesic; as, geodetic surveying; geodetic observers.

Geodetic line or curve, the shortest line that can be drawn between two points on the elipsoidal surface of the earth; a curve drawn on any given surface so that the osculating plane of the curve at every point shall contain the normal to the surface; the minimum line that can be drawn on any surface between any two points.

Ge`o*det”ic*al*ly, adv. In a geodetic manner; according to geodesy.

Ge`o*det”ics (?), n. Same as Geodesy.

Ge`o*dif”er*ous (?), a. [Geode + -ferous.] (Min.) Producing geodes; containing geodes.

Ge”o*duck (?), n. [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A gigantic clam (Glycimeris generosa) of the Pacific coast of North America, highly valued as an article of food.

Ge`og*no”sis (?), n. [See Geognosy.] Knowledge of the earth. [R.] G. Eliot.

Ge”og*nost (?), n. [Cf. F. géognoste.] One versed in geognosy; a geologist. [R.]

{ Ge`og*nos”tic (?), Ge`og*nos”tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. géognostique.] Of or pertaining to geognosy, or to a knowledge of the structure of the earth; geological. [R.]

Ge*og”no*sy (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + gnw^sis knowing, knowledge, fr. gignw`skein to know: cf. F. géognosie.] That part of geology which treats of the materials of the earth’s structure, and its general exterior and interior constitution.

{ Ge`o*gon”ic (?), Ge`o*gon”ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. géogonique.] Of or pertaining to geogony, or to the formation of the earth.

Ge*og”o*ny (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; generation, birth, fr. the root of &?; to be born: cf. F. géogonie.] The branch of science which treats of the formation of the earth.

Ge*og”ra*pher (?), n. One versed in geography.

{ Ge`o*graph”ic (?), Ge`o*graph”ic*al (?), } a. [L. geographicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. géographique.] Of or pertaining to geography.

Geographical distribution. See under Distribution. — Geographic latitude (of a place), the angle included between a line perpendicular or normal to the level surface of water at rest at the place, and the plane of the equator; differing slightly from the geocentric latitude by reason of the difference between the earth’s figure and a true sphere. — Geographical mile. See under Mile. — Geographical variation, any variation of a species which is dependent on climate or other geographical conditions.

Ge`o*graph”ic*al*ly, adv. In a geographical manner or method; according to geography.

Ge*og”ra*phy (?), n.; pl. Geographies (#). [F. géographie, l. geographia, fr. Gr. &?;; ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; description, fr. &?; to write, describe. See Graphic.] 1. The science which treats of the world and its inhabitants; a description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure, features, products, political divisions, and the people by whom it is inhabited.

2. A treatise on this science.

Astronomical, or Mathematical, geography treats of the earth as a planet, of its shape, its size, its lines of latitude and longitude, its zones, and the phenomena due to to the earth’s diurnal and annual motions. — Physical geography treats of the conformation of the earth’s surface, of the distribution of land and water, of minerals, plants, animals, etc., and applies the principles of physics to the explanation of the diversities of climate, productions, etc. — Political geography treats of the different countries into which earth is divided with regard to political and social and institutions and conditions.

Ge*ol”a*try (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; worship.] The worship of the earth. G. W. Cox.

The Geological Series. &fist; The science of geology, as treating of the history of the globe, involves a description of the different strata which compose its crust, their order of succession, characteristic forms of animal and vegetable life, etc. The principal subdivisions of geological time, and the most important strata, with their relative positions, are indicated in the following diagram.

{ Ge*ol”o*ger (?), Ge`o*lo”gi*an (?), } n. A geologist.

{ Ge`o*log”ic (?), Ge`o*log”ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. géologique.] Of or pertaining to geology, or the science of the earth.

Ge`o*log”ic*al*ly, adv. In a geological manner.

Ge*ol”o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. Géologiste.] One versed in the science of geology.

Ge*ol”o*gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geologized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Geologizing (?).] To study geology or make geological investigations in the field; to discourse as a geologist.

During midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire.

Darwin.

Ge*ol”o*gy (?), n.; pl. Geologies (#). [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + -logy: cf. F. géologie.]

1. The science which treats: (a) Of the structure and mineral constitution of the globe; structural geology. (b) Of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys, mountains, climates, life, etc.; historical geology. (c) Of the causes and methods by which its structure, features, changes, and conditions have been produced; dynamical geology. See Chart of The Geological Series.

2. A treatise on the science.

Ge*om”a*lism (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + “omalismo`s a leveling.] (Biol.) The tendency of an organism to respond, during its growth, to the force of gravitation.

Ge”o*man`cer (?), n. One who practices, or is versed in, geomancy.

Ge”o*man`cy (?), n. [OE. geomance, geomancie, F. géomance, géomancie, LL. geomantia, fr. Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + mantei`a divination.] A kind of divination by means of figures or lines, formed by little dots or points, originally on the earth, and latterly on paper.

{ Ge`o*man”tic (?), Ge`o*man”tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. géomantique.] Pertaining or belonging to geomancy.

Ge*om”e*ter (?), n. [F. géomètre, L. geometres, geometra, fr. Gr. gewme`trhs, fr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + me`tron measure. See Meter measure.] 1. One skilled in geometry; a geometrician; a mathematician. I. Watts.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of geometrid moth; a geometrid.

Ge*om”e*tral (?), a. [Cf. F. géométral.] Pertaining to geometry. [Obs.]

{ Ge`o*met”ric (?), Ge`o*met”ric*al (?), } a. [L. geometricus; Gr. &?;: cf. F. géométrique.] Pertaining to, or according to the rules or principles of, geometry; determined by geometry; as, a geometrical solution of a problem.

&fist; Geometric is often used, as opposed to algebraic, to include processes or solutions in which the propositions or principles of geometry are made use of rather than those of algebra.

&fist; Geometrical is often used in a limited or strictly technical sense, as opposed to mechanical; thus, a construction or solution is geometrical which can be made by ruler and compasses, i. e., by means of right lines and circles. Every construction or solution which requires any other curve, or such motion of a line or circle as would generate any other curve, is not geometrical, but mechanical. By another distinction, a geometrical solution is one obtained by the rules of geometry, or processes of analysis, and hence is exact; while a mechanical solution is one obtained by trial, by actual measurements, with instruments, etc., and is only approximate and empirical.

Geometrical curve. Same as Algebraic curve; — so called because their different points may be constructed by the operations of elementary geometry. — Geometric lathe, an instrument for engraving bank notes, etc., with complicated patterns of interlacing lines; — called also cycloidal engine. — Geometrical pace, a measure of five feet. — Geometric pen, an instrument for drawing geometric curves, in which the movements of a pen or pencil attached to a revolving arm of adjustable length may be indefinitely varied by changing the toothed wheels which give motion to the arm. — Geometrical plane (Persp.), the same as Ground plane . — Geometrical progression, proportion, ratio. See under Progression, Proportion and Ratio. — Geometrical radius, in gearing, the radius of the pitch circle of a cogwheel. Knight. — Geometric spider (Zoöl.), one of many species of spiders, which spin a geometrical web. They mostly belong to Epeira and allied genera, as the garden spider. See Garden spider. — Geometric square, a portable instrument in the form of a square frame for ascertaining distances and heights by measuring angles. — Geometrical staircase, one in which the stairs are supported by the wall at one end only. — Geometrical tracery, in architecture and decoration, tracery arranged in geometrical figures.

Ge`o*met”ric*al*ly (?), adv. According to the rules or laws of geometry.

Ge*om`e*tri”cian (?), n. One skilled in geometry; a geometer; a mathematician.

Ge*om”e*trid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining or belonging to the Geometridæ.

Ge*om”e*trid, n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous genera and species of moths, of the family Geometridæ; — so called because their larvæ (called loopers, measuring worms, spanworms, and inchworms) creep in a looping manner, as if measuring. Many of the species are injurious to agriculture, as the cankerworms.

Ge*om”e*trize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geometrized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Geometrizing (?).] To investigate or apprehend geometrical quantities or laws; to make geometrical constructions; to proceed in accordance with the principles of geometry.

Nature geometrizeth, and observeth order in all things.

Sir T. Browne.

Ge*om”e*try (?), n.; pl. Geometries (#) [F. géométrie, L. geometria, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to measure land; ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; to measure. So called because one of its earliest and most important applications was to the measurement of the earth’s surface. See Geometer.] 1. That branch of mathematics which investigates the relations, properties, and measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles; the science which treats of the properties and relations of magnitudes; the science of the relations of space.

2. A treatise on this science.

Analytical, or Coördinate, geometry, that branch of mathematical analysis which has for its object the analytical investigation of the relations and properties of geometrical magnitudes. — Descriptive geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the graphic solution of all problems involving three dimensions. — Elementary geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the simple properties of straight lines, circles, plane surface, solids bounded by plane surfaces, the sphere, the cylinder, and the right cone. — Higher geometry, that pert of geometry which treats of those properties of straight lines, circles, etc., which are less simple in their relations, and of curves and surfaces of the second and higher degrees.

Ge*oph”a*gism (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, earth + &?; to eat.] The act or habit of eating earth. See Dirt eating, under Dirt. Dunglison.

Ge*oph”a*gist (?), n. One who eats earth, as dirt, clay, chalk, etc.

Ge*oph”a*gous (?), a. Earth- eating.

||Ge*oph”i*la (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ge`a, gh^, earth + &?; to love.] (Zoöl.) The division of Mollusca which includes the land snails and slugs.

{ Ge`o*pon”ic (?), Ge`o*pon”ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;; ge`a, gh^, earth + &?; toilsome, fr. &?; labor: cf. F. géoponique.] Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agriculture.

Ge`o*pon”ics (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. géoponique.] The art or science of cultivating the earth; agriculture. Evelin.

Ge`o*ra”ma (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; sight, view, &?; to see, view: cf. F. géorama.] A hollow globe on the inner surface of which a map of the world is depicted, to be examined by one standing inside.

Geor”die (?), n. A name given by miners to George Stephenson’s safety lamp. Raymond.

George (jôrj), n. [F. George, or Georges, a proper name, fr. Gr. gewrgo`s husbandman, laborer; ge`a, gh^, the earth + ‘e`rgein to work; akin to E. work. See Work.]

1. A figure of St. George (the patron saint of England) on horseback, appended to the collar of the Order of the Garter. See Garter.

2. A kind of brown loaf. [Obs.] Dryden.

George” no`ble (?). [So called from the image of St. George on it.] A gold noble of the time of Henry VIII. See Noble, n.

Geor”gi*an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Georgia, in Asia, or to Georgia, one of the United States.

2. Of or relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britan; as, the Georgian era.

Geor”gi*an, n. A native of, or dweller in, Georgia.

Geor”gic (-j&ibreve;k), n. [L. georgicum (sc. carmen), and georgica, pl., Gr. bi`blion gewrgiko`n, and ta~ gewrgika`: cf. F. géorgiques, pl. See Georgic, a.] A rural poem; a poetical composition on husbandry, containing rules for cultivating lands, etc.; as, the Georgics of Virgil.

{ Geor”gic (jôr”j&ibreve;k), Geor”gic*al (-j&ibreve;*kal), } a. [L. georgicus, Gr. gewrgiko`s, fr. gewrgi`a tillage, agriculture: cf. F. géorgique. See George.] Relating to agriculture and rural affairs.

||Geor”gi*um Si`dus (?). [NL., the star of George (III. of England).] (Astron.) The planet Uranus, so named by its discoverer, Sir W. Herschel.

Ge*os”co*py (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + -scopy: cf. F. géoscopie.] Knowledge of the earth, ground, or soil, obtained by inspection. Chambers.

Ge`o*se*len”ic (?), a. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; moon.] Pertaining to the earth and moon; belonging to the joint action or mutual relations of the earth and moon; as, geoselenic phenomena.

Ge`o*stat”ic (?), a. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, earth + E. static.] (Civil Engin.) Relating to the pressure exerted by earth or similar substance.

Geostatic arch, an arch having a form adapted to sustain pressure similar to that exerted by earth. Rankine.

Ge`o*syn*cli”nal (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + E. synclinal.] (Geol.) the downward bend or subsidence of the earth’s crust, which allows of the gradual accumulation of sediment, and hence forms the first step in the making of a mountain range; — opposed to geanticlinal.

Ge`o*ther*mom”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + E. thermometer.] (Physics) A thermometer specially constructed for measuring temperetures at a depth below the surface of the ground.

Ge*ot”ic (?) a. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth.] Belonging to earth; terrestrial. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ge`o*trop”ic (?), a. [See Geotropism.] (Biol.) Relating to, or showing, geotropism.

Ge*ot”ro*pism (?), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + &?; to turn.] (Biol.) A disposition to turn or incline towards the earth; the influence of gravity in determining the direction of growth of an organ.

&fist; In plants, organs which grow towards the center of the earth are said to be positively geotropic, and those growing in the opposite direction negatively geotropic. In animals, geotropism is supposed by some to have an influence either direct or indirect on the plane of division of the ovum.

||Ge*phyr”e*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a dam, a bridge.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine Annelida, in which the body is imperfectly, or not at all, annulated externally, and is mostly without setæ.

Ge*phyr”e*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Gephyrea. — n. One of the Gerphyrea.

Ge*phyr”e*oid (?), a. & n. [Gephyrea + -oid.] Gephyrean.

Ge*pound” (?), n. See Gipoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ge”rah (?), n. [Heb. g&?;rah, lit., a bean.] (Jewish Antiq.) A small coin and weight; 1-20th of a shekel.

&fist; The silver gerah is supposed to have been worth about three cents; the gold about fifty-four cents; the weight equivalent to about thirteen grains.

Ge*ra`ni*a”ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of pants (Geraniaceæ) which includes the genera Geranium, Pelargonium, and many others.

{ Ge*ra”ni*ine (?), Ger”a*nine (?), } n. [See Geranium.]

1. (Med.) A valuable astringent obtained from the root of the Geranium maculatum or crane’s- bill.

2. (Chem.) A liquid terpene, obtained from the crane’s-bill (Geranium maculatum), and having a peculiar mulberry odor. [Written also geraniin.]

Ge*ra”ni*um (j&esl;*rā“n&ibreve;*ŭm), n. [L., fr. Gr. gera`nion, from ge`ranos crane: cf. F. géranium. See Crane, n.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of plants having a beaklike torus or receptacle, around which the seed capsules are arranged, and membranous projections, or stipules, at the joints. Most of the species have showy flowers and a pungent odor. Called sometimes crane’s-bill.

2. (Floriculture) A cultivated pelargonium.

&fist; Many plants referred to the genus Geranium by the earlier botanists are now separated from it under the name of Pelargonium, which includes all the commonly cultivated “geraniums”, mostly natives of South Africa.

Ge”rant (?), n. [F. gérant.] The manager or acting partner of a company, joint-stock association, etc.

Gerbe (?), n. [F., prop. a sheaf.] (Pyrotechny) A kind of ornamental firework. Farrow.

{ Ger”bil (j&etilde;r”b&ibreve;l), ||Ger`bille” (zh&asl;r`b&esl;l”), } n. [F. gerbille. Cf. Jerboa.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small, jumping, murine rodents, of the genus Gerbillus. In their leaping powers they resemble the jerboa. They inhabit Africa, India, and Southern Europe.

Ger*bo”a (?), n. (Zoöl.) The jerboa.

Gere (?), n. Gear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ge”rent (?), a. [L. gerens, p. pr. of gerere to bear, manage.] Bearing; carrying. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ger”fal`con (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Gyrfalcon.

Ger”ful (?), a. [Cf. OF. girer to twirl, E. gyrate.] Changeable; capricious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ger”land (?), Ger”lond, n. A garland. [Obs.]

Ger”lind (?), n. (Zoöl.) A salmon returning from the sea the second time. [Prov. Eng.]

Germ (?), n. [F. germe, fr. L. germen, germinis, sprout, but, germ. Cf. Germen, Germane.] 1. (Biol.) That which is to develop a new individual; as, the germ of a fetus, of a plant or flower, and the like; the earliest form under which an organism appears.

In the entire process in which a new being originates . . . two distinct classes of action participate; namely, the act of generation by which the germ is produced; and the act of development, by which that germ is evolved into the complete organism.

Carpenter.

2. That from which anything springs; origin; first principle; as, the germ of civil liberty.

Disease germ (Biol.), a name applied to certain tiny bacterial organisms or their spores, such as Anthrax bacillus and the Micrococcus of fowl cholera, which have been demonstrated to be the cause of certain diseases. See Germ theory (below). — Germ cell (Biol.), the germ, egg, spore, or cell from which the plant or animal arises. At one time a part of the body of the parent, it finally becomes detached,and by a process of multiplication and growth gives rise to a mass of cells, which ultimately form a new individual like the parent. See Ovum. — Germ gland. (Anat.) See Gonad. — Germ stock (Zoöl.), a special process on which buds are developed in certain animals. See Doliolum. — Germ theory (Biol.), the theory that living organisms can be produced only by the evolution or development of living germs or seeds. See Biogenesis, and Abiogenesis. As applied to the origin of disease, the theory claims that the zymotic diseases are due to the rapid development and multiplication of various bacteria, the germs or spores of which are either contained in the organism itself, or transferred through the air or water. See Fermentation theory.

Germ (?), v. i. To germinate. [R.] J. Morley.

Ger*main” (?), a. [Obs.] See Germane.

Ger”man (?), a. [OE. german, germain, F. germain, fr. L. germanus full, own (said of brothers and sisters who have the same parents); akin to germen germ. Cf. Germ, Germane.] Nearly related; closely akin.

Wert thou a leopard, thou wert german to the lion.

Shak.

Brother german. See Brother german. — Cousins german. See the Note under Cousin.

Ger”man, n.; pl. Germans (#) [L. Germanus, prob. of Celtis origin.] 1. A native or one of the people of Germany.

2. The German language.

3. (a) A round dance, often with a waltz movement, abounding in capriciosly involved figures. (b) A social party at which the german is danced.

High German, the Teutonic dialect of Upper or Southern Germany, — comprising Old High German, used from the 8th to the 11th century; Middle H. G., from the 12th to the 15th century; and Modern or New H. G., the language of Luther’s Bible version and of modern German literature. The dialects of Central Germany, the basis of the modern literary language, are often called Middle German, and the Southern German dialects Upper German; but High German is also used to cover both groups. — Low German, the language of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, — including Friesic; Anglo-Saxon or Saxon; Old Saxon; Dutch or Low Dutch, with its dialect, Flemish; and Plattdeutsch (called also Low German), spoken in many dialects.

Ger”man, a. [L. Germanus. See German, n.] Of or pertaining to Germany.

German Baptists. See Dunker. — German bit, a wood-boring tool, having a long elliptical pod and a scew point. — German carp (Zoöl.), the crucian carp. — German millet (Bot.), a kind of millet (Setaria Italica, var.), whose seed is sometimes used for food. — German paste, a prepared food for caged birds. — German process (Metal.), the process of reducing copper ore in a blast furnace, after roasting, if necessary. Raymond. — German sarsaparilla, a substitute for sarsaparilla extract. — German sausage, a polony, or gut stuffed with meat partly cooked. — German silver (Chem.), a silver-white alloy, hard and tough, but malleable and ductile, and quite permanent in the air. It contains nickel, copper, and zinc in varying proportions, and was originally made from old copper slag at Henneberg. A small amount of iron is sometimes added to make it whiter and harder. It is essentially identical with the Chinese alloy packfong. It was formerly much used for tableware, knife handles, frames, cases, bearings of machinery, etc., but is now largely superseded by other white alloys. — German steel (Metal.), a metal made from bog iron ore in a forge, with charcoal for fuel. — German text (Typog.), a character resembling modern German type, used in English printing for ornamental headings, etc., as in the words,

&fist; This line is German Text.

— German tinder. See Amadou.

Ger*man”der (?), n. [OE. germaunder, F. germandrée, It. calamandrea, L. chamaedrys, fr. Gr.&?;; &?; on the earth or ground + &?; tree. See Humble, and Tree.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Teucrium (esp. Teucrium Chamædrys or wall germander), mintlike herbs and low shrubs.

American germander, Teucrium Canadense. — Germander chickweed, Veronica agrestis. — Water germander, Teucrium Scordium. — Wood germander, Teucrium Scorodonia.

Ger*mane” (?), a. [See German akin, nearly related.] Literally, near akin; hence, closely allied; appropriate or fitting; relevant.

The phrase would be more germane to the matter.

Shak.

[An amendment] must be germane.

Barclay (Digest).

Ger*man”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, germanium.

Ger*man”ic, a. [L. Germanicus: cf. F. germanique. See German, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Germany; as, the Germanic confederacy.

2. Teutonic. [A loose sense]

Ger”man*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. germanisme.] 1. An idiom of the German language.

2. A characteristic of the Germans; a characteristic German mode, doctrine, etc.; rationalism. J. W. Alexander.

Ger*ma”ni*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Germania Germany.] (Chem.) A rare element, recently discovered (1885), in a silver ore (argyrodite) at Freiberg. It is a brittle, silver-white metal, chemically intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, resembles tin, and is in general identical with the predicted ekasilicon. Symbol Ge. Atomic weight 72.3.

Ger`man*i*za”tion (?), n. The act of Germanizing. M. Arnold.

Ger”man*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Germanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Germanizing (?).] To make German, or like what is distinctively German; as, to Germanize a province, a language, a society.

Ger”man*ize, v. i. To reason or write after the manner of the Germans.

||Ger*ma”ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Germ.] (Zoöl.) An organ in which the ova are developed in certain Turbellaria.

Ger”men (j&etilde;r”m&ebreve;n), n.; pl. E. Germens (#), L. Germina (#). [L.] See Germ.

Ger”mi*ci`dal (j&etilde;r”m&ibreve;*sī`dal), a. Germicide.

Ger”mi*cide (j&etilde;r”m&ibreve;*sīd), a. [Germ + L. caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Destructive to germs; — applied to any agent which has a destructive action upon living germs, particularly bacteria, or bacterial germs, which are considered the cause of many infectious diseases. — n. A germicide agent.

Ger”mi*nal (?), a. [See Germ.] Pertaining or belonging to a germ; as, the germinal vesicle.

Germinal layers (Biol.), the two layers of cells, the ectoblast and entoblast, which form respectively the outer covering and inner wall of the gastrula. A third layer of cells, the mesoblast, which is formed later and lies between these two, is sometimes included. — Germinal membrane. (Biol.) Same as Blastoderm. — Germinal spot (Biol.), the nucleolus of the ovum. — Germinal vesicle, (Biol.) , the nucleus of the ovum of animals.

||Ger`mi*nal” (?), n. [F. See Germ .] The seventh month of the French republican calendar [1792 — 1806]. It began March 21 and ended April 19. See VendÉmiaire.

Ger”mi*nant (?), a. [L. germinans, p. pr.] Sprouting; sending forth germs or buds.

Ger”mi*nate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Germinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Germinating.] [L. germinatus, p. p. of germinare to sprout, fr. germen. See Germ.] To sprout; to bud; to shoot; to begin to vegetate, as a plant or its seed; to begin to develop, as a germ. Bacon.

Ger”mi*nate, v. t. To cause to sprout. Price (1610).

Ger`mi*na”tion (?), n. [L. germinatio: cf. F. germination.] The process of germinating; the beginning of vegetation or growth in a seed or plant; the first development of germs, either animal or vegetable.

Germination apparatus, an apparatus for malting grain.

Ger”mi*na*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. germinatif.] Pertaining to germination; having power to bud or develop.

Germinative spot, Germinative vesicle. (Biol.) Same as Germinal spot, Germinal vesicle, under Germinal.

Ger`mi*par”i*ty (?), n. [Germ + L. parere to produce.] (Biol.) Reproduction by means of germs.

Germ”less, a. Without germs.

Ger”mo*gen (?), n. [Germ + - gen.] (Biol.) (a) A polynuclear mass of protoplasm, not divided into separate cells, from which certain ova are developed. Balfour. (b) The primitive cell in certain embryonic forms. Balfour.

Germ” plasm` (?), (Biol.) See Plasmogen, and Idioplasm.

Germ”ule (?), n. [Dim. fr. germ.] (Biol.) A small germ.

Gern (?), v. t. [See Grin.] To grin or yawn. [Obs.] “[/He] gaped like a gulf when he did gern.” Spenser.

Ger”ner (?), n. A garner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ger`o*co”mi*a (?), n. [NL.] See Gerocomy.

Ger`o*com”ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to gerocomy. Dr. John Smith.

Ge*roc”o*my (?), n. [F. gérocomie, fr. Gr. &?; an old man + &?; to take care of.] That part of medicine which treats of regimen for old people.

||Ge*ron”tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) Magistrates in Sparta, who with the ephori and kings, constituted the supreme civil authority.

Ger`on*toc”ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, an old man + &?; to rule.] Government by old men. [R.] Gladstone.

||Ger`o*pig”i*a (?), n. [Pg. geropiga.] A mixture composed of unfermented grape juice, brandy, sugar, etc., for adulteration of wines. [Written also jerupigia.]

-ger*ous (?). [L. -ger, fr. gerere to bear, carry. See Jest.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing; as, calcigerous; dentigerous.

Ger`ry*man”der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gerrymandered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gerrymandering.] To divide (a State) into districts for the choice of representatives, in an unnatural and unfair way, with a view to give a political party an advantage over its opponent. [Political Cant, U. S.]

&fist; This was done in Massachusetts at a time when Elbridge Gerry was governor, and was attributed to his influence, hence the name; though it is now known that he was opposed to the measure. Bartlett.

Ger”und (?), n. [L. gerundium, fr. gerere to bear, carry, perform. See Gest a deed, Jest.] (Lat. Gram.)

1. A kind of verbal noun, having only the four oblique cases of the singular number, and governing cases like a participle.

2. (AS. Gram.) A verbal noun ending in -e, preceded by to and usually denoting purpose or end; — called also the dative infinitive; as, “Ic hæbbe mete tô etanne” (I have meat to eat.) In Modern English the name has been applied to verbal or participal nouns in -ing denoting a transitive action; e. g., by throwing a stone.

Ge*run”di*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a gerund; as, a gerundial use.

Ge*run”dive (?), a. [L. gerundivus.] Pertaining to, or partaking of, the nature of the gerund; gerundial. — n. (Lat. Gram.) The future passive participle; as, amandus, i. e., to be loved.

Ge*run”dive*ly, adv. In the manner of a gerund; as, or in place of, a gerund.

Ger”y (?), a. [See Gerful.] Changeable; fickle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ges”ling (?), n. A gosling. [Prov. Eng.]

Gesse (?), v. t. & i. To guess. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gest (?), n. A guest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gest (?), n. [OF. geste exploit. See Jest.]

1. Something done or achieved; a deed or an action; an adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. An action represented in sports, plays, or on the stage; show; ceremony. [Obs.] Mede.

3. A tale of achievements or adventures; a stock story. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

4. Gesture; bearing; deportment. [Archaic]

Through his heroic grace and honorable gest.

Spenser.

Gest (?), n. [Cf. Gist a resting place.]

1. A stage in traveling; a stop for rest or lodging in a journey or progress; a rest. [Obs.] Kersey.

2. A roll recting the several stages arranged for a royal progress. Many of them are extant in the herald’s office. [Obs.] Hanmer.

Ges”tant (?), a. [L. gestans, p. pr. of gestare.] Bearing within; laden; burdened; pregnant. [R.] “Clouds gestant with heat.” Mrs. Browning.

Ges*ta”tion (?), n. [L. gestatio a bearing, carrying, fr. gestare to bear, carry, intens. fr. gerere, gestum, to bear: cf. F. gestation. See Gest deed, Jest.]

1. The act of wearing (clothes or ornaments). [Obs.]

2. The act of carrying young in the womb from conception to delivery; pregnancy.

3. Exercise in which one is borne or carried, as on horseback, or in a carriage, without the exertion of his own powers; passive exercise. Dunglison.

Ges”ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. gestatorius that serves for carrying: cf. F. gestatoire.]

1. Pertaining to gestation or pregnancy.

2. Capable of being carried or worn. [Obs. or R.]

Geste (?), v. i. To tell stories or gests. [Obs.]

Ges”tic (?), a. [See Gest a deed, Gesture.]

1. Pertaining to deeds or feats of arms; legendary.

And the gay grandsire, skilled in gestic lore.

Goldsmith.

2. Relating to bodily motion; consisting of gestures; — said especially with reference to dancing.

Carried away by the enthusiasm of the gestic art.

Sir W. Scott.

Ges*tic”u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gesticulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gesticulating.] [L. gesticulatus, p. p. of gesticulari to gesticulate, fr. gesticulus a mimic gesture, gesticulation, dim. of gestus gesture, fr. gerere, gestum, to bear, carry, peform. See Gestic.] To make gestures or motions, as in speaking; to use postures. Sir T. Herbert.

Ges*tic”u*late, v. t. To represent by gesture; to act. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ges*tic`u*la”tion (?), n. [L. gesticulatio: cf. F. gesticulation.] 1. The act of gesticulating, or making gestures to express passion or enforce sentiments.

2. A gesture; a motion of the body or limbs in speaking, or in representing action or passion, and enforcing arguments and sentiments. Macaulay.

3. Antic tricks or motions. B. Jonson.

Ges*tic”u*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who gesticulates.

Ges*tic”u*la*to*ry (?), a. Representing by, or belonging to, gestures. T. Warton.

Ges”tour (?), n. [See Gest a deed.] A reciter of gests or legendary tales; a story- teller. [Obs.]

Minstrels and gestours for to tell tales.

Chaucer.

Ges”tur*al (?), a. Relating to gesture.

Ges”ture (?), n. [LL. gestura mode of action, fr. L. gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, perform, act. See Gest a deed.] 1. Manner of carrying the body; position of the body or limbs; posture. [Obs.]

Accubation, or lying down at meals, was a gesture used by many nations.

Sir T. Browne.

2. A motion of the body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion; any action or posture intended to express an idea or a passion, or to enforce or emphasize an argument, assertion, or opinion.

Humble and reverent gestures.

Hooker.

Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye,
In every gesture dignity and love.

Milton.

Ges”ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gestured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gesturing.] To accompany or illustrate with gesture or action; to gesticulate.

It is not orderly read, nor gestured as beseemeth.

Hooker.

Ges”ture, v. i. To make gestures; to gesticulate.

The players . . . gestured not undecently withal.

Holland.

Ges”ture*less, a. Free from gestures.

Ges”ture*ment (?), n. Act of making gestures; gesturing. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Get (?), n. Jet, the mineral. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get (?), n. [OF. get.] 1. Fashion; manner; custom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Artifice; contrivance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get (g&ebreve;t), v. t. [imp. Got (g&obreve;t) (Obs. Gat (găt)); p. p. Got (Obsolescent Gotten (g&obreve;t”t’n)); p. pr. & vb. n. Getting.] [OE. geten, AS. gitan, gietan (in comp.); akin to Icel. geta, Goth. bigitan to find, L. prehendere to seize, take, Gr. chanda`nein to hold, contain. Cf. Comprehend, Enterprise, Forget, Impregnable, Prehensile.] 1. To procure; to obtain; to gain possession of; to acquire; to earn; to obtain as a price or reward; to come by; to win, by almost any means; as, to get favor by kindness; to get wealth by industry and economy; to get land by purchase, etc.

2. Hence, with have and had, to come into or be in possession of; to have. Johnson.

Thou hast got the face of man.

Herbert.

3. To beget; to procreate; to generate.

I had rather to adopt a child than get it.

Shak.

4. To obtain mental possession of; to learn; to commit to memory; to memorize; as to get a lesson; also with out; as, to get out one’s Greek lesson.

It being harder with him to get one sermon by heart, than to pen twenty.

Bp. Fell.

5. To prevail on; to induce; to persuade.

Get him to say his prayers.

Shak.

6. To procure to be, or to cause to be in any state or condition; — with a following participle.

Those things I bid you do; get them dispatched.

Shak.

7. To betake; to remove; — in a reflexive use.

Get thee out from this land.

Gen. xxxi. 13.

He . . . got himself . . . to the strong town of Mega.

Knolles.

&fist; Get, as a transitive verb, is combined with adverbs implying motion, to express the causing to, or the effecting in, the object of the verb, of the kind of motion indicated by the preposition; thus, to get in, to cause to enter, to bring under shelter; as, to get in the hay; to get out, to make come forth, to extract; to get off, to take off, to remove; to get together, to cause to come together, to collect.

To get by heart, to commit to memory. – - To get the better of, To get the best of, to obtain an advantage over; to surpass; to subdue. — To get up, to cause to be established or to exit; to prepare; to arrange; to construct; to invent; as, to get up a celebration, a machine, a book, an agitation.

Syn. — To obtain; gain; win; acquire. See Obtain.

Get (g&ebreve;t), v. i. 1. To make acquisition; to gain; to profit; to receive accessions; to be increased.

We mourn, France smiles; we lose, they daily get.

Shak.

2. To arrive at, or bring one’s self into, a state, condition, or position; to come to be; to become; — with a following adjective or past participle belonging to the subject of the verb; as, to get sober; to get awake; to get beaten; to get elected.

To get rid of fools and scoundrels.

Pope.

His chariot wheels get hot by driving fast.

Coleridge.

&fist; It [get] gives to the English language a middle voice, or a power of verbal expression which is neither active nor passive. Thus we say to get acquitted, beaten, confused, dressed. Earle.

&fist; Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a following preposition, or adverb of motion, to indicate, on the part of the subject of the act, movement or action of the kind signified by the preposition or adverb; or, in the general sense, to move, to stir, to make one’s way, to advance, to arrive, etc.; as, to get away, to leave, to escape; to disengage one’s self from; to get down, to descend, esp. with effort, as from a literal or figurative elevation; to get along, to make progress; hence, to prosper, succeed, or fare; to get in, to enter; to get out, to extricate one’s self, to escape; to get through, to traverse; also, to finish, to be done; to get to, to arrive at, to reach; to get off, to alight, to descend from, to dismount; also, to escape, to come off clear; to get together, to assemble, to convene.

To get ahead, to advance; to prosper. – - To get along, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. — To get a mile (or other distance), to pass over it in traveling. — To get among, to go or come into the company of; to become one of a number. — To get asleep, to fall asleep. — To get astray, to wander out of the right way. — To get at, to reach; to make way to. To get away with, to carry off; to capture; hence, to get the better of; to defeat. — To get back, to arrive at the place from which one departed; to return. — To get before, to arrive in front, or more forward. — To get behind, to fall in the rear; to lag. — To get between, to arrive between. — To get beyond, to pass or go further than; to exceed; to surpass. “Three score and ten is the age of man, a few get beyond it.” Thackeray. — To get clear, to disengage one’s self; to be released, as from confinement, obligation, or burden; also, to be freed from danger or embarrassment. — To get drunk, to become intoxicated. — To get forward, to proceed; to advance; also, to prosper; to advance in wealth. — To get home, to arrive at one’s dwelling, goal, or aim. — To get into. (a) To enter, as, “she prepared to get into the coach.” Dickens. (b) To pass into, or reach; as, ” a language has got into the inflated state.” Keary. — To get loose or free, to disengage one’s self; to be released from confinement. — To get near, to approach within a small distance. — To get on, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. — To get over. (a) To pass over, surmount, or overcome, as an obstacle or difficulty. (b) To recover from, as an injury, a calamity. — To get through. (a) To pass through something. (b) To finish what one was doing. — To get up. (a) To rise; to arise, as from a bed, chair, etc. (b) To ascend; to climb, as a hill, a tree, a flight of stairs, etc.

Get, n. Offspring; progeny; as, the get of a stallion.

Get”en (?), obs. p. p. of Get. Chaucer.

Geth (?), the original third pers. sing. pres. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get”-pen`ny (?), n. Something which gets or gains money; a successful affair. [Colloq.] Chapman.

Get”ta*ble (?), a. That may be obtained. [R.]

Get”ter (?), n. One who gets, gains, obtains, acquires, begets, or procreates.

Get”ter*up`, n. One who contrives, makes, or arranges for, anything, as a book, a machine, etc. [Colloq.]

A diligent getter-up of miscellaneous works.

W. Irving.

Get”ting (?), n. 1. The act of obtaining or acquiring; acquisition.

With all thy getting, get understanding.

Prov. iv. 7.

2. That which is got or obtained; gain; profit.

Get”-up (?), n. General composition or structure; manner in which the parts of a thing are combined; make-up; style of dress, etc. [Colloq.] H. Kingsley.

Gew”gaw (?), n. [OE. gigawe, gugawe, gewgaude, prob. the same word as OE. givegove gewgaw, apparently a reduplicated form fr. AS. gifan to give; cf. also F. joujou plaything, and E. gaud, n. See Give, and cf. Giffgaff.] A showy trifle; a toy; a splendid plaything; a pretty but worthless bauble.

A heavy gewgaw called a crown.

Dryden.

Gew”gaw, a. Showy; unreal; pretentious.

Seeing his gewgaw castle shine.

Tennyson.

Gey”ser (?), n. [Icel. geysir, fr. geysa to rush furiously, fr. gjōsa to gush. Cf. Gush.] A boiling spring which throws forth at frequent intervals jets of water, mud, etc., driven up by the expansive power of steam.

&fist; Geysers were first known in Iceland, and later in New Zealand. In the Yellowstone region in the United States they are numerous, and some of them very powerful, throwing jets of boiling water and steam to a height of 200 feet. They are grouped in several areas called geyser basins. The mineral matter, or geyserite, with which geyser water is charged, forms geyser cones about the orifice, often of great size and beauty.

Gey”ser*ite (?), n. [From Geyser.] (Min.) A loose hydrated form of silica, a variety of opal, deposited in concretionary cauliflowerlike masses, around some hot springs and geysers.

||Ghar”ry (?), n. [Hind. gā&?;i.] Any wheeled cart or carriage. [India]

Ghast (?), v. t. [OE. gasten. See Ghastly, a.] To strike aghast; to affright. [Obs.]

Ghasted by the noise I made.
Full suddenly he fled.

Shak.

Ghast”ful (?), a. [See Ghastly, a.] Fit to make one aghast; dismal. [Obs.] — Ghast”ful*ly, adv.

Ghast”li*ness (?), n. The state of being ghastly; a deathlike look.

Ghast”ly (?), a. [Compar. Ghastlier (?); superl. Ghastliest.] [OE. gastlich, gastli, fearful, causing fear, fr. gasten to terrify, AS. gæstan. Cf. Aghast, Gast, Gaze, Ghostly.] 1. Like a ghost in appearance; deathlike; pale; pallid; dismal.

Each turned his face with a ghastly pang.

Coleridge.

His face was so ghastly that it could scarcely be recognized.

Macaulay.

2. Horrible; shocking; dreadful; hideous.

Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail.

Milton.

Ghast”ly, adv. In a ghastly manner; hideously.

Staring full ghastly like a strangled man.

Shak.

Ghast”ness, n. Ghastliness. [Obs.] Shak.

{ ||Ghat Ghaut } (?), n. [Hind. ghāt.]

1. A pass through a mountain. [India] J. D. Hooker.

2. A range of mountains. Balfour (Cyc. of Ind. ).

3. Stairs descending to a river; a landing place; a wharf. [India] Malcom.

||Gha*wa”zi (?), n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] Egyptian dancing girls, of a lower sort than the almeh.

{ Ghe”ber Ghe”bre } (?), n. [Pers. ghebr: cf. F. Guèbre. Cf. Giaour.] A worshiper of fire; a Zoroastrian; a Parsee.

Ghee (gē), n. [Hind. ghī clarified butter, Skr. gh&rsdot;ta.] Butter clarified by boiling, and thus converted into a kind of oil. [India] Malcom.

Gher”kin (g&etilde;r”k&ibreve;n), n. [D. agurkje, a dim. akin to G. gurke, Dan. agurke; cf. Pol. ogórek, Bohem. okurka, LGr. ‘aggoy`rion watermelon, Ar. al-khiyār, Per. khiyār.]

1. (Bot.) A kind of small, prickly cucumber, much used for pickles.

2. (Zoöl.) See Sea gherkin.

Ghess (?), v. t. & i. See Guess. [Obs.]

||Ghet”to (?), n. [It.] The Jews’quarter in an Italian town or city.

I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell.

Evelyn.

Ghib”el*line (?), n. [It. Ghibellino; of German origin.] (It. Hist.) One of a faction in Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which favored the German emperors, and opposed the Guelfs, or adherents of the poses. Brande & C.

Ghole (?), n. See Ghoul.

Ghost (?), n. [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gāst breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. g&?;st spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.]

1. The spirit; the soul of man. [Obs.]

Then gives her grieved ghost thus to lament.

Spenser.

2. The disembodied soul; the soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death; an apparition; a specter.

The mighty ghosts of our great Harrys rose.

Shak.

I thought that I had died in sleep,
And was a blessed ghost.

Coleridge.

3. Any faint shadowy semblance; an unsubstantial image; a phantom; a glimmering; as, not a ghost of a chance; the ghost of an idea.

Each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.

Poe.

4. A false image formed in a telescope by reflection from the surfaces of one or more lenses.

Ghost moth (Zoöl.), a large European moth (Hepialus humuli); so called from the white color of the male, and the peculiar hovering flight; — called also great swift. — Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit; the Paraclete; the Comforter; (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity. — To give up or yield up the ghost, to die; to expire.

And he gave up the ghost full softly.

Chaucer.

Jacob . . . yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people

. Gen. xlix. 33.

Ghost, v. i. To die; to expire. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ghost, v. t. To appear to or haunt in the form of an apparition. [Obs.] Shak.

Ghost”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A pale unspotted variety of the wrymouth.

Ghost”less, a. Without life or spirit. [R.]

Ghost”like` (?), a. Like a ghost; ghastly.

Ghost”li*ness, n. The quality of being ghostly.

Ghost”ly, a. [OE. gastlich, gostlich, AS. gāstlic. See Ghost.] 1. Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; spiritual; as, a ghostly confessor.

Save and defend us from our ghostly enemies.

Book of Common Prayer [Ch. of Eng. ]

One of the gostly children of St. Jerome.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Of or pertaining to apparitions. Akenside.

Ghost”ly, adv. Spiritually; mystically. Chaucer.

Ghost*ol”o*gy (?), n. Ghost lore. [R.]

It seemed even more unaccountable than if it had been a thing of ghostology and witchcraft.

Hawthorne.

Ghoul (g&oomac;l), n. [Per. ghōl an imaginary sylvan demon, supposed to devour men and animals: cf. Ar. ghūl, F. goule.] An imaginary evil being among Eastern nations, which was supposed to feed upon human bodies. [Written also ghole .] Moore.

Ghoul”ish, a. Characteristic of a ghoul; vampirelike; hyenalike.

Ghyll (?), n. A ravine. See Gill a woody glen. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wordsworth.

||Gial`lo*li”no (?), n. [It., from giallo yellow, prob. fr. OHG. gelo, G. gelb; akin to E. yellow.] A term variously employed by early writers on art, though commonly designating the yellow oxide of lead, or massicot. Fairholt.

Giam”beux (zh&adot;m”b&usdot;), n. pl. [See Jambeux.] Greaves; armor for the legs. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gi”ant (?), n. [OE. giant, geant, geaunt, OF. jaiant, geant, F. géant, L. gigas, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, from the root of E. gender, genesis. See Gender, and cf. Gigantic.]

1. A man of extraordinari bulk and stature.

Giants of mighty bone and bold emprise.

Milton.

2. A person of extraordinary strength or powers, bodily or intellectual.

3. Any animal, plant, or thing, of extraordinary size or power.

Giant’s Causeway, a vast collection of basaltic pillars, in the county of Antrim on the northern coast of Ireland.

Gi”ant, a. Like a giant; extraordinary in size, strength, or power; as, giant brothers; a giant son.

Giant cell. (Anat.) See Myeloplax. — Giant clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve shell of the genus Tridacna, esp. T. gigas, which sometimes weighs 500 pounds. The shells are sometimes used in churches to contain holy water. — Giant heron (Zoöl.), a very large African heron (Ardeomega goliath). It is the largest heron known. — Giant kettle, a pothole of very large dimensions, as found in Norway in connection with glaciers. See Pothole. — Giant powder. See Nitroglycerin. — Giant puffball (Bot.), a fungus (Lycoperdon giganteum), edible when young, and when dried used for stanching wounds. — Giant salamander (Zoöl.), a very large aquatic salamander (Megalobatrachus maximus), found in Japan. It is the largest of living Amphibia, becoming a yard long. — Giant squid (Zoöl.), one of several species of very large squids, belonging to Architeuthis and allied genera. Some are over forty feet long.

Gi”ant*ess, n. A woman of extraordinary size.

Gi”ant*ize (?), v. i. [Cf. F. géantiser.] To play the giant. [R.] Sherwood.

Gi”ant*ly, a. Appropriate to a giant. [Obs.] Usher.

Gi”ant*ry (?), n. The race of giants. [R.] Cotgrave.

Gi”ant*ship, n. The state, personality, or character, of a giant; — a compellation for a giant.

His giantship is gone somewhat crestfallen

. Milton.

||Giaour (?), n. [Turk. giaur an infidel, Per. gawr, another form of ghebr fire worshiper. Cf. Kaffir, Gheber .] An infidel; — a term applied by Turks to disbelievers in the Mohammedan religion, especially Christrians. Byron.

Gib (?), n. [Abbreviated fr. Gilbert, the name of the cat in the old story of “Reynard the Fox”. in the “Romaunt of the Rose”, etc.] A male cat; a tomcat. [Obs.]

Gib, v. i. To act like a cat. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gib (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A piece or slip of metal or wood, notched or otherwise, in a machine or structure, to hold other parts in place or bind them together, or to afford a bearing surface; — usually held or adjusted by means of a wedge, key, or screw.

Gib and key, or Gib and cotter (Steam Engine), the fixed wedge or gib, and the driving wedge,key, or cotter, used for tightening the strap which holds the brasses at the end of a connecting rod.

Gib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbing.] To secure or fasten with a gib, or gibs; to provide with a gib, or gibs.

Gibbed lathe, an engine lathe in which the tool carriage is held down to the bed by a gib instead of by a weight.

Gib (?), v. i. To balk. See Jib, v. i. Youatt.

Gib*bar”tas (?), n. [Cf. Ar. jebbār giant; or L. gibber humpbacked: cf. F. gibbar.] (Zoöl.) One of several finback whales of the North Atlantic; — called also Jupiter whale. [Written also jubartas, gubertas, dubertus.]

Gib”ber (?), n. [From Gib to balk.] A balky horse. Youatt.

Gib”ber (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbering.] [Akin to jabber, and gabble.] To speak rapidly and inarticulately. Shak.

Gib”ber*ish (?), n. [From Gibber, v. i.] Rapid and inarticulate talk; unintelligible language; unmeaning words; jargon.

He, like a gypsy, oftentimes would go;
All kinds of gibberish he had learnt to know.

Drayton.

Such gibberish as children may be heard amusing themselves with.

Hawthorne.

Gib”ber*ish, a. Unmeaning; as, gibberish language.

Gib”bet (?), n. [OE. gibet, F. gibet, in OF. also club, fr. LL. gibetum;; cf. OF. gibe sort of sickle or hook, It. giubbetto gibbet, and giubbetta, dim. of giubba mane, also, an under waistcoat, doublet, Prov. It. gibba (cf. Jupon); so that it perhaps originally signified a halter, a rope round the neck of malefactors; or it is, perhaps, derived fr. L. gibbus hunched, humped, E. gibbous; or cf. E. jib a sail.]

1. A kind of gallows; an upright post with an arm projecting from the top, on which, formerly, malefactors were hanged in chains, and their bodies allowed to remain as a warning.

2. The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended; the jib.

Gib”bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbeted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbeting.]

1. To hang and expose on a gibbet.

2. To expose to infamy; to blacken.

I’ll gibbet up his name.

Oldham.

Gib”bier (?), n. [F. gibier.] Wild fowl; game. [Obs.] Addison.

Gib”bon (?), n. [Cf. F. gibbon.] (Zoöl.) Any arboreal ape of the genus Hylobates, of which many species and varieties inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. They are tailless and without cheek pouches, and have very long arms, adapted for climbing.

&fist; The white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), the crowned (H. pilatus), the wou-wou or singing gibbon (H. agilis), the siamang, and the hoolock. are the most common species.

Gib” boom` (?). See Jib boom.

Gib*bose” (?), a. [L. gibbosus, fr. gibbus, gibba, hunch, hump. Cf. Gibbous.] Humped; protuberant; — said of a surface which presents one or more large elevations. Brande & C.

Gib*bost”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. gibbosité.] The state of being gibbous or gibbose; gibbousness.

Gib”bous (?), a. [Cf. F. gibbeux. See Gibbose.]

1. Swelling by a regular curve or surface; protuberant; convex; as, the moon is gibbous between the half- moon and the full moon.

The bones will rise, and make a gibbous member.

Wiseman.

2. Hunched; hump-backed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

— Gib”bous*ly, adv. — Gib”bous*ness, n.

Gibbs”ite (?), n. [Named after George Gibbs.] (Min.) A hydrate of alumina.

Gib”-cat` (?), n. A male cat, esp. an old one. See lst Gib. n. [Obs.] Shak.

Gibe (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gibing.] [Cf. Prov. F. giber, equiv. to F. jouer to play, Icel. geipa to talk nonsense, E. jabber.] To cast reproaches and sneering expressions; to rail; to utter taunting, sarcastic words; to flout; to fleer; to scoff.

Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout.

Swift.

Gibe, v. i. To reproach with contemptuous words; to deride; to scoff at; to mock.

Draw the beasts as I describe them,
From their features, while I gibe them.

Swift.

Gibe, n. An expression of sarcastic scorn; a sarcastic jest; a scoff; a taunt; a sneer.

Mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns.

Shak.

With solemn gibe did Eustace banter me.

Tennyson.

||Gib”el (?), n. [G. gibel, giebel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of carp (Cyprinus gibelio); — called also Prussian carp.

Gib”er (?) n. One who utters gibes. B. Jonson.

Gib”fish` (?), n. The male of the salmon. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Gib”ing*ly (?), adv. In a gibing manner; scornfully.

Gib”let (?), a. Made of giblets; as, a giblet pie.

Gib”lets (?), n. pl. [OE. gibelet, OF. gibelet game: cf. F. gibelotte stewed rabbit. Cf. Gibbier.] The inmeats, or edible viscera (heart, gizzard, liver, etc.), of poultry.

Gib”staff` (?), n. [Prov. E. gib a hooked stick + E. staff.] 1. A staff to guage water, or to push a boat.

2. A staff formerly used in fighting beasts on the stage. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gid (?), n. [Cf. Giddy, a.] A disease of sheep, characterized by vertigo; the staggers. It is caused by the presence of the C&?;nurus, a larval tapeworm, in the brain. See C&?;nurus.

Gid”di*ly (?), adv. In a giddy manner.

Gid”di*ness, n. The quality or state of being giddy.

Gid”dy (?), a. [Compar. Giddier (?); superl. Giddiest.] [OE. gidi mad, silly, AS. gidig, of unknown origin, cf. Norw. gidda to shake, tremble.]

1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling about; having lost the power of preserving the balance of the body, and therefore wavering and inclined to fall; lightheaded; dizzy.

By giddy head and staggering legs betrayed.

Tate.

2. Promoting or inducing giddiness; as, a giddy height; a giddy precipice. Prior.

Upon the giddy footing of the hatches.

Shak.

3. Bewildering on account of rapid turning; running round with celerity; gyratory; whirling.

The giddy motion of the whirling mill.

Pope.

4. Characterized by inconstancy; unstable; changeable; fickle; wild; thoughtless; heedless. “Giddy, foolish hours.” Rowe. “Giddy chance.” Dryden.

Young heads are giddy and young hearts are warm.

Cowper.

Gid”dy, v. i. To reel; to whirl. Chapman.

Gid”dy, v. t. To make dizzy or unsteady. [Obs.]

Gid”dy-head` (?), n. A person without thought fulness, prudence, or judgment. [Colloq.] Burton.

Gid”dy-head`ed (?), a. Thoughtless; unsteady.

Gid”dy-paced` (?), a. Moving irregularly; flighty; fickle. [R.] Shak.

Gie (?), v. t. To guide. See Gye . [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gie (?), v. t. To give. [Scot.] Burns.

Gier”-ea`gle (?), n. [Cf. D. gier vulture, G. gier, and E. gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) A bird referred to in the Bible (Lev. xi. 18and Deut. xiv. 17) as unclean, probably the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus).

Gier”fal`con (?), n. [Cf. Gier eagle, Gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) The gyrfalcon.

Gie”seck*ite (?), n. [Named after Karl Giesecke.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in greenish gray six-sided prisms, having a greasy luster. It is probably a pseudomorph after elæolite.

Gif (?), conj. [AS. See If.] If. [Obs.]

&fist; Gif is the old form of if, and frequently occurs in the earlier English writers. See If.

Gif”fard in*ject”or (?). (Mach.) See under Injector.

Giff”gaff (?), n. [Reduplicated fr. give.] Mutual accommodation; mutual giving. [Scot.]

Gif”fy (?), n. [Obs.] See Jiffy.

Gift (?), n. [OE. gift, yift, yeft, AS. gift, fr. gifan to give; akin to D. & G. gift, Icel. gift, gipt, Goth. gifts (in comp.). See Give, v. t.] 1. Anything given; anything voluntarily transferred by one person to another without compensation; a present; an offering.

Shall I receive by gift, what of my own, . . .
I can command ?

Milton.

2. The act, right, or power of giving or bestowing; as, the office is in the gift of the President.

3. A bribe; anything given to corrupt.

Neither take a gift, for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise.

Deut. xvi. 19.

4. Some quality or endowment given to man by God; a preëminent and special talent or aptitude; power; faculty; as, the gift of wit; a gift for speaking.

5. (Law) A voluntary transfer of real or personal property, without any consideration. It can be perfected only by deed, or in case of personal property, by an actual delivery of possession. Bouvier. Burrill.

Gift rope (Naut), a rope extended to a boat for towing it; a guest rope.

Syn. — Present; donation; grant; largess; benefaction; boon; bounty; gratuity; endowment; talent; faculty. — Gift, Present, Donation. These words, as here compared, denote something gratuitously imparted to another out of one’s property. A gift is something given whether by a superior or an inferior, and is usually designed for the relief or benefit of him who receives it. A present is ordinarly from an equal or inferior, and is always intended as a compliment or expression of kindness. Donation is a word of more dignity, denoting, properly, a gift of considerable value, and ordinarly a gift made either to some public institution, or to an individual on account of his services to the public; as, a donation to a hospital, a charitable society, or a minister.

Gift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gifting.] To endow with some power or faculty.

He was gifted . . . with philosophical sagacity.

I. Taylor.

Gift”ed*ness, n. The state of being gifted. Echard.

Gig (j&ibreve;g or g&ibreve;g), n. [Cf. OF. gigue. See Jig, n.] A fiddle. [Obs.]

Gig (g&ibreve;g), v. t. [Prob. fr. L. gignere to beget.] To engender. [Obs.] Dryden.

Gig, n. A kind of spear or harpoon. See Fishgig.

Gig, v. t. To fish with a gig.

Gig, n. [OE. gigge. Cf. Giglot.] A playful or wanton girl; a giglot.

Gig, n. [Cf. Icel. gīgja fiddle, MHG. gīge, G. geige, Icel. geiga to take a wrong direction, rove at random, and E. jig.] 1. A top or whirligig; any little thing that is whirled round in play.

Thou disputest like an infant; go, whip thy gig.

Shak.

2. A light carriage, with one pair of wheels, drawn by one horse; a kind of chaise.

3. (Naut.) A long, light rowboat, generally clinkerbuilt, and designed to be fast; a boat appropriated to the use of the commanding officer; as, the captain’s gig.

4. (Mach.) A rotatory cylinder, covered with wire teeth or teasels, for teaseling woolen cloth.

Gig machine, Gigging machine, Gig mill, or Napping machine. See Gig, 4. — Gig saw. See Jig saw.

Gi`gan*te”an (?), a. [L. giganteus, fr. gigas, antis. See Giant.] Like a giant; mighty; gigantic. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Gi`gan*tesque” (?), a. [F.] Befitting a giant; bombastic; magniloquent.

The sort of mock-heroic gigantesque
With which we bantered little Lilia first.

Tennyson.

Gi*gan”tic (?), a. [L. gigas, -antis, giant. See Giant.] 1. Of extraordinary size; like a giant.

2. Such as a giant might use, make, or cause; immense; tremendous; extraordinarly; as, gigantic deeds; gigantic wickedness. Milton.

When descends on the Atlantic
The gigantic
Strom wind of the equinox.

Longfellow.

Gi*gan”tic*al, a. Bulky, big. [Obs.] Burton. — Gi*gan”tic*al*ly, adv.

Gi*gan”ti*cide (?), n. [. gigas, -antis, giant + caedere to kill.] The act of killing, or one who kills, a giant. Hallam.

Gi*gan”tine (?), a. Gigantic. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Gi`gan*tol”og*y (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, giant + -logy: cf. F. gigantologie.] An account or description of giants.

Gi`gan*tom”a*chy (?), n. [L. gigantomachia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, giant + &?; battle: cf. F. gigantomachie.] A war of giants; especially, the fabulous war of the giants against heaven.

Gige (g&ibreve;j or gēj), Guige, n. [OF. guide, guiche.] (Anc. Armor) The leather strap by which the shield of a knight was slung across the shoulder, or across the neck and shoulder. Meyrick (Ancient Armor).

||Gi*ge”ri*um (?), n.; pl. Gigeria (#). [NL., fr. L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry.] (Anat.) The muscular stomach, or gizzard, of birds.

Gig”get (?), n. Same as Gigot.

Cut the slaves to giggets.

Beau. & Fl.

Gig”gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Giggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Giggling (?).] [Akin to gaggle: cf. OD. ghichelen, G. kichern.] To laugh with short catches of the breath or voice; to laugh in a light, affected, or silly manner; to titter with childish levity.

Giggling and laughing with all their might
At the piteous hap of the fairy wight.

J. R. Drake.

Gig”gle (?), n. A kind of laugh, with short catches of the voice or breath; a light, silly laugh.

Gig”gler (?), n. One who giggles or titters.

Gig”gly (?), a. Prone to giggling. Carlyle.

Gig”got (?), n. See Gigot. [Obs.] Chapman.

Gig”gyng (?), n. [See Gige.] The act of fastending the gige or leather strap to the shield. [Obs.] “Gigging of shields.” Chaucer.

{ Gig”lot (?), Gig”let (?), } n. [Cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person, Dan. giek a fool, silly man, AS. gagol, gægl, lascivious, wanton, MHG. gogel wanton, giege fool, and E. gig a wanton person.] A wanton; a lascivious or light, giddy girl. [Obs.]

The giglet is willful, and is running upon her fate.

Sir W. Scott.

Gig”lot (?), a. Giddi; light; inconstant; wanton. [Obs.] “O giglot fortune!” Shak.

Gig”ot, Gig”got (&?;), n. [F., fr. OF. gigue fiddle; — on account of the resemblance in shape. See Jig, n.]

1. A leg of mutton.

2. A small piece of flesh; a slice. [Obs.]

The rest in giggots cut, they spit.

Chapman.

Gi”la mon”ster (?). (Zoöl.) A large tuberculated lizard (Heloderma suspectum) native of the dry plains of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. It is the only lizard known to have venomous teeth.

Gild (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gilded or Gilt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Gilding.] [AS. gyldan, from gold gold. √234. See Gold.] 1. To overlay with a thin covering of gold; to cover with a golden color; to cause to look like gold. “Gilded chariots.” Pope.

No more the rising sun shall gild the morn.

Pope.

2. To make attractive; to adorn; to brighten.

Let oft good humor, mild and gay,
Gild the calm evening of your day.

Trumbull.

3. To give a fair but deceptive outward appearance to; to embellish; as, to gild a lie. Shak.

4. To make red with drinking. [Obs.]

This grand liquior that hath gilded them.

Shak.

Gild”ale` (?), n. [AS. gilgan to pay + E. ale. See Yield, v. t., and Ale.] A drinking bout in which every one pays an equal share. [Obs.]

Gild”en (?), a. Gilded. Holland.

Gild”er (?), n. One who gilds; one whose occupation is to overlay with gold.

Gil”der (?), n. A Dutch coin. See Guilder.

Gild”ing (g&ibreve;ld”&ibreve;ng), n. 1. The art or practice of overlaying or covering with gold leaf; also, a thin coating or wash of gold, or of that which resembles gold.

2. Gold in leaf, powder, or liquid, for application to any surface.

3. Any superficial coating or appearance, as opposed to what is solid and genuine.

Gilding metal, a tough kind of sheet brass from which cartridge shells are made.

Gile (?), n. [See Guile.] Guile. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gill (?), n. [Dan. giælle, gelle; akin to Sw. gäl, Icel. gjölnar gills; cf. AS. geagl, geahl, jaw.] 1. (Anat.) An organ for aquatic respiration; a branchia.

Fishes perform respiration under water by the gills.

Ray.

&fist; Gills are usually lamellar or filamentous appendages, through which the blood circulates, and in which it is exposed to the action of the air contained in the water. In vertebrates they are appendages of the visceral arches on either side of the neck. In invertebrates they occupy various situations.

2. pl. (Bot.) The radiating, gill-shaped plates forming the under surface of a mushroom.

3. (Zoöl.) The fleshy flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl; a wattle.

4. The flesh under or about the chin. Swift.

5. (Spinning) One of the combs of closely ranged steel pins which divide the ribbons of flax fiber or wool into fewer parallel filaments. [Prob. so called from F. aiguilles, needles. Ure.]

Gill arches, Gill bars. (Anat.) Same as Branchial arches. — Gill clefts. (Anat.) Same as Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. — Gill cover, Gill lid. See Operculum. — Gill frame, or Gill head (Flax Manuf.), a spreader; a machine for subjecting flax to the action of gills. Knight. — Gill net, a flat net so suspended in the water that its meshes allow the heads of fish to pass, but catch in the gills when they seek to extricate themselves. — Gill opening, or Gill slit (Anat.), an opening behind and below the head of most fishes, and some amphibians, by which the water from the gills is discharged. In most fishes there is a single opening on each side, but in the sharks and rays there are five, or more, on each side. — Gill rakes, or Gill rakers (Anat.), horny filaments, or progresses, on the inside of the branchial arches of fishes, which help to prevent solid substances from being carried into gill cavities.

Gill, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A two-wheeled frame for transporting timber. [Prov. Eng.]

Gill, n. A leech. [Also gell.] [Scot.] Jameison.

Gill, n. [Icel. gil.] A woody glen; a narrow valley containing a stream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Gill (?), n. [OF. gille, gelle, a sort of measure for wine, LL. gillo, gello., Cf. Gallon.] A measure of capacity, containing one fourth of a pint.

Gill (?), n. [Abbrev. from Gillian.] 1. A young woman; a sweetheart; a flirting or wanton girl. “Each Jack with his Gill.” B. Jonson.

2. (Bot.) The ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma); — called also gill over the ground, and other like names.

3. Malt liquor medicated with ground ivy.

Gill ale. (a) Ale flavored with ground ivy. (b) (Bot.) Alehoof.

Gill”-flirt` (?), n. A thoughtless, giddy girl; a flirt-gill. Sir W. Scott.

Gill”house`, n. A shop where gill is sold.

Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn.

Pope.

Gil”li*an (?), n. [OE. Gillian, a woman’s name, for Julian, Juliana. Cf. Gill a girl.] A girl; esp., a wanton; a gill. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

{ Gil”lie Gil”ly } (?), n. [Gael. gille, giolla, boy, lad.] A boy or young man; a manservant; a male attendant, in the Scottish Highlands. Sir W. Scott.

Gil”ly*flow`er (?), n. [OE. gilofre, gilofer, clove, OF. girofre, girofle, F. girofle: cf. F. giroflée gillyflower, fr. girofle, Gr. &?; clove tree; &?; nut + &?; leaf, akin to E. foliage. Cf. Caryophyllus, July- flower.] (Bot.) 1. A name given by old writers to the clove pink (Dianthus Caryophyllus) but now to the common stock (Matthiola incana), a cruciferous plant with showy and fragrant blossoms, usually purplish, but often pink or white.

2. A kind of apple, of a roundish conical shape, purplish red color, and having a large core.

[Written also gilliflower.]

Clove gillyflower, the clove pink. — Marsh gillyflower, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi). — Queen’s, or Winter, gillyflower, damewort. — Sea gillyflower, the thrift (Armeria vulgaris). — Wall gillyflower, the wallflower (Cheiranthus Cheiri). — Water gillyflower, the water violet.

Gil”our (?), n. [OF.] A guiler; deceiver. [Obs.]

Gilse (?), n. [W. gleisiad, fr. glas blue.] (Zoöl.) See Grilse.

Gilt (?), n. [See Geld, v. t.] (Zoöl.) A female pig, when young.

Gilt, imp. & p. p. of Gild.

Gilt, p. p. & a. Gilded; covered with gold; of the color of gold; golden yellow. “Gilt hair” Chaucer.

Gilt, n. 1. Gold, or that which resembles gold, laid on the surface of a thing; gilding. Shak.

2. Money. [Obs.] “The gilt of France.” Shak.

{ Gilt”-edge` (?), Gilt”-edged` (?), } a. 1. Having a gilt edge; as, gilt-edged paper.

2. Of the best quality; — said of negotiable paper, etc. [Slang, U. S.]

Gilt”head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marine fish. The name is applied to two species: (a) The Pagrus, or Chrysophrys, auratus, a valuable food fish common in the Mediterranean (so named from its golden-colored head); — called also giltpoll. (b) The Crenilabrus melops, of the British coasts; — called also golden maid, conner, sea partridge.

Gilt”if (?), a. [For gilti, by confusion with -if, -ive, in French forms. See Guilty.] Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gilt”tail` (?), n. A yellow-tailed worm or larva.

Gim (?), a. [Cf. Gimp, a.] Neat; spruce. [Prov.]

Gim”bal (?), or Gim”bals (&?;), n. [See Gimmal, n.] A contrivance for permitting a body to incline freely in all directions, or for suspending anything, as a barometer, ship’s compass, chronometer, etc., so that it will remain plumb, or level, when its support is tipped, as by the rolling of a ship. It consists of a ring in which the body can turn on an axis through a diameter of the ring, while the ring itself is so pivoted to its support that it can turn about a diameter at right angles to the first.

Gimbal joint (Mach.), a universal joint embodying the principle of the gimbal. — Gimbal ring, a single gimbal, as that by which the cockeye of the upper millstone is supported on the spindle.

Gim”blet (?), n. & v. See Gimlet.

Gim”crack` (?), n. [OE., a spruce and pert pretender, also, a spruce girl, prob. fr. gim + crack lad, boaster.] A trivial mechanism; a device; a toy; a pretty thing. Arbuthnot.

Gim”let (?), n. [Also written and pronounced gimbled (&?;)] [OF. guimbelet, guibelet, F. gibelet, prob. fr. OD. wimpel, weme, a bore, wemelen to bore, to wimble. See Wimble, n.] A small tool for boring holes. It has a leading screw, a grooved body, and a cross handle.

Gimlet eye, a squint-eye. [Colloq.] Wright.

Gim”let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gimleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gimleting.] 1. To pierce or make with a gimlet.

2. (Naut.) To turn round (an anchor) by the stock, with a motion like turning a gimlet.

Gim”mal (?), n. [Prob. the same word as gemel. See Gemel, and cf. Gimbal.] 1. Joined work whose parts move within each other; a pair or series of interlocked rings.

2. A quaint piece of machinery; a gimmer. [Obs.]

Gim”mal, a. Made or consisting of interlocked rings or links; as, gimmal mail.

In their pale dull mouths the gimmal bit
Lies foul with chewed grass.

Shak.

Gimmal joint. See Gimbal joint, under Gimbal.

Gim”mer, Gim”mor (&?;), n. [Cf. Gimmal, n.] A piece of mechanism; mechanical device or contrivance; a gimcrack. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Shak.

Gimp (?), a. [W. gwymp fair, neat, comely.] Smart; spruce; trim; nice. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gimp, n. [OF. guimpe, guimple, a nun’s wimple, F. guimpe, OHG. wimpal a veil G. wimpel pennon, pendant. See Wimple, n.] A narrow ornamental fabric of silk, woolen, or cotton, often with a metallic wire, or sometimes a coarse cord, running through it; — used as trimming for dresses, furniture, etc.

Gimp nail, an upholsterer’s small nail.

Gimp, v. t. To notch; to indent; to jag.

Gin (?), prep. [AS. geán. See Again.] Against; near by; towards; as, gin night. [Scot.] A. Ross (1778).

Gin, conj. [See Gin, prep.] If. [Scotch] Jamieson.

Gin (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gan (?), Gon (&?;), or Gun (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] [OE. ginnen, AS. ginnan (in comp.), prob. orig., to open, cut open, cf. OHG. inginnan to begin, open, cut open, and prob. akin to AS. gīnan to yawn, and E. yawn. &?; See Yawn, v. i., and cf. Begin.] To begin; — often followed by an infinitive without to; as, gan tell. See Gan. [Obs. or Archaic] “He gan to pray.” Chaucer.

Gin (?), n. [Contr. from Geneva. See 2d Geneva.] A strong alcoholic liquor, distilled from rye and barley, and flavored with juniper berries; — also called Hollands and Holland gin, because originally, and still very extensively, manufactured in Holland. Common gin is usually flavored with turpentine.

Gin (?), n. [A contraction of engine.]

1. Contrivance; artifice; a trap; a snare. Chaucer. Spenser.

2. (a) A machine for raising or moving heavy weights, consisting of a tripod formed of poles united at the top, with a windlass, pulleys, ropes, etc. (b) (Mining) A hoisting drum, usually vertical; a whim.

3. A machine for separating the seeds from cotton; a cotton gin.

&fist; The name is also given to an instrument of torture worked with screws, and to a pump moved by rotary sails.

Gin block, a simple form of tackle block, having one wheel, over which a rope runs; — called also whip gin, rubbish pulley, and monkey wheel. — Gin power, a form of horse power for driving a cotton gin. — Gin race, or Gin ring, the path of the horse when putting a gin in motion. Halliwell. — Gin saw, a saw used in a cotton gin for drawing the fibers through the grid, leaving the seed in the hopper. — Gin wheel. (a) In a cotton gin, a wheel for drawing the fiber through the grid; a brush wheel to clean away the lint. (b) (Mining) the drum of a whim.

Gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ginned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] 1. To catch in a trap. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. To clear of seeds by a machine; as, to gin cotton.

Ging (?), n. Same as Gang, n., 2. [Obs.]

There is a knot, a ging, a pack, a conspiracy against me.

Shak.

Gin*gal” (?), n. See Jingal.

Gin”ger (?), n. [OE. ginger, gingever, gingivere, OF. gengibre, gingimbre, F. gingembre, L. zingiber, zingiberi, fr. Gr. &?;; of Oriental origin; cf. Ar. & Pers. zenjebīl, fr. Skr. &?;&?;&?;gavëra, prop., hornshaped; &?;&?;&?;ga horn + vëra body.]

1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Zingiber, of the East and West Indies. The species most known is Z. officinale.

2. The hot and spicy rootstock of Zingiber officinale, which is much used in cookery and in medicine.

Ginger beer or ale, a mild beer impregnated with ginger. — Ginger cordial, a liquor made from ginger, raisins, lemon rind, and water, and sometimes whisky or brandy. — Ginger pop. See Ginger beer (above). — Ginger wine, wine impregnated with ginger. — Wild ginger (Bot.), an American herb (Asarum Canadense) with two reniform leaves and a long, cordlike rootstock which has a strong taste of ginger.

Gin”ger*bread` (?), n. A kind of plain sweet cake seasoned with ginger, and sometimes made in fanciful shapes. “Gingerbread that was full fine.” Chaucer.

Gingerbread tree (Bot.), the doom palm; — so called from the resemblance of its fruit to gingerbread. See Doom Palm. — Gingerbread work, ornamentation, in architecture or decoration, of a fantastic, trivial, or tawdry character.

Gin”ger*ly, adv. [Prov. E. ginger brittle, tender; cf. dial. Sw. gingla, gängla, to go gently, totter, akin to E. gang.] Cautiously; timidly; fastidiously; daintily.

What is’t that you took up so gingerly ?

Shak.

Gin”ger*ness, n. Cautiousness; tenderness.

Ging”ham (?), n. [F. guingan; cf. Jav. ginggang; or perh. fr. Guingamp, in France.] A kind of cotton or linen cloth, usually in stripes or checks, the yarn of which is dyed before it is woven; — distinguished from printed cotton or prints.

Ging”ing (?), n. (Mining) The lining of a mine shaft with stones or bricks to prevent caving.

Gin”gi*val (?), a. [L. gingiva the gum.] Of or pertaining to the gums. Holder.

Gin”gle (?), n. & v. [Obs.] See Jingle.

Gin”gly*form (?), a. (Anat.) Ginglymoid.

||Gin`gly*mo”di (?), n. [NL.; cf. Gr. &?; ginglymoid. See Ginglymoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, including the modern gar pikes and many allied fossil forms. They have rhombic, ganoid scales, a heterocercal tail, paired fins without an axis, fulcra on the fins, and a bony skeleton, with the vertebræ convex in front and concave behind, forming a ball and socket joint. See Ganoidel.

{ Gin”gly*moid (?), Gin`gly*moid”al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;; &?; ginglymus + &?; form: cf. F. ginglymoide, ginglymoïdal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a ginglymus, or hinge joint; ginglyform.

||Gin”gly*mus (?), n.; pl. Ginglymi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hingelike joint, a ball and socket joint.] (Anat.) A hinge joint; an articulation, admitting of flexion and extension, or motion in two directions only, as the elbow and the ankle.

Gin”house` (?), n. A building where cotton is ginned.

Gink”go (?), n.; pl. Ginkgoes (#). [Chin., silver fruit.] (Bot.) A large ornamental tree (Ginkgo biloba) from China and Japan, belonging to the Yew suborder of Coniferæ. Its leaves are so like those of some maidenhair ferns, that it is also called the maidenhair tree.

Gin”nee (?), n.; pl. Ginn (&?;). See Jinnee.

Gin”net (?), n. See Genet, a horse.

Gin”ning (?), n. [See Gin, v. i.] Beginning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gin”ny-car`riage (&?;), n. A small, strong carriage for conveying materials on a railroad. [Eng.]

Gin”seng (?), n. [Chinese.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Aralia, the root of which is highly valued as a medicine among the Chinese. The Chinese plant (Aralia Schinseng) has become so rare that the American (A. quinquefolia) has largely taken its place, and its root is now an article of export from America to China. The root, when dry, is of a yellowish white color, with a sweetness in the taste somewhat resembling that of licorice, combined with a slight aromatic bitterness.

Gin”shop` (?), n. A shop or barroom where gin is sold as a beverage. [Colloq.]

Gip (?), v. t. To take out the entrails of (herrings).

Gip, n. A servant. See Gyp. Sir W. Scott.

Gi*poun” (?), n. [See Jupon.] A short cassock. [Written also gepoun, gypoun, jupon, juppon.] [Obs.]

{ Gip”ser (?), Gip”sire (?), } n. [F. gibecière a game pouch or game pocket. Cf. Gibbier.] A kind of pouch formerly worn at the girdle. Ld. Lytton.

A gipser all of silk,
Hung at his girdle, white as morné milk.

Chaucer.

Gip”sy (j&ibreve;p”s&ybreve;), n. & a. See Gypsy.

Gip”sy*ism (?), n. See Gypsyism.

Gi*raffe” (?), n. [F. girafe, Sp. girafa, from Ar. zurāfa, zarāfa.] (Zoöl.) An African ruminant (Camelopardalis giraffa) related to the deers and antelopes, but placed in a family by itself; the camelopard. It is the tallest of animals, being sometimes twenty feet from the hoofs to the top of the head. Its neck is very long, and its fore legs are much longer than its hind legs.

Gir”an*dole (?), n. [F. See Gyrate.]

1. An ornamental branched candlestick.

2. A flower stand, fountain, or the like, of branching form.

3. (Pyrotechny) A kind of revolving firework.

4. (Fort.) A series of chambers in defensive mines. Farrow.

{ Gir”a*sole Gir”a*sol } (?), n. [It. girasole, or F. girasol, fr. L. gyrare to turn around + sol sun.]

1. (Bot.) See Heliotrope. [Obs.]

2. (Min.) A variety of opal which is usually milk white, bluish white, or sky blue; but in a bright light it reflects a reddish color.

Gird (g&etilde;rd), n. [See Yard a measure.]

1. A stroke with a rod or switch; a severe spasm; a twinge; a pang.

Conscience . . . is freed from many fearful girds and twinges which the atheist feels.

Tillotson.

2. A cut; a sarcastic remark; a gibe; a sneer.

I thank thee for that gird, good Tranio.

Shak.

Gird, v. t. [See Gird, n., and cf. Girde, v.]

1. To strike; to smite. [Obs.]

To slay him and to girden off his head.

Chaucer.

2. To sneer at; to mock; to gibe.

Being moved, he will not spare to gird the gods.

Shak.

Gird, v. i. To gibe; to sneer; to break a scornful jest; to utter severe sarcasms.

Men of all sorts take a pride to gird at me.

Shak.

Gird (g&etilde;rd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girt (?) or Girded; p. pr. & vb. n. Girding.] [OE. girden, gurden, AS. gyrdan; akin to OS. gurdian, D. gorden, OHG. gurten, G. gürten, Icel. gyrða, Sw. gjorda, Dan. giorde, Goth. bigaírdan to begird, and prob. to E. yard an inclosure. Cf. Girth, n. & v., Girt, v. t.] 1. To encircle or bind with any flexible band.

2. To make fast, as clothing, by binding with a cord, girdle, bandage, etc.

3. To surround; to encircle, or encompass.

That Nyseian isle,
Girt with the River Triton.

Milton.

4. To clothe; to swathe; to invest.

I girded thee about with fine linen.

Ezek. xvi. 10.

The Son . . . appeared
Girt with omnipotence.

Milton.

5. To prepare; to make ready; to equip; as, to gird one’s self for a contest.

Thou hast girded me with strength.

Ps. xviii. 39.

To gird on, to put on; to fasten around or to one securely, like a girdle; as, to gird on armor or a sword.

Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off.

1 Kings xx. 11.

— To gird up, to bind tightly with a girdle; to support and strengthen, as with a girdle.

He girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab.

1 Kings xviii. 46.

Gird up the loins of your mind.

1 Pet. i. 13.

— Girt up; prepared or equipped, as for a journey or for work, in allusion to the ancient custom of gathering the long flowing garments into the girdle and tightening it before any exertion; hence, adjectively, eagerly or constantly active; strenuous; striving. “A severer, more girt-up way of living.” J. C. Shairp.

Gird”er (?), n. [From Gird to sneer at.] One who girds; a satirist.

Gird”er, n. [From Gird to encircle.]

1. One who, or that which, girds.

2. (Arch. & Engin.) A main beam; a stright, horizontal beam to span an opening or carry weight, such as ends of floor beams, etc.; hence, a framed or built-up member discharging the same office, technically called a compound girder. See Illusts. of Frame, and Doubleframed floor, under Double.

Bowstring girder, Box girder, etc. See under Bowstring, Box, etc. — Girder bridge. See under Bridge. — Lattice girder, a girder consisting of longitudinal bars united by diagonal crossing bars. — Half-lattice girder, a girder consisting of horizontal upper and lower bars connected by a series of diagonal bars sloping alternately in opposite directions so as to divide the space between the bars into a series of triangles. Knight. — Sandwich girder, a girder consisting of two parallel wooden beams, between which is an iron plate, the whole clamped together by iron bolts.

Gird”ing, n. That with which one is girded; a girdle.

Instead of a stomacher, a girding of sackcloth.

Is. iii. 24.

Gir”dle (?), n. A griddle. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Gir”dle, n. [OE. gurdel, girdel, AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan; akin to D. gordel, G. gürtel, Icel. gyr&?;ill. See Gird, v. t., to encircle, and cf. Girth, n.]

1. That which girds, encircles, or incloses; a circumference; a belt; esp., a belt, sash, or article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; a cestus.

Within the girdle of these walls.

Shak.

Their breasts girded with golden girdles.

Rev. xv. 6.

2. The zodiac; also, the equator. [Poetic] Bacon.

From the world’s girdle to the frozen pole.

Cowper.

That gems the starry girdle of the year.

Campbell.

3. (Jewelry) The line ofgreatest circumference of a brilliant-cut diamond, at which it is grasped by the setting. See Illust. of Brilliant. Knight.

4. (Mining) A thin bed or stratum of stone. Raymond.

5. (Zoöl.) The clitellus of an earthworm.

Girdle bone (Anat.), the sphenethmoid. See under Sphenethmoid. — Girdle wheel, a spinning wheel. — Sea girdle (Zoöl.), a ctenophore. See Venus’s girdle, under Venus. — Shoulder, Pectoral, ∧ Pelvic, girdle. (Anat.) See under Pectoral, and Pelvic. — To have under the girdle, to have bound to one, that is, in subjection.

Gir”dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girdled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Girdling (?).] 1. To bind with a belt or sash; to gird. Shak.

2. To inclose; to environ; to shut in.

Those sleeping stones,
That as a waist doth girdle you about.

Shak.

3. To make a cut or gnaw a groove around (a tree, etc.) through the bark and alburnum, thus killing it. [U. S.]

Gir”dler (?), n. 1. One who girdles.

2. A maker of girdles.

3. (Zoöl.) An American longicorn beetle (Oncideres cingulatus) which lays its eggs in the twigs of the hickory, and then girdles each branch by gnawing a groove around it, thus killing it to provide suitable food for the larvæ.

Gir”dle*stead (?), n. [Girdle + stead place.]

1. That part of the body where the girdle is worn. [Obs.]

Sheathed, beneath his girdlestead.

Chapman.

2. The lap. [R.]

There fell a flower into her girdlestead.

Swinburne.

Gire (?), n. [Obs.] See Gyre.

Gir”kin (?), n. [Obs.] See Gherkin.

Girl (?), n. [OE. girle, gerle, gurle, a girl (in sense 1): cf. LG. gör child.]

1. A young person of either sex; a child. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A female child, from birth to the age of puberty; a young maiden.

3. A female servant; a maidservant. [U. S.]

4. (Zoöl.) A roebuck two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

Girl”hood (?), n. State or time of being a girl.

Girl”ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a girl; of or pertaining to girlhood; innocent; artless; immature; weak; as, girlish ways; girlish grief. — Girl”ish*ly, adv. — Girl”ish*ness, n.

Gir”lond (?), n. [See Garland, n.] A garland; a prize. [Obs.] Chapman.

Girn (?), v. i. [See Grin, n.] To grin. [Obs.]

Gi*ron”dist (?), n. [F. Girondiste.] A member of the moderate republican party formed in the French legislative assembly in 1791. The Girondists were so called because their leaders were deputies from the department of La Gironde.

Gi*ron”dist, a. Of or pertaining to the Girondists. [Written also Girondin.]

Gir”rock (?), n. [Cf. Prov. F. chicarou.] (Zoöl.) A garfish. Johnson.

Girt (?), imp. & p. p. of Gird.

Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girted; p. pr. & vb. n. Girting.] [From Girt, n., cf. Girth, v.] To gird; to encircle; to invest by means of a girdle; to measure the girth of; as, to girt a tree.

We here create thee the first duke of Suffolk,
And girt thee with the sword.

Shak.

Girt, a. (Naut.) Bound by a cable; — used of a vessel so moored by two anchors that she swings against one of the cables by force of the current or tide.

Girt (g&etilde;rt), n. Same as Girth.

Girth (g&etilde;rth), n. [Icel. gjörð girdle, or gerð girth; akin to Goth. gaírda girdle. See Gird to girt, and cf. Girdle, n.] 1. A band or strap which encircles the body; especially, one by which a saddle is fastened upon the back of a horse.

2. The measure round the body, as at the waist or belly; the circumference of anything.

He’s a lu
sty, jolly fellow, that lives well, at least three yards in the girth.

Addison.

3. A small horizontal brace or girder.

Girth, v. t. [From Girth, n., cf. Girt, v. t.] To bind as with a girth. [R.] Johnson.

Girt”line` (?), n. (Naut.) A gantline.

Hammock girtline, a line rigged for hanging out hammocks to dry.

Gis*arm” (?), n. [OF. gisarme, guisarme.] (Mediæval Armor) A weapon with a scythe-shaped blade, and a separate long sharp point, mounted on a long staff and carried by foot soldiers.

Gise (?), v. t. [See Agist.] To feed or pasture. [Obs.]

Gise (?), n. Guise; manner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gis”le (?), n. [AS. gīsel; akin to G. geisel, Icel. gīsl.] A pledge. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson.

{ Gis*mon”dine (?), Gis*mon”dite (?), } n. [From the name of the discoverer, Gismondi.] (Min.) A native hydrated silicate of alumina, lime, and potash, first noticed near Rome.

Gist (?), n. [OF. giste abode, lodgings, F. gîte, fr. gésir to lie, L. jac&?;re, prop., to be thrown, hence, to lie, fr. jac&?;re to throw. In the second sense fr. OF. gist, F. gît, 3d pers. sing. ind. of gésir to lie, used in a proverb, F., c’est là que gît le lièvre, it is there that the hare lies, i. e., that is the point, the difficulty. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Agist, Joist, n., Gest a stage in traveling.] 1. A resting place. [Obs.]

These quails have their set gists; to wit, ordinary resting and baiting places.

Holland.

2. The main point, as of a question; the point on which an action rests; the pith of a matter; as, the gist of a question.

Git (?), n. (Founding) See Geat.

Gite (?), n. A gown. [Obs.]

She came often in a gite of red.

Chaucer.

Gith (?), n. [Prov. E., corn cockle; cf. W. gith corn cockle.] (Bot.) The corn cockle; also anciently applied to the Nigella, or fennel flower.

Git”tern (?), n. [OE. giterne, OF. guiterne, ultimately from same source as E. guitar. See Guitar, and cf. Cittern.] An instrument like a guitar. “Harps, lutes, and giternes.” Chaucer.

Git”tern, v. i. To play on gittern. Milton.

Git”tith (?), n. [Heb.] A musical instrument, of unknown character, supposed by some to have been used by the people of Gath, and thence obtained by David. It is mentioned in the title of Psalms viii., lxxxi., and lxxxiv. Dr. W. Smith.

Giust (j&udd;st), n. [Obs.] Same as Joust. Spenser.

||Gius”to (?), a. [It., fr. L. justus. See Just, a.] (Mus.) In just, correct, or suitable time.

Give (g&ibreve;v), v. t. [imp. Gave (gāv); p. p. Given (g&ibreve;v“‘n); p. pr. & vb. n. Giving.] [OE. given, yiven, yeven, AS. gifan, giefan; akin to D. geven, OS. geðan, OHG. geban, G. geben, Icel. gefa, Sw. gifva, Dan. give, Goth. giban. Cf. Gift, n.] 1. To bestow without receiving a return; to confer without compensation; to impart, as a possession; to grant, as authority or permission; to yield up or allow.

For generous lords had rather give than pay.

Young.

2. To yield possesion of; to deliver over, as property, in exchange for something; to pay; as, we give the value of what we buy.

What shall a man give in exchange for his soul ?

Matt. xvi. 26.

3. To yield; to furnish; to produce; to emit; as, flint and steel give sparks.

4. To communicate or announce, as advice, tidings, etc.; to pronounce; to render or utter, as an opinion, a judgment, a sentence, a shout, etc.

5. To grant power or license to; to permit; to allow; to license; to commission.

It is given me once again to behold my friend.

Rowe.

Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine.

Pope.

6. To exhibit as a product or result; to produce; to show; as, the number of men, divided by the number of ships, gives four hundred to each ship.

7. To devote; to apply; used reflexively, to devote or apply one’s self; as, the soldiers give themselves to plunder; also in this sense used very frequently in the past participle; as, the people are given to luxury and pleasure; the youth is given to study.

8. (Logic & Math.) To set forth as a known quantity or a known relation, or as a premise from which to reason; — used principally in the passive form given.

9. To allow or admit by way of supposition.

I give not heaven for lost.

Mlton.

10. To attribute; to assign; to adjudge.

I don’t wonder at people’s giving him to me as a lover.

Sheridan.

11. To excite or cause to exist, as a sensation; as, to give offense; to give pleasure or pain.

12. To pledge; as, to give one’s word.

13. To cause; to make; — with the infinitive; as, to give one to understand, to know, etc.

But there the duke was given to understand
That in a gondola were seen together
Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica.

Shak.

To give away, to make over to another; to transfer.

Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses during our lives, is given away from ourselves.

Atterbury.

— To give back, to return; to restore. Atterbury. — To give the bag, to cheat. [Obs.]

I fear our ears have given us the bag.

J. Webster.

— To give birth to. (a) To bear or bring forth, as a child. (b) To originate; to give existence to, as an enterprise, idea. — To give chase, to pursue. — To give ear to. See under Ear. — To give forth, to give out; to publish; to tell. Hayward. — To give ground. See under Ground, n. — To give the hand, to pledge friendship or faith. — To give the hand of, to espouse; to bestow in marriage. — To give the head. See under Head, n. — To give in. (a) To abate; to deduct. (b) To declare; to make known; to announce; to tender; as, to give in one’s adhesion to a party. — To give the lie to (a person), to tell (him) that he lies. — To give line. See under Line. — To give off, to emit, as steam, vapor, odor, etc. — To give one’s self away, to make an inconsiderate surrender of one’s cause, an unintentional disclosure of one’s purposes, or the like. [Colloq.] — To give out. (a) To utter publicly; to report; to announce or declare.

One that gives out himself Prince Florizel.

Shak.

Give out you are of Epidamnum.

Shak.

(b) To send out; to emit; to distribute; as, a substance gives out steam or odors. — To give over. (a) To yield completely; to quit; to abandon. (b) To despair of. (c) To addict, resign, or apply (one’s self).

The Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice.

Grew.

— To give place, to withdraw; to yield one’s claim. — To give points. (a) In games of skill, to equalize chances by conceding a certain advantage; to allow a handicap. (b) To give useful suggestions. [Colloq.] — To give rein. See under Rein, n. — To give the sack. Same as To give the bag. — To give and take. (a) To average gains and losses. (b) To exchange freely, as blows, sarcasms, etc. — To give time (Law), to accord extension or forbearance to a debtor. Abbott. — To give the time of day, to salute one with the compliment appropriate to the hour, as “good morning.” “good evening”, etc. — To give tongue, in hunter’s phrase, to bark; — said of dogs. — To give up. (a) To abandon; to surrender. “Don’t give up the ship.”

He has . . . given up
For certain drops of salt, your city Rome.

Shak.

(b) To make public; to reveal.

I’ll not state them
By giving up their characters.

Beau. & Fl.

(c) (Used also reflexively.) — To give up the ghost. See under Ghost. — To give one’s self up, to abandon hope; to despair; to surrender one’s self. — To give way. (a) To withdraw; to give place. (b) To yield to force or pressure; as, the scaffolding gave way. (c) (Naut.) To begin to row; or to row with increased energy. (d) (Stock Exchange). To depreciate or decline in value; as, railroad securities gave way two per cent. — To give way together, to row in time; to keep stroke.

Syn. — To Give, Confer, Grant. To give is the generic word, embracing all the rest. To confer was originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent grants or privileges; as, to confer the order of knighthood; and hence it still denotes the giving of something which might have been withheld; as, to confer a favor. To grant is to give in answer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way dependent or inferior.

Give (?), v. i. 1. To give a gift or gifts.

2. To yield to force or pressure; to relax; to become less rigid; as, the earth gives under the feet.

3. To become soft or moist. [Obs.] Bacon .

4. To move; to recede.

Now back he gives, then rushes on amain.

Daniel.

5. To shed tears; to weep. [Obs.]

Whose eyes do never give
But through lust and laughter.

Shak.

6. To have a misgiving. [Obs.]

My mind gives ye’re reserved
To rob poor market women.

J. Webster.

7. To open; to lead. [A Gallicism]

This, yielding, gave into a grassy walk.

Tennyson.

To give back, to recede; to retire; to retreat.

They gave back and came no farther.

Bunyan.

— To give in, to yield; to succumb; to acknowledge one’s self beaten; to cease opposition.

The Scots battalion was enforced to give in.

Hayward.

This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases.

Pope.

— To give off, to cease; to forbear. [Obs.] Locke. — To give on or upon. (a) To rush; to fall upon. [Obs.] (b) To have a view of; to be in sight of; to overlook; to look toward; to open upon; to front; to face. [A Gallicism: cf. Fr. donner sur.]

Rooms which gave upon a pillared porch.

Tennyson.

The gloomy staircase on which the grating gave.

Dickens.

— To give out. (a) To expend all one’s strength. Hence: (b) To cease from exertion; to fail; to be exhausted; as, my feet being to give out; the flour has given out. — To give over, to cease; to discontinue; to desist.

It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give over, and to desist from any further pursuits after fame.

Addison.

— To give up, to cease from effort; to yield; to despair; as, he would never give up.

Giv”en (?), p. p. & a. from Give, v.

1. (Math. & Logic) Granted; assumed; supposed to be known; set forth as a known quantity, relation, or premise.

2. Disposed; inclined; — used with an adv.; as, virtuously given. Shak.

3. Stated; fixed; as, in a given time.

Given name, the Christian name, or name given by one’s parents or guardians, as distinguished from the surname, which is inherited. [Colloq.]

Giv”er (?), n. One who gives; a donor; a bestower; a grantor; one who imparts or distributes.

It is the giver, and not the gift, that engrosses the heart of the Christian.

Kollock.

Gives (?), n. pl. [See Give, n.] Fetters.

Giv”ing (?), n. 1. The act of bestowing as a gift; a conferring or imparting.

2. A gift; a benefaction. [R.] Pope.

3. The act of softening, breaking, or yielding. “Upon the first giving of the weather.” Addison.

Giving in, a falling inwards; a collapse. — Giving out, anything uttered or asserted; an outgiving.

His givings out were of an infinite distance
From his true meant design.

Shak.

Giz”zard (?), n. [F. gésier, L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry. Cf. Gigerium.]

1. (Anat.) The second, or true, muscular stomach of birds, in which the food is crushed and ground, after being softened in the glandular stomach (crop), or lower part of the esophagus; the gigerium.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A thick muscular stomach found in many invertebrate animals. (b) A stomach armed with chitinous or shelly plates or teeth, as in certain insects and mollusks.

Gizzard shad (Zoöl.), an American herring (Dorosoma cepedianum) resembling the shad, but of little value. — To fret the gizzard, to harass; to vex one’s self; to worry. [Low] Hudibras. — To stick in one’s gizzard, to be difficult of digestion; to be offensive. [Low]

||Gla*bel”la (?), n.; pl. Glabell&?; (#). [NL., fr. L. glabellus hairless, fr. glaber bald.] (Anat.) The space between the eyebrows, also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the mesophryon. — Gla*bel”lar (#), a.

||Gla*bel”lum (?), n.; pl. Glabella (#). [NL. See Glabella.] (Zoöl.) The median, convex lobe of the head of a trilobite. See Trilobite.

Gla”brate (?), a. [L. glabrare, fr. glaber smooth.] (Bot.) Becoming smooth or glabrous from age. Gray.

{ Gla”bre*ate (?), Gla”bri*ate (?), } v. t. [See Glabrate.] To make smooth, plain, or bare. [Obs.]

Glab”ri*ty (?), n. [L. glabritas.] Smoothness; baldness. [R.]

Gla”brous (?), a. [L. glaber; cf. Gr. &?; hollow, smooth, &?; to hollow.] Smooth; having a surface without hairs or any unevenness.

Gla”cial (?), a. [L. glacialis, from glacies ice: cf. F. glacial.] 1. Pertaining to ice or to its action; consisting of ice; frozen; icy; esp., pertaining to glaciers; as, glacial phenomena. Lyell.

2. (Chem.) Resembling ice; having the appearance and consistency of ice; — said of certain solid compounds; as, glacial phosphoric or acetic acids.

Glacial acid (Chem.), an acid of such strength or purity as to crystallize at an ordinary temperature, in an icelike form; as acetic or carbolic acid. — Glacial drift (Geol.), earth and rocks which have been transported by moving ice, land ice, or icebergs; bowlder drift. — Glacial epoch or period (Geol.), a period during which the climate of the modern temperate regions was polar, and ice covered large portions of the northern hemisphere to the mountain tops. — Glacial theory or hypothesis. (Geol.) See Glacier theory, under Glacier.

Gla”cial*ist, n. One who attributes the phenomena of the drift, in geology, to glaciers.

Gla”ci*ate (?), v. i. [L. glaciatus, p. p. of glaciare to freeze, fr. glacies ice.] To turn to ice.

Gla”ci*ate, v. t. 1. To convert into, or cover with, ice.

2. (Geol.) To produce glacial effects upon, as in the scoring of rocks, transportation of loose material, etc.

Glaciated rocks, rocks whose surfaces have been smoothed, furrowed, or striated, by the action of ice.

Gla`ci*a”tion (?), n. 1. Act of freezing.

2. That which is formed by freezing; ice.

3. The process of glaciating, or the state of being glaciated; the production of glacial phenomena.

Gla”cier (?), n. [F. glacier, fr. glace ice, L. glacies.] An immense field or stream of ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down a mountain slope or valley, as in the Alps, or over an extended area, as in Greenland.

&fist; The mass of compacted snow forming the upper part of a glacier is called the firn, or névé; the glacier proper consist of solid ice, deeply crevassed where broken up by irregularities in the slope or direction of its path. A glacier usually carries with it accumulations of stones and dirt called moraines, which are designated, according to their position, as lateral, medial, or terminal (see Moraine). The common rate of flow of the Alpine glaciers is from ten to twenty inches per day in summer, and about half that in winter.

Glacier theory (Geol.), the theory that large parts of the frigid and temperate zones were covered with ice during the glacial, or ice, period, and that, by the agency of this ice, the loose materials on the earth’s surface, called drift or diluvium, were transported and accumulated.

Gla”cious (?), a. Pertaining to, consisting of or resembling, ice; icy. Sir T. Browne.

Gla”cis (?), n. [F. glacis; — so named from its smoothness. See Glacier.] A gentle slope, or a smooth, gently sloping bank; especially (Fort.), that slope of earth which inclines from the covered way toward the exterior ground or country (see Illust. of Ravelin).

Glad (?), a. [Compar. Gladder (?); superl. Gladdest (?).] [AS. glæd bright, glad; akin to D. glad smooth, G. glatt, OHG. glat smooth, shining, Icel. gla&?;r glad, bright, Dan. & Sw. glad glad, Lith. glodas smooth, and prob. to L. glaber, and E. glide. Cf. Glabrous.]

1. Pleased; joyous; happy; cheerful; gratified; — opposed to sorry, sorrowful, or unhappy; — said of persons, and often followed by of, at, that, or by the infinitive, and sometimes by with, introducing the cause or reason.

A wise son maketh a glad father.

Prov. x. 1.

He that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished.

Prov. xvii. 5.

The Trojan, glad with sight of hostile blood.

Dryden.

He, glad of her attention gained.

Milton.

As we are now glad to behold your eyes.

Shak.

Glad am I that your highness is so armed.

Shak.

Glad on ‘t, glad of it. [Colloq.] Shak.

2. Wearing a gay or bright appearance; expressing or exciting joy; producing gladness; exhilarating.

Her conversation
More glad to me than to a miser money is.

Sir P. Sidney.

Glad evening and glad morn crowned the fourth day.

Milton.

Syn. — Pleased; gratified; exhilarated; animated; delighted; happy; cheerful; joyous; joyful; cheering; exhilarating; pleasing; animating. — Glad, Delighted, Gratified. Delighted expresses a much higher degree of pleasure than glad. Gratified always refers to a pleasure conferred by some human agent, and the feeling is modified by the consideration that we owe it in part to another. A person may be glad or delighted to see a friend, and gratified at the attention shown by his visits.

Glad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gladding.] [AS. gladian. See Glad, a., and cf. Gladden, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to gladden; to exhilarate. Chaucer.

That which gladded all the warrior train.

Dryden.

Each drinks the juice that glads the heart of man.

Pope.

Glad, v. i. To be glad; to rejoice. [Obs.] Massinger.

Glad”den (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladdened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gladdening (?).] [See Glad, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to please; to gratify; to rejoice; to exhilarate.

A secret pleasure gladdened all that saw him.

Addison.

Glad”den, v. i. To be or become glad; to rejoice.

The vast Pacific gladdens with the freight.

Wordsworth.

Glad”der (?), n. One who makes glad. Chaucer.

Glade (?), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin, and akin to glad, a.; cf. also W. golead, goleuad, a lighting, illumination, fr. goleu light, clear, bright, goleu fwlch glade, lit., a light or clear defile.]

1. An open passage through a wood; a grassy open or cleared space in a forest.

There interspersed in lawns and opening glades.

Pope.

2. An everglade. [Local, U. S.]

3. An opening in the ice of rivers or lakes, or a place left unfrozen; also, smooth ice. [Local, U. S.]

Bottom glade. See under Bottom. — Glade net, in England, a net used for catching woodcock and other birds in forest glades.

Gla”den (?), n. [AS. glædene, cf. L. gladius a sword. Cf. Gladiole.] (Bot.) Sword grass; any plant with sword-shaped leaves, esp. the European Iris fœtidissima. [Written also gladwyn, gladdon, and glader.]

Glad”eye` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European yellow-hammer.

Glad”ful (?), a. Full of gladness; joyful; glad. [R.] — Glad”ful*ness, n. [R.] Spenser.

It followed him with gladful glee.

Spenser.

Glad”i*ate (?), a. [L. gladius sword.] (Bot.) Sword-shaped; resembling a sword in form, as the leaf of the iris, or of the gladiolus.

Glad”i*a`tor (?), n. [L., fr. gladius sword. See Glaive.] 1. Originally, a swordplayer; hence, one who fought with weapons in public, either on the occasion of a funeral ceremony, or in the arena, for public amusement.

2. One who engages in any fierce combat or controversy.

{ Glad`i*a*to”ri*al (?), Glad`i*a*to”ri*an (?), } a. Of or pertaining to gladiators, or to contests or combatants in general.

Glad”i*a`tor*ism (?), n. The art or practice of a gladiator.

Glad”i*a`tor*ship, n. Conduct, state, or art, of a gladiator.

Glad”i*a*to*ry (?), a. [L. gladiatorius.] Gladiatorial. [R.]

Glad”i*a*ture (?), n. [L. gladiatura.] Swordplay; fencing; gladiatorial contest. Gayton.

Glad”i*ole (?), n. [L. gladiolus a small sword, the sword lily, dim. of gladius sword. See Glaive.] (Bot.) A lilylike plant, of the genus Gladiolus; — called also corn flag.

Gla*di”o*lus (?), n.; pl. L. Gladioli (#), E. Gladioluses (#). [L. See Gladiole.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of plants having bulbous roots and gladiate leaves, and including many species, some of which are cultivated and valued for the beauty of their flowers; the corn flag; the sword lily.

2. (Anat.) The middle portion of the sternum in some animals; the mesosternum.

||Gla”di*us (?), n.; pl. Gladii (#). [L., a sword.] (Zoöl.) The internal shell, or pen, of cephalopods like the squids.

Glad”ly (?), adv. [From Glad, a.]

1. Preferably; by choice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. With pleasure; joyfully; cheerfully; eagerly.

The common people heard him gladly.

Mark xii. 37.

Glad”ness (?), n. [AS. glædnes.] State or quality of being glad; pleasure; joyful satisfaction; cheerfulness.

They . . . did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart.

Acts ii. 46.

&fist; Gladness is rarely or never equivalent to mirth, merriment, gayety, and triumph, and it usually expresses less than delight. It sometimes expresses great joy.

The Jews had joy and gladness, a feast and a good day.

Esther viii. 17.

Glad”ship, n. [AS. glædscipe.] A state of gladness. [Obs.] Gower.

Glad”some (?), a. 1. Pleased; joyful; cheerful.

2. Causing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness; having the appearance of gayety; pleasing.

Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day.

Prior.

— Glad”some*ly, adv. — Glad”some*ness, n.

Hours of perfect gladsomeness.

Wordsworth.

Glad”stone (?), n. [Named after Wm. E. Gladstone.] A four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two inside seats, calash top, and seats for driver and footman.

Glad”wyn (?), n. (Bot.) See Gladen.

Glair (?), n. [F. glaire, glaire d’&?;uf, the glair of an egg, prob. fr. L. clarus clear, bright. See Clear, a.]

1. The white of egg. It is used as a size or a glaze in bookbinding, for pastry, etc.

2. Any viscous, transparent substance, resembling the white of an egg.

3. A broadsword fixed on a pike; a kind of halberd.

Glair, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glaired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glairing.] To smear with the white of an egg.

Glaire (?), n. See Glair.

Glair”e*ous (?), a. Glairy; covered with glair.

Glair”in (?), n. A glairy viscous substance, which forms on the surface of certain mineral waters, or covers the sides of their inclosures; — called also baregin.

Glair”y (?), a. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities; covered with glair; viscous and transparent; slimy. Wiseman.

Glaive (?), n. [F. glaive, L. gladius; prob. akin to E. claymore. Cf. Gladiator.] 1. A weapon formerly used, consisting of a large blade fixed on the end of a pole, whose edge was on the outside curve; also, a light lance with a long sharp- pointed head. Wilhelm.

2. A sword; — used poetically and loosely.

The glaive which he did wield.

Spenser.

||Gla”ma (?), n. [NL.; cf. Gr. &?;, L. gramiae, Gr. &?; blear-eyed.] (Med.) A copious gummy secretion of the humor of the eyelids, in consequence of some disorder; blearedness; lippitude.

Gla”mour (?), n. [Scot. glamour, glamer; cf. Icel. glámeggdr one who is troubled with the glaucoma (?); or Icel. glām-s&ymacr;ni weakness of sight, glamour; glāmr name of the moon, also of a ghost + s&ymacr;ni sight, akin to E. see. Perh., however, a corruption of E. gramarye.]

1. A charm affecting the eye, making objects appear different from what they really are.

2. Witchcraft; magic; a spell. Tennyson.

3. A kind of haze in the air, causing things to appear different from what they really are.

The air filled with a strange, pale glamour that seemed to lie over the broad valley.

W. Black.

4. Any artificial interest in, or association with, an object, through which it appears delusively magnified or glorified.

5. A quality of a person which allures and fascinates, usually by good looks and a charming manner; — of people; as, the glamour of John F. Kennedy..
[PJC]

6. An attractive quality which provides excitement, adventure, the thrill of unusual activity, or the potential to become famous; — of activities; as, the glamour of movie stardom.
[PJC]

Glamour gift, Glamour might, the gift or power of producing a glamour. The former is used figuratively, of the gift of fascination peculiar to women.

It had much of glamour might
To make a lady seem a knight.

Sir W. Scott.

Glam”ou*rie (?), n. Glamour. [Scot.]

Glance (?), n. [Akin to D. glans luster, brightness, G. glanz, Sw. glans, D. glands brightness, glimpse. Cf. Gleen, Glint, Glitter, and Glance a mineral.]

1. A sudden flash of light or splendor.

Swift as the lightning glance.

Milton.

2. A quick cast of the eyes; a quick or a casual look; a swift survey; a glimpse.

Dart not scornful glances from those eyes.

Shak.

3. An incidental or passing thought or allusion.

How fleet is a glance of the mind.

Cowper.

4. (Min.) A name given to some sulphides, mostly dark-colored, which have a brilliant metallic luster, as the sulphide of copper, called copper glance.

Glance coal, anthracite; a mineral composed chiefly of carbon. — Glance cobalt, cobaltite, or gray cobalt. — Glance copper, chalcocite. — Glance wood, a hard wood grown in Cuba, and used for gauging instruments, carpenters’ rules, etc. McElrath.

Glance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glancing (?).] 1. To shoot or emit a flash of light; to shine; to flash.

From art, from nature, from the schools,
Let random influences glance,
Like light in many a shivered lance,
That breaks about the dappled pools.

Tennyson.

2. To strike and fly off in an oblique direction; to dart aside. “Your arrow hath glanced“. Shak.

On me the curse aslope
Glanced on the ground.

Milton.

3. To look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye; to snatch a momentary or hasty view.

The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven.

Shak.

4. To make an incidental or passing reflection; to allude; to hint; — often with at.

Wherein obscurely
Cæsar'b6s ambition shall be glanced at.

Shak.

He glanced at a certain reverend doctor.

Swift.

5. To move quickly, appearing and disappearing rapidly; to be visible only for an instant at a time; to move interruptedly; to twinkle.

And all along the forum and up the sacred seat,
His vulture eye pursued the trip of those small glancing feet.

Macaulay.

Glance (?), v. t. 1. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely; to cast for a moment; as, to glance the eye.

2. To hint at; to touch lightly or briefly. [Obs.]

In company I often glanced it.

Shak.

Glan”cing (?), a. 1. Shooting, as light.

When through the gancing lightnings fly.

Rowe.

2. Flying off (after striking) in an oblique direction; as, a glancing shot.

Glan”cing*ly, adv. In a glancing manner; transiently; incidentally; indirectly. Hakewill.

Gland (?), n. [F. glande, L. glans, glandis, acorn; akin to Gr. &?; for &?;, and &?; to cast, throw, the acorn being the dropped fruit. Cf. Parable, n.]

1. (Anat.) (a) An organ for secreting something to be used in, or eliminated from, the body; as, the sebaceous glands of the skin; the salivary glands of the mouth. (b) An organ or part which resembles a secreting, or true, gland, as the ductless, lymphatic, pineal, and pituitary glands, the functions of which are very imperfectly known.

&fist; The true secreting glands are, in principle, narrow pouches of the mucous membranes, or of the integument, lined with a continuation of the epithelium, or of the epidermis, the cells of which produce the secretion from the blood. In the larger glands, the pouches are tubular, greatly elongated, and coiled, as in the sweat glands, or subdivided and branched, making compound and racemose glands, such as the pancreas.

2. (Bot.) (a) A special organ of plants, usually minute and globular, which often secretes some kind of resinous, gummy, or aromatic product. (b) Any very small prominence.

3. (Steam Mach.) The movable part of a stuffing box by which the packing is compressed; — sometimes called a follower. See Illust. of Stuffing box, under Stuffing.

4. (Mach.) The crosspiece of a bayonet clutch.

Glan”dage (?), n. [Cf. OF. glandage. See Gland.] A feeding on nuts or mast. [Obs.] Crabb.

Glan”dered (?), a. Affected with glanders; as, a glandered horse. Yu&?;att.

Glan”der*ous (?), a. Of or pertaining to glanders; of the nature of glanders. Youatt.

Glan”ders (?), n. [From Gland.] (Far.) A highly contagious and very destructive disease of horses, asses, mules, etc., characterized by a constant discharge of sticky matter from the nose, and an enlargement and induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw. It may transmitted to dogs, goats, sheep, and to human beings.

Glan*dif”er*ous (?), a. [L. glandifer; glans, glandis, acorn + ferre to bear; cf. F. glandifère.] Bearing acorns or other nuts; as, glandiferous trees.

Gland”i*form (?), a. [L. glans, glandis, acorn + -form: cf. F. glandiforme .] Having the form of a gland or nut; resembling a gland.

Glan”du*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. glandulaire. See Glandule.] Containing or supporting glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands.

Glan`du*la”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. glandulation.] (Bot.) The situation and structure of the secretory vessels in plants. Martyn.

Glandulation respects the secretory vessels, which are either glandules, follicles, or utricles.

J. Lee.

Glan”dule (?), n. [L. glandula, dim. of glans, glandis, acorn: cf. F. glandule. See Gland.] A small gland or secreting vessel.

Glan`du*lif”er*ous (?), a. [L. glandula gland + -ferous; cf. F. glandulifère.] Bearing glandules.

Glan”du*lose` (?), a. Same as Glandulous.

Glan`du*los”i*ty (?), n. Quality of being glandulous; a collection of glands. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Glan”du*lous (?), a. [L. glandulosus: cf. F. glanduleux.] Containing glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands; resembling glands.

||Glans (?) n.; pl. Glandes (#). [L. See Gland.]

1. (Anat.) The vascular body which forms the apex of the penis, and the extremity of the clitoris.

2. (Bot.) The acorn or mast of the oak and similar fruits. Gray.

3. (Med.) (a) Goiter. (b) A pessary. [Obs.]

Glare (glâr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glaring.] [OE. glaren, gloren; cf. AS. glær amber, LG. glaren to glow or burn like coals, D. gloren to glimmer; prob. akin to E. glass.]

1. To shine with a bright, dazzling light.

The cavern glares with new-admitted light.

Dryden.

2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes; to stare earnestly, angrily, or fiercely.

And eye that scorcheth all it glares upon.

Byron.

3. To be bright and intense, as certain colors; to be ostentatiously splendid or gay.

She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring.

Pope.

Glare, v. t. To shoot out, or emit, as a dazzling light.

Every eye
Glared lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire.

Milton.

Glare, n. 1. A bright, dazzling light; splendor that dazzles the eyes; a confusing and bewildering light.

The frame of burnished steel that cast a glare.

Dryden.

2. A fierce, piercing look or stare.

About them round,
A lion now he stalks with fiery glare.

Milton.

3. A viscous, transparent substance. See Glair.

4. A smooth, bright, glassy surface; as, a glare of ice. [U. S. ]

Glare, a. [See Glary, and Glare, n.] Smooth and bright or translucent; — used almost exclusively of ice; as, skating on glare ice. [U. S.]

Glar”e*ous (glâr”&esl;*ŭs), a. [Cf. F. glaireux. See Glair.] Glairy. John Gregory (1766).

{ Glar”i*ness (?), Glar”ing*ness, } n. A dazzling luster or brilliancy.

Glar”ing, a. Clear; notorious; open and bold; barefaced; as, a glaring crime; a glaring mistake. — Glar”ing*ly, adv.

Glar”y (?), a. Of a dazzling luster; glaring; bright; shining; smooth.

Bright, crystal glass is glary.

Boyle.

Glass (gl&adot;s), n. [OE. glas, gles, AS. glæs; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. glas, Icel. glas, gler, Dan. glar; cf. AS. glær amber, L. glaesum. Cf. Glare, n., Glaze, v. t.]

1. A hard, brittle, translucent, and commonly transparent substance, white or colored, having a conchoidal fracture, and made by fusing together sand or silica with lime, potash, soda, or lead oxide. It is used for window panes and mirrors, for articles of table and culinary use, for lenses, and various articles of ornament.

&fist; Glass is variously colored by the metallic oxides; thus, manganese colors it violet; copper (cuprous), red, or (cupric) green; cobalt, blue; uranium, yellowish green or canary yellow; iron, green or brown; gold, purple or red; tin, opaque white; chromium, emerald green; antimony, yellow.

2. (Chem.) Any substance having a peculiar glassy appearance, and a conchoidal fracture, and usually produced by fusion.

3. Anything made of glass. Especially: (a) A looking-glass; a mirror. (b) A vessel filled with running sand for measuring time; an hourglass; and hence, the time in which such a vessel is exhausted of its sand.

She would not live
The running of one glass.

Shak.

(c) A drinking vessel; a tumbler; a goblet; hence, the contents of such a vessel; especially; spirituous liquors; as, he took a glass at dinner. (d) An optical glass; a lens; a spyglass; — in the plural, spectacles; as, a pair of glasses; he wears glasses. (e) A weatherglass; a barometer.

&fist; Glass is much used adjectively or in combination; as, glass maker, or glassmaker; glass making or glassmaking; glass blower or glassblower, etc.

Bohemian glass, Cut glass, etc. See under Bohemian, Cut, etc. — Crown glass, a variety of glass, used for making the finest plate or window glass, and consisting essentially of silicate of soda or potash and lime, with no admixture of lead; the convex half of an achromatic lens is composed of crown glass; — so called from a crownlike shape given it in the process of blowing. — Crystal glass, or Flint glass. See Flint glass, in the Vocabulary. — Cylinder glass, sheet glass made by blowing the glass in the form of a cylinder which is then split longitudinally, opened out, and flattened. — Glass of antimony, a vitreous oxide of antimony mixed with sulphide. — Glass blower, one whose occupation is to blow and fashion glass. — Glass blowing, the art of shaping glass, when reduced by heat to a viscid state, by inflating it through a tube. — Glass cloth, a woven fabric formed of glass fibers. — Glass coach, a coach superior to a hackney-coach, hired for the day, or any short period, as a private carriage; — so called because originally private carriages alone had glass windows. [Eng.] Smart.

Glass coaches are [allowed in English parks from which ordinary hacks are excluded], meaning by this term, which is never used in America, hired carriages that do not go on stands.

J. F. Cooper.

— Glass cutter. (a) One who cuts sheets of glass into sizes for window panes, ets. (b) One who shapes the surface of glass by grinding and polishing. (c) A tool, usually with a diamond at the point, for cutting glass. — Glass cutting. (a) The act or process of dividing glass, as sheets of glass into panes with a diamond. (b) The act or process of shaping the surface of glass by appylying it to revolving wheels, upon which sand, emery, and, afterwards, polishing powder, are applied; especially of glass which is shaped into facets, tooth ornaments, and the like. Glass having ornamental scrolls, etc., cut upon it, is said to be engraved. — Glass metal, the fused material for making glass. — Glass painting, the art or process of producing decorative effects in glass by painting it with enamel colors and combining the pieces together with slender sash bars of lead or other metal. In common parlance, glass painting and glass staining (see Glass staining, below) are used indifferently for all colored decorative work in windows, and the like. — Glass paper, paper faced with pulvirezed glass, and used for abrasive purposes. — Glass silk, fine threads of glass, wound, when in fusion, on rapidly rotating heated cylinders. — Glass silvering, the process of transforming plate glass into mirrors by coating it with a reflecting surface, a deposit of silver, or a mercury amalgam. – - Glass soap, or Glassmaker’s soap, the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass. — Glass staining, the art or practice of coloring glass in its whole substance, or, in the case of certain colors, in a superficial film only; also, decorative work in glass. Cf. Glass painting. — Glass tears. See Rupert’s drop. — Glass works, an establishment where glass is made. — Heavy glass, a heavy optical glass, consisting essentially of a borosilicate of potash. — Millefiore glass. See Millefiore. — Plate glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, and flattened by heavy rollers, — used for mirrors and the best windows. — Pressed glass, glass articles formed in molds by pressure when hot. — Soluble glass (Chem.), a silicate of sodium or potassium, found in commerce as a white, glassy mass, a stony powder, or dissolved as a viscous, sirupy liquid; — used for rendering fabrics incombustible, for hardening artificial stone, etc.; — called also water glass. — Spun glass, glass drawn into a thread while liquid. — Toughened glass, Tempered glass, glass finely tempered or annealed, by a peculiar method of sudden cooling by plunging while hot into oil, melted wax, or paraffine, etc.; — called also, from the name of the inventor of the process, Bastie glass. — Water glass. (Chem.) See Soluble glass, above. — Window glass, glass in panes suitable for windows.

Glass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glassing.] 1. To reflect, as in a mirror; to mirror; — used reflexively.

Happy to glass themselves in such a mirror.

Motley.

Where the Almighty’s form glasses itself in tempests.

Byron.

2. To case in glass. [R.] Shak.

3. To cover or furnish with glass; to glaze. Boyle.

4. To smooth or polish anything, as leater, by rubbing it with a glass burnisher.

Glass”-crab` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larval state (Phyllosoma) of the genus Palinurus and allied genera. It is remarkable for its strange outlines, thinness, and transparency. See Phyllosoma.

Glass”en (?), a. Glassy; glazed. [Obs.]

And pursues the dice with glassen eyes.

B. Jonson.

Glass”eye` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A fish of the great lakes; the wall-eyed pike.

2. (Far.) A species of blindness in horses in which the eye is bright and the pupil dilated; a sort of amaurosis. Youatt.

Glass”faced` (?), a. Mirror faced; reflecting the sentiments of another. [R.] “The glass-faced flatterer.” Shak.

Glass”ful (?), n.; pl. Glassfuls (&?;). The contents of a glass; as much of anything as a glass will hold.

Glass”ful, a. Glassy; shining like glass. [Obs.] “Minerva’s glassful shield.” Marston.

Glass”-gaz`ing (?), a. Given to viewing one’s self in a glass or mirror; finical. [Poetic] Shak.

Glass”house` (?), n. A house where glass is made; a commercial house that deals in glassware.

Glass”i*ly (?), adv. So as to resemble glass.

Glass”i*ness, n. The quality of being glassy.

Glass”ite (?), n. A member of a Scottish sect, founded in the 18th century by John Glass, a minister of the Established Church of Scotland, who taught that justifying faith is “no more than a simple assent to the divine testimone passively recived by the understanding.” The English and American adherents of this faith are called Sandemanians, after Robert Sandeman, the son-in-law and disciple of Glass.

Glass” mak`er (?), or Glass”mak`er, n. One who makes, or manufactures, glass. — Glass” mak`ing, or Glass”mak`ing, n.

Glass”-rope` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A remarkable vitreous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, first brought from Japan. It has a long stem, consisting of a bundle of long and large, glassy, siliceous fibers, twisted together.

Glass”-snail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small, transparent, land snail, of the genus Vitrina.

Glass”-snake` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A long, footless lizard (Ophiosaurus ventralis), of the Southern United States; — so called from its fragility, the tail easily breaking into small pieces. It grows to the length of three feet. The name is applied also to similar species found in the Old World.

Glass”-sponge` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A siliceous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, and allied genera; — so called from their glassy fibers or spicules; — called also vitreous sponge. See Glass-rope, and Euplectella.

Glass”ware (?), n. Ware, or articles collectively, made of glass.

Glass”work` (?), n. Manufacture of glass; articles or ornamentation made of glass.

Glass”wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A seashore plant of the Spinach family (Salicornia herbacea), with succulent jointed stems; also, a prickly plant of the same family (Salsola Kali), both formerly burned for the sake of the ashes, which yield soda for making glass and soap.

Glass”y (?), a. 1. Made of glass; vitreous; as, a glassy substance. Bacon.

2. Resembling glass in its properties, as in smoothness, brittleness, or transparency; as, a glassy stream; a glassy surface; the glassy deep.

3. Dull; wanting life or fire; lackluster; — said of the eyes. “In his glassy eye.” Byron.

Glassy feldspar (Min.), a variety of orthoclase; sanidine.

Glas”ton*bur*y thorn` (?). (Bot.) A variety of the common hawthorn. Loudon.

Glas”ynge (?), n. Glazing or glass. [Obs.]

Glau”ber*ite (?), n. [From Glauber, a German chemist, died 1668: cf. F. glaubérite, G. glauberit.] (Min.) A mineral, consisting of the sulphates of soda and lime.

Glau”ber’s salt` (?) or Glau”ber’s salts` (&?;). [G. glaubersalz, from Glauber, a German chemist who discovered it. See Glauberite.] Sulphate of soda, a well- known cathartic. It is a white crystalline substance, with a cooling, slightly bitter taste, and is commonly called “salts.”

&fist; It occurs naturally and abundantly in some mineral springs, and in many salt deposits, as the mineral mirabilite. It is manufactured in large quantities as an intermediate step in the “soda process,” and also for use in glass making.

Glau*ces”cent (?), a. [See Glaucous.] Having a somewhat glaucous appearance or nature; becoming glaucous.

Glau”cic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to the Glaucium or horned poppy; — formerly applied to an acid derived from it, now known to be fumaric acid.

Glau”cine (?), a. Glaucous or glaucescent.

Glau”cine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the plant Glaucium, as a bitter, white, crystalline substance.

Glau”co*dot (?), n. [Gr. glayko`s silvery, gray + dido`nai to give.] (Min.) A metallic mineral having a grayish tin-white color, and containing cobalt and iron, with sulphur and arsenic.

||Glau*co”ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. glay`kwma, fr. glayko`s light gray, blue gray.] (Med.) Dimness or abolition of sight, with a diminution of transparency, a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media of the eye, and a hard inelastic condition of the eyeball, with marked increase of tension within the eyeball.

Glau*co”ma*tous (?), a. Having the nature of glaucoma.

Glau*com”e*ter (?), n. See Gleucometer.

Glau”co*nite (?), n. [Cf. F. glauconite, glauconie, fr. L. glaucus. See Glaucous.] (Min.) The green mineral characteristic of the greensand of the chalk and other formations. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and potash. See Greensand.

Glau”co*phane (?), n. [Gr. glayko`s silvery, gray + fai`nesqai to appear.] (Min.) A mineral of a dark bluish color, related to amphibole. It is characteristic of certain crystalline rocks.

||Glau*co”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. glay`kwsis.] (Med.) Same as Glaucoma.

Glau”cous (gl&add;“kŭs), a. [L. glaucus, Gr. glayko`s.] 1. Of a sea-green color; of a dull green passing into grayish blue. Lindley.

2. (Bot.) Covered with a fine bloom or fine white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, or on a cabbage leaf. Gray.

||Glau”cus (?), n. [L., sea green.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks, found in the warmer latitudes, swimming in the open sea. These mollusks are beautifully colored with blue and silvery white.

Glaum (?), v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To grope with the hands, as in the dark. [Scot.]

To glaum at, to grasp or snatch at; to aspire to.

Wha glaum’d at kingdoms three.

Burns.

Glave (?), n. See Glaive.

Glav”er (?), v. i. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glafr flattery.] 1. To prate; to jabber; to babble. [Obs.]

Here many, clepid filosophirs, glavern diversely.

Wyclif.

2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Obs.]

Some slavish, glavering, flattering parasite.

South.

Glav”er*er (?), n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Glay”more` (?), n. A claymore. Johnson.

Glaze (glāz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glazed (glāzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Glazing.] [OE. glasen, glazen, fr. glas. See Glass.]

1. To furnish (a window, a house, a sash, a case, etc.) with glass.

Two cabinets daintily paved, richly handed, and glazed with crystalline glass.

Bacon.

2. To incrust, cover, or overlay with a thin surface, consisting of, or resembling, glass; as, to glaze earthenware; hence, to render smooth, glasslike, or glossy; as, to glaze paper, gunpowder, and the like.

Sorrow’s eye glazed with blinding tears.

Shak.

3. (Paint.) To apply thinly a transparent or semitransparent color to (another color), to modify the effect.

Glaze, v. i. To become glazed of glassy.

Glaze, n. 1. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain; anything used as a coating or color in glazing. See Glaze, v. t., 3. Ure.

2. (Cookery) Broth reduced by boiling to a gelatinous paste, and spread thinly over braised dishes.

3. A glazing oven. See Glost oven.

Glaz”en (?), a. [AS. glæsen.] Resembling glass; glasslike; glazed. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Glaz”er (?), n. 1. One who applies glazing, as in pottery manufacture, etc.; one who gives a glasslike or glossy surface to anything; a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, and the like.

2. A tool or machine used in glazing, polishing, smoothing, etc.; amoung cutlers and lapidaries, a wooden wheel covered with emery, or having a band of lead and tin alloy, for polishing cutlery, etc.

Gla”zier (?), n. [From Glaze.] One whose business is to set glass.

Glazier’s diamond. See under Diamond.

Glaz”ing (?), n. 1. The act or art of setting glass; the art of covering with a vitreous or glasslike substance, or of polishing or rendering glossy.

2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame. etc.

3. The glass, glasslike, or glossy substance with which any surface is incrusted or overlaid; as, the glazing of pottery or porcelain, or of paper.

4. (Paint.) Transparent, or semitransparent, colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect.

Glaz”y (?), a. Having a glazed appearance; — said of the fractured surface of some kinds of pin iron.

Glead (?), n. A live coal. See Gleed. [Archaic]

Gleam (?), v. i. [Cf. OE. glem birdlime, glue, phlegm, and E. englaimed.] (Falconry) To disgorge filth, as a hawk.

Gleam, n. [OE. glem, gleam, AS. glæm, prob. akin to E. glimmer, and perh. to Gr. &?; warm, &?; to warm. Cf. Glitter.]

1. A shoot of light; a small stream of light; a beam; a ray; a glimpse.

Transient unexpected gleams of joi.

Addison.

At last a gleam
Of dawning light turned thitherward in haste
His [Satan’s] traveled steps.

Milton.

A glimmer, and then a gleam of light.

Longfellow.

2. Brightness; splendor.

In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen.

Pope.

Gleam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaming.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as rays of light; as, at the dawn, light gleams in the east.

2. To shine; to cast light; to glitter.

Syn. — To Gleam, Glimmer, Glitter. To gleam denotes a faint but distinct emission of light. To glimmer describes an indistinct and unsteady giving of light. To glitter imports a brightness that is intense, but varying. The morning light gleams upon the earth; a distant taper glimmers through the mist; a dewdrop glitters in the sun. See Flash.

Gleam, v. t. To shoot out (flashes of light, etc.).

Dying eyes gleamed forth their ashy lights.

Shak.

Gleam”y, a. Darting beams of light; casting light in rays; flashing; coruscating.

In brazed arms, that cast a gleamy ray,
Swift through the town the warrior bends his way.

Pope.

Glean (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleaned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaning.] [OE. glenen, OF. glener, glaner, F. glaner, fr. LL. glenare; cf. W. glan clean, glanh&?;u to clean, purify, or AS. gelm, gilm, a hand&?;ul.]

1. To gather after a reaper; to collect in scattered or fragmentary parcels, as the grain left by a reaper, or grapes left after the gathering.

To glean the broken ears after the man
That the main harvest reaps.

Shak.

2. To gather from (a field or vineyard) what is left.

3. To collect with patient and minute labor; to pick out; to obtain.

Content to glean what we can from . . . experiments.

Locke.

Glean, v. i. 1. To gather stalks or ears of grain left by reapers.

And she went, and came, and gleaned in the field after the reapers.

Ruth ii. 3.

2. To pick up or gather anything by degrees.

Piecemeal they this acre first, then that;
Glean on, and gather up the whole estate.

Pope.

Glean, n. A collection made by gleaning.

The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs.

Dryden.

Glean, n. Cleaning; afterbirth. [Obs.] Holland.

Glean”er (?), n. 1. One who gathers after reapers.

2. One who gathers slowly with labor. Locke.

Glean”ing, n. The act of gathering after reapers; that which is collected by gleaning.

Glenings of natural knowledge.

Cook.

Glebe (?), n. [F. glèbe, L. gleba, glaeba, clod, land, soil.] 1. A lump; a clod.

2. Turf; soil; ground; sod.

Fertile of corn the glebe, of oil, and wine.

Milton.

3. (Eccl. Law) The land belonging, or yielding revenue, to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice.

Glebe”less, a. Having no glebe.

Gle*bos”i*ty (?), n. The quality of being glebous. [R.]

{ Gleb”ous (?), Gleb”y (?), } a. [Cf. L. glaebosus cloddy.] Pertaining to the glebe; turfy; cloddy; fertile; fruitful. “Gleby land.” Prior.

Glede (glēd), n. [AS. glida, akin to Icel. gleða, Sw. glada. Cf. Glide, v. i.] (Zoöl.) The common European kite (Milvus ictinus). This name is also sometimes applied to the buzzard. [Written also glead, gled, gleed, glade, and glide.]

Glede, n. [See Gleed.] A live coal. [Archaic]

The cruel ire, red as any glede.

Chaucer.

Glee (glē), n. [OE. gle, gleo, AS. gleów, gleó, akin to Icel. gl&ymacr;: cf. Gr. chley`n joke, jest.] 1. Music; minstrelsy; entertainment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Joy; merriment; mirth; gayety; paricularly, the mirth enjoyed at a feast. Spenser.

3. (Mus.) An unaccompanied part song for three or more solo voices. It is not necessarily gleesome.

Gleed (glēd), n. [AS. glēd, fr. glōwan to glow as a fire; akin to D. gloed, G. glut, Icel. glōð. See Glow, v. i.] A live or glowing coal; a glede. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow.

Glee”ful (?), a. Merry; gay; joyous. Shak.

Gleek (?), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. leika to play, play a trick on, with the prefix ge-; akin to AS. gelācan, Sw. leka to play, Dan. lege.]

1. A jest or scoff; a trick or deception. [Obs.]

Where’s the Bastard’s braves, and Charles his gleeks ?

Shak.

2. [Cf. Glicke] An enticing look or glance. [Obs.]

A pretty gleek coming from Pallas’ eye.

Beau. & Fl.

Gleek, v. i. To make sport; to gibe; to sneer; to spend time idly. [Obs.] Shak.

Gleek, n. [OF. glic, G. glück, fortune. See Luck.]

1. A game at cards, once popular, played by three persons. [Obs.] Pepys. Evelyn.

2. Three of the same cards held in the same hand; — hence, three of anything. [Obs.]

Glee”man (?), n.; pl. Gleemen (#). [Glee + man; AS. gleóman.] A name anciently given to an itinerant minstrel or musician.

Gleen (?), v. i. [Cf. Glance, Glint.] To glisten; to gleam. [Obs.] Prior.

Glee”some (?), a. Merry; joyous; gleeful.

Gleet (?), n. [OE. glette, glet, glat, mucus, pus, filth, OF. glete.] (Med.) A transparent mucous discharge from the membrane of the urethra, commonly an effect of gonorrhea. Hoblyn.

Gleet, v. i. 1. To flow in a thin, limpid humor; to ooze, as gleet. Wiseman.

2. To flow slowly, as water. Cheyne.

Gleet”y (?), a. Ichorous; thin; limpid. Wiseman.

Gleg (?), a. [Icel. glöggr.] Quick of perception; alert; sharp. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gleire (?), Gleyre, n. See Glair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Glen (?), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glyn a deep valley, Ir. & Gael. gleann valley, glen.] A secluded and narrow valley; a dale; a depression between hills.

And wooes the widow’s daughter of the glen.

Spenser.

{ Glen*liv”at (?), Glen*liv”et (?), } n. A kind of Scotch whisky, named from the district in which it was first made. W. E. Aytoun.

Gle”noid (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; socket of a joint + &?; form; cf. F. glénoïde.] (Anat.) Having the form of a smooth and shallow depression; socketlike; — applied to several articular surfaces of bone; as, the glenoid cavity, or fossa, of the scapula, in which the head of the humerus articulates.

Gle*noid”al (?), a. (Anat.) Glenoid.

Glent (?), n. & v. See Glint.

Gleu*com”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; must + -meter: cf. F. gleucomètre.] An instrument for measuring the specific gravity and ascertaining the quantity of sugar contained in must.

Glew (?), n. See Glue. [Obs.]

Gley (?), v. i. [OE. gli&yogh;en, glien, gleien, to shine, to squint; cf. Icel. gljā to glitter.] To squint; to look obliquely; to overlook things. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gley (?), adv. Asquint; askance; obliquely.

Gli”a*din (?), n. [Gr. &?; glue: cf. F. gliadine.] (Chem.) Vegetable glue or gelatin; glutin. It is one of the constituents of wheat gluten, and is a tough, amorphous substance, which resembles animal glue or gelatin.

Glib (gl&ibreve;b), a. [Compar. Glibber (?); superl. Glibbest (?).] [Prob. fr. D. glibberen, glippen, to slide, glibberig, glipperig, glib, slippery.]

1. Smooth; slippery; as, ice is glib. [Obs.]

2. Speaking or spoken smoothly and with flippant rapidity; fluent; voluble; as, a glib tongue; a glib speech.

I want that glib and oily art,
To speak and purpose not.

Shak.

Syn. — Slippery; smooth; fluent; voluble; flippant.

Glib, v. t. To make glib. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Glib, n. [Ir. & Gael. glib a lock of hair.] A thick lock of hair, hanging over the eyes. [Obs.]

The Irish have, from the Scythians, mantles and long glibs, which is a thick curied bush of hair hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously disguising them.

Spenser.

Their wild costume of the glib and mantle.

Southey.

Glib, v. t. [Cf. O. & Prov. E. lib to castrate, geld, Prov. Dan. live, LG. & OD. lubben.] To castrate; to geld; to emasculate. [Obs.] Shak.

Glib”ber*y (?), a. 1. Slippery; changeable. [Obs.]

My love is glibbery; there is no hold on’t.

Marston.

2. Moving easily; nimble; voluble. [Obs.]

Thy lubrical and glibbery muse.

B. Jonson.

Glib”ly, adv. In a glib manner; as, to speak glibly.

Glib”ness, n. The quality of being glib.

Glicke (?), n. [Cf. Gleek, n., 2, and Ir. & Gael. glic wise, cunning, crafty.] An ogling look. [Obs.]

Glid”den (?), obs. p. p. of Glide. Chaucer.

{ Glid”der (?), Glid”der*y (?), } a. [Cf. Glide.] Giving no sure footing; smooth; slippery. [Prov. Eng.]

Shingle, slates, and gliddery stones.

R. D. Blackmore.

Glide (?), n. (Zoöl.) The glede or kite.

Glide, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glided; p. pr. & vb. n. Gliding.] [AS. glīdan; akin to D. glijden, OHG. glītan, G. gleiten, Sw. glida, Dan. glide, and prob. to E. glad.]

1. To move gently and smoothly; to pass along without noise, violence, or apparent effort; to pass rapidly and easily, or with a smooth, silent motion, as a river in its channel, a bird in the air, a skater over ice.

The river glideth at his own sweet will.

Wordsworth.

2. (Phon.) To pass with a glide, as the voice.

Glide, n. 1. The act or manner of moving smoothly, swiftly, and without labor or obstruction.

They prey at last ensnared, he dreadful darts,
With rapid glide, along the leaning line.

Thomson.

Seeing Orlando, it unlink’d itself,
And with indented glides did slip away.

Shak.

2. (Phon.) A transitional sound in speech which is produced by the changing of the mouth organs from one definite position to another, and with gradual change in the most frequent cases; as in passing from the begining to the end of a regular diphthong, or from vowel to consonant or consonant to vowel in a syllable, or from one component to the other of a double or diphthongal consonant (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 19, 161, 162). Also (by Bell and others), the vanish (or brief final element) or the brief initial element, in a class of diphthongal vowels, or the brief final or initial part of some consonants (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 18, 97, 191).

&fist; The on-glide of a vowel or consonant is the glidemade in passing to it, the off-glide, one made in passing from it. Glides of the other sort are distinguished as initial or final, or fore-glides and after-glides. For voice-glide, see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 17, 95.

Glid”en (?), obs. p. p. of Glide. Chaucer.

Glid”er (?), n. One who, or that which, glides.

Glid”ing*ly, adv. In a gliding manner.

Gliff (?), n. [Cf. OE. gliffen, gliften, to look with fear at.] 1. A transient glance; an unexpected view of something that startles one; a sudden fear. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

2. A moment: as, for a gliff. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Glike (?), n. [See Gleek a jest.] A sneer; a flout. [Obs.]

Glim (?), n. 1. Brightness; splendor. [Obs.]

2. A light or candle. [Slang] Dickens.

Douse the glim, put out the light. [Slang]

Glim”mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimmered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glimmering.] [Akin to G. glimmer a faint, trembling light, mica, glimmern to glimmer, glimmen to shine faintly, glow, Sw. glimma, Dan. glimre, D. glimmen, glimpen. See Gleam a ray, and cf. Glimpse.] To give feeble or scattered rays of light; to shine faintly; to show a faint, unsteady light; as, the glimmering dawn; a glimmering lamp.

The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day.

Shak.

Syn. — To gleam; to glitter. See Gleam, Flash.

Glim”mer, n. 1. A faint, unsteady light; feeble, scattered rays of light; also, a gleam.

Gloss of satin and glimmer of pearls.

Tennyson.

2. Mica. See Mica. Woodsward.

Glimmer gowk, an owl. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Glim”mer*ing, n. 1. Faint, unsteady light; a glimmer. South.

2. A faint view or idea; a glimpse; an inkling.

Glimpse (?), n. [For glimse, from the root of glimmer.]

1. A sudden flash; transient luster.

LIght as the lightning glimpse they ran.

Milton.

2. A short, hurried view; a transitory or fragmentary perception; a quick sight.

Here hid by shrub wood, there by glimpses seen.

S. Rogers.

3. A faint idea; an inkling.

Glimpse (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimpsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glimpsing.] to appear by glimpses; to catch glimpses. Drayton.

Glimpse, v. t. To catch a glimpse of; to see by glimpses; to have a short or hurried view of.

Some glimpsing and no perfect sight.

Chaucer.

Glint (?), n. [OE. glent.] A glimpse, glance, or gleam. [Scot.] “He saw a glint of light.” Ramsay.

Glint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glinting.] [OE. glenten. Cf. Glance, v. i., Glitter, v. i.] To glance; to peep forth, as a flower from the bud; to glitter. Burns.

Glint, v. t. To glance; to turn; as, to glint the eye.

||Gli*o”ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; glue + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor springing from the neuroglia or connective tissue of the brain, spinal cord, or other portions of the nervous system.

||Gli”res (?), n. pl. [L., dormice.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammals; the Rodentia. — Gli”rine (#), a.

||Glis`sade” (?), n. [F., fr. glisser to slip.] A sliding, as down a snow slope in the Alps. Tyndall.

Glis*san”do (?), n. & a. [As if It. = Fr. glissant sliding.] (Mus.) A gliding effect; gliding.

||Glis*sette” (?), n. [F., fr. glisser to slip.] (Math.) The locus described by any point attached to a curve that slips continuously on another fixed curve, the movable curve having no rotation at any instant.

Glist (?), n. [From Glisten.] Glimmer; mica.

Glis”ten (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glistening (?).] [OE. glistnian, akin to glisnen, glisien, AS. glisian, glisnian, akin to E. glitter. See Glitter, v. i., and cf. Glister, v. i.] To sparkle or shine; especially, to shine with a mild, subdued, and fitful luster; to emit a soft, scintillating light; to gleam; as, the glistening stars.

Syn. — See Flash.

Glis”ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glistering.] [OE. glistren; akin to G. glistern,glinstern, D. glinsteren, and E. glisten. See Glisten.] To be bright; to sparkle; to be brilliant; to shine; to glisten; to glitter.

All that glisters is not gold.

Shak.

Glis”ter, n. Glitter; luster.

Glis”ter, n. [Cf. OF. glistere.] Same as Clyster.

Glis”ter*ing*ly, adv. In a glistering manner.

Glit”ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glittered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glittering.] [OE. gliteren; akin to Sw. glittra, Icel. glitra, glita, AS. glitenian, OS. glītan, OHG. glīzzan, G. gleissen, Goth. glitmunjan, and also to E. glint, glisten, and prob. glance, gleam.]

1. To sparkle with light; to shine with a brilliant and broken light or showy luster; to gleam; as, a glittering sword.

The field yet glitters with the pomp of war.

Dryden.

2. To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attractive; as, the glittering scenes of a court.

Syn. — To gleam; to glisten; to shine; to sparkle; to glare. See Gleam, Flash.

Glit”ter, n. A bright, sparkling light; brilliant and showy luster; brilliancy; as, the glitter of arms; the glitter of royal equipage. Milton.

Glit”ter*and (?), a. Glittering. [Obs.] Spenser.

Glit”ter*ing*ly, adv. In a glittering manner.

Gloam (?), v. i. [See Gloom, Glum.]

1. To begin to grow dark; to grow dusky.

2. To be sullen or morose. [Obs.]

Gloam, n. The twilight; gloaming. [R.] Keats.

Gloam”ing, n. [See Gloom.] 1. Twilight; dusk; the fall of the evening. [Scot. & North of Eng., and in poetry.] Hogg.

2. Sullenness; melancholy. [Obs.] J. Still.

Gloar (?), v. i. [OD. gloeren, glueren, gluyeren. Cf. Glower.] To squint; to stare. [Obs.]

Gloat (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gloating.] [Akin to Icel. glotta to smile scornfully, G. glotzen to gloat.] To look steadfastly; to gaze earnestly; — usually in a bad sense, to gaze with malignant satisfaction, passionate desire, lust, or avarice.

In vengeance gloating on another’s pain.

Byron.

Glo”bard (?), n. [OE. globerde, from glow.] A glowworm. [>Obs.] Holland.

{ Glo”bate (?), Glo”ba*ted (?), } a. [L. globatus, p. p. of globare to make into a ball, fr. globus ball.] Having the form of a globe; spherical.

Globe (?), n. [L. globus, perh. akin to L. glomus a ball of yarn, and E. clump, golf: cf. F. globe.]

1. A round or spherical body, solid or hollow; a body whose surface is in every part equidistant from the center; a ball; a sphere.

2. Anything which is nearly spherical or globular in shape; as, the globe of the eye; the globe of a lamp.

3. The earth; the terraqueous ball; — usually preceded by the definite article. Locke.

4. A round model of the world; a spherical representation of the earth or heavens; as, a terrestrial or celestial globe; — called also artificial globe.

5. A body of troops, or of men or animals, drawn up in a circle; — a military formation used by the Romans, answering to the modern infantry square.

Him round
A globe of fiery seraphim inclosed.

Milton.

Globe amaranth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gomphrena (G. globosa), bearing round heads of variously colored flowers, which long retain color when gathered. — Globe animalcule, a small, globular, locomotive organism (Volvox globator), once throught to be an animal, afterward supposed to be a colony of microscopic algæ. — Globe of compression (Mil.), a kind of mine producing a wide crater; — called also overcharged mine. — Globe daisy (Bot.), a plant or flower of the genus Globularing, common in Europe. The flowers are minute and form globular heads. — Globe sight, a form of front sight placed on target rifles. — Globe slater (Zoöl.), an isopod crustacean of the genus Spheroma. — Globe thistle (Bot.), a thistlelike plant with the flowers in large globular heads (Cynara Scolymus); also, certain species of the related genus Echinops. — Globe valve. (a) A ball valve. (b) A valve inclosed in a globular chamber. Knight.

Syn. — Globe, Sphere, Orb, Ball. — Globe denotes a round, and usually a solid body; sphere is the term applied in astronomy to such a body, or to the concentric spheres or orbs of the old astronomers; orb is used, especially in poetry, for globe or sphere, and also for the pathway of a heavenly body; ball is applied to the heavenly bodies concieved of as impelled through space.

Globe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Globed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Globing.] To gather or form into a globe.

Globe”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A plectognath fish of the genera Diodon, Tetrodon, and allied genera. The globefishes can suck in water or air and distend the body to a more or less globular form. Called also porcupine fish, and sea hedgehog. See Diodon.

Globe”flow`er (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Trollius (T. Europæus), found in the mountainous parts of Europe, and producing handsome globe-shaped flowers. (b) The American plant Trollius laxus.

Japan globeflower. See Corchorus.

Globe”-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a globe.

Glo*bif”er*ous (?), a. [Globe + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having a round or globular tip.

||Glo*big`e*ri”na (?), n.; pl. Globigerinæ (#). [NL., fr. L. globus a round body + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small Foraminifera, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a large part of the soft mud, generally found in depths below 3,000 feet, and called globigerina ooze. See Illust. of Foraminifera.

Glo*bose” (?), a. [L. globosus.] Having a rounded form resembling that of a globe; globular, or nearly so; spherical. Milton.

Glo*bose”ly, adv. In a globular manner; globularly.

Glo*bos”i*ty (?), n. [L. globositas: cf. F. globosité.] Sphericity. Ray.

Glo”bous (?), a. [See Globose.] Spherical. Milton.

Glob”u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. globulaire.] Globe-shaped; having the form of a ball or sphere; spherical, or nearly so; as, globular atoms. Milton.

Globular chart, a chart of the earth’s surface constructed on the principles of the globular projection. — Globular projection (Map Projection), a perspective projection of the surface of a hemisphere upon a plane parallel to the base of the hemisphere, the point of sight being taken in the axis produced beyond the surface of the opposite hemisphere a distance equal to the radius of the sphere into the sine of 45°. — Globular sailing, sailing on the arc of a great circle, or so as to make the shortest distance between two places; circular sailing.

Glob`u*lar”i*ty (?), n. The state of being globular; globosity; sphericity.

Glob”u*lar*ly (?), adv. Spherically.

Glob”u*lar*ness, n. Sphericity; globosity.

Glob”ule (?), n. [L. globulus, dim. of globus globe: cf. F. globule.] 1. A little globe; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form.

Globules of snow.

Sir I. Newton.

These minute globules [a mole’s eyes] are sunk . . . deeply in the skull.

Paley.

2. (Biol.) A minute spherical or rounded structure; as blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles, minute fungi, spores, etc.

3. A little pill or pellet used by homeopathists.

Glob”u*let (?), n. A little globule. Crabb.

Glob`u*lif”er*ous (?), a. [Globule + -ferous.] Bearing globules; in geology, used of rocks, and denoting a variety of concretionary structure, where the concretions are isolated globules and evenly distributed through the texture of the rock.

Glob`u*lim”e*ter (?), n. [Globule + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood.

&fist; The method depends on the differences of tint obtained by mixing a sample of the blood with sodium carbonate solution.

Glob”u*lin (?), n. [From Globule: cf. F. globuline.] (Phisiol. Chem.) An albuminous body, insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute solutions of salt. It is present in the red blood corpuscles united with hæmatin to form hæmoglobin. It is also found in the crystalline lens of the eye, and in blood serum, and is sometimes called crystallin. In the plural the word is applied to a group of proteid substances such as vitellin, myosin, fibrinogen, etc., all insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute salt solutions.

Glob”u*lite (?), n. [See Globule.] (Min.) A rudimentary form of crystallite, spherical in shape.

Glob”u*lous (?), a. [Cf. F. globuleux.] Globular; spherical; orbicular. — Glob”u*lous*ness, n.

Glob”y (?), a. Resembling, or pertaining to, a globe; round; orbicular. “The globy sea.” Milton.

Glo*chid”i*ate (?), a. [Gr. &?; point of an arrow.] (Bot.) Having barbs; as, glochidiate bristles. Gray.

||Glo*chid”i*um (?), n.; pl. Glochidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the point of an arrow.] (Zoöl.) The larva or young of the mussel, formerly thought to be a parasite upon the parent’s gills.

Glode (?), obs. imp. of Glide. Chaucer.

{ Glombe (?), Glome (?), } v. i. To gloom; to look gloomy, morose, or sullen. [Obs.] Surrey.

Glome (?), n. Gloom. [Obs.]

Glome (?), n. [L. glomus a ball. Cf. Globe.] (Anat.) One of the two prominences at the posterior extremity of the frog of the horse’s foot.

Glom”er*ate (?), a. [L. glomeratus, p. p. of glomerare to glomerate, from glomus. See 3d Glome.] Gathered together in a roundish mass or dense cluster; conglomerate.

Glom”er*ate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Glomerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glomerating (?).] To gather or wind into a ball; to collect into a spherical form or mass, as threads.

Glom`er*a”tion (?), n. [L. glomeratio.]

1. The act of forming or gathering into a ball or round mass; the state of being gathered into a ball; conglomeration.

2. That which is formed into a ball; a ball. Bacon.

Glom”er*ous (?), a. [L. glomerosus, fr. glomus. See 3d Glome.] Gathered or formed into a ball or round mass. [Obs.] Blount.

Glom”er*ule (?), n. [Dim. fr. L. glomus ball.]

1. (Bot.) A head or dense cluster of flowers, formed by condensation of a cyme, as in the flowering dogwood.

2. (Anat.) A glomerulus.

||Glo*mer”u*lus (?), n.; pl. Glomeruli (#). [NL., dim. of L. glomus. See 3d Glome.] (Anat.) The bunch of looped capillary blood vessels in a Malpighian capsule of the kidney.

Glom`u*lif”er*ous (?), a. [L. glomus a ball + -ferous.] (Biol.) Having small clusters of minutely branched coral-like excrescences. M. C. Cooke.

{ Glon”o*in Glon”o*ine } (?), n. [Glycerin + oxygen + nitrogen + -in, -ine.]

1. Same as Nitroglycerin; — called also oil of glonoin. [Obs.]

2. (Med.) A dilute solution of nitroglycerin used as a neurotic.

Gloom (gl&oomac;m), n. [AS. glōm twilight, from the root of E. glow. See Glow, and cf. Glum, Gloam.]

1. Partial or total darkness; thick shade; obscurity; as, the gloom of a forest, or of midnight.

2. A shady, gloomy, or dark place or grove.

Before a gloom of stubborn-shafted oaks.

Tennyson .

3. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind; melancholy; aspect of sorrow; low spirits; dullness.

A sullen gloom and furious disorder prevailed by fits.

Burke.

4. In gunpowder manufacture, the drying oven.

Syn. — Darkness; dimness; obscurity; heaviness; dullness; depression; melancholy; dejection; sadness. See Darkness.

Gloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glooming.] 1. To shine or appear obscurely or imperfectly; to glimmer.

2. To become dark or dim; to be or appear dismal, gloomy, or sad; to come to the evening twilight.

The black gibbet glooms beside the way.

Goldsmith.

[This weary day] . . . at last I see it gloom.

Spenser.

Gloom, v. t. 1. To render gloomy or dark; to obscure; to darken.

A bow window . . . gloomed with limes.

Walpole.

A black yew gloomed the stagnant air.

Tennyson.

2. To fill with gloom; to make sad, dismal, or sullen.

Such a mood as that which lately gloomed
Your fancy.

Tennison.

What sorrows gloomed that parting day.

Goldsmith.

Gloom”i*ly (?), adv. In a gloomy manner.

Gloom”i*ness, n. State of being gloomy. Addison.

Gloom”ing, n. [Cf. Gloaming.] Twilight (of morning or evening); the gloaming.

When the faint glooming in the sky
First lightened into day.

Trench.

The balmy glooming, crescent-lit.

Tennyson.

Gloomth (?), n. Gloom. [R.] Walpole.

Gloom”y (?), a. [Compar. Gloomier (?); superl. Gloomiest.] 1. Imperfectly illuminated; dismal through obscurity or darkness; dusky; dim; clouded; as, the cavern was gloomy. “Though hid in gloomiest shade.” Milton.

2. Affected with, or expressing, gloom; melancholy; dejected; as, a gloomy temper or countenance.

Syn. — Dark; dim; dusky; dismal; cloudy; moody; sullen; morose; melancholy; sad; downcast; depressed; dejected; disheartened.

Glop”pen (gl&obreve;p”pen), v. t. & i. [OE. glopnen to be frightened, frighten: cf. Icel. glūpna to look downcast.] To surprise or astonish; to be startled or astonished. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Glore (?), v. i. [See Gloar.] To glare; to glower. [Obs.] Halliwell.

||Glo”ri*a (?), n. [L., glory.] (Eccl.) (a) A doxology (beginning Gloria Patri, Glory be to the Father), sung or said at the end of the Psalms in the service of the Roman Catholic and other churches. (b) A portion of the Mass (Gloria in Excelsis Deo, Glory be to God on high), and also of the communion service in some churches. In the Episcopal Church the version in English is used. (c) The musical setting of a gloria.

Glo`ri*a”tion (?), n. [L. gloriatio, from gloriari to glory, boast, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.] Boast; a triumphing. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson.

Internal gloriation or triumph of the mind.

Hobbes.

Glo”ried (?), a. [See Glory.] Illustrious; honorable; noble. [Obs.] Milton.

Glo`ri*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. glorificatio: cf. F. glorification. See Glorify.] 1. The act of glorifying or of giving glory to. Jer. Taylor.

2. The state of being glorifed; as, the glorification of Christ after his resurrection.

Glo”ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glorified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glorifying.] [F. glorifier, L. glorificare; gloria glory + ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy.]

1. To make glorious by bestowing glory upon; to confer honor and distinction upon; to elevate to power or happiness, or to celestial glory.

Jesus was not yet glorified.

John vii. 39.

2. To make glorious in thought or with the heart, by ascribing glory to; to acknowledge the excellence of; to render homage to; to magnify in worship; to adore.

That we for thee may glorify the Lord.

Shak.

Glo”ri*ole (?), n. [L. gloriola a small glory, dim. of gloria glory.] An aureole. [R.] Msr. Browning.

||Glo`ri*o”sa (?), n. [Nl., fr. L. gloriosus. See Glorious.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants with very showy lilylike blossoms, natives of India.

Glo`ri*o”ser (?), n. [From L. gloriosus boastful.] A boaster. [Obs.] Greene.

||Glo`ri*o”so (?), n. [It.] A boaster. [Obs.] Fuller.

Glo”ri*ous (?), a. [OF. glorios, glorious, F. glorieux, fr. L. gloriosus. See Glory, n.]

1. Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of or receive glory; noble; praiseworthy; excellent; splendid; illustrious; inspiring admiration; as, glorious deeds.

These are thy glorious works, Parent of good !

Milton.

2. Eager for glory or distinction; haughty; boastful; ostentatious; vainglorious. [Obs.]

Most miserable
Is the desire that’s glorious.

Shak.

3. Ecstatic; hilarious; elated with drink. [Colloq.]

kings may be blest, but Tam was glorious,
O’er all the ills of life victorious.

Burns.

During his office treason was no crime,
The sons of Belial had a glorious time.

Dryden.

Syn. — Eniment; noble; excellent; renowned; illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; grand; splendid.

— Glo”ri*ous*ly, adv. — Glo”ri*ous*ness, n. Udall.

Sing ye to the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriously.

Ex. xv. 21.

I speak it not gloriously, nor out of affectation.

B. Jonson.

Glo”ry (glō“r&ybreve;; 111), n. [OE. glorie, OF. glorie, gloire, F. gloire, fr. L. gloria; prob. akin to Gr. kle`os, Skr. çravas glory, praise, çru to hear. See Loud.]

1. Praise, honor, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent to a person or thing; high reputation; honorable fame; renown.

Glory to God in the highest.

Luke ii. 14.

Spread his glory through all countries wide.

Spenser.

2. That quality in a person or thing which secures general praise or honor; that which brings or gives renown; an object of pride or boast; the occasion of praise; excellency; brilliancy; splendor.

Think it no glory to swell in tyranny.

Sir P. Sidney.

Jewels lose their glory if neglected.

Shak.

Your sex’s glory ‘t is to shine unknown.

Young.

3. Pride; boastfulness; arrogance.

In glory of thy fortunes.

Chapman.

4. The presence of the Divine Being; the manifestations of the divine nature and favor to the blessed in heaven; celestial honor; heaven.

Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory.

Ps. lxxiii. 24.

5. An emanation of light supposed to proceed from beings of peculiar sanctity. It is represented in art by rays of gold, or the like, proceeding from the head or body, or by a disk, or a mere line.

&fist; This is the general term; when confined to the head it is properly called nimbus; when encircling the whole body, aureola or aureole.

Glory hole, an opening in the wall of a glass furnace, exposing the brilliant white light of the interior. Knight. — Glory pea (Bot.), the name of two leguminous plants (Clianthus Dampieri and C. puniceus) of Australia and New Zeland. They have showy scarlet or crimson flowers. — Glory tree (Bot.), a name given to several species of the verbenaceous genus Clerodendron, showy flowering shrubs of tropical regions.

Glo”ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glorying.] [OE. glorien, OF. glorier, fr. L. gloriari, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.]

1. To exult with joy; to rejoice.

Glory ye in his holy name.

Ps. cv.&?;

2. To boast; to be proud.

God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Gal. vi. 14

No one . . . should glory in his prosperity.

Richardson.

Glose (?), n. & v. See Gloze. Chaucer.

Glos”er (?), n. See Glosser.

Gloss (gl&obreve;s), n. [Cf. Icel. glossi a blaze, glys finery, MHG. glosen to glow, G. glosten to glimmer; perh. akin to E. glass.] 1. Brightness or luster of a body proceeding from a smooth surface; polish; as, the gloss of silk; cloth is calendered to give it a gloss.

It is no part . . . to set on the face of this cause any fairer gloss than the naked truth doth afford.

Hooker.

2. A specious appearance; superficial quality or show.

To me more dear, congenial to my heart,
One native charm than all the gloss of art.

Goldsmith.

Gloss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glossed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glossing.] To give a superficial luster or gloss to; to make smooth and shining; as, to gloss cloth.

The glossed and gleamy wave.

J. R. Drake.

Gloss, n. [OE. glose, F. glose, L. glossa a difficult word needing explanation, fr. Gr. &?; tongue, language, word needing explanation. Cf. Gloze, Glossary, Glottis.]

1. A foreign, archaic, technical, or other uncommon word requiring explanation. [Obs.]

2. An interpretation, consisting of one or more words, interlinear or marginal; an explanatory note or comment; a running commentary.

All this, without a gloss or comment,
He would unriddle in a moment.

Hudibras.

Explaining the text in short glosses.

T. Baker.

3. A false or specious explanation. Dryden.

Gloss (gl&obreve;s), v. t. 1. To render clear and evident by comments; to illustrate; to explain; to annotate.

2. To give a specious appearance to; to render specious and plausible; to palliate by specious explanation.

You have the art to gloss the foulest cause.

Philips.

Gloss (?), v. i. 1. To make comments; to comment; to explain. Dryden.

2. To make sly remarks, or insinuations. Prior.

||Glos”sa (?), n.; pl. Glossæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the tongue.] (Zoöl.) The tongue, or lingua, of an insect. See Hymenoptera.

Glos”sal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the tongue; lingual.

Glos*san”thrax (?), n. [Gr. &?; tongue + E. anthrax: cf. F. glossanthrax.] A disease of horses and cattle accompanied by carbuncles in the mouth and on the tongue.

Glos*sa”ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to glosses or to a glossary; containing a glossary.

Glos*sa”ri*al*ly, adv. In the manner of a glossary.

Glos”sa*rist (?), n. A writer of glosses or of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Tyrwhitt.

Glos”sa*ry (?), n.; pl. Gossaries (#). [L. glossarium, fr. glossa: cf. F. glossaire. See 3d Gloss.] A collection of glosses or explanations of words and passages of a work or author; a partial dictionary of a work, an author, a dialect, art, or science, explaining archaic, technical, or other uncommon words.

||Glos*sa”ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Glossa.] (Zoöl.) The Lepidoptera.

Glos*sa”tor (?), n. [LL. See 3d Gloss.] A writer of glosses or comments; a commentator. [R.] “The . . . glossators of Aristotle.” Milman.

Gloss”er (?), n. [See lst Gloss.] A polisher; one who gives a luster.

Gloss”er, n. [See 3d Gloss.] A writer of glosses; a scholiast; a commentator. L. Addison.

Glos”sic (gl&obreve;s”s&ibreve;k), n. [L. glossa a word requiring a gloss. See 3d Gloss.] A system of phonetic spelling based upon the present values of English letters, but invariably using one symbol to represent one sound only.

Ingglish Glosik konvai·z hwotev·er proanusiai·shon iz inten·ded bei dhi reiter.

A. J. Ellis.

Gloss”i*ly (?), adv. In a glossy manner.

Gloss”i*ness, n. [From Glossy.] The condition or quality of being glossy; the luster or brightness of a smooth surface. Boyle.

Gloss”ist, n. A writer of comments. [Obs.] Milton.

||Glos*si”tis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; tongue + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the tongue.

Gloss”ly (?), adv. Like gloss; specious. Cowley.

||Glos*soc”o*mon (?), n.[NL., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of case.] A kind of hoisting winch.

Glos`so*ep`i*glot”tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; tongue + E. epiglottic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both tongue and epiglottis; as, glossoepiglottic folds.

Glos”sog”ra*pher (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; tongue + &?; to write. See 3d Gloss.] A writer of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Hayward.

Glos`so*graph”ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to glossography.

Glos”sog”ra*phy (?), n. [See Glossographer.] The writing of glossaries, glosses, or comments for illustrating an author.

Glos`so*hy”al (?), a. [Gr. &?; the tongue + the letter &?;.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the hyoidean arch and the tongue; — applied to the anterior segment of the hyoidean arch in many fishes. — n. The glossohyal bone or cartilage; lingual bone; entoglossal bone.

{ ||Glos`so*la”li*a (?), Glos*sol”a*ly (?), } n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; tongue + &?; talk: cf. F. glossolalie.] The gift of tongues. Farrar.

Glos`so*log”ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to glossology.

Glos*sol”o*gist (?), n. One who defines and explains terms; one who is versed in glossology.

Glos*sol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; tongue + -logy: cf. F. glossologie. See 3d Gloss.] 1. The definition and explanation of terms; a glossary.

2. The science of language; comparative philology; linguistics; glottology.

Glos`so*phar`yn*ge”al (gl&obreve;s”d&osl;*făr`&ibreve;n*jē”al or -f&adot;r&ibreve;n”j&esl;al), a. [Gr. glw^ssa the tongue + E. pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the tongue and the pharynx; — applied especially to the ninth pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the pharynx and tongue. — n. One of the glossopharyngeal nerves.

Gloss”y (gl&obreve;s”&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Glossier (-&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Glossiest.] [See Gloss luster.] 1. Smooth and shining; reflecting luster from a smooth surface; highly polished; lustrous; as, glossy silk; a glossy surface.

2. Smooth; specious; plausible; as, glossy deceit.

Glost” ov`en (?). An oven in which glazed pottery is fired; — also called glaze kiln, or glaze.

Glot”tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or produced by, the glottis; glottic.

Glottal catch, an effect produced upon the breath or voice by a sudden opening or closing of the glotts. Sweet.

{ Glot”tic (?), Glot*tid”e*an (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the glottis; glottal.

Glot”tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, from &?;, &?;, the tongue. See Gloss an explanatory remark.] (Anat.) The opening from the pharynx into the larynx or into the trachea. See Larynx.

Glot`to*log”ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to glottology.

Glot*tol”o*gist (?), n. A linguist; a philologist.

Glot*tol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, the tongue + -logy.] The science of tongues or languages; comparative philology; glossology.

Glout (?), v. i. [Scot. Cf. Gloat.] To pout; to look sullen. [Obs.] Garth.

Glout (?), v. t. To view attentively; to gloat on; to stare at. [Obs.] Wright.

Glove (glŭv), n. [OE. glove, glofe, AS. glōf; akin to Icel. glōfi, cf. Goth. lōfa palm of the hand, Icel. lōfi.]

1. A cover for the hand, or for the hand and wrist, with a separate sheath for each finger. The latter characteristic distinguishes the glove from the mitten.

2. A boxing glove.

Boxing glove. See under Boxing. — Glove fight, a pugilistic contest in which the fighters wear boxing gloves. — Glove money or silver. (a) A tip or gratuity to servants, professedly to buy gloves with. (b) (Eng. Law.) A reward given to officers of courts; also, a fee given by the sheriff of a county to the clerk of assize and judge’s officers, when there are no offenders to be executed. — Glove sponge (Zoöl.), a fine and soft variety of commercial sponges (Spongia officinalis). — To be hand and glove with, to be intimately associated or on good terms with. “Hand and glove with traitors.” J. H. Newman. — To handle without gloves, to treat without reserve or tenderness; to deal roughly with. [Colloq.] — To take up the glove, to accept a challenge or adopt a quarrel. — To throw down the glove, to challenge to combat.

Glove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gloved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gloving.] To cover with, or as with, a glove.

Glov”er (?), n. One whose trade it is to make or sell gloves.

Glover’s suture or stitch, a kind of stitch used in sewing up wounds, in which the thread is drawn alternately through each side from within outward.

Glow (glō), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowed (glōd); p. pr. & vb. n. Glowing.] [AS. glōwan; akin to D. gloeijen, OHG. gluoen, G. glühen, Icel. glōa, Dan. gloende glowing. √94. Cf. Gloom.]

1. To shine with an intense or white heat; to give forth vivid light and heat; to be incandescent.

Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees.

Pope.

2. To exhibit a strong, bright color; to be brilliant, as if with heat; to be bright or red with heat or animation, with blushes, etc.

Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays.

Dryden.

And glow with shame of your proceedings.

Shak.

3. To feel hot; to have a burning sensation, as of the skin, from friction, exercise, etc.; to burn.

Did not his temples glow
In the same sultry winds and acrching heats?

Addison.

The cord slides swiftly through his glowing hands.

Gay.

4. To feel the heat of passion; to be animated, as by intense love, zeal, anger, etc.; to rage, as passior; as, the heart glows with love, zeal, or patriotism.

With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows.

Dryden.

Burns with one love, with one resentment glows.

Pope.

Glow, v. t. To make hot; to flush. [Poetic]

Fans, whose wind did seem
To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool.

Shak.

Glow, n. 1. White or red heat; incandscence.

2. Brightness or warmth of color; redness; a rosy flush; as, the glow of health in the cheeks.

3. Intense excitement or earnestness; vehemence or heat of passion; ardor.

The red glow of scorn.

Shak.

4. Heat of body; a sensation of warmth, as that produced by exercise, etc.

Glow”bard (?), n. [See Globard.] The glowworm. [Obs.]

Glow”er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glowering.] [Cf. Gloar.] to look intently; to stare angrily or with a scowl. Thackeray.

Glow”ing*ly (?), adv. In a glowing manner; with ardent heat or passion.

Glow”lamp` (?), n. 1. (Chem.) An aphlogistic lamp. See Aphlogistic.

2. (Elect.) An incandescent lamp. See Incandescent, a.

Glow”worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A coleopterous insect of the genus Lampyris; esp., the wingless females and larvæ of the two European species (L. noctiluca, and L. splendidula), which emit light from some of the abdominal segments.

Like a glowworm in the night,
The which hath fire in darkness, none in light.

Shak.

&fist; The male is winged, and is supposed to be attracted by the light of the female. In America, the luminous larvæ of several species of fireflies and fire beetles are called glowworms. Both sexes of these are winged when mature. See Firefly.

||Glox*in”i*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) American genus of herbaceous plants with very handsome bell-shaped blossoms; — named after B. P. Gloxin, a German botanist.

Gloze (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glozed(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glozing.] [OE. glosen, F. gloser. See gloss explanation.]

1. To flatter; to wheedle; to fawn; to talk smoothly. Chaucer.

A false, glozing parasite.

South.

So glozed the tempter, and his proem tuned.

Milton.

2. To give a specious or false meaning; to ministerpret. Shak.

Gloze, v. t. To smooth over; to palliate.

By glozing the evil that is in the world.

I. Taylor.

Gloze, n. 1. Flattery; adulation; smooth speech.

Now to plain dealing; lay these glozes by.

Shak.

2. Specious show; gloss. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Gloz”er (?), n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Gifford (1580).

Glu”cic (?), a. [Gr. &?; sweet.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar; as, glucic acid.

Glu*ci”na (?), n. [Cf. F. glycine, glucine. So called because it forms sweet salts. See Glucinum.] (Chem.) A white or gray tasteless powder, the oxide of the element glucinum; — formerly called glucine.

Glu*cin”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, glucinum; as, glucinic oxide.

Glu*ci”num (?), n. [Cf. F. glucinium, glycium, fr. Gr. &?;, sweet. Cf. Glycerin.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of a silver white color, and low specific gravity (2.1), resembling magnesium. It never occurs naturally in the free state, but is always combined, usually with silica or alumina, or both; as in the minerals phenacite, chrysoberyl, beryl or emerald, euclase, and danalite. It was named from its oxide glucina, which was known long before the element was isolated. Symbol Gl. Atomic weight 9.1. Called also beryllium. [Formerly written also glucinium.]

Glu”co*gen (?), n. [R.] See Glycogen.

Glu`co*gen”e*sis (?), n. Glycogenesis. [R.]

Glu*con”ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, glucose.

Gluconic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained as a colorless, sirupy liquid, by the oxidation of glucose; — called also maltonic acid, and dextronic acid.

Glu”cose` (?), n. [Gr. &?; sweet. Cf. Glycerin.]

1. A variety of sugar occurring in nature very abundantly, as in ripe grapes, and in honey, and produced in great quantities from starch, etc., by the action of heat and acids. It is only about half as sweet as cane sugar. Called also dextrose, grape sugar, diabetic sugar, and starch sugar. See Dextrose.

2. (Chem.) Any one of a large class of sugars, isometric with glucose proper, and including levulose, galactose, etc.

3. The trade name of a sirup, obtained as an uncrystallizable reside in the manufacture of glucose proper, and containing, in addition to some dextrose or glucose, also maltose, dextrin, etc. It is used as a cheap adulterant of sirups, beers, etc.

Glu”co*side (?), n. [See Glucose.] (Chem.) One of a large series of amorphous or crystalline substances, occurring very widely distributed in plants, rarely in animals, and regarded as influental agents in the formation and disposition of the sugars. They are frequently of a bitter taste, but, by the action of ferments, or of dilute acids and alkalies, always break down into some characteristic substance (acid, aldehyde, alcohol, phenole, or alkaloid) and glucose (or some other sugar); hence the name. They are of the nature of complex and compound ethers, and ethereal salts of the sugar carbohydrates.

||Glu`co*su”ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. E. glucose + Gr. &?; urine.] (Med.) A condition in which glucose is discharged in the urine; diabetes mellitus.

Glue (glū), n. [F. glu, L. glus, akin to gluten, from gluere to draw together. Cf. Gluten.] A hard brittle brownish gelatin, obtained by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals. When gently heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenaceous, and is used as a cement for uniting substances. The name is also given to other adhesive or viscous substances.

Bee glue. See under Bee. — Fish glue, a strong kind of glue obtained from fish skins and bladders; isinglass. — Glue plant (Bot.), a fucoid seaweed (Gloiopeltis tenax). — Liquid glue, a fluid preparation of glue and acetic acid or alcohol. — Marine glue, a solution of caoutchouc in naphtha, with shellac, used in shipbuilding.

Glue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gluing.] [F. gluer. See Glue, n.] To join with glue or a viscous substance; to cause to stick or hold fast, as if with glue; to fix or fasten.

This cold, congealed blood
That glues my lips, and will not let me speak.

Shak.

Glue”pot` (?), n. A utensil for melting glue, consisting of an inner pot holding the glue, immersed in an outer one containing water which is heated to soften the glue.

Glu”er (?), n. One who cements with glue.

Glu”ey (?), a. Viscous; glutinous; of the nature of, or like, glue.

Glu”ey*ness, n. Viscidity.

Glu”ish, a. Somewhat gluey. Sherwood.

Glum (?), n. [See Gloom.] Sullenness. [Obs.] Skelton.

Glum, a. Moody; silent; sullen.

I frighten people by my glun face.

Thackeray.

Glum, v. i. To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum. [Obs.] Hawes.

Glu*ma”ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. glumancé. See Glume.] Having glumes; consisting of glumes.

Glu”mal (?), a. (Bot.) Characterized by a glume, or having the nature of a glume.

Glume (glūm), n. [L. gluma hull, husk, fr. glubere to bark or peel: cf. F. glume or gloume.] (Bot.) The bracteal covering of the flowers or seeds of grain and grasses; esp., an outer husk or bract of a spikelet. Gray.

{ Glu*mel”la (?), Glu”melle (?), } n. [F. glumelle, dim. of glume.] (Bot.) One of the palets or inner chaffy scales of the flowers or spikelets of grasses.

Glum”ly (?), adv. In a glum manner; sullenly; moodily.

Glum”my (?), a. [See Gloom.] Dark; gloomy; dismal. [Obs.]

Glum”ness, n. Moodiness; sullenness.

Glump (glŭmp), v. i. [See Glum.] To manifest sullenness; to sulk. [Colloq.]

Glump”y (glŭmp”&ybreve;), a. Glum; sullen; sulky. [Colloq.] “He was glumpy enough.” T. Hook.

Glunch (glŭnch), a. [Cf. Glump.] Frowning; sulky; sullen. Sir W. Scott. — n. A sullen, angry look; a look of disdain or dislike. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Glut (glŭt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glutting.] [OE. glotten, fr. OF. glotir, gloutir, L. glutire, gluttire; cf. Gr. &?; to eat, Skr. gar. Cf. Gluttion, Englut.] 1. To swallow, or to swallow greedlly; to gorge.

Though every drop of water swear against it,
And gape at widest to glut him.

Shak.

2. To fill to satiety; to satisfy fully the desire or craving of; to satiate; to sate; to cloy.

His faithful heart, a bloody sacrifice,
Torn from his breast, to glut the tyrant’s eyes.

Dryden.

The realms of nature and of art were ransacked to glut the wonder, lust, and ferocity of a degraded populace.

C. Kingsley.

To glut the market, to furnish an oversupply of any article of trade, so that there is no sale for it.

Glut, v. i. To eat gluttonously or to satiety.

Like three horses that have broken fence,
And glutted all night long breast-deep in corn.

Tennyson.

Glut, n. 1. That which is swallowed. Milton

2. Plenty, to satiety or repletion; a full supply; hence, often, a supply beyond sufficiency or to loathing; over abundance; as, a glut of the market.

A glut of those talents which raise men to eminence.

Macaulay.

3. Something that fills up an opening; a clog.

4. (a) A wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. [Prov. Eng.] (b) (Mining) A piece of wood used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing. Raymond. (c) (Bricklaying) A bat, or small piece of brick, used to fill out a course. Knight. (d) (Arch.) An arched opening to the ashpit of a kiln. (e) A block used for a fulcrum.

5. (Zoöl.) The broad-nosed eel (Anguilla latirostris), found in Europe, Asia, the West Indies, etc.

Glu`ta*con”ic (?), a. [Glutaric + aconitic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, an acid intermediate between glutaric and aconitic acids.

||Glu*tæ“us (?), n. [NL. See Gluteal.] (Anat.) The great muscle of the buttock in man and most mammals, and the corresponding muscle in many lower animals.

&fist; In man, the glutæus is composed of three distinct parts, which extend and abduct the thigh, and help support the body in standing.

Glu*tam”ic (?), a. [Gluten + -amic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to gluten.

Glutamic acid, a nitrogenous organic acid obtained from certain albuminoids, as gluten; — called also amido-glutaric acid.

Glu*tar”ic (?), a. [Glutamic + tartaric.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid so called; as, glutaric ethers.

Glutaric acid, an organic acid obtained as a white crystalline substance, isomeric with pyrotartaric acid; — called also normal pyrotartaric acid.

Glu”ta*zine (?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, forming a heavy, sandy powder, white or nearly so. It is a derivative of pyridine.

Glu”te*al (?), a. [G. &?; rump, pl., the buttocks.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the glutæus.

Glu”ten (?), n. [L., glue: cf. F. gluten. See Glue.] (Chem.) The viscid, tenacious substance which gives adhesiveness to dough.

&fist; Gluten is a complex and variable mixture of glutin or gliadin, vegetable fibrin, vegetable casein, oily material, etc., and is a very nutritious element of food. It may be separated from the flour of grain by subjecting this to a current of water, the starch and other soluble matters being thus washed out.

Gluten bread, bread containing a large proportion of gluten; — used in cases of diabetes. — Gluten casein (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the seeds of grasses, and extracted as a dark, amorphous, earthy mass. — Gluten fibrin (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the cereal grains, and extracted as an amorphous, brownish yellow substance.

||Glu*te”us (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Glutæus.

Glu”tin (?), n. [See Gluten.] (Chem.)

1. Same as Gliadin.

2. Sometimes synonymous with Gelatin. [R.]

Glu”ti*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glutinating.] [L. glutinatus, p. p. of glutinare to glue, fr. gluten glue.] To unite with glue; to cement; to stick together. Bailey.

Glu`ti*na”tion (?), n. [L. glutinatio: cf. F. glutination.] The act of uniting with glue; sticking together.

Glu”ti*na*tive (?), a. [L. glutinativus: cf. F. glutinatif.] Having the quality of cementing; tenacious; viscous; glutinous.

Glu`ti*nos”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. glutinosité .] The quality of being glutinous; viscousness. [R.]

Glu”ti*nous (?), a. [L. glutinosus, fr. gluten glue: cf. F. glutineux. See Gluten.]

1. Of the nature of glue; resembling glue; viscous; viscid; adhesive; gluey.

2. (Bot.) Havig a moist and adhesive or sticky surface, as a leaf or gland.

Glu”ti*nous*ness (?), n. The quality of being glutinous.

Glut”ton (?), n. [OE. glotoun, glotun, F. glouton, fr. L. gluto, glutto. See Glut.]

1. One who eats voraciously, or to excess; a gormandizer.

2. Fig.: One who gluts himself.

Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy.

Granville.

3. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal (Gulo luscus), of the family Mustelidæ, about the size of a large badger. It was formerly believed to be inordinately voracious, whence the name; the wolverene. It is a native of the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia.

Glutton bird (Zoöl.), the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea); — called also Mother Carey’s goose, and mollymawk.

Glut”ton (?), a. Gluttonous; greedy; gormandizing. “Glutton souls.” Dryden.

A glutton monastery in former ages makes a hungry ministry in our days.

Fuller.

Glut”ton, v. t. & i. To glut; to eat voraciously. [Obs.]

Gluttoned at last, return at home to pine.

Lovelace.

Whereon in Egypt gluttoning they fed.

Drayton.

Glut”ton*ish, a. Gluttonous; greedy. Sir P. Sidney.

Glut”ton*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gluttonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gluttonizing (?).] To eat to excess; to eat voraciously; to gormandize. Hallywell.

Glut”ton*ous (?), a. Given to gluttony; eating to excess; indulging the appetite; voracious; as, a gluttonous age. — Glut”ton*ous*ly, adv. — Glut”ton*ous*ness, n.

Glut”ton*y (?), n.; pl. Gluttonies (#). [OE. glotonie, OF. glotonie, gloutonnie.] Excess in eating; extravagant indulgence of the appetite for food; voracity.

Their sumptuous gluttonies, and gorgeous feasts.

Milton.

Glyc”er*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of glyceric acid.

Gly*cer”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycerin.

Glyceric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycerin, as a thick liquid. It is a hydroxyl derivative of propionic acid, and has both acid and alcoholic properties.

Glyc”er*ide (?), n. [See Glycerin.] (Chem.) A compound ether (formed from glycerin). Some glycerides exist ready formed as natural fats, others are produced artificially.

Glyc”er*in, Glyc”er*ine (&?;), n. [F. glycérine, fr. Gr. glykero`s, glyky`s, sweet. Cf. Glucose, Licorice.] (Chem.) An oily, viscous liquid, C_3H_5(OH)3, colorless and odorless, and with a hot, sweetish taste, existing in the natural fats and oils as the base, combined with various acids, as oleic, margaric, stearic, and palmitic. It is a triatomic alcohol, and hence is also called glycerol. See Note under Gelatin.

&fist; It is obtained from fats by saponification, or, on a large scale, by the action of superheated steam. It is used as an ointment, as a solvent and vehicle for medicines, and as an adulterant in wine, beer, etc.

Glyc”er*ite (?), n. (Med.) A medicinal preparation made by mixing or dissolving a substance in glycerin.

Glyc”er*ol (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Glycerin.

Glyc”er*ole (?), n. [F. glycérolé.] (Med.) Same as Glycerite.

Glyc”er*yl (?), n. [Glycerin + -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C_3H_5, regarded as the essential radical of glycerin. It is metameric with allyl. Called also propenyl.

Glyc”ide (?), n. [Glyceric + anhydride.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, obtained from certain derivatives of glycerin, and regarded as a partially dehydrated glycerin; — called also glycidic alcohol.

Gly*cid”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycide; as, glycidic acid.

Gly”cin (?), n. [Gr. glyky`s sweet.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Glycocoll.

Gly`co*cho”late (?), n. [Glycocoll + cholic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A salt of glycocholic acid; as, sodium glycocholate.

Gly`co*chol”ic (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or composed of, glycocoll and cholic acid.

Glycocholic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a conjugate acid, composed of glycocoll and cholic acid, present in bile in the form of a sodium salt. The acid commonly forms a resinous mass, but can be crystallized in long, white needles.

Gly”co*cin (?), n. [Glycocoll + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Glycocoll.

Gly”co*coll (?), n. [Gr. glyky`s sweet + ko`lla glue.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, with a sweet taste, formed from hippuric acid by boiling with hydrochloric acid, and present in bile united with cholic acid. It is also formed from gelatin by decomposition with acids. Chemically, it is amido-acetic acid. Called also glycin, and glycocin.

Gly”co*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; sweet + -gen: cf. F. glycogène.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, amorphous, tasteless substance resembling starch, soluble in water to an opalescent fluid. It is found abundantly in the liver of most animals, and in small quantity in other organs and tissues, particularly in the embryo. It is quickly changed into sugar when boiled with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, and also by the action of amylolytic ferments.

Gly`co*gen”ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or caused by, glycogen; as, the glycogenic function of the liver.

{ Gly*cog”e*ny (?), Gly`co*gen”e*sis (?), } n. (Physiol.) The production or formation of sugar from gycogen, as in the liver.

Gly”col (?), n. [Glycerin + - ol. See Glycerin.] (Chem.) (a) A thick, colorless liquid, C_2H_4(OH)2, of a sweetish taste, produced artificially from certain ethylene compounds. It is a diacid alcohol, intermediate between ordinary ethyl alcohol and glycerin. (b) Any one of the large class of diacid alcohols, of which glycol proper is the type.

Gly*col”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycol; as, glycolic ether; glycolic acid.

Glycolic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, found naturally in unripe grapes and in the leaves of the wild grape (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), and produced artificially in many ways, as by the oxidation of glycol, — whence its name. It is a sirupy, or white crystalline, substance, HO.CH_2.CO_2H, has the properties both of an alcohol and an acid, and is a type of the hydroxy acids; — called also hydroxyacetic acid.

Gly”co*lide (?), n. [Glycol + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white amorphous powder, C_4H_4O, obtained by heating and dehydrating glycolic acid. [Written also glycollide.]

Gly`co*lu”ric (?), a. [Glycol + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, glycol and urea; as, glycoluric acid, which is called also hydantoic acid.

Gly`co*lu”ril (?), n. [Glycolyl + uric.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, obtained by the reduction of allantoïn.

Gly”co*lyl (?), n. [Glycolic + -yl.] (Chem.) A divalent, compound radical, CO.CH_2, regarded as the essential radical of glycolic acid, and a large series of related compounds.

Gly*co”ni*an (?), a. & n. Glyconic.

Gly*con”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; a kind of verse, so called from its inventor, Glycon.] (Pros.) Consisting of a spondee, a choriamb, and a pyrrhic; — applied to a kind of verse in Greek and Latin poetry. — n. (Pros.) A glyconic verse.

Gly”co*nin (?), n. An emulsion of glycerin and the yolk of eggs, used as an ointment, as a vehicle for medicines, etc.

Gly”co*sine (?), n. (Chem.) An organic base, C_6H_6N_4, produced artificially as a white, crystalline powder, by the action of ammonia on glyoxal.

||Gly`co*su”ri*a (?), n. (Med.) Same as Glucosuria.

||Glyc`yr*rhi”za (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; sweet + &?; root. Cf. Licorice.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous herbaceous plants, one species of which (G. glabra), is the licorice plant, the roots of which have a bittersweet mucilaginous taste.

2. (Med.) The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root), used as a demulcent, etc.

Glyc`yr*rhi*zim”ic (?), a. (Chem.) From, or pertaining to, glycyrrhizin; as, glycyrrhizimic acid.

Gly*cyr”rhi*zin (?), n. [Cf. F. glycyrrhizine. See Glycyrrhiza.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza), in monesia bark (Chrysophyllum), in the root of the walnut, etc., and extracted as a yellow, amorphous powder, of a bittersweet taste.

{ Glyn, Glynne } (?), n. A glen. See Glen. [Obs. singly, but occurring often in locative names in Ireland, as Glen does in Scotland.]

He could not beat out the Irish, yet he did shut them up within those narrow corners and glyns under the mountain’s foot.

Spenser.

Gly*ox”al (?), n. [Glycol + oxalic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A white, amorphous, deliquescent powder, (CO.H)2, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycol. It is a double aldehyde, between glycol and oxalic acid.

Gly`ox*al”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an aldehyde acid, intermediate between glycol and oxalic acid. [Written also glyoxylic.]

Gly*ox”a*line (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline, organic base, C_3H_4N_2, produced by the action of ammonia on glyoxal, and forming the origin of a large class of derivatives hence, any one of the series of which glyoxaline is a type; — called also oxaline.

Gly*ox”ime (?), n. [Glyoxal + oxime.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, produced by the action of hydroxylamine on glyoxal, and belonging to the class of oximes; also, any one of a group of substances resembling glyoxime proper, and of which it is a type. See Oxime.

Glyph (gl&ibreve;f), n. [Gr. glyfh` carving, fr. gly`fein to carve: cf. F. glyphe. Cf. Cleave to split.] (Arch.) A sunken channel or groove, usually vertical. See Triglyph.

Glyph”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; of or for carving.] (Fine Arts) Of or pertaining to sculpture or carving of any sort, esp. to glyphs.

Glyph”o*graph (?), n. A plate made by glyphography, or an impression taken from such a plate.

Glyph`o*graph”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to glyphography.

Gly*phog”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; to engrave + -graphy.] A process similar to etching, in which, by means of voltaic electricity, a raised copy of a drawing is made, so that it can be used to print from.

Glyp”tic (?), a. [See Glyph.]

1. Of or pertaining to gem engraving.

2. (Min.) Figured; marked as with figures.

Glyp”tics (?), n. [Cf. F. glyptique. See Glyph.] The art of engraving on precious stones.

Glyp”to*don (?), n. [Gr. &?; carved, engraved + &?;, &?;, tooth. See Glyph.] (Paleon.) An extinct South American quaternary mammal, allied to the armadillos. It was as large as an ox, was covered with tessellated scales, and had fluted teeth. Owen.

Glyp”to*dont (?), n. (Paleon.) One of a family (Glyptodontidæ) of extinct South American edentates, of which Glyptodon is the type. About twenty species are known.

Glyp`to*graph”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. glyptographique.] Relating to glyptography, or the art of engraving on precious stones. [R.]

Glyp*tog”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; carved + -graphy: cf. F. glyptographie.] The art or process of engraving on precious stones. [R.]

||Glyp`to*the”ca (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; carved + &?; case, box.] A building or room devoted to works of sculpture.

Glys”ter (?), n. (Med.) Same as Clyster.

Gmel”in*ite (?), n. [Named after the German chemist Gmelin.] (Min.) A rhombohedral zeolitic mineral, related in form and composition to chabazite.

||Gna*pha”li*um (?), n. [Nl., from Gr. &?; wool of the teasel.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants with white or colored dry and persistent involucres; a kind of everlasting.

Gnar (?), n. [OE. knarre, gnarre, akin to OD. knor, G. knorren. Cf. Knar, Knur, Gnarl.] A knot or gnarl in wood; hence, a tough, thickset man; — written also gnarr. [Archaic]

He was . . . a thick gnarre.

Chaucer.

Gnar (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarring.] [See Gnarl.] To gnarl; to snarl; to growl; — written also gnarr. [Archaic]

At them he gan to rear his bristles strong,
And felly gnarre.

Spenser.

A thousand wants
Gnarr at the heels of men.

Tennison.

Gnarl (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarling.] [From older gnar, prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knarren, knurren. D. knorren, Sw. knorra, Dan. knurre.] To growl; to snarl.

And wolves are gnarling who shall gnaw thee first.

Shak.

Gnarl, n. [See Gnar, n.] a knot in wood; a large or hard knot, or a protuberance with twisted grain, on a tree.

Gnarled (?), a. Knotty; full of knots or gnarls; twisted; crossgrained.

The unwedgeable and gnarléd oak.

Shak.

Gnarl”y (?), a. Full of knots; knotty; twisted; crossgrained.

Gnash (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnashed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnashing.] [OE. gnasten, gnaisten, cf. Icel. gnastan a gnashing, gn&?;sta to gnash, Dan. knaske, Sw. gnissla, D. knarsen, G. knirschen.] To strike together, as in anger or pain; as, to gnash the teeth.

Gnash, v. i. To grind or strike the teeth together.

There they him laid,
Gnashing for anguish, and despite, and shame.

Milton.

Gnash”ing*ly, adv. With gnashing.

Gnat (?), n. [AS. gnæt.] 1. (Zoöl.) A blood-sucking dipterous fly, of the genus Culex, undergoing a metamorphosis in water. The females have a proboscis armed with needlelike organs for penetrating the skin of animals. These are wanting in the males. In America they are generally called mosquitoes. See Mosquito.

2. Any fly resembling a Culex in form or habits; esp., in America, a small biting fly of the genus Simulium and allies, as the buffalo gnat, the black fly, etc.

Gnat catcher (Zoöl.), one of several species of small American singing birds, of the genus Polioptila, allied to the kinglets. — Gnat flower, the bee flower. — Gnat hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; — called also gnat owl. — Gnat snapper (Zoöl.), a bird that catches gnats. — Gnat strainer, a person ostentatiously punctilious about trifles. Cf. Matt. xxiii. 24.

Gnath”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; the jaw.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the jaw.

Gnathic index, in a skull, the ratio of the distance from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the basion (taken equal to 100), to the distance from the basion to the middle of the front edge of the upper jaw; — called also alveolar index.

Skulls with the gnathic index below 98 are orthognathous, from 98 to 103 mesognathous, and above 103 are prognathous.

Flower.

||Gna*thid”i*um (?), n.; pl. Gnathidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. gna`qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) The ramus of the lower jaw of a bird as far as it is naked; — commonly used in the plural.

Gnath”ite (?), n. [Gr. gna`qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the mouth appendages of the Arthropoda. They are known as mandibles, maxillæ, and maxillipeds.

{ Gna*thon”ic (?), Gna*thon”ic*al (?), } a. [L. Gnatho, name of a parasite in the “Eunuchus” of Terence, Gr. &?;; hence, a parasite in general.] Flattering; deceitful. [Obs.]

Gnath”o*pod (?), n. [Gr. gna`qos the jaw + -pod.] (Zoöl.) A gnathopodite or maxilliped. See Maxilliped.

Gna*thop”o*dite (?), n. (Zoöl,) Any leglike appendage of a crustacean, when modified wholly, or in part, to serve as a jaw, esp. one of the maxillipeds.

Gna*thos”te*gite (?), n. [Gr. gna`qos the jaw + &?; a roof.] (Zoöl.) One of a pair of broad plates, developed from the outer maxillipeds of crabs, and forming a cover for the other mouth organs.

||Gna*thos”to*ma (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. gna`qos the jaw + &?;, &?;, the mouth.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of vertebrates, including all that have distinct jaws, in contrast with the leptocardians and marsipobranchs (Cyclostoma), which lack them. [Written also Gnathostomata.]

||Gnath`o*the”ca (?), n.; pl. GnathothecÆ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. gna`qos the jaw + &?; a box.] (Zoöl.) The horney covering of the lower mandible of a bird.

Gnat”ling (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small gnat.

Gnat”worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a gnat; — called also, colloquially, wiggler.

Gnaw (n&add;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnawed (n&add;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnawing.] [OE. gnawen, AS. gnagan; akin to D. knagen, OHG. gnagan, nagan, G. nagen, Icel. & Sw. gnaga, Dan. gnave, nage. Cf. Nag to tease.] 1. To bite, as something hard or tough, which is not readily separated or crushed; to bite off little by little, with effort; to wear or eat away by scraping or continuous biting with the teeth; to nibble at.

His bones clean picked; his very bones they gnaw.

Dryden.

2. To bite in agony or rage.

They gnawed their tongues for pain.

Rev. xvi. 10.

3. To corrode; to fret away; to waste.

Gnaw, v. i. To use the teeth in biting; to bite with repeated effort, as in eating or removing with the teethsomething hard, unwiedly, or unmanageable.

I might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the chain that ties me.

Sir P. Sidney.

Gnaw”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, gnaws.

2. (Zoöl.) A rodent.

Gneiss (nīs), n. [G.] (Geol.) A crystalline rock, consisting, like granite, of quartz, feldspar, and mica, but having these materials, especially the mica, arranged in planes, so that it breaks rather easily into coarse slabs or flags. Hornblende sometimes takes the place of the mica, and it is then called hornblendic or syenitic gneiss. Similar varieties of related rocks are also called gneiss.

Gneis”sic (nīs”s&ibreve;k), a. Relating to, or resembling, gneiss; consisting of gneiss.

Gneis”soid (-soid), a. [Gneiss + -oid.] Resembling gneiss; having some of the characteristics of gneiss; — applied to rocks of an intermediate character between granite and gneiss, or mica slate and gneiss.

Gneis”sose` (?), a. Having the structure of gneiss.

Gnew (nū), obs. imp. of Gnaw. Chaucer.

Gnide (nīd), v. t. [AS. gnīdan.] To rub; to bruise; to break in pieces. [Obs.]

&fist; This word is found in Tyrwhitt’s Chaucer, but improperly. The woed, though common in Old English, does not occur in Chaucer. T. R. Lounsbury.

Gnof (n&obreve;f), n. Churl; curmudgeon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gnome (?), n. [F. gnome, prob. fr. Gr. gnw`mon one that knows, a guardian, i. e., of the treasures in the inner parts of the earth, or fr. &?; intelligence, both fr. gnw^nai, gignw^skein, to know. See Know.] 1. An imaginary being, supposed by the Rosicrucians to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, etc.

2. A dwarf; a goblin; a person of small stature or misshapen features, or of strange appearance.

3. (Zoöl.) A small owl (Glaucidium gnoma) of the Western United States.

4. [Gr. &?;.] A brief reflection or maxim. Peacham.

{ Gnom”ic (?), Gnom”ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;: cf. F. gnomique. See Gnome maxim.] Sententious; uttering or containing maxims, or striking detached thoughts; aphoristic.

A city long famous as the seat of elegiac and gnomic poetry.

G. R. Lewes.

Gnomic Poets, Greek poets, as Theognis and Solon, of the sixth century B. C., whose writings consist of short sententious precepts and reflections.

Gnom”ic*al, a. [See Gnomon.] Gnomonical. Boyle.

Gnom”ic*al*ly, adv. In a gnomic, didactic, or sententious manner.

{ Gno`mo*log”ic (?), Gno`mo*log”ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a gnomology.

Gno*mol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; judgment, maxim + &?; discourse: cf. F. gnomologie.] A collection of, or a treatise on, maxims, grave sentences, or reflections. [Obs.] Milton.

Gno”mon (?), n. [L. gnomon, Gr. &?; one that knows, the index of a sundial. See Gnome.]

1. (Dialing) The style or pin, which by its shadow, shows the hour of the day. It is usually set parallel to the earth’s axis.

2. (Astron.) A style or column erected perpendicularly to the horizon, formerly used in astronomocal observations. Its principal use was to find the altitude of the sun by measuring the length of its shadow.

3. (Geom.) The space included between the boundary lines of two similar parallelograms, the one within the other, with an angle in common; as, the gnomon bcdefg of the parallelograms ac and af. The parallelogram bf is the complement of the parallelogram df.

4. The index of the hour circle of a globe.

{ Gno*mon”ic (?), Gno*mon”ic*al (?), } a. [L. gnomonicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. gnomonique. See Gnomon.] Of or pertaining to the gnomon, or the art of dialing.

Gnomonic projection, a projection of the circles of the sphere, in which the point of sight is taken at the center of the sphere, and the principal plane is tangent to the surface of the sphere. “The gnomonic projection derives its name from the connection between the methods of describing it and those for the construction of a gnomon or dial.” Cyc. of Arts & Sciences.

Gno*mon”ic*al*ly (?), adv. According to the principles of the gnomonic projection.

Gno*mon”ics (?), n. [See Gnomonic.] The art or science of dialing, or of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by the shadow of a gnomon.

Gno”mon*ist (?), n. One skilled in gnomonics. Boyle.

Gno`mon*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Gnomon + -logy. Cf. Gnomonology.] A treatise on gnomonics.

Gnos”co*pine (?), n. [Gr. gignw`skein to know + E. opium?] (Chem.) An alkaloid existing in small quantities in opium.

||Gno”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gnw^sis.] (Metaph.) The deeper wisdom; knowledge of spiritual truth, such as was claimed by the Gnostics.

Gnos”tic (?), a. 1. Knowing; wise; shrewd. [Old Slang]

I said you were a gnostic fellow.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Gnosticism or its adherents; as, the Gnostic heresy.

Gnos”tic, n. [L. gnosticus, Gr. &?; good at knowing, sagacious; as a n., man that claims to have a deeper wisdom, fr. gignw`skein to know: cf. F. gnostique. See Know.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the so-called philosophers in the first ages of Christianity, who claimed a true philosophical interpretation of the Christian religion. Their system combined Oriental theology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. They held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and material, are derived from the Deity by successive emanations, which they called Eons.

Gnos”ti*cism (?), n. The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics.

Gnow (?), obs. imp. of Gnaw. Gnawed. Chaucer.

Gnu (?), n. [Hottentot gnu, or nju: cf. F. gnou.] (Zoöl.) One of two species of large South African antelopes of the genus Catoblephas, having a mane and bushy tail, and curved horns in both sexes. [Written also gnoo.]

&fist; The common gnu or wildebeest (Catoblephas gnu) is plain brown; the brindled gnu or blue wildebeest (C. gorgon) is larger, with transverse stripes of black on the neck and shoulders.

Go (gō), obs. p. p. of Go. Gone. Chaucer.

Go, v. i. [imp. Went (w&ebreve;nt); p. p. Gone (g&obreve;n; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Going. Went comes from the AS, wendan. See Wend, v. i.] [OE. gan, gon, AS. gān, akin to D. gaan, G. gehn, gehen, OHG. gēn, gān, SW. gå, Dan. gaae; cf. Gr. kicha`nai to reach, overtake, Skr. hā to go, AS. gangan, and E. gang. The past tense in AS., eode, is from the root i to go, as is also Goth. iddja went. √47a. Cf. Gang, v. i., Wend.] 1. To pass from one place to another; to be in motion; to be in a state not motionless or at rest; to proceed; to advance; to make progress; — used, in various applications, of the movement of both animate and inanimate beings, by whatever means, and also of the movements of the mind; also figuratively applied.

2. To move upon the feet, or step by step; to walk; also, to walk step by step, or leisurely.

&fist; In old writers go is much used as opposed to run, or ride. “Whereso I go or ride.” Chaucer.

You know that love
Will creep in service where it can not go.

Shak.

Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long that going will scarce serve the turn.

Shak.

He fell from running to going, and from going to clambering upon his hands and his knees.

Bunyan.

&fist; In Chaucer go is used frequently with the pronoun in the objective used reflexively; as, he goeth him home.

3. To be passed on fron one to another; to pass; to circulate; hence, with for, to have currency; to be taken, accepted, or regarded.

The man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul.

1 Sa. xvii. 12.

[The money] should go according to its true value.

Locke.

4. To proceed or happen in a given manner; to fare; to move on or be carried on; to have course; to come to an issue or result; to succeed; to turn out.

How goes the night, boy ?

Shak.

I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man enough.

Arbuthnot.

Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay me the reward.

I Watts.

5. To proceed or tend toward a result, consequence, or product; to tend; to conduce; to be an ingredient; to avail; to apply; to contribute; — often with the infinitive; as, this goes to show.

Against right reason all your counsels go.

Dryden.

To master the foul flend there goeth some complement knowledge of theology.

Sir W. Scott.

6. To apply one’s self; to set one’s self; to undertake.

Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute orator, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood.

Sir P. Sidney.

&fist; Go, in this sense, is often used in the present participle with the auxiliary verb to be, before an infinitive, to express a future of intention, or to denote design; as, I was going to say; I am going to begin harvest.

7. To proceed by a mental operation; to pass in mind or by an act of the memory or imagination; — generally with over or through.

By going over all these particulars, you may receive some tolerable satisfaction about this great subject.

South.

8. To be with young; to be pregnant; to gestate.

The fruit she goes with,
I pray for heartily, that it may find
Good time, and live.

Shak.

9. To move from the person speaking, or from the point whence the action is contemplated; to pass away; to leave; to depart; — in opposition to stay and come.

I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the Lord your God; . . . only ye shall not go very far away.

Ex. viii. 28.

10. To pass away; to depart forever; to be lost or ruined; to perish; to decline; to decease; to die.

By Saint George, he’s gone!
That spear wound hath our master sped.

Sir W. Scott.

11. To reach; to extend; to lead; as, a line goes across the street; his land goes to the river; this road goes to New York.

His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow.

Dryden.

12. To have recourse; to resort; as, to go to law.

&fist; Go is used, in combination with many prepositions and adverbs, to denote motion of the kind indicated by the preposition or adverb, in which, and not in the verb, lies the principal force of the expression; as, to go against to go into, to go out, to go aside, to go astray, etc.

Go to, come; move; go away; — a phrase of exclamation, serious or ironical. — To go a- begging, not to be in demand; to be undesired. — To go about. (a) To set about; to enter upon a scheme of action; to undertake. “They went about to slay him.” Acts ix. 29.

They never go about . . . to hide or palliate their vices.

Swift.

(b) (Naut.) To tack; to turn the head of a ship; to wear. — To go abraod. (a) To go to a foreign country. (b) To go out of doors. (c) To become public; to be published or disclosed; to be current.

Then went this saying abroad among the brethren.

John xxi. 23.

— To go against. (a) To march against; to attack. (b) To be in opposition to; to be disagreeable to. — To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on; to make progress; to proceed. — To go and come. See To come and go, under Come. — To go aside. (a) To withdraw; to retire.

He . . . went aside privately into a desert place.

Luke. ix. 10.

(b) To go from what is right; to err. Num. v. 29.— To go back on. (a) To retrace (one’s path or footsteps). (b) To abandon; to turn against; to betray. [Slang, U. S.] — To go below (Naut), to go below deck. — To go between, to interpose or mediate between; to be a secret agent between parties; in a bad sense, to pander. — To go beyond. See under Beyond. — To go by, to pass away unnoticed; to omit. — To go by the board (Naut.), to fall or be carried overboard; as, the mast went by the board. — To go down. (a) To descend. (b) To go below the horizon; as, the sun has gone down. (c) To sink; to founder; — said of ships, etc. (d) To be swallowed; — used literally or figuratively. [Colloq.]

Nothing so ridiculous, . . . but it goes down whole with him for truth.

L’ Estrange.

— To go far. (a) To go to a distance. (b) To have much weight or influence. — To go for. (a) To go in quest of. (b) To represent; to pass for. (c) To favor; to advocate. (d) To attack; to assault. [Low] (e) To sell for; to be parted with for (a price). — To go for nothing, to be parted with for no compensation or result; to have no value, efficacy, or influence; to count for nothing. — To go forth. (a) To depart from a place. (b) To be divulged or made generally known; to emanate.

The law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.

Micah iv. 2.

— To go hard with, to trouble, pain, or endanger. — To go in, to engage in; to take part. [Colloq.] — To go in and out, to do the business of life; to live; to have free access. John x. 9. — To go in for. [Colloq.] (a) To go for; to favor or advocate (a candidate, a measure, etc.). (b) To seek to acquire or attain to (wealth, honor, preferment, etc.) (c) To complete for (a reward, election, etc.). (d) To make the object of one’s labors, studies, etc.

He was as ready to go in for statistics as for anything else.

Dickens.

— To go in to or unto. (a) To enter the presence of. Esther iv. 16. (b) To have sexual intercourse with. [Script.] — To go into. (a) To speak of, investigate, or discuss (a question, subject, etc.). (b) To participate in (a war, a business, etc.). — To go large. (Naut) See under Large. — To go off. (a) To go away; to depart.

The leaders . . . will not go off until they hear you.

Shak.

(b) To cease; to intermit; as, this sickness went off. (c) To die. Shak. (d) To explode or be discharged; — said of gunpowder, of a gun, a mine, etc. (e) To find a purchaser; to be sold or disposed of. (f) To pass off; to take place; to be accomplished.

The wedding went off much as such affairs do.

Mrs. Caskell.

— To go on. (a) To proceed; to advance further; to continue; as, to go on reading. (b) To be put or drawn on; to fit over; as, the coat will not go on. — To go all fours, to correspond exactly, point for point.

It is not easy to make a simile go on all fours.

Macaulay.

— To go out. (a) To issue forth from a place. (b) To go abroad; to make an excursion or expedition.

There are other men fitter to go out than I.

Shak.

What went ye out for to see ?

Matt. xi. 7, 8, 9.

(c) To become diffused, divulged, or spread abroad, as news, fame etc. (d) To expire; to die; to cease; to come to an end; as, the light has gone out.

Life itself goes out at thy displeasure.

Addison.

— To go over. (a) To traverse; to cross, as a river, boundary, etc.; to change sides.

I must not go over Jordan.

Deut. iv. 22.

Let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan.

Deut. iii. 25.

Ishmael . . . departed to go over to the Ammonites.

Jer. xli. 10.

(b) To read, or study; to examine; to review; as, to go over one’s accounts.

If we go over the laws of Christianity, we shall find that . . . they enjoin the same thing.

Tillotson.

(c) To transcend; to surpass. (d) To be postponed; as, the bill went over for the session. (e) (Chem.) To be converted (into a specified substance or material); as, monoclinic sulphur goes over into orthorhombic, by standing; sucrose goes over into dextrose and levulose. — To go through. (a) To accomplish; as, to go through a work. (b) To suffer; to endure to the end; as, to go through a surgical operation or a tedious illness. (c) To spend completely; to exhaust, as a fortune. (d) To strip or despoil (one) of his property. [Slang] (e) To botch or bungle a business. [Scot.] — To go through with, to perform, as a calculation, to the end; to complete. — To go to ground. (a) To escape into a hole; — said of a hunted fox. (b) To fall in battle. — To go to naught (Colloq.), to prove abortive, or unavailling. — To go under. (a) To set; — said of the sun. (b) To be known or recognized by (a name, title, etc.). (c) To be overwhelmed, submerged, or defeated; to perish; to succumb. — To go up, to come to nothing; to prove abortive; to fail. [Slang] — To go upon, to act upon, as a foundation or hypothesis. — To go with. (a) To accompany. (b) To coincide or agree with. (c) To suit; to harmonize with. — To go (well, ill, or hard) with, to affect (one) in such manner. — To go without, to be, or to remain, destitute of. — To go wrong. (a) To take a wrong road or direction; to wander or stray. (b) To depart from virtue. (c) To happen unfortunately. (d) To miss success. — To let go, to allow to depart; to quit one’s hold; to release.

Go (?), v. t. 1. To take, as a share in an enterprise; to undertake or become responsible for; to bear a part in.

They to go equal shares in the booty.

L’Estrange.

2. To bet or wager; as, I’ll go you a shilling. [Colloq.]

To go halves, to share with another equally. — To go it, to behave in a wild manner; to be uproarious; to carry on; also, to proceed; to make progress. [Colloq.] — To go it alone (Card Playing), to play a hand without the assistance of one’s partner. — To go it blind. (a) To act in a rash, reckless, or headlong manner. [Slang] (b) (Card Playing) To bet without having examined the cards. — To go one’s way, to set forth; to depart.

Go, n. 1. Act; working; operation. [Obs.]

So gracious were the goes of marriage.

Marston.

2. A circumstance or occurrence; an incident. [Slang]

This is a pretty go.

Dickens.

3. The fashion or mode; as, quite the go. [Colloq.]

4. Noisy merriment; as, a high go. [Colloq.]

5. A glass of spirits. [Slang]

6. Power of going or doing; energy; vitality; perseverance; push; as, there is no go in him. [Colloq.]

7. (Cribbage) That condition in the course of the game when a player can not lay down a card which will not carry the aggregate count above thirty-one.

Great go, Little go, the final and the preliminary examinations for a degree. [Slang, Eng. Univ.] — No go, a failure; a fiasco. [Slang] Thackeray. — On the go, moving about; unsettled. [Colloq.]

Go”a (?), n. (Zoöl.) A species of antelope (Procapra picticauda), inhabiting Thibet.

Goad (?), n. [AS. gād; perh. akin to AS. gār a dart, and E. gore. See Gore, v. t.] A pointed instrument used to urge on a beast; hence, any necessity that urges or stimulates.

The daily goad urging him to the daily toil.

Macaulay.

Goad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Goading.] To prick; to drive with a goad; hence, to urge forward, or to rouse by anything pungent, severe, irritating, or inflaming; to stimulate.

That temptation that doth goad us on.

Shak.

Syn. — To urge; stimulate; excite; arouse; irritate; incite; instigate.

Goaf (?); n.; pl. Goafs (#) or Goaves (#). [Cf. lst Gob.] (Mining) That part of a mine from which the mineral has been partially or wholly removed; the waste left in old workings; — called also gob .

To work the goaf or gob, to remove the pillars of mineral matter previously left to support the roof, and replace them with props. Ure.

Goal (?), n. [F. gaule pole, Prov. F. waule, of German origin; cf. Fries. walu staff, stick, rod, Goth. walus, Icel. völr a round stick; prob. akin to E. wale.]

1. The mark set to bound a race, and to or around which the constestants run, or from which they start to return to it again; the place at which a race or a journey is to end.

Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels.

Milton.

2. The final purpose or aim; the end to which a design tends, or which a person aims to reach or attain.

Each individual seeks a several goal.

Pope.

3. A base, station, or bound used in various games; in football, a line between two posts across which the ball must pass in order to score; also, the act of kicking the ball over the line between the goal posts.

Goal keeper, the player charged with the defense of the goal.

Go”a pow”der (?). [So called from Goa, on the Malabar coast, whither it was shipped from Portugal.] A bitter powder (also called araroba) found in the interspaces of the wood of a Brazilian tree (Andira araroba) and used as a medicine. It is the material from which chrysarobin is obtained.

Goar (?), n. Same as lst Gore.

Goar”ish, a. Patched; mean. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Goat (gōt), n. [OE goot, got, gat, AS. gāt; akin to D. geit, OHG. geiz, G. geiss, Icel. geit, Sw. get, Dan. ged, Goth. gaits, L. haedus a young goat, kid.] (Zoöl.) A hollow-horned ruminant of the genus Capra, of several species and varieties, esp. the domestic goat (C. hircus), which is raised for its milk, flesh, and skin.

&fist; The Cashmere and Angora varieties of the goat have long, silky hair, used in the manufacture of textile fabrics. The wild or bezoar goat (Capra ægagrus), of Asia Minor, noted for the bezoar stones found in its stomach, is supposed to be one of the ancestral species of the domestic goat. The Rocky Mountain goat (Haplocercus montanus) is more nearly related to the antelopes. See Mazame.

Goat antelope (Zoöl), one of several species of antelopes, which in some respects resemble a goat, having recurved horns, a stout body, large hoofs, and a short, flat tail, as the goral, thar, mazame, and chikara. — Goat fig (Bot.), the wild fig. — Goat house. (a) A place for keeping goats. (b) A brothel. [Obs.] — Goat moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cossus, esp. the large European species (C. ligniperda), the larva of which burrows in oak and willow trees, and requires three years to mature. It exhales an odor like that of the he-goat. — Goat weed (Bot.), a scrophulariaceous plant, of the genus Capraria (C. biflora). — Goat’s bane (Bot.), a poisonous plant (Aconitum Lucoctonum), bearing pale yellow flowers, introduced from Switzerland into England; wolfsbane. — Goat’s beard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Tragopogon; — so named from the long silky beard of the seeds. One species is the salsify or oyster plant. — Goat’s foot (Bot.), a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis caprina) growing at the Cape of Good Hope. — Goat’s rue (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Galega officinalis of Europe, or Tephrosia Virginiana in the United States). — Goat’s thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Astragalus Tragacanthus), found in the Levant. — Goat’s wheat (Bot.), the genus Tragopyrum (now referred to Atraphaxis).

Goat`ee” (?), n. A part of a man’s beard on the chin or lower lip which is allowed to grow, and trimmed so as to resemble the beard of a goat.

Goat”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Upeneus, inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. It is allied to the surmullet.

Goat”herd` (?), n. One who tends goats. Spenser.

Goat”ish, a. Characteristic of a goat; goatlike.

Give your chaste body up to the embraces
Of goatish lust.

Massinger.

— Goat”ish*ly, adv. — Goat”ish*ness, n.

Goat”like` (?), a. Like a goat; goatish.

Goat”skin` (?), n. The skin of a goat, or leather made from it. — a. Made of the skin of a goat.

Goat”suck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of insectivorous birds, belonging to Caprimulgus and allied genera, esp. the European species (Caprimulgus Europæus); — so called from the mistaken notion that it sucks goats. The European species is also goat-milker, goat owl, goat chaffer, fern owl, night hawk, nightjar, night churr, churr-owl, gnat hawk, and dorhawk.

Goaves (gōvz), n. pl. [See Goaf, n.] (Mining) Old workings. See Goaf. Raymond.

Gob (g&obreve;b), n. [Cf. Goaf.] (Mining) Same as Goaf.

Gob, n. [OF. gob morsel; cf. F. gobe, gobbe, a poisoned morsel, poison ball, gobet a piece swallowed, gober to swallow greedily and without tasting; cf. Gael. & Ir. gob mouth, snout, W. gwp a bird’s head and neck. Cf. Gobble, Job, n.] 1. A little mass or collection; a small quantity; a mouthful. [Low] L’Estrange.

2. The mouth. [Prov. Eng.or Low] Wright.

Gob”bet (?), n. [OE. & F. gobet. See 2d Gob.] A mouthful; a lump; a small piece. Spenser.

[He] had broken the stocks to small gobbets.

Wyclif.

Gob”bet, v. t. To swallow greedily; to swallow in gobbets. [Low] L’Estrange.

Gob”bet*ly, adv. In pieces. [Obs.] Huloet.

Gob”bing (?), n. [See lst Gob.] (Mining) (a) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal. It is called also gob stuff. Brande & C.

(b) The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.

Gob”ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gobbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gobbling (?).] [Freq. of 2d gob.]

1. To swallow or eat greedily or hastily; to gulp.

Supper gobbled up in haste.

Swift.

2. To utter (a sound) like a turkey cock.

He . . . gobbles out a note of self- approbation.

Goldsmith.

To gobble up, to capture in a mass or in masses; to capture suddenly. [Slang]

Gob”ble, v. i. 1. To eat greedily.

2. To make a noise like that of a turkey cock. Prior.

Gob”ble, n. A noise made in the throat.

Ducks and geese . . . set up a discordant gobble.

Mrs. Gore.

Gob”bler (?), n. A turkey cock; a bubbling Jock.

Gob”e*lin (?), a. Pertaining to tapestry produced in the so-called Gobelin works, which have been maintained by the French Government since 1667.

||Gobe`mouche” (?), n. [F.] Literally, a fly swallower; hence, once who keeps his mouth open; a boor; a silly and credulous person.

Gob”et (?), n. See Gobbet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go”-be*tween` (?), n. An intermediate agent; a broker; a procurer; — usually in a disparaging sense. Shak.

Go”bi*oid (?), a. [NL. Gobius + – oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the goby, or the genus Gobius. — n. A gobioid fish.

Gob”let (?), n. [F. gobelet, LL. gobeletus, gobellus; cf. L. cupa tub, cask. See Cupel.] A kind of cup or drinking vessel having a foot or standard, but without a handle.

We love not loaded boards and goblets crowned.

Denham.

Gob”lin (?), n. [OE. gobelin, F. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, fr. Gr. &?; knave, a mischievous goblin; or cf. G. kobold, E. kobold, cobalt, Armor. gobilin an ignis fatuus, goblin.] An evil or mischievous spirit; a playful or malicious elf; a frightful phantom; a gnome.

To whom the goblin, full of wrath, replied.

Milton.

Gob”line` (?), n. (Naut.) One of the ropes or chains serving as stays for the dolphin striker or the bowsprit; — called also gobrope and gaubline.

Gob”lin*ize (?), v. t. To transform into a goblin. [R.] Lowell.

Go”by (?), n.; pl. Gobies (#). [F. gobie, L. gobius, gobio, Gr. &?; Cf. Gudgeon.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small marine fishes of the genus Gobius and allied genera.

Go”-by` (?), n. A passing without notice; intentional neglect; thrusting away; a shifting off; adieu; as, to give a proposal the go-by.

Some songs to which we have given the go- by.

Prof. Wilson.

Go”cart` (?), n. A framework moving on casters, designed to support children while learning to walk.

God (?), a. & n. Good. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God (g&obreve;d), n. [AS. god; akin to OS. & D. god, OHG. got, G. gott, Icel. guð, goð, Sw. & Dan. gud, Goth. gup, prob. orig. a p. p. from a root appearing in Skr. hū, p. p. hūta, to call upon, invoke, implore. √30. Cf. Goodbye, Gospel, Gossip.] 1. A being conceived of as possessing supernatural power, and to be propitiated by sacrifice, worship, etc.; a divinity; a deity; an object of worship; an idol.

He maketh a god, and worshipeth it.

Is. xliv. 15.

The race of Israel . . . bowing lowly down
To bestial gods.

Milton.

2. The Supreme Being; the eternal and infinite Spirit, the Creator, and the Sovereign of the universe; Jehovah.

God is a Spirit; and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth.

John iv. 24.

3. A person or thing deified and honored as the chief good; an object of supreme regard.

Whose god is their belly.

Phil. iii. 19.

4. Figuratively applied to one who wields great or despotic power. [R.] Shak.

Act of God. (Law) See under Act. — Gallery gods, the occupants of the highest and cheapest gallery of a theater. [Colloq.] — God’s acre, God’s field, a burial place; a churchyard. See under Acre. — God’s house. (a) An almshouse. [Obs.] (b) A church. — God’s penny, earnest penny. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. — God’s Sunday, Easter.

God, v. t. To treat as a god; to idolize. [Obs.] Shak.

God”child` (?), n. One for whom a person becomes sponsor at baptism, and whom he promises to see educated as a Christian; a godson or goddaughter. See Godfather.

God”daugh`ter (?), n. [AS. goddohtor.] A female for whom one becomes sponsor at baptism.

God”dess (?), n. 1. A female god; a divinity, or deity, of the female sex.

When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself among a crowd of goddesses, she was distinguished by her graceful stature and superior beauty.

Addison.

2. A woman of superior charms or excellence.

Gode (?), a. & n. Good. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gode”lich (?), a. Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God”fa`ther (?), n. [AS. godfæder. Cf. Gossip.] A man who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism, and makes himself a surety for its Christian training and instruction.

There shall be for every Male-child to be baptized, when they can be had, two Godfathers and one Godmother; and for every Female, one Godfather and two Godmothers; and Parents shall be admitted as Sponsors, if it is desired.

Book of Common Prayer (Prot. Episc. Ch., U. S. ).

God”fa`ther, v. t. To act as godfather to; to take under one’s fostering care. [R.] Burke.

God”-fear`ing (?), a. Having a reverential and loving feeling towards God; religious.

A brave god-fearing man.

Tennyson.

God”head (?), n. [OE. godhed. See -head, and cf. Godhood.] 1. Godship; deity; divinity; divine nature or essence; godhood.

2. The Deity; God; the Supreme Being.

The imperial throne
Of Godhead, fixed for ever.

Milton.

3. A god or goddess; a divinity. [Obs.]

Adoring first the genius of the place,
The nymphs and native godheads yet unknown.

Dryden.

God”hood (?), n. [God + - hood. Cf. Godhead.] Divine nature or essence; deity; godhead.

God”ild (?). A corruption of God yield, i. e., God reward or bless. Shak.

God”less, a. Having, or acknowledging, no God; without reverence for God; impious; wicked. — God”less*ly, adv. — God”less*ness, n.

God”like` (?), a. [God + like. Cf. Godly.] Resembling or befitting a god or God; divine; hence, preeminently good; as, godlike virtue. — God”like`ness, n.

God”li*ly (?), adv. Righteously. H. Wharton.

God”li*ness, n. [From Godly.] Careful observance of, or conformity to, the laws of God; the state or quality of being godly; piety.

Godliness is profitable unto all things.

1 Tim. iv. 8.

God”ling (?), n. A diminutive god. Dryden.

God”ly, a. [God, n. + -ly. Cf. Godlike, Like.] Pious; reverencing God, and his character and laws; obedient to the commands of God from love for, and reverence of, his character; conformed to God’s law; devout; righteous; as, a godly life.

For godly sorrow worketh repentance.

2 Cor. vii. 10.

God”ly (?), adv. Piously; devoutly; righteously.

All that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.

2. Tim. iii. 12.

God”ly*head (?), n. [Cf. Goodlyhead.] Goodness. [Obs.] Spenser.

God”moth`er (?), n. [AS. godm&?;dor.] A woman who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. See Godfather

Go*down” (?), n. [Corruption of Malay gādong warehouse.] A warehouse. [East Indies]

Go*droon” (?), n. [F. godron a round plait, godroon.] (Arch.) An ornament produced by notching or carving a rounded molding.

God”send` (?), n. Something sent by God; an unexpected acquisiton or piece of good fortune.

God”ship, n. [God, n. + - ship.] The rank or character of a god; deity; divinity; a god or goddess.

O’er hills and dales their godships came.

Prior.

God”sib (?), n. A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God”son` (?), n. [AS. godsunu.] A male for whom one has stood sponsor in baptism. See Godfather.

God”speed` (?), n. Success; prosperous journeying; — a contraction of the phrase, “God speed you.” [Written also as two separate words.]

Receive him not into house, neither bid him God speed.

2 John 10.

God”ward (?), adv. Toward God. 2 Cor. iii. 4.

God”wit (?), n. [Prob. from AS. g&?;d good + wiht creature, wight.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of long-billed, wading birds of the genus Limosa, and family Tringidæ. The European black- tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), the American marbled godwit (L. fedoa), the Hudsonian godwit (L. hæmastica), and others, are valued as game birds. Called also godwin.

Go”el (gō”&ebreve;l), a. [Cf. Yellow. √49.] Yellow. [Obs.] Tusser.

||Go`ë`land” (?), n. [F. goëland.] (Zoöl.) A white tropical tern (Cygis candida).

||Go`ë`min” (?), n. [F. goëmon seaweed.] A complex mixture of several substances extracted from Irish moss.

Go”en (?), p. p. of Go. [Obs.]

Go”er (?), n. [From Go.] One who, or that which, goes; a runner or walker; as: (a) A foot. [Obs.] Chapman. (b) A horse, considered in reference to his gait; as, a good goer; a safe goer.

This antechamber has been filled with comers and goers.

Macaulay.

Go”e*ty (?), n. [Gr. &?; witchcraft, from &?; to bewitch, &?; sorcerer: cf. F. goétie.] Invocation of evil spirits; witchcraft. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Goff (?), n. [Cf. F. goffe ill- made, awkward, It. goffo, Sp. gofo, Prov. G. goff a blockhead, Gr. &?; stupid.] A silly clown. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Goff, n. A game. See Golf. [Scot.] Halliwell.

Gof”fer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goffered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Goffering.] [See Gauffer.] To plait, flute, or crimp. See Gauffer. Clarke.

Gog (?), n. [Cf. agog, F. gogue sprightliness, also W. gogi to agitate, shake.] Haste; ardent desire to go. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gog”gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Goggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Goggling (?).] [Cf. Ir. & Gael. gog a nod, slight motion.] To roll the eyes; to stare.

And wink and goggle like an owl.

Hudibras.

Gog”gle, a. Full and rolling, or staring; — said of the eyes.

The long, sallow vissage, the goggle eyes.

Sir W. Scott.

Gog”gle, n. [See Goggle, v. i.]

1. A strained or affected rolling of the eye.

2. pl. (a) A kind of spectacles with short, projecting eye tubes, in the front end of which are fixed plain glasses for protecting the eyes from cold, dust, etc. (b) Colored glasses for relief from intense light. (c) A disk with a small aperture, to direct the sight forward, and cure squinting. (d) Any screen or cover for the eyes, with or without a slit for seeing through.

Gog”gled (?), a. Prominent; staring, as the eye.

Gog”gle-eye` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of two or more species of American fresh-water fishes of the family Centrarchidæ, esp. Chænobryttus antistius, of Lake Michigan and adjacent waters, and Ambloplites rupestris, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; — so called from their prominent eyes. (b) The goggler.

Gog”gle-eyed` (?), a. Having prominent and distorted or rolling eyes. Ascham.

Gog”gler (?), n. (Zoöl.) A carangoid oceanic fish (Trachurops crumenophthalmus), having very large and prominent eyes; — called also goggle- eye, big-eyed scad, and cicharra.

Gog”let (?), n. [Pg. gorgoleta.] See Gurglet.

Go”ing (?), n. 1. The act of moving in any manner; traveling; as, the going is bad.

2. Departure. Milton.

3. Pregnancy; gestation; childbearing. Crew.

4. pl. Course of life; behavior; doings; ways.

His eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings.

Job xxxiv. 21.

Going barrel. (Horology) (a) A barrel containing the mainspring, and having teeth on its periphery to drive the train. (b) A device for maintaining a force to drive the train while the timepiece is being wound up. — Going forth. (Script.) (a) Outlet; way of exit. “Every going forth of the sanctuary.” Ezek. xliv. 5. (b) A limit; a border. “The going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadesh-barnea.” Num. xxxiv. 4. — Going out, or Goings out. (Script.) (a) The utmost extremity or limit. “The border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea.” Num. xxxiv. 12. (b) Departure or journeying. “And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys.” Num. xxxiii. 2. — Goings on, behavior; actions; conduct; — usually in a bad sense.

{ Goi”ter Goi”tre } (?), n. [F. goître, L. guttur throat, cf. tumidum guttur goiter, gutturosus goitered. See Guttural.] (Med.) An enlargement of the thyroid gland, on the anterior part of the neck; bronchocele. It is frequently associated with cretinism, and is most common in mountainous regions, especially in certain parts of Switzerland.

{ Goi”tered, Goi”tred } (?), a. Affected with goiter.

Goi”trous (?), a. [F. goîtreux, L. gutturosus. See Goiter.] Pertaining to the goiter; affected with the goiter; of the nature of goiter or bronchocele.

Let me not be understood as insinuating that the inhabitants in general are either goitrous or idiots.

W. Coxe.

{ Gold (gōld), Golde, Goolde (g&oomac;ld), } n. (Bot.) An old English name of some yellow flower, — the marigold (Calendula), according to Dr. Prior, but in Chaucer perhaps the turnsole.

Gold (gōld), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gulþ, Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. √49, 234. See Yellow, and cf. Gild, v. t.]

1. (Chem.) A metallic element, constituting the most precious metal used as a common commercial medium of exchange. It has a characteristic yellow color, is one of the heaviest substances known (specific gravity 19.32), is soft, and very malleable and ductile. It is quite unalterable by heat, moisture, and most corrosive agents, and therefore well suited for its use in coin and jewelry. Symbol Au (Aurum). Atomic weight 196.7.

&fist; Native gold contains usually eight to ten per cent of silver, but often much more. As the amount of silver increases, the color becomes whiter and the specific gravity lower. Gold is very widely disseminated, as in the sands of many rivers, but in very small quantity. It usually occurs in quartz veins (gold quartz), in slate and metamorphic rocks, or in sand and alluvial soil, resulting from the disintegration of such rocks. It also occurs associated with other metallic substances, as in auriferous pyrites, and is combined with tellurium in the minerals petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, etc. Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use, and is hardened by alloying with silver and copper, the latter giving a characteristic reddish tinge. [See Carat.] Gold also finds use in gold foil, in the pigment purple of Cassius, and in the chloride, which is used as a toning agent in photography.

2. Money; riches; wealth.

For me, the gold of France did not seduce.

Shak.

3. A yellow color, like that of the metal; as, a flower tipped with gold.

4. Figuratively, something precious or pure; as, hearts of gold. Shak.

Age of gold. See Golden age, under Golden. — Dutch gold, Fool’s gold, Gold dust, etc. See under Dutch, Dust, etc. — Gold amalgam, a mineral, found in Columbia and California, composed of gold and mercury. — Gold beater, one whose occupation is to beat gold into gold leaf. — Gold beater’s skin, the prepared outside membrane of the large intestine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal during the process of gold-beating. — Gold beetle (Zoöl.), any small gold-colored beetle of the family Chrysomelidæ; — called also golden beetle. — Gold blocking, printing with gold leaf, as upon a book cover, by means of an engraved block. Knight. — Gold cloth. See Cloth of gold, under Cloth. — Gold Coast, a part of the coast of Guinea, in West Africa. — Gold cradle. (Mining) See Cradle, n., 7. — Gold diggings, the places, or region, where gold is found by digging in sand and gravel from which it is separated by washing. — Gold end, a fragment of broken gold or jewelry. — Gold-end man. (a) A buyer of old gold or jewelry. (b) A goldsmith’s apprentice. (c) An itinerant jeweler. “I know him not: he looks like a gold-end man.” B. Jonson. — Gold fever, a popular mania for gold hunting. — Gold field, a region in which are deposits of gold. — Gold finder. (a) One who finds gold. (b) One who empties privies. [Obs. & Low] Swift. — Gold flower, a composite plant with dry and persistent yellow radiating involucral scales, the Helichrysum Stœchas of Southern Europe. There are many South African species of the same genus. — Gold foil, thin sheets of gold, as used by dentists and others. See Gold leaf. — Gold knobs or knoppes (Bot.), buttercups. — Gold lace, a kind of lace, made of gold thread. — Gold latten, a thin plate of gold or gilded metal. — Gold leaf, gold beaten into a film of extreme thinness, and used for gilding, etc. It is much thinner than gold foil. — Gold lode (Mining), a gold vein. — Gold mine, a place where gold is obtained by mining operations, as distinguished from diggings, where it is extracted by washing. Cf. Gold diggings (above). — Gold nugget, a lump of gold as found in gold mining or digging; — called also a pepito. — Gold paint. See Gold shell. — Gold or Golden, pheasant. (Zoöl.) See under Pheasant. — Gold plate, a general name for vessels, dishes, cups, spoons, etc., made of gold. — Gold of pleasure. [Name perhaps translated from Sp. oro-de-alegria.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Camelina, bearing yellow flowers. C. sativa is sometimes cultivated for the oil of its seeds. — Gold shell. (a) A composition of powdered gold or gold leaf, ground up with gum water and spread on shells, for artists’ use; — called also gold paint. (b) (Zoöl.) A bivalve shell (Anomia glabra) of the Atlantic coast; — called also jingle shell and silver shell. See Anomia. — Gold size, a composition used in applying gold leaf. — Gold solder, a kind of solder, often containing twelve parts of gold, two of silver, and four of copper. — Gold stick, the colonel of a regiment of English lifeguards, who attends his sovereign on state occasions; — so called from the gilt rod presented to him by the sovereign when he receives his commission as colonel of the regiment. [Eng.] — Gold thread. (a) A thread formed by twisting flatted gold over a thread of silk, with a wheel and iron bobbins; spun gold. Ure. (b) (Bot.) A small evergreen plant (Coptis trifolia), so called from its fibrous yellow roots. It is common in marshy places in the United States. — Gold tissue, a tissue fabric interwoven with gold thread. — Gold tooling, the fixing of gold leaf by a hot tool upon book covers, or the ornamental impression so made. — Gold washings, places where gold found in gravel is separated from lighter material by washing. — Gold worm, a glowworm. [Obs.] — Jeweler’s gold, an alloy containing three parts of gold to one of copper. — Mosaic gold. See under Mosaic.

Gold”-beat`en (?), a. Gilded. [Obs.]

Gold”-beat`ing (?), n. The art or process of reducing gold to extremely thin leaves, by beating with a hammer. Ure.

Gold”-bound` (?), a. Encompassed with gold.

Gold”crest` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European golden-crested kinglet (Regulus cristatus, or R. regulus); — called also golden-crested wren, and golden wren. The name is also sometimes applied to the American golden-crested kinglet. See Kinglet.

Gold”cup` (?), n. (Bot.) The cuckoobud.

Gold”en (?), a. [OE. golden; cf. OE. gulden, AS. gylden, from gold. See Gold, and cf. Guilder.]

1. Made of gold; consisting of gold.

2. Having the color of gold; as, the golden grain.

3. Very precious; highly valuable; excellent; eminently auspicious; as, golden opinions.

Golden age. (a) The fabulous age of primeval simplicity and purity of manners in rural employments, followed by the silver, bronze, and iron ages. Dryden. (b) (Roman Literature) The best part (B. C. 81 — A. D. 14) of the classical period of Latinity; the time when Cicero, Cæsar, Virgil, etc., wrote. Hence: (c) That period in the history of a literature, etc., when it flourishes in its greatest purity or attains its greatest glory; as, the Elizabethan age has been considered the golden age of English literature. — Golden balls, three gilt balls used as a sign of a pawnbroker’s office or shop; — originally taken from the coat of arms of Lombardy, the first money lenders in London having been Lombards. — Golden bull. See under Bull, an edict. — Golden chain (Bot.), the shrub Cytisus Laburnum, so named from its long clusters of yellow blossoms. — Golden club (Bot.), an aquatic plant (Orontium aquaticum), bearing a thick spike of minute yellow flowers. — Golden cup (Bot.), the buttercup. — Golden eagle (Zoöl.), a large and powerful eagle (Aquila Chrysaëtos) inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. It is so called from the brownish yellow tips of the feathers on the head and neck. A dark variety is called the royal eagle; the young in the second year is the ring-tailed eagle. — Golden fleece. (a) (Mythol.) The fleece of gold fabled to have been taken from the ram that bore Phryxus through the air to Colchis, and in quest of which Jason undertook the Argonautic expedition. (b) (Her.) An order of knighthood instituted in 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy; – - called also Toison d’Or. — Golden grease, a bribe; a fee. [Slang] — Golden hair (Bot.), a South African shrubby composite plant with golden yellow flowers, the Chrysocoma Coma- aurea. — Golden Horde (Hist.), a tribe of Mongolian Tartars who overran and settled in Southern Russia early in the 18th century. — Golden Legend, a hagiology (the “Aurea Legenda“) written by James de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, in the 13th century, translated and printed by Caxton in 1483, and partially paraphrased by Longfellow in a poem thus entitled. — Golden marcasite tin. [Obs.] — Golden mean, the way of wisdom and safety between extremes; sufficiency without excess; moderation.

Angels guard him in the golden mean.

Pope.

— Golden mole (Zoöl), one of several South African Insectivora of the family Chrysochloridæ, resembling moles in form and habits. The fur is tinted with green, purple, and gold. — Golden number (Chronol.), a number showing the year of the lunar or Metonic cycle. It is reckoned from 1 to 19, and is so called from having formerly been written in the calendar in gold. — Golden oriole. (Zoöl.) See Oriole. — Golden pheasant. See under Pheasant. — Golden pippin, a kind of apple, of a bright yellow color. — Golden plover (Zoöl.), one of several species of plovers, of the genus Charadrius, esp. the European (C. apricarius, or pluvialis; — called also yellow, black-breasted, hill, ∧ whistling, plover. The common American species (C. dominicus) is also called frostbird, and bullhead. — Golden robin. (Zoöl.) See Baltimore oriole, in Vocab. — Golden rose (R. C. Ch.), a gold or gilded rose blessed by the pope on the fourth Sunday in Lent, and sent to some church or person in recognition of special services rendered to the Holy See. — Golden rule. (a) The rule of doing as we would have others do to us. Cf. Luke vi. 31. (b) The rule of proportion, or rule of three. — Golden samphire (Bot.), a composite plant (Inula crithmoides), found on the seashore of Europe. — Golden saxifrage (Bot.), a low herb with yellow flowers (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium), blossoming in wet places in early spring. – - Golden seal (Bot.), a perennial ranunculaceous herb (Hydrastis Canadensis), with a thick knotted rootstock and large rounded leaves. — Golden sulphide, or sulphuret, of antimony (Chem.), the pentasulphide of antimony, a golden or orange yellow powder. — Golden warbler (Zoöl.), a common American wood warbler (Dendroica æstiva); — called also blue-eyed yellow warbler, garden warbler, and summer yellow bird. — Golden wasp (Zoöl.), a bright- colored hymenopterous insect, of the family Chrysididæ. The colors are golden, blue, and green. — Golden wedding. See under Wedding.

Gold”en-eye` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A duck (Glaucionetta clangula), found in Northern Europe, Asia, and America. The American variety (var. Americana) is larger. Called whistler, garrot, gowdy, pied widgeon, whiteside, curre, and doucker. Barrow’s golden-eye of America (G. Islandica) is less common.

God”en*ly, adv. In golden terms or a golden manner; splendidly; delightfully. [Obs.] Shak.

Gold”en-rod` (?), n. (Bot.) A tall herb (Solidago Virga-aurea), bearing yellow flowers in a graceful elongated cluster. The name is common to all the species of the genus Solidago.

Golden-rod tree (Bot.), a shrub (Bosea Yervamora), a native of the Canary Isles.

Gold”finch` (?), n. [AS. goldfinc. See Gold, and Finch.] (Zoöl.) (a) A beautiful bright- colored European finch (Carduelis elegans). The name refers to the large patch of yellow on the wings. The front of the head and throat are bright red; the nape, with part of the wings and tail, black; — called also goldspink, goldie, fool’s coat, drawbird, draw-water, thistle finch, and sweet William. (b) The yellow- hammer. (c) A small American finch (Spinus tristis); the thistle bird.

&fist; The name is also applied to other yellow finches, esp. to several additional American species of Spinus.

Gold”fin`ny (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of two or more species of European labroid fishes (Crenilabrus melops, and Ctenolabrus rupestris); — called also goldsinny, and goldney.

Gold”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small domesticated cyprinoid fish (Carassius auratus); — so named from its color. It is a native of China, and is said to have been introduced into Europe in 1691. It is often kept as an ornament, in small ponds or glass globes. Many varieties are known. Called also golden fish, and golden carp. See Telescope fish, under Telescope. (b) A California marine fish of an orange or red color; the garibaldi.

Gold”ham`mer (?), n. The yellow hammer.

Gold”ie (?), n. [From Gold.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European goldfinch. (b) The yellow- hammer.

Gold”i*locks` (?), n. Same as Goldylocks.

{ Gold”in (?), Gold”ing (?), } n. (Bot.) [From the golden color of the blossoms.] A conspicuous yellow flower, commonly the corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum). [This word is variously corrupted into gouland, gools, gowan, etc.]

Gold”less (?), a. Destitute of gold.

Gold”ney (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Gilthead.

Gold”seed` (?), n. (Bot.) Dog’s-tail grass.

Gold”sin`ny (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Goldfinny.

Gold”smith` (?), n. [AS. goldsmi&?;. See Gold., and Smith.] 1. An artisan who manufactures vessels and ornaments, etc., of gold.

2. A banker. [Obs.]

&fist; The goldsmiths of London formerly received money on deposit because they were prepared to keep it safely.

Goldsmith beetle (Zoöl.), a large, bright yellow, American beetle (Cotalpa lanigera), of the family Scarabæidæ

Gold”tit` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Verdin.

Gold”y*locks` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Chrysocoma; — so called from the tufts of yellow flowers which terminate the stems; also, the Ranunculus auricomus, a kind of buttercup.

Go”let (?), n. The gullet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go”let, n. (Zoöl.) A California trout. See Malma.

Golf (?), n. [D. kolf club or bat, also a Dutch game played in an inclosed area with clubs and balls; akin to G. kolben club, but end, Icel. k&?;lfr tongue of a bell. bolt, Sw. kolf bolt, dart, but end, Dan. kolv bolt, arrow. Cf. Club, Globe.] A game played with a small ball and a bat or club crooked at the lower end. He who drives the ball into each of a series of small holes in the ground and brings it into the last hole with the fewest strokes is the winner. [Scot.] Strutt.

Golf”er (?), n. One who plays golf. [Scot.]

Gol”go*tha (?), n. Calvary. See the Note under Calvary.

Gol”iard (gōl”y&etilde;rd), n. [From OF. goliart glutton, buffoon, riotous student, Goliard, LL. goliardus, prob. fr. L. gula throat. Cf. Gules.] A buffoon in the Middle Ages, who attended rich men’s tables to make sport for the guests by ribald stories and songs.

Gol”iard*er*y (?), n. The satirical or ribald poetry of the Goliards. Milman.

Go*li”ath bee”tle (?). [From Goliath, the Philistine giant.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Goliathus, a genus of very large and handsome African beetles.

Goll (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A hand, paw, or claw. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. B. Jonson.

Go*loe”-shoe` (?), n. A galoche.

Go*lore” (?), n. See Galore.

Go*loshe” (?), n. See Galoche.

Golt”schut (?), n. 1. A small ingot of gold.

2. A silver ingot, used in Japan as money.

Gol”yard*eys (?), n. A buffoon. See Goliard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go”man (?), n. [Prob. fr. good man; but cf. also AS. gumman a man, OHG. gomman man, husband.] A husband; a master of a family. [Obs.]

{ Go”mar*ist (?), Go”mar*ite (?), } n. (Eccl.-Hist.) One of the followers of Francis Gomar or Gomarus, a Dutch disciple of Calvin in the 17th century, who strongly opposed the Arminians.

Gom”bo (?), n. See Gumbo.

Gome (?), n. [AS. guma; akin to Goth. guma, L. homo. See Bridegroom.] A man. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Gome, n. [Cf. Icel. gormr ooze, mud.] The black grease on the axle of a cart or wagon wheel; — called also gorm. See Gorm. [Prov. Eng.]

Go”mer (?), n. A Hebrew measure. See Homer.

Go”mer, n. (Gun.) A conical chamber at the breech of the bore in heavy ordnance, especially in mortars; — named after the inventor.

Gom”me*lin (?), n. [F. gommeline, from gomme gum.] (Chem.) See Dextrin.

||Gom*phi”a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; toothache or gnashing of teeth, fr. &?; a grinder tooth, from &?; a bolt.] (Med.) A disease of the teeth, which causes them to loosen and fall out of their sockets.

||Gom*pho”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, prop., a bolting together, fr. &?; to fasten with bolts or nails, &?; bolt, nail: cf. F. gomphose.] (Anat.) A form of union or immovable articulation where a hard part is received into the cavity of a bone, as the teeth into the jaws.

Go*mu”ti (?), n. [Malayan gumuti.] A black, fibrous substance resembling horsehair, obtained from the leafstalks of two kinds of palms, Metroxylon Sagu, and Arenga saccharifera, of the Indian islands. It is used for making cordage. Called also ejoo.

Gon (?), imp. & p. p. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gon”ad (?), n.; pl. Gonads (#). [Gr. &?; that which generates.] (Anat.) One of the masses of generative tissue primitively alike in both sexes, but giving rise to either an ovary or a testis; a generative gland; a germ gland. Wiedersheim.

Go”na*kie (?), n. (Bot.) An African timber tree (Acacia Adansonii).

||Go`nan*gi”um (?), n.; pl. L. Gonangia (#), E. Gonangiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; offspring + &?; vessel.] (Zoöl.) See Gonotheca.

Gon”do*la (?), n. [It., dim. of gonda a gondola; cf. LL. gandeia a kind of boat, Gr. &?; a drinking vessel; said to be a Persian word; cf. F. gondole gondola, cup.]

1. A long, narrow boat with a high prow and stern, used in the canals of Venice. A gondola is usually propelled by one or two oarsmen who stand facing the prow, or by poling. A gondola for passengers has a small open cabin amidships, for their protection against the sun or rain. A sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now.

2. A flat-bottomed boat for freight. [U. S.]

3. A long platform car, either having no sides or with very low sides, used on railroads. [U. S.]

Gon”do*let (?), n. [It. gondoletta, dim. of gondola.] A small gondola. T. Moore.

Gon`do*lier” (?), n. [It. gondoliere: cf. F. gondolier.] A man who rows a gondola.

Gone (?), p. p. of Go.

Gone”ness, n. A state of exhaustion; faintness, especially as resulting from hunger. [Colloq. U. S.]

{ Gon”fa*lon (?), Gon”fa*non (?), } n. [OE. gonfanoun, OF. gonfanon, F. gonfalon, the same word as F. confalon, name of a religious brotherhood, fr. OHG. gundfano war flag; gund war (used in comp., and akin to AS. gūð) + fano cloth, flag; akin to E. vane; cf. AS. gūðfana. See Vane, and cf. Confalon.] 1. The ensign or standard in use by certain princes or states, such as the mediæval republics of Italy, and in more recent times by the pope.

2. A name popularly given to any flag which hangs from a crosspiece or frame instead of from the staff or the mast itself.

Standards and gonfalons, ‘twixt van and rear,
Stream in the air.

Milton.

Gon`fa*lon*ier” (?), n. [F. gonfalonier: cf. It. gonfaloniere.] He who bears the gonfalon; a standard bearer; as: (a) An officer at Rome who bears the standard of the Church. (b) The chief magistrate of any one of several republics in mediæveal Italy. (c) A Turkish general, and standard keeper.

Gong (?), n. [AS. gong, gang, a going, passage, drain. See Gang.] A privy or jakes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gong farmer, Gong man, a cleaner of privies. [Obs.]

Gong, n. 1. [Malayan (Jav.) gōng.] An instrument, first used in the East, made of an alloy of copper and tin, shaped like a disk with upturned rim, and producing, when struck, a harsh and resounding noise.

O’er distant deserts sounds the Tartar gong.

Longfellow.

2. (Mach.) A flat saucerlike bell, rung by striking it with a small hammer which is connected with it by various mechanical devices; a stationary bell, used to sound calls or alarms; — called also gong bell.

Gong metal, an alloy (78 parts of copper, 22 of tin), from which Oriental gongs are made.

Go”ni*a*tite (?), n. [Gr. &?; angle.] (Paleon.) One of an extinct genus of fossil cephalopods, allied to the Ammonites. The earliest forms are found in the Devonian formation, the latest, in the Triassic.

Go*nid”i*al (?), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia.

Go*nid”i*al, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the angles of the mouth; as, a gonidial groove of an actinian.

||Go*nid”i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; angle.] (Zool.) A special groove or furrow at one or both angles of the mouth of many Anthozoa.

||Go*nid”i*um, n.; pl. Gonidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; that which generates.] (Bot.) A component cell of the yellowish green layer in certain lichens.

||Go*nim”i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; productive, fr. &?; that which generates.] (Bot.) Bluish green granules which occur in certain lichens, as Collema, Peltigera, etc., and which replace the more usual gonidia.

Gon”i*mous (?), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia or gonimia, as that part of a lichen which contains the green or chlorophyll-bearing cells.

Go`ni*om”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; angle + -meter: cf. F. goniomètre.] An instrument for measuring angles, especially the angles of crystals, or the inclination of planes.

Contact, or Hand, goniometer, a goniometer having two movable arms (ab, cd), between which (at ab) the faces of the crystals are placed. These arms turn about a fixed point, which is the center of the graduated circle or semicircle upon which the angle is read off. — Reflecting goniometer, an instrument for measuring the angles of crystals by determining through what angular space the crystal must be turned so that two rays reflected from two surfaces successively shall have the same direction; — called also Wollaston’s goniometer, from the inventor.

Go`ni*o*met”ric (?), Go`ni*o*met”ric*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or determined by means of, a goniometer; trigonometric.

Go`ni*om”e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. goniométrie.] (Math.) The art of measuring angles; trigonometry.

Gon`o*blas”tid (?), n. [See Gonoblastidium.] (Zoöl.) A reproductive bud of a hydroid; a simple gonophore.

||Gon`o*blas*tid”i*um (?), n.; pl. Gonoblastidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; offspring + &?; to bud.] (Zoöl.) A blastostyle.

Gon`o*ca”lyx (?), n. [Gr. &?; offspring + E. calyx,] (Zoöl.) The bell of a sessile gonozooid.

Gon`o*cho”rism (?), n. [Gr. &?; offspring + &?; to separate.] (a) Separation of the sexes in different individuals; — opposed to hermaphroditism. (b) In ontogony, differentiation of male and female individuals from embryos having the same rudimentary sexual organs. (c) In phylogeny, the evolution of distinct sexes in species previously hermaphrodite or sexless.

||Gon`o*coc”cus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; semen, the genitals + NL. & E. coccus.] (Med.) A vegetable microörganism of the genus Micrococcus, occurring in the secretion in gonorrhea. It is believed by some to constitute the cause of this disease.

Gon”oph (?), n. [Perh. fr. Heb. gannābh thief.] A pickpocket or thief. [Eng. Slang] Dickens.

Gon”o*phore (?), n. [Gr. &?; offspring, seed + &?; to bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) A sexual zooid produced as a medusoid bud upon a hydroid, sometimes becoming a free hydromedusa, sometimes remaining attached. See Hydroidea, and Illusts. of Athecata, Campanularian, and Gonosome.

2. (Bot.) A lengthened receptacle, bearing the stamens and carpels in a conspicuous manner.

{ Gon`or*rhe”a, Gon`or*rhœ“a } (?), n. [L. gonorrhoea, Gr. &?;; &?; that which begets, semen, the genitals + &?; to flow: cf. F. gonorrhée.] (Med.) A contagious inflammatory disease of the genitourinary tract, affecting especially the urethra and vagina, and characterized by a mucopurulent discharge, pain in urination, and chordee; clap.

{ Gon`or*rhe”al, Gon`or*rhœ“al } (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to gonorrhea; as, gonorrheal rheumatism.

Gon”o*some (?), n. [Gr. &?; offspring + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The reproductive zooids of a hydroid colony, collectively.

||Gon`o*the”ca (?), n.; pl. Gonothec&?; (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; offspring + &?; box.] (Zoöl.) A capsule developed on certain hydroids (Thecaphora), inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds or gonophores are developed; — called also gonangium, and teleophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Gon`o*zo”oid (?), n. [Gr. &?; offspring + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) A sexual zooid, or medusoid bud of a hydroid; a gonophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Go*nyd”i*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the gonys of a bird’s beak.

||Go”nys (?), n. [Cf. Genys.] (Zoöl.) The keel or lower outline of a bird’s bill, so far as the mandibular rami are united.

Goo”ber (?), n. A peanut. [Southern U. S.]

Good (?), a. [Compar. Better (?); superl. Best (?). These words, though used as the comparative and superlative of good, are from a different root.] [AS. Gōd, akin to D. goed, OS. gōd, OHG. guot, G. gut, Icel. gōðr, Sw. & Dan. god, Goth. gōds; prob. orig., fitting, belonging together, and akin to E. gather. √29 Cf. Gather.]

1. Possessing desirable qualities; adapted to answer the end designed; promoting success, welfare, or happiness; serviceable; useful; fit; excellent; admirable; commendable; not bad, corrupt, evil, noxious, offensive, or troublesome, etc.

And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good.

Gen. i. 31.

Good company, good wine, good welcome.

Shak.

2. Possessing moral excellence or virtue; virtuous; pious; religious; — said of persons or actions.

In all things showing thyself a pattern of good works.

Tit. ii. 7.

3. Kind; benevolent; humane; merciful; gracious; polite; propitious; friendly; well-disposed; — often followed by to or toward, also formerly by unto.

The men were very good unto us.

1 Sam. xxv. 15.

4. Serviceable; suited; adapted; suitable; of use; to be relied upon; — followed especially by for.

All quality that is good for anything is founded originally in merit.

Collier.

5. Clever; skillful; dexterous; ready; handy; — followed especially by at.

He . . . is a good workman; a very good tailor.

Shak.

Those are generally good at flattering who are good for nothing else.

South.

6. Adequate; sufficient; competent; sound; not fallacious; valid; in a commercial sense, to be depended on for the discharge of obligations incurred; having pecuniary ability; of unimpaired credit.

My reasons are both good and weighty.

Shak.

My meaning in saying he is a good man is . . . that he is sufficient . . . I think I may take his bond.

Shak.

7. Real; actual; serious; as in the phrases in good earnest; in good sooth.

Love no man in good earnest.

Shak.

8. Not small, insignificant, or of no account; considerable; esp., in the phrases a good deal, a good way, a good degree, a good share or part, etc.

9. Not lacking or deficient; full; complete.

Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over.

Luke vi. 38.

10. Not blemished or impeached; fair; honorable; unsullied; as in the phrases a good name, a good report, good repute, etc.

A good name is better than precious ointment

. Eccl. vii. 1.

As good as. See under As. — For good, or For good and all, completely and finally; fully; truly.

The good woman never died after this, till she came to die for good and all.

L’Estrange.

— Good breeding, polite or polished manners, formed by education; a polite education.

Distinguished by good humor and good breeding.

Macaulay.

— Good cheap, literally, good bargain; reasonably cheap.

— Good consideration (Law). (a) A consideration of blood or of natural love and affection. Blackstone. (b) A valuable consideration, or one which will sustain a contract. — Good fellow, a person of companionable qualities. [Familiar] — Good folk, or Good people, fairies; brownies; pixies, etc. [Colloq. Eng. & Scot.] — Good for nothing. (a) Of no value; useless; worthless. (b) Used substantively, an idle, worthless person.

My father always said I was born to be a good for nothing.

Ld. Lytton.

— Good Friday, the Friday of Holy Week, kept in some churches as a fast, in memoory of our Savior’s passion or suffering; the anniversary of the crucifixion. — Good humor, or Good-humor, a cheerful or pleasant temper or state of mind. — Good nature, or Good-nature, habitual kindness or mildness of temper or disposition; amiability; state of being in good humor.

The good nature and generosity which belonged to his character.

Macaulay.

The young count’s good nature and easy persuadability were among his best characteristics.

Hawthorne.

— Good people. See Good folk (above). — Good speed, good luck; good success; godspeed; — an old form of wishing success. See Speed. — Good turn, an act of kidness; a favor. — Good will. (a) Benevolence; well wishing; kindly feeling. (b) (Law) The custom of any trade or business; the tendency or inclination of persons, old customers and others, to resort to an established place of business; the advantage accruing from tendency or inclination.

The good will of a trade is nothing more than the probability that the old customers will resort to the old place.

Lord Eldon.

— In good time. (a) Promptly; punctually; opportunely; not too soon nor too late. (b) (Mus.) Correctly; in proper time. — To hold good, to remain true or valid; to be operative; to remain in force or effect; as, his promise holds good; the condition still holds good. — To make good, to fulfill; to establish; to maintain; to supply (a defect or deficiency); to indemmify; to prove or verify (an accusation); to prove to be blameless; to clear; to vindicate.

Each word made good and true.

Shak.

Of no power to make his wishes good.

Shak.

I . . . would by combat make her good.

Shak.

Convenient numbers to make good the city.

Shak.

— To think good, to approve; to be pleased or satisfied with; to consider expedient or proper.

If ye think good, give me my price; and if not, forbear.

Zech. xi. 12.

&fist; Good, in the sense of wishing well, is much used in greeting and leave-taking; as, good day, good night, good evening, good morning, etc.

Good (?), n. 1. That which possesses desirable qualities, promotes success, welfare, or happiness, is serviceable, fit, excellent, kind, benevolent, etc.; — opposed to evil.

There be many that say, Who will show us any good ?

Ps. iv. 6.

2. Advancement of interest or happiness; welfare; prosperity; advantage; benefit; — opposed to harm, etc.

The good of the whole community can be promoted only by advancing the good of each of the members composing it.

Jay.

3. pl. Wares; commodities; chattels; – - formerly used in the singular in a collective sense. In law, a comprehensive name for almost all personal property as distinguished from land or real property. Wharton.

He hath made us spend much good.

Chaucer.

Thy lands and goods
Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate
Unto the state of Venice.

Shak.

Dress goods, Dry goods, etc. See in the Vocabulary. — Goods engine, a freight locomotive. [Eng.] — Goods train, a freight train. [Eng.] — Goods wagon, a freight car [Eng.] See the Note under Car, n., 2.

Good, adv. Well, — especially in the phrase as good, with a following as expressed or implied; equally well with as much advantage or as little harm as possible.

As good almost kill a man as kill a good book.

Milton.

As good as, in effect; virtually; the same as.

They who counsel ye to such a suppressing, do as good as bid ye suppress yourselves.

Milton.

Good, v. t. 1. To make good; to turn to good. [Obs.]

2. To manure; to improve. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

{ Good`-by”, Good`-bye” } (?), n. or interj. [A contraction of God be with ye (God be w&ibreve; ye, God bw’ ye, God bwye).] Farewell; a form of address used at parting. See the last Note under By, prep. Shak.

Good`-den” (?), interj. [Corrupt. of good e’en, for good evening.] A form of salutation. [Obs.] Shak.

Good`-fel”low*ship (?), n. Agreeable companionship; companionableness.

Good”geon (?), n. (Naut.) Same as Gudgeon, 5.

Good`-hu”mored (?), a. Having a cheerful spirit and demeanor; good-tempered. See Good- natured.

Good`-hu”mored*ly, adv. With a cheerful spirit; in a cheerful or good-tempered manner.

Good”ish (?), a. Rather good than the contrary; not actually bad; tolerable.

Goodish pictures in rich frames.

Walpole.

Good”less, a. Having no goods. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Good”lich (?), a. Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Good”li*ness (?), n. [From Goodly.] Beauty of form; grace; elegance; comeliness.

Her goodliness was full of harmony to his eyes.

Sir P. Sidney.

Good”-look`ing (?), a. Handsome.

Good”ly, adv. Excellently. [Obs.] Spenser.

Good”ly, a. [Compar. Goodlier (?); superl. Goodliest.] [OE. godlich, AS. gōdlic. See Good, and Like.]

1. Pleasant; agreeable; desirable.

We have many goodly days to see.

Shak.

2. Of pleasing appearance or character; comely; graceful; as, a goodly person; goodly raiment, houses.

The goodliest man of men since born.

Milton.

3. Large; considerable; portly; as, a goodly number.

Goodly and great he sails behind his link.

Dryden.

{ Good”ly*head (?), Good”ly*hood (?) } n. Goodness; grace; goodliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Good”man (?), n. [Good + man]

1. A familiar appellation of civility, equivalent to “My friend”, “Good sir”, “Mister;” — sometimes used ironically. [Obs.]

With you, goodman boy, an you please.

Shak.

2. A husband; the master of a house or family; — often used in speaking familiarly. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Say ye to the goodman of the house, . . . Where is the guest-chamber ?

Mark xiv. 14.

&fist; In the early colonial records of New England, the term goodman is frequently used as a title of designation, sometimes in a respectful manner, to denote a person whose first name was not known, or when it was not desired to use that name; in this use it was nearly equivalent to Mr. This use was doubtless brought with the first settlers from England.

Good`-na”tured (?), a. Naturally mild in temper; not easily provoked.

Syn. — Good-natured, Good-tempered, Good- humored. Good-natured denotes a disposition to please and be pleased. Good-tempered denotes a habit of mind which is not easily ruffled by provocations or other disturbing influences. Good-humored is applied to a spirit full of ease and cheerfulness, as displayed in one’s outward deportment and in social intercourse. A good-natured man recommends himself to all by the spirit which governs him. A good-humored man recommends himself particularly as a companion. A good-tempered man is rarely betrayed into anything which can disturb the serenity of the social circle.

Good`-na”tured*ly, adv. With mildness of temper.

Good”ness (?), n. [AS. gōdnes.] The quality of being good in any of its various senses; excellence; virtue; kindness; benevolence; as, the goodness of timber, of a soil, of food; goodness of character, of disposition, of conduct, etc.

Good” now” (?). An exclamation of wonder, surprise, or entreaty. [Obs.] Shak.

Goods (?), n. pl. See Good, n., 3.

Good”ship, n. Favor; grace. [Obs.] Gower.

Good`-tem”pered (?), a. Having a good temper; not easily vexed. See Good-natured.

Good”wife` (?), n. The mistress of a house. [Archaic] Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Good”y (?), n.; pl. Goodies (&?;). 1. A bonbon, cake, or the like; — usually in the pl. [Colloq.]

2. (Zoöl.) An American fish; the lafayette or spot.

Good”y, n.; pl. Goodies (#). [Prob. contr. from goodwife.] Goodwife; — a low term of civility or sport.

Good”-year (?), n. [See Goujere.] The venereal disease; — often used as a mild oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Good”y-good`y, a. Mawkishly or weakly good; exhibiting goodness with silliness. [Colloq.]

Good”y*ship, n. The state or quality of a goody or goodwife [Jocose] Hudibraus.

||Goo*roo”, Gu*ru” (&?;), n. [Hind. gur&?; a spiritual parent or teacher, Skr. guru heavy, noble, venerable, teacher. Cf. Grief.] A spiritual teacher, guide, or confessor amoung the Hindoos. Malcom.

Goos”an`der (?), n. [OE. gossander, a tautological word formed fr. goose + gander. Cf. Merganser.] (Zoöl.) A species of merganser (M. merganser) of Northern Europe and America; — called also merganser, dundiver, sawbill, sawneb, shelduck, and sheldrake. See Merganser.

Goose (g&oomac;s), n.; pl. Geese (gēs). [OE. gos, AS. gōs, pl. gēs; akin to D. & G. gans, Icel. gās, Dan. gaas, Sw. gås, Russ. guse. OIr. geiss, L. anser, for hanser, Gr. chh`n, Skr. ha&msdot;sa. √233. Cf. Gander, Gannet, Ganza, Gosling.] (Zoöl.)

1. Any large web-footen bird of the subfamily Anserinæ, and belonging to Anser, Branta, Chen, and several allied genera. See Anseres.

&fist; The common domestic goose is believed to have been derived from the European graylag goose (Anser anser). The bean goose (A. segetum), the American wild or Canada goose (Branta Canadensis), and the bernicle goose (Branta leucopsis) are well known species. The American white or snow geese and the blue goose belong to the genus Chen. See Bernicle, Emperor goose, under Emperor, Snow goose, Wild goose, Brant.

2. Any large bird of other related families, resembling the common goose.

&fist; The Egyptian or fox goose (Alopochen Ægyptiaca) and the African spur-winged geese (Plectropterus) belong to the family Plectropteridæ. The Australian semipalmated goose (Anseranas semipalmata) and Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis Novæ-Hollandiæ) are very different from northern geese, and each is made the type of a distinct family. Both are domesticated in Australia.

3. A tailor’s smoothing iron, so called from its handle, which resembles the neck of a goose.

4. A silly creature; a simpleton.

5. A game played with counters on a board divided into compartments, in some of which a goose was depicted.

The pictures placed for ornament and use,
The twelve good rules, the royal game of goose.

Goldsmith.

A wild goose chase, an attempt to accomplish something impossible or unlikely of attainment. — Fen goose. See under Fen. — Goose barnacle (Zoöl.), any pedunculated barnacle of the genus Anatifa or Lepas; — called also duck barnacle. See Barnacle, and Cirripedia. — Goose cap, a silly person. [Obs.] Beau. & . — Goose corn (Bot.), a coarse kind of rush (Juncus squarrosus). — Goose feast, Michaelmas. [Colloq. Eng.] — Goose flesh, a peculiar roughness of the skin produced by cold or fear; — called also goose skin. — Goose grass. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Galium (G. Aparine), a favorite food of geese; — called also catchweed and cleavers. (b) A species of knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). (c) The annual spear grass (Poa annua). — Goose neck, anything, as a rod of iron or a pipe, curved like the neck of a goose; specially (Naut.), an iron hook connecting a spar with a mast. — Goose quill, a large feather or quill of a goose; also, a pen made from it. — Goose skin. See Goose flesh, above. — Goose tongue (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea ptarmica), growing wild in the British islands. — Sea goose. (Zoöl.) See Phalarope. — Solan goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet.

Goose”ber*ry (?), n.; pl. Gooseberries (#), [Corrupted for groseberry or groiseberry, fr. OF. groisele, F. groseille, — of German origin; cf. G. krausbeere, kräuselbeere (fr. kraus crisp), D. kruisbes, kruisbezie (as if crossberry, fr. kruis cross; for kroesbes, kroesbezie, fr. kroes crisp), Sw. krusbär (fr. krus, krusing, crisp). The first part of the word is perh. akin to E. curl. Cf. Grossular, a.] 1. (Bot.) Any thorny shrub of the genus Ribes; also, the edible berries of such shrub. There are several species, of which Ribes Grossularia is the one commonly cultivated.

2. A silly person; a goose cap. Goldsmith.

Barbadoes gooseberry, a climbing prickly shrub (Pereskia aculeata) of the West Indies, which bears edible berries resembling gooseberries. — Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. — Gooseberry fool. See lst Fool. — Gooseberry worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Dakruma convolutella). It destroys the gooseberry by eating the interior.

Goose”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Angler.

Goose”foot` (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Chenopodium) mostly annual weeds; pigweed.

Goos”er*y (?), n.; pl. Gooseries (&?;). 1. A place for keeping geese.

2. The characteristics or actions of a goose; silliness.

The finical goosery of your neat sermon actor.

Milton.

Goose”wing` (?), n. (Naut.) One of the clews or lower corners of a course or a topsail when the middle part or the rest of the sail is furled.

Goose”winged` (?), a. (Naut.) (a) Having a “goosewing.” (b) Said of a fore-and-aft rigged vessel with foresail set on one side and mainsail on the other; wing and wing.

Goos”ish, a. Like a goose; foolish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goost (?), n. Ghost; spirit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goot (?), n. A goat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go”-out` (?), n. A sluice in embankments against the sea, for letting out the land waters, when the tide is out. [Written also gowt.]

Go”pher (?), n. [F. gaufre waffle, honeycomb. See Gauffer.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of several North American burrowing rodents of the genera Geomys and Thomomys, of the family Geomyidæ; — called also pocket gopher and pouched rat. See Pocket gopher, and Tucan.

&fist; The name was originally given by French settlers to many burrowing rodents, from their honeycombing the earth.

2. One of several western American species of the genus Spermophilus, of the family Sciuridæ; as, the gray gopher (Spermophilus Franklini) and the striped gopher (S. tridecemlineatus); — called also striped prairie squirrel, leopard marmot, and leopard spermophile. See Spermophile.

3. A large land tortoise (Testudo Carilina) of the Southern United States, which makes extensive burrows.

4. A large burrowing snake (Spilotes Couperi) of the Southern United States.

Gopher drift (Mining), an irregular prospecting drift, following or seeking the ore without regard to regular grade or section. Raymond.

Go”pher wood` (?). [Heb. gōpher.] A species of wood used in the construction of Noah’s ark. Gen. vi. 14.

||Go*rac”co (?), n. A paste prepared from tobacco, and smoked in hookahs in Western India.

Go”ral (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Indian goat antelope (Nemorhedus goral), resembling the chamois.

Go”ra*my (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Gourami.

Gor”bel`lied (?), a. Bog bellied. [Obs.]

Gor”-bel`ly, n. [Gore filth, dirt + belly.] A prominent belly; a big-bellied person. [Obs.]

Gorce (?), n. [OF. gort, nom. gorz, gulf, L. gurges whirlpool, gulf, stream. See Gorge.] A pool of water to keep fish in; a wear. [Obs.]

Gor”cock` (?), n. [Prob. from gore blood.] (Zoöl.) The moor cock, or red grouse. See Grouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor”crow` (?), n. [AS. gor dung, dirt. See Gore blood, dirt.] (Zoöl.) The carrion crow; — called also gercrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Gord (?), n. [Written also gourd.] [Perh. hollow, and so named in allusion to a gourd.] An instrument of gaming; a sort of dice. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

||Gor`di*a”ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) A division of nematoid worms, including the hairworms or hair eels (Gordius and Mermis). See Gordius, and Illustration in Appendix.

Gor”di*an (?), a. 1. Pertaining to Gordius, king of Phrygia, or to a knot tied by him; hence, intricate; complicated; inextricable.

Gordian knot, an intricate knot tied by Gordius in the thong which connected the pole of the chariot with the yoke. An oracle having declared that he who should untie it should be master of Asia, Alexander the Great averted the ill omen of his inability to loosen it by cutting it with his sword. Hence, a Gordian knot is an inextricable difficulty; and to cut the Gordian knot is to remove a difficulty by bold and energetic measures.

2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gordiacea.

Gor”di*an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gordiacea.

||Gor”di*us (?), n. [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) A genus of long, slender, nematoid worms, parasitic in insects until near maturity, when they leave the insect, and live in water, in which they deposit their eggs; — called also hair eel, hairworm, and hair snake, from the absurd, but common and widely diffused, notion that they are metamorphosed horsehairs.

Gore (?), n. [AS. gor dirt, dung; akin to Icel. gor, SW. gorr, OHG. gor, and perh. to E. cord, chord, and yarn; cf. Icel. görn, garnir, guts.] 1. Dirt; mud. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

2. Blood; especially, blood that after effusion has become thick or clotted. Milton.

Gore, n. [OE. gore, gare, AS. g&?;ra angular point of land, fr. g&?;r spear; akin to D. geer gore, G. gehre gore, ger spear, Icel. geiri gore, geir spear, and prob. to E. goad. Cf. Gar, n., Garlic, and Gore, v.] 1. A wedgeshaped or triangular piece of cloth, canvas, etc., sewed into a garment, sail, etc., to give greater width at a particular part.

2. A small traingular piece of land. Cowell.

3. (Her.) One of the abatements. It is made of two curved lines, meeting in an acute angle in the fesse point.

&fist; It is usually on the sinister side, and of the tincture called tenné. Like the other abatements it is a modern fancy and not actually used.

Gore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Goring.] [OE. gar spear, AS. g&?;r. See 2d Gore.] To pierce or wound, as with a horn; to penetrate with a pointed instrument, as a spear; to stab.

The low stumps shall gore
His daintly feet.

Coleridge.

Gore, v. t. To cut in a traingular form; to piece with a gore; to provide with a gore; as, to gore an apron.

Gore”bill` (?), n. [2d gore + bill.] (Zoöl.) The garfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor”fly` (?), n.; pl. Gorflies (#). [Gore (AS. gor) dung + fly.] (Zoöl.) A dung fly.

Gorge (?), n. [F. gorge, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, and gorga abyss, whirlpool, prob. fr. L. gurgea whirlpool, gulf, abyss; cf. Skr. gargara whirlpool, gr. to devour. Cf. Gorget.] 1. The throat; the gullet; the canal by which food passes to the stomach.

Wherewith he gripped her gorge with so great pain.

Spenser.

Now, how abhorred! . . . my gorge rises at it.

Shak.

2. A narrow passage or entrance; as: (a) A defile between mountains. (b) The entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort; — usually synonymous with rear. See Illust. of Bastion.

3. That which is gorged or swallowed, especially by a hawk or other fowl.

And all the way, most like a brutish beast,
e spewed up his gorge, that all did him detest.

Spenser.

4. A filling or choking of a passage or channel by an obstruction; as, an ice gorge in a river.

5. (Arch.) A concave molding; a cavetto. Gwilt.

6. (Naut.) The groove of a pulley.

Gorge circle (Gearing), the outline of the smallest cross section of a hyperboloid of revolution. — Gorge hook, two fishhooks, separated by a piece of lead. Knight.

Gorge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gorged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gorging (?).] [F. gorger. See Gorge, n.] 1. To swallow; especially, to swallow with greediness, or in large mouthfuls or quantities.

The fish has gorged the hook.

Johnson.

2. To glut; to fill up to the throat; to satiate.

The giant gorged with flesh.

Addison.

Gorge with my blood thy barbarous appetite.

Dryden.

Gorge, v. i. To eat greedily and to satiety. Milton.

Gorged (?), a. 1. Having a gorge or throat.

2. (Her.) Bearing a coronet or ring about the neck.

3. Glutted; fed to the full.

Gor”ge*let (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small gorget, as of a humming bird.

Gor”geous (?), a. [OF. gorgias beautiful, glorious, vain, luxurious; cf. OF. gorgias ruff, neck handkerchief, and F. gorge throat, and se pengorger to assume airs. Cf. Gorge, n.] Imposing through splendid or various colors; showy; fine; magnificent.

Cloud-land, gorgeous land.

Coleridge.

Gorgeous as the sun at midsummer.

Shak.

— Gor”geous*ly, adv. — Gor”geous*ness, n.

||Gor`ge*rin” (?), n. [F., fr. gorge neck.] (Arch.) In some columns, that part of the capital between the termination of the shaft and the annulet of the echinus, or the space between two neck moldings; — called also neck of the capital, and hypotrachelium. See Illust. of Column.

Gor”get (?), n. [OF. gorgete, dim. of gorge throat. See Gorge, n.] 1. A piece of armor, whether of chain mail or of plate, defending the throat and upper part of the breast, and forming a part of the double breastplate of the 14th century.

2. A piece of plate armor covering the same parts and worn over the buff coat in the 17th century, and without other steel armor.

Unfix the gorget’s iron clasp.

Sir W. Scott.

3. A small ornamental plate, usually crescent-shaped, and of gilded copper, formerly hung around the neck of officers in full uniform in some modern armies.

4. A ruff worn by women. [Obs.]

5. (Surg.) (a) A cutting instrument used in lithotomy. (b) A grooved instrunent used in performing various operations; — called also blunt gorget. Dunglison.

6. (Zoöl.) A crescent-shaped, colored patch on the neck of a bird or mammal.

Gorget hummer (Zoöl.), a humming bird of the genus Trochilus. See Rubythroat.

Gor”gon (gôr”g&obreve;n), n. [L. Gorgo, -onis, Gr. Gorgw`, fr. gorgo`s terrible.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of three fabled sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, with snaky hair and of terrific aspect, the sight of whom turned the beholder to stone. The name is particularly given to Medusa.

2. Anything very ugly or horrid. Milton.

3. (Zoöl.) The brindled gnu. See Gnu.

Gor”gon, a. Like a Gorgon; very ugly or terrific; as, a Gorgon face. Dryden.

||Gor`go*na”ce*a (gôr`g&osl;nā“sh&esl;&adot;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Gorgoniacea.

Gor*go”ne*an (gôr*gō“n&esl;*an), a. See Gorgonian, 1.

||Gor`go*ne”ion (gôr`g&osl;*nē“y&obreve;n), n.; pl. Gorgoneia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. Gorgo`neios, equiv. to Gorgei^os belonging to a Gorgon.] (Arch.) A mask carved in imitation of a Gorgon’s head. Elmes.

||Gor*go”ni*a (gôr*gō“n&ibreve;*&adot;), n. [L., a coral which hardens in the air.] (Zoöl.) 1. A genus of Gorgoniacea, formerly very extensive, but now restricted to such species as the West Indian sea fan (Gorgonia flabellum), sea plume (G. setosa), and other allied species having a flexible, horny axis.

2. Any slender branched gorgonian.

||Gor*go`ni*a”ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Gorgonia.] (Zoöl.) One of the principal divisions of Alcyonaria, including those forms which have a firm and usually branched axis, covered with a porous crust, or cœnenchyma, in which the polyp cells are situated.

&fist; The axis is commonly horny, but it may be solid and stony (composed of calcium carbonate), as in the red coral of commerce, or it may be in alternating horny and stony joints, as in Isis. See Alcyonaria, Anthozoa, Cœnenchyma.

Gor*go”ni*an (?), a. [L. Gorgoneus.]

1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a Gorgon; terrifying into stone; terrific.

The rest his look
Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move.

Milton.

2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gorgoniacea; as, gorgonian coral.

Gor*go”ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gorgoniacea.

Gor”gon*ize (?), v. t. To have the effect of a Gorgon upon; to turn into stone; to petrify. [R.]

Gor”hen` (?), n. [Gor- as in gorcock + hen.] (Zoöl.) The female of the gorcock.

Go*ril”la (?), n. [An African word; found in a Greek translation of a treatise in Punic by Hanno, a Carthaginian.] (Zoöl.) A large, arboreal, anthropoid ape of West Africa. It is larger than a man, and is remarkable for its massive skeleton and powerful muscles, which give it enormous strength. In some respects its anatomy, more than that of any other ape, except the chimpanzee, resembles that of man.

Gor”ing (?), or Gor”ing cloth` (&?;), n., (Naut.) A piece of canvas cut obliquely to widen a sail at the foot.

Gorm (?), n. Axle grease. See Gome. [Prov. Eng.]

Gorm, v. t. To daub, as the hands or clothing, with gorm; to daub with anything sticky. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor”ma (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European cormorant.

Gor”mand (?), n. [F. gourmand; cf. Prov. F. gourmer to sip, to lap, gourmacher to eat improperly, F. gourme mumps, glanders, Icel. gormr mud, mire, Prov. E. gorm to smear, daub; all perh. akin to E. gore blood, filth. Cf. Gourmand.] A greedy or ravenous eater; a luxurious feeder; a gourmand.

Gor”mand, a. Gluttonous; voracious. Pope.

Gor”mand*er (?), n. See Gormand, n. [Obs.]

Gor”mand*ism (?), n. Gluttony.

Gor”mand*ize (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Gormandized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gormandizing (?).] [F. gourmandise gluttony. See Gormand.] To eat greedily; to swallow voraciously; to feed ravenously or like a glutton. Shak.

Gor”mand*i`zer (?), n. A greedy, voracious eater; a gormand; a glutton.

Go*roon” shell` (?). (Zoöl.) A large, handsome, marine, univalve shell (Triton femorale).

Gorse (?), n. [OE. & AS. gorst; perh. akin to E. grow, grass.] (Bot.) Furze. See Furze.

The common, overgrown with fern, and rough
With prickly gorse.

Cowper.

Gorse bird (Zoöl.), the European linnet; — called also gorse hatcher. [Prov. Eng.] — Gorse chat (Zoöl.), the winchat. — Gorse duck, the corncrake; — called also grass drake, land drake, and corn drake.

Gor”y (?), a. [From Gore.]

1. Covered with gore or clotted blood.

Thou canst not say I did it; never shake
Thy gory locks at me.

Shak.

2. Bloody; murderous. “Gory emulation.” Shak.

Gos”hawk` (?), n. [AS. g&?;shafuc, lit., goosehawk; or Icel. gāshaukr. See Goose, and Hawk the bird.] (Zoöl.) Any large hawk of the genus Astur, of which many species and varieties are known. The European (Astur palumbarius) and the American (A. atricapillus) are the best known species. They are noted for their powerful flight, activity, and courage. The Australian goshawk (A. Novæ-Hollandiæ) is pure white.

Gos”herd (?), n. [OE. gosherde. See Goose, and Herd a herdsman.] One who takes care of geese.

Gos”let (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of pygmy geese, of the genus Nettepus. They are about the size of a teal, and inhabit Africa, India, and Australia.

Gos”ling (?), n. [AS. g&?;s goose + -ling.]

1. A young or unfledged goose.

2. A catkin on nut trees and pines. Bailey.

Gos”pel (?), n. [OE. gospel, godspel, AS. godspell; god God + spell story, tale. See God, and Spell, v.]

1. Glad tidings; especially, the good news concerning Christ, the Kingdom of God, and salvation.

And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom.

Matt. iv. 23.

The steadfast belief of the promises of the gospel.

Bentley.

&fist; It is probable that gospel is from. OE. godspel, God story, the narrative concerning God; but it was early confused with god spell, good story, good tidings, and was so used by the translators of the Authorized version of Scripture. This use has been retained in most cases in the Revised Version.

Thus the literal sense [of gospel] is the “narrative of God,” i. e., the life of Christ.

Skeat.

2. One of the four narratives of the life and death of Jesus Christ, written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

3. A selection from one of the gospels, for use in a religious service; as, the gospel for the day.

4. Any system of religious doctrine; sometimes, any system of political doctrine or social philosophy; as, this political gospel. Burke.

5. Anything propounded or accepted as infallibly true; as, they took his words for gospel. [Colloq.]

If any one thinks this expression hyperbolical, I shall only ask him to read Œdipus, instead of taking the traditional witticisms about Lee for gospel.

Saintsbury.

Gos”pel, a. Accordant with, or relating to, the gospel; evangelical; as, gospel righteousness. Bp. Warburton.

Gos”pel, v. t. To instruct in the gospel. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos”pel*er (?), n. [AS. godspellere.] [Written also gospeller.] 1. One of the four evangelists. Rom. of R.

Mark the gospeler was the ghostly son of Peter in baptism.

Wyclif.

2. A follower of Wyclif, the first English religious reformer; hence, a Puritan. [Obs.] Latimer.

The persecution was carried on against the gospelers with much fierceness by those of the Roman persuasion.

Strype.

3. A priest or deacon who reads the gospel at the altar during the communion service.

The Archbishop of York was the celebrant, the epistoler being the dean, and the gospeler the Bishop of Sydney.

Pall Mall Gazette.

Gos”pel*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gospelized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gospelizing (?).] [Written also gospellize.]

1. To form according to the gospel; as, a command gospelized to us. Milton.

2. To instruct in the gospel; to evangelize; as, to gospelize the savages. Boyle.

Goss (?), n. [See Gorse.] Gorse. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos”sa*mer (?), n. [OE. gossomer, gossummer, gosesomer, perh. for goose summer, from its downy appearance, or perh. for God’s summer, cf. G. mariengarr gossamer, properly Mary’s yarn, in allusion to the Virgin Mary. Perhaps the E. word alluded to a legend that the gossamer was the remnant of the Virgin Mary’s winding sheet, which dropped from her when she was taken up to heaven. For the use of summer in the sense of film or threads, cf. G. Mädchensommer, Altweibersommer, fliegender Sommer, all meaning, gossamer.]

1. A fine, filmy substance, like cobwebs, floating in the air, in calm, clear weather, especially in autumn. It is seen in stubble fields and on furze or low bushes, and is formed by small spiders.

2. Any very thin gauzelike fabric; also, a thin waterproof stuff.

3. An outer garment, made of waterproof gossamer.

Gossamer spider (Zoöl.), any small or young spider which spins webs by which to sail in the air. See Ballooning spider.

Gos”sa*mer*y (?), a. Like gossamer; flimsy.

The greatest master of gossamery affectation.

De Quincey.

Gos”san (?), n. (Geol.) Decomposed rock, usually reddish or ferruginous (owing to oxidized pyrites), forming the upper part of a metallic vein.

Gos`san*if”er*ous (?), a. [Gossan + -ferous.] Containing or producing gossan.

Gos”sat (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small British marine fish (Motella tricirrata); — called also whistler and three-bearded rockling. [Prov. Eng.]

Gos”sib (?), n. A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gos”sip (?), n. [OE. gossib, godsib, a relation or sponsor in baptism, a relation by a religious obligation, AS. godsibb, fr. god + sib alliance, relation; akin to G. sippe, Goth. sibja, and also to Skr. sabhā assembly.]

1. A sponsor; a godfather or a godmother.

Should a great lady that was invited to be a gossip, in her place send her kitchen maid, ‘t would be ill taken.

Selden.

2. A friend or comrade; a companion; a familiar and customary acquaintance. [Obs.]

My noble gossips, ye have been too prodigal.

Shak.

3. One who runs house to house, tattling and telling news; an idle tattler.

The common chat of gossips when they meet.

Dryden.

4. The tattle of a gossip; groundless rumor.

Bubbles o’er like a city with gossip, scandal, and spite.

Tennyson.

Gos”sip, v. t. To stand sponsor to. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos”sip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gossiped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gossiping.] 1. To make merry. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To prate; to chat; to talk much. Shak.

3. To run about and tattle; to tell idle tales.

Gos”sip*er (?), n. One given to gossip. Beaconsfield.

Gos”sip*rede (?), n. [Cf. Kindred.] The relationship between a person and his sponsors. [Obs.]

Gos”sip*ry (?), n. 1. Spiritual relationship or affinity; gossiprede; special intimacy. Bale.

2. Idle talk; gossip. Mrs. Browning.

Gos”sip*y (?), a. Full of, or given to, gossip.

Gos*soon” (?), n. [Scot. garson an attendant, fr. F. garçon, OF. gars.] A boy; a servant. [Ireland]

||Gos*syp”i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. gossypion, gossipion.] (Bot.) A genus of plants which yield the cotton of the arts. The species are much confused. G. herbaceum is the name given to the common cotton plant, while the long-stapled sea-island cotton is produced by G. Barbadense, a shrubby variety. There are several other kinds besides these.

Got (?), imp. & p. p. of Get. See Get.

Gote (?), n. [Cf. LG. gote, gaute, canal, G. gosse; akin to giessen to pour, shed, AS. geótan, and E. fuse to melt.] A channel for water. [Prov. Eng.] Crose.

Go”ter (?), n. a gutter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goth (?), n. [L. Gothi, pl.; cf. Gr. &?;]

1. (Ethnol.) One of an ancient Teutonic race, who dwelt between the Elbe and the Vistula in the early part of the Christian era, and who overran and took an important part in subverting the Roman empire.

&fist; Under the reign of Valens, they took possession of Dacia (the modern Transylvania and the adjoining regions), and came to be known as Ostrogoths and Visigoths, or East and West Goths; the former inhabiting countries on the Black Sea up to the Danube, and the latter on this river generally. Some of them took possession of the province of Moesia, and hence were called Moesogoths. Others, who made their way to Scandinavia, at a time unknown to history, are sometimes styled Suiogoths.

2. One who is rude or uncivilized; a barbarian; a rude, ignorant person. Chesterfield.

Go”tham*ist (?), n. A wiseacre; a person deficient in wisdom; — so called from Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, England, noted for some pleasant blunders. Bp. Morton.

Go”tham*ite (?), n. 1. A gothamist.

2. An inhabitant of New York city. [Jocular] Irving.

Goth”ic (?), a. [L. Gothicus: cf. F. gothique.]

1. Pertaining to the Goths; as, Gothic customs; also, rude; barbarous.

2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to a style of architecture with pointed arches, steep roofs, windows large in proportion to the wall spaces, and, generally, great height in proportion to the other dimensions — prevalent in Western Europe from about 1200 to 1475 a. d. See Illust. of Abacus, and Capital.

Goth”ic, n. 1. The language of the Goths; especially, the language of that part of the Visigoths who settled in Moesia in the 4th century. See Goth.

&fist; Bishop Ulfilas or Walfila translated most of the Bible into Gothic about the Middle of the 4th century. The portion of this translaton which is preserved is the oldest known literary document in any Teutonic language.

2. A kind of square-cut type, with no hair lines.

&fist; This is Nonpareil GOTHIC.

3. (Arch.) The style described in Gothic, a., 2.

Goth”i*cism (?), n. 1. A Gothic idiom.

2. Conformity to the Gothic style of architecture.

3. Rudeness of manners; barbarousness.

Goth”i*cize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gothicized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gothicizing (?).] To make Gothic; to bring back to barbarism.

Gö“thite, or Goe”thite (&?;), n. [After the poet Göthe.] (Min.) A hydrous oxide of iron, occurring in prismatic crystals, also massive, with a fibrous, reniform, or stalactitic structure. The color varies from yellowish to blackish brown.

Got”ten (?), p. p. of Get.

||Gouache (gw&adot;sh), n. [F., It. guazzo.] A method of painting with opaque colors, which have been ground in water and mingled with a preparation of gum; also, a picture thus painted.

Goud (?), n. [Cf. OF. gaide, F. guède, fr. OHG. weit; or cf. F. gaude weld. Cf. Woad.] Woad. [Obs.]

||Gou`dron” (?), n. [F., tar.] (Mil.) a small fascine or fagot, steeped in wax, pitch, and glue, used in various ways, as for igniting buildings or works, or to light ditches and ramparts. Farrow.

Gouge (?), n. [F. gouge. LL. gubia, guvia, gulbia, gulvia, gulvium; cf. Bisc. gubia bow, gubioa throat.]

1. A chisel, with a hollow or semicylindrical blade, for scooping or cutting holes, channels, or grooves, in wood, stone, etc.; a similar instrument, with curved edge, for turning wood.

2. A bookbinder’s tool for blind tooling or gilding, having a face which forms a curve.

3. An incising tool which cuts forms or blanks for gloves, envelopes, etc. from leather, paper, etc. Knight.

4. (Mining) Soft material lying between the wall of a vein and the solid vein. Raymond.

5. The act of scooping out with a gouge, or as with a gouge; a groove or cavity scooped out, as with a gouge.

6. Imposition; cheat; fraud; also, an impostor; a cheat; a trickish person. [Slang, U. S.]

Gouge bit, a boring bit, shaped like a gouge.

Gouge (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gouged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gouging (?).] 1. To scoop out with a gouge.

2. To scoop out, as an eye, with the thumb nail; to force out the eye of (a person) with the thumb. [K S.]

&fist; A barbarity mentioned by some travelers as formerly practiced in the brutal frays of desperadoes in some parts of the United States.

3. To cheat in a bargain; to chouse. [Slang, U. S.]

Gou”ger (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Plum Gouger.

Gouge”shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sharp-edged, tubular, marine shell, of the genus Vermetus; also, the pinna. See Vermetus.

Gou”jere (?), n. [F. gouge prostitute, a camp trull. Cf. Good-year.] The venereal disease. [Obs.]

Gou”land (?), n. See Golding.

Gou*lard”s” ex”tract” (?). [Named after the introducer, Thomas Goulard, a French surgeon.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of the subacetate of lead, used as a lotion in cases of inflammation. Goulard’s cerate is a cerate containing this extract.

Gour (?), n. [See Giaour.] 1. A fire worshiper; a Gheber or Gueber. Tylor.

2. (Zoöl.) See Koulan.

||Gou”ra (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of large, crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, inhabiting New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Queen Victoria pigeon (Goura Victoria) and the crowned pigeon (G. coronata) are among the best known species.

Gou”ra*mi (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very largo East Indian freshwater fish (Osphromenus gorami), extensively reared in artificial ponds in tropical countries, and highly valued as a food fish. Many unsuccessful efforts have been made to introduce it into Southern Europe. [Written also goramy.]

Gourd (?), n. [F. gourde, OF. cougourde, gouhourde, fr. L. cucurbita gourd (cf. NPr. cougourdo); perh. akin to corbin basket, E. corb. Cf. Cucurbite.] 1. (Bot.) A fleshy, three-celled, many-seeded fruit, as the melon, pumpkin, cucumber, etc., of the order Cucurbitaceæ; and especially the bottle gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) which occurs in a great variety of forms, and, when the interior part is removed, serves for bottles, dippers, cups, and other dishes.

2. A dipper or other vessel made from the shell of a gourd; hence, a drinking vessel; a bottle. Chaucer.

Bitter gourd, colocynth.

Gourd, n. A false die. See Gord.

{ Gourd, Gourde } n. [Sp. gordo large.] A silver dollar; — so called in Cuba, Hayti, etc. Simmonds.

Gourd”i*ness (?), n. [From Gourdy.] (Far.) The state of being gourdy.

Gourd” tree” (?). (Bot.) A tree (the Crescentia Cujete, or calabash tree) of the West Indies and Central America.

Gourd”worm” (?), n. (Zoöl.) The fluke of sheep. See Fluke.

Gourd”y (?), a. [Either fr. gourd, or fr. F. gourd benumbed.] (Far.) Swelled in the legs.

Gour”mand (?), n. [F.] A greedy or ravenous eater; a glutton. See Gormand.

That great gourmand, fat Apicius

B. Jonson.

||Gour`met” (g&oomac;r`m&asl;”), n. [F.] A connoisseur in eating and drinking; an epicure.

Gour”net (gûr”n&ebreve;t), n. (Zoöl.) A fish. See Gurnet.

Gout (gout), n. [F. goutte a drop, the gout, the disease being considered as a defluxion, fr. L. gutta drop.]

1. A drop; a clot or coagulation.

On thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood.

Shak.

2. (Med.) A constitutional disease, occurring by paroxysms. It consists in an inflammation of the fibrous and ligamentous parts of the joints, and almost always attacks first the great toe, next the smaller joints, after which it may attack the greater articulations. It is attended with various sympathetic phenomena, particularly in the digestive organs. It may also attack internal organs, as the stomach, the intestines, etc. Dunglison.

3. A disease of cornstalks. See Corn fly, under Corn.

Gout stones. See Chalkstone, n., 2.

||Goût (g&oomac;), n. [F., fr. L. gustus taste. See Gusto.] Taste; relish.

Gout”i*ly (?), adv. In a gouty manner.

Gout”i*ness, n. The state of being gouty; gout.

{ Gout”weed` (&?;), Gout”wort` (?) } n. [So called from having been formerly used in assuaging the pain of the gout.] (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (Ægopodium Podagraria); — called also bishop’s weed, ashweed, and herb gerard.

Gout”y (?), a. 1. Diseased with, or subject to, the gout; as, a gouty person; a gouty joint.

2. Pertaining to the gout. “Gouty matter.” Blackmore.

3. Swollen, as if from gout. Derham.

4. Boggy; as, gouty land. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gouty bronchitis, bronchitis arising as a secondary disease during the progress of gout. — Gouty concretions, calculi (urate of sodium) formed in the joints, kidneys, etc., of sufferers from gout. — Gouty kidney, an affection occurring during the progress of gout, the kidney shriveling and containing concretions of urate of sodium.

Gove (gōv), n. [Also goaf, goof, goff.] A mow; a rick for hay. [Obs.] Tusser.

Gov”ern (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Governed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Governing.] [OF. governer, F. gouverner, fr. L. gubernare to steer, pilot, govern, Gr. kyberna^n. Cf. Gubernatorial.] 1. To direct and control, as the actions or conduct of men, either by established laws or by arbitrary will; to regulate by authority. “Fit to govern and rule multitudes.” Shak.

2. To regulate; to influence; to direct; to restrain; to manage; as, to govern the life; to govern a horse.

Govern well thy appetite.

Milton.

3. (Gram.) To require to be in a particular case; as, a transitive verb governs a noun in the objective case; or to require (a particular case); as, a transitive verb governs the objective case.

Gov”ern, v. i. To exercise authority; to administer the laws; to have the control. Dryden.

Gov”ern*a*bil”i*ty (?), n. Governableness.

Gov”ern*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. gouvernable.] Capable of being governed, or subjected to authority; controllable; manageable; obedient. Locke.

Gov”ern*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being governable; manageableness.

Gov”ern*al (?), Gov”ern*ail (&?;), n. [Cf. F. gouvernail helm, rudder, L. gubernaculum.] Management; mastery. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gov”ern*ance (?), n. [F. gouvernance.] Exercise of authority; control; government; arrangement. Chaucer. J. H. Newman.

Gov”ern*ante” (?), n. [F. gouvernante. See Govern.] A governess. Sir W. Scott.

Gov”ern*ess (?), n. [Cf. OF. governeresse. See Governor.] A female governor; a woman invested with authority to control and direct; especially, one intrusted with the care and instruction of children, — usually in their homes.

Gov”ern*ing, a. 1. Holding the superiority; prevalent; controlling; as, a governing wind; a governing party in a state. Jay.

2. (Gram.) Requiring a particular case.

Gov”ern*ment (?), n. [F. gouvernement. See Govern.] 1. The act of governing; the exercise of authority; the administration of laws; control; direction; regulation; as, civil, church, or family government.

2. The mode of governing; the system of polity in a state; the established form of law.

That free government which we have so dearly purchased, free commonwealth.

Milton.

3. The right or power of governing; authority.

I here resign my government to thee.

Shak.

4. The person or persons authorized to administer the laws; the ruling power; the administration.

When we, in England, speak of the government, we generally understand the ministers of the crown for the time being.

Mozley & W.

5. The body politic governed by one authority; a state; as, the governments of Europe.

6. Management of the limbs or body. Shak.

7. (Gram.) The influence of a word in regard to construction, requiring that another word should be in a particular case.

Gov”ern*men”tal (?), a. [Cf. F. gouvernemental.] Pertaining to government; made by government; as, governmental duties.

Gov”ern*or (?), n. [OE. governor, governour, OF. governeor, F. gouverneur, fr. L. gubernator steersman, ruler, governor. See Govern.] 1. One who governs; especially, one who is invested with the supreme executive authority in a State; a chief ruler or magistrate; as, the governor of Pennsylvania. “The governor of the town.” Shak.

2. One who has the care or guardianship of a young man; a tutor; a guardian.

3. (Naut.) A pilot; a steersman. [R.]

4. (Mach.) A contrivance applied to steam engines, water wheels, and other machinery, to maintain nearly uniform speed when the resistances and motive force are variable.

&fist; The illustration shows a form of governor commonly used for steam engines, in wich a heavy sleeve (a) sliding on a rapidly revolving spindle (b), driven by the engine, is raised or lowered, when the speed varies, by the changing centrifugal force of two balls (c c) to which it is connected by links (d d), the balls being attached to arms (e e) which are jointed to the top of the spindle. The sleeve is connected with the throttle valve or cut-off through a lever (f), and its motion produces a greater supply of steam when the engine runs too slowly and a less supply when too fast.

Governor cut-off (Steam Engine), a variable cut-off gear in which the governor acts in such a way as to cause the steam to be cut off from entering the cylinder at points of the stroke dependent upon the engine’s speed. — Hydraulic governor (Mach.), a governor which is operated by the action of a liquid in flowing; a cataract.

Gov”ern*or gen”er*al (?). A governor who has lieutenant or deputy governors under him; as, the governor general of Canada, of India.

Gov”ern*or*ship, n. The office of a governor.

Gow”an (?), n. [Scot., fr. Gael. gugan bud, flower, daisy.] 1. The daisy, or mountain daisy. [Scot.]

And pu’d the gowans fine.

Burns.

2. (Min.) Decomposed granite.

Gow”an*y (?), a. Having, abounding in, or decked with, daisies. [Scot.]

Sweeter than gowany glens or new-mown hay.

Ramsay.

Gowd (?), n. [Cf. Gold.] Gold; wealth. [Scot.]

The man’s the gowd for a’ that.

Burns.

Gowd”en (?), a. Golden. [Scot.]

Gow”die (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Dragont. [Scot.]

Gowd”nook” (?), n. (Zoöl.) The saury pike; — called also gofnick.

Gowk (?), v. t. [See Gawk.] To make a, booby of one); to stupefy. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Gowk, n. [See Gawk.] (Zoöl.) 1. The European cuckoo; — called also gawky.

2. A simpleton; a gawk or gawky.

Gowl (?), v. i. [OE. gaulen, goulen. Cf. Yawl, v. i.] To howl. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Gown (?), n. [OE. goune, prob. from W. gwn gown, loose robe, akin to Ir. gunn, Gael. gùn; cf. OF. gone, prob. of the same origin.] 1. A loose, flowing upper garment; especially: (a) The ordinary outer dress of a woman; as, a calico or silk gown. (b) The official robe of certain professional men and scholars, as university students and officers, barristers, judges, etc.; hence, the dress of peace; the dress of civil officers, in distinction from military.

He Mars deposed, and arms to gowns made yield.

Dryden.

(c) A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors; a dressing gown.

2. Any sort of dress or garb.

He comes . . . in the gown of humility.

Shak.

Gowned (?), p. a. Dressed in a gown; clad.

Gowned in pure white, that fitted to the shape.

Tennyson.

Gowns”man (?), Gown”man (&?;), n.; pl. -men (-men). One whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and particularly a member of an English university; hence, a civilian, in distinction from a soldier.

Goz”zard (?), n. See Gosherd. [Prov. Eng.]

Graaf”i*an (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, Regnier de Graaf, a Dutch physician.

Graafian follicles or vesicles, small cavities in which the ova are developed in the ovaries of mammals, and by the bursting of which they are discharged.

Graal (grāl), n. See Grail, a dish.

Grab (grăb), n. [Ar. & Hind. ghurāb crow, raven, a kind of Arab ship.] (Naut.) A vessel used on the Malabar coast, having two or three masts.

Grab (grăb), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbed (grăbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbing.] [Akin to Sw. grabba to grasp. Cf. Grabble, Grapple, Grasp.] To gripe suddenly; to seize; to snatch; to clutch.

Grab, n. 1. A sudden grasp or seizure.

2. An instrument for clutching objects for the purpose of raising them; — specially applied to devices for withdrawing drills, etc., from artesian and other wells that are drilled, bored, or driven.

Grab bag, at fairs, a bag or box holding small articles which are to be drawn, without being seen, on payment of a small sum. [Colloq.] — Grab game, a theft committed by grabbing or snatching a purse or other piece of property. [Colloq.]

Grab”ber (?), n. One who seizes or grabs.

Grab”ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbling (&?;).] [Freq. of grab; cf. D. grabbelen.] 1. To grope; to feel with the hands.

He puts his hands into his pockets, and keeps a grabbling and fumbling.

Selden.

2. To lie prostrate on the belly; to sprawl on the ground; to grovel. Ainsworth.

Grace (?), n. [F. grâce, L. gratia, from gratus beloved, dear, agreeable; perh. akin to Gr. &?; to rejoice, &?; favor, grace, Skr. hary to desire, and E. yearn. Cf. Grateful, Gratis.] 1. The exercise of love, kindness, mercy, favor; disposition to benefit or serve another; favor bestowed or privilege conferred.

To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee.

Milton.

2. (Theol.) The divine favor toward man; the mercy of God, as distinguished from His justice; also, any benefits His mercy imparts; divine love or pardon; a state of acceptance with God; enjoyment of the divine favor.

And if by grace, then is it no more of works.

Rom. xi. 6.

My grace is sufficicnt for thee.

2 Cor. xii. 9.

Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.

Rom. v. 20.

By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand.

Rom. v.2

3. (Law) (a) The prerogative of mercy execised by the executive, as pardon. (b) The same prerogative when exercised in the form of equitable relief through chancery.

4. Fortune; luck; — used commonly with hard or sorry when it means misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. Inherent excellence; any endowment or characteristic fitted to win favor or confer pleasure or benefit.

He is complete in feature and in mind.
With all good grace to grace a gentleman.

Shak.

I have formerly given the general character of Mr. Addison’s style and manner as natural and unaffected, easy and polite, and full of those graces which a flowery imagination diffuses over writing.

Blair.

6. Beauty, physical, intellectual, or moral; loveliness; commonly, easy elegance of manners; perfection of form.

Grace in women gains the affections sooner, and secures them longer, than any thing else.

Hazlitt.

I shall answer and thank you again For the gift and the grace of the gift.

Longfellow.

7. pl. (Myth.) Graceful and beautiful females, sister goddesses, represented by ancient writers as the attendants sometimes of Apollo but oftener of Venus. They were commonly mentioned as three in number; namely, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, and were regarded as the inspirers of the qualities which give attractiveness to wisdom, love, and social intercourse.

The Graces love to weave the rose.

Moore.

The Loves delighted, and the Graces played.

Prior.

8. The title of a duke, a duchess, or an archbishop, and formerly of the king of England.

How fares your Grace !

Shak.

9. (Commonly pl.) Thanks. [Obs.]

Yielding graces and thankings to their lord Melibeus.

Chaucer.

10. A petition for grace; a blessing asked, or thanks rendered, before or after a meal.

11. pl. (Mus.) Ornamental notes or short passages, either introduced by the performer, or indicated by the composer, in which case the notation signs are called grace notes, appeggiaturas, turns, etc.

12. (Eng. Universities) An act, vote, or decree of the government of the institution; a degree or privilege conferred by such vote or decree. Walton.

13. pl. A play designed to promote or display grace of motion. It consists in throwing a small hoop from one player to another, by means of two sticks in the hands of each. Called also grace hoop or hoops.

Act of grace. See under Act. — Day of grace (Theol.), the time of probation, when the offer of divine forgiveness is made and may be accepted.

That day of grace fleets fast away.

I. Watts.

— Days of grace (Com.), the days immediately following the day when a bill or note becomes due, which days are allowed to the debtor or payer to make payment in. In Great Britain and the United States, the days of grace are three, but in some countries more, the usages of merchants being different. — Good graces, favor; friendship. — Grace cup. (a) A cup or vessel in which a health is drunk after grace. (b) A health drunk after grace has been said.

The grace cup follows to his sovereign’s health.

Hing.

— Grace drink, a drink taken on rising from the table; a grace cup.

To [Queen Margaret, of Scotland] . . . we owe the custom of the grace drink, she having established it as a rule at her table, that whosoever staid till grace was said was rewarded with a bumper.

Encyc. Brit.

— Grace hoop, a hoop used in playing graces. See Grace, n., 13. — Grace note (Mus.), an appoggiatura. See Appoggiatura, and def. 11 above. — Grace stroke, a finishing stoke or touch; a coup de grace. — Means of grace, means of securing knowledge of God, or favor with God, as the preaching of the gospel, etc. — To do grace, to reflect credit upon.

Content to do the profession some grace.

Shak.

— To say grace, to render thanks before or after a meal. — With a good grace, in a fit and proper manner grace fully; graciously. — With a bad grace, in a forced, reluctant, or perfunctory manner; ungraciously.

What might have been done with a good grace would at least
be done with a bad grace.

Macaulay.

Syn. — Elegance; comeliness; charm; favor; kindness; mercy. — Grace, Mercy. These words, though often interchanged, have each a distinctive and peculiar meaning. Grace, in the strict sense of the term, is spontaneous favor to the guilty or undeserving; mercy is kindness or compassion to the suffering or condemned. It was the grace of God that opened a way for the exercise of mercy toward men. See Elegance.

Grace (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gracing (?).] 1. To adorn; to decorate; to embellish and dignify.

Great Jove and Phoebus graced his noble line.

Pope.

We are graced with wreaths of victory.

Shak.

2. To dignify or raise by an act of favor; to honor.

He might, at his pleasure, grace or disgrace whom he would
in court.

Knolles.

3. To supply with heavenly grace. Bp. Hall.

4. (Mus.) To add grace notes, cadenzas, etc., to.

Graced (?), a. Endowed with grace; beautiful; full of graces; honorable. Shak.

Grace”ful (?), a. Displaying grace or beauty in form or action; elegant; easy; agreeable in appearance; as, a graceful walk, deportment, speaker, air, act, speech.

High o’er the rest in arms the graceful Turnus rode.

Dryden.

— Grace”ful*ly, adv. Grace”ful*ness, n.

Grace”less, a. 1. Wanting in grace or excellence; departed from, or deprived of, divine grace; hence, depraved; corrupt. “In a graceless age.” Milton.

2. Unfortunate. Cf. Grace, n., 4. [Obs.] Chaucer.

— Grace”less*ly, adv. — Grace”less-ness, n.

{ Grac”ile (?), Grac”il*lent (?) } a. [L. gracilis, gracilentus.] Slender; thin. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gra*cil”i*ty (?), n. [L. gracilitas; cf. F. gracilité.] State of being gracilent; slenderness. Milman. “Youthful gracility.” W. D. Howells.

Gra”cious (grā“shŭs), a. [F. gracieux, L. gratiosus. See Grace.] 1. Abounding in grace or mercy; manifesting love, or bestowing mercy; characterized by grace; beneficent; merciful; disposed to show kindness or favor; condescending; as, his most gracious majesty.

A god ready to pardon, gracious and merciful.

Neh. ix. 17.

So hallowed and so gracious in the time.

Shak.

2. Abounding in beauty, loveliness, or amiability; graceful; excellent.

Since the birth of Cain, the first male child, . . .
There was not such a gracious creature born.

Shak.

3. Produced by divine grace; influenced or controlled by the divine influence; as, gracious affections.

Syn. — Favorable; kind; benevolent; friendly; beneficent; benignant; merciful.

Gra”cious*ly (?), adv. 1. In a gracious manner; courteously; benignantly. Dryden.

2. Fortunately; luckily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gra”cious*ness, n. Quality of being gracious.

Grac”kle (?), n. [Cf. L. graculus jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several American blackbirds, of the family Icteridæ; as, the rusty grackle (Scolecophagus Carolinus); the boat-tailed grackle (see Boat-tail); the purple grackle (Quiscalus quiscula, or Q. versicolor). See Crow blackbird, under Crow. (b) An Asiatic bird of the genus Gracula. See Myna.

Gra”date (?), v. t. [See Grade.] 1. To grade or arrange (parts in a whole, colors in painting, etc.), so that they shall harmonize.

2. (Chem.) To bring to a certain strength or grade of concentration; as, to gradate a saline solution.

Gra*da”tion (?), n., [L. gradatio: cf. F. gradation. See Grade.] 1. The act of progressing by regular steps or orderly arrangement; the state of being graded or arranged in ranks; as, the gradation of castes.

2. The act or process of bringing to a certain grade.

3. Any degree or relative position in an order or series.

The several gradations of the intelligent universe.

I. Taylor.

4. (Fine Arts) A gradual passing from one tint to another or from a darker to a lighter shade, as in painting or drawing.

6. (Mus.) A diatonic ascending or descending succession of chords.

Gra*da”tion, v. t. To form with gradations. [R.]

Gra*da”tion*al (?), a. By regular steps or gradations; of or pertaining to gradation.

Grad”a*to*ry (?), a. [See Grade.] 1. Proceeding step by step, or by gradations; gradual.

Could we have seen [Macbeth’s] crimes darkening on their progress . . . could this gradatory apostasy have been shown us.

A. Seward.

2. (Zoöl.) Suitable for walking; — said of the limbs of an animal when adapted for walking on land.

Grad”a*to*ry, n. [Cf. LL. gradatarium.] (Arch.) A series of steps from a cloister into a church.

Grade (?), n. [F. grade, L. gradus step, pace, grade, from gradi to step, go. Cf. Congress, Degree, Gradus.] 1. A step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing; as, grades of military rank; crimes of every grade; grades of flour.

They also appointed and removed, at their own pleasure,
teachers of every grade.

Buckle.

2. In a railroad or highway: (a) The rate of ascent or descent; gradient; deviation from a level surface to an inclined plane; — usually stated as so many feet per mile, or as one foot rise or fall in so many of horizontal distance; as, a heavy grade; a grade of twenty feet per mile, or of 1 in 264. (b) A graded ascending, descending, or level portion of a road; a gradient.

3. (Stock Breeding) The result of crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the crossbreed have more than three fourths of the better blood, it is called high grade.

At grade, on the same level; — said of the crossing of a railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they are on the same level at the point of crossing. — Down grade, a descent, as on a graded railroad. — Up grade, an ascent, as on a graded railroad. — Equating for grades. See under Equate. — Grade crossing, a crossing at grade.

Grade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grading.] 1. To arrange in order, steps, or degrees, according to size, quality, rank, etc.

2. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive ascent, as the line of a canal or road.

3. (Stock Breeding) To cross with some better breed; to improve the blood of.

Grade”ly, a. [Cf. AS. grad grade, step, order, fr. L. gradus. See Grade.] Decent; orderly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — adv. Decently; in order. [Prov. Eng.]

Grad”er (?), n. One who grades, or that by means of which grading is done or facilitated.

Gra”di*ent (?), a. [L. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi to step, to go. See Grade.] 1. Moving by steps; walking; as, gradient automata. Wilkins.

2. Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination; as, the gradient line of a railroad.

3. Adapted for walking, as the feet of certain birds.

Gra”di*ent, n. 1. The rate of regular or graded ascent or descent in a road; grade.

2. A part of a road which slopes upward or downward; a portion of a way not level; a grade.

3. The rate of increase or decrease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which represents it; as, a thermometric gradient.

Gradient post, a post or stake indicating by its height or by marks on it the grade of a railroad, highway, or embankment, etc., at that spot.

{ ||Gra”din (?), Gra*dine” (?),} n. [F. gradin, dim. of grade. See Grade.] (Arch.) Any member like a step, as the raised back of an altar or the like; a set raised over another. “The gradines of the amphitheeater.” Layard.

Gra*dine” (?), n. [F. gradine.] A toothed chised by sculptors.

Grad”ing (?), n. The act or method of arranging in or by grade, or of bringing, as the surface of land or a road, to the desired level or grade.

||Gra*di”no (?), n.; pl. Gradinos (#). [It.] (Arch.) A step or raised shelf, as above a sideboard or altar. Cf. Superaltar, and Gradin.

Grad”u*al” (?); a. [Cf; F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Gradual, n.] Proceeding by steps or degrees; advancing, step by step, as in ascent or descent or from one state to another; regularly progressive; slow; as, a gradual increase of knowledge; a gradual decline.

Creatures animate with gradual life
Of growth, sense, reason, all summed up in man.

Milton.

Grad”u*al, n. [LL. graduale a gradual (in sense 1), fr. L. gradus step: cf. F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Grail a gradual.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An antiphon or responsory after the epistle, in the Mass, which was sung on the steps, or while the deacon ascended the steps. (b) A service book containing the musical portions of the Mass.

2. A series of steps. [Obs.] Dryden.

Grad”u*al”i*ty (?), n. The state of being gradual; gradualness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Grad”u*al*ly (?), adv. 1. In a gradual manner.

2. In degree. [Obs.]

Human reason doth not only gradually, but specifically, differ from the fantastic reason of brutes.

Grew.

Grad”u*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being gradual; regular progression or gradation; slowness.

The gradualness of this movement.

M. Arnold.

The gradualness of growth is a characteristic which strikes the simplest observer.

H. Drummond.

Grad”u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graduated (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating (&?;).] [Cf. F. graduer. See Graduate, n., Grade.]

1. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc.

2. To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as, he was graduated at Yale College.

3. To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by degrees or to a certain degree; to determine the degrees of; as, to graduate the heat of an oven.

Dyers advance and graduate their colors with salts.

Browne.

4. (Chem.) To bring to a certain degree of consistency, by evaporation, as a fluid.

Graduating engine, a dividing engine. See Dividing engine, under Dividing.

Grad”u*ate, v. i. 1. To pass by degrees; to change gradually; to shade off; as, sandstone which graduates into gneiss; carnelian sometimes graduates into quartz.

2. (Zoöl.) To taper, as the tail of certain birds.

3. To take a degree in a college or university; to become a graduate; to receive a diploma.

He graduated at Oxford.

Latham.

He was brought to their bar and asked where he had graduated.

Macaulay.

Grad”u*ate (?), n. [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade. See Grade, n.] 1. One who has received an academical or professional degree; one who has completed the prescribed course of study in any school or institution of learning.

2. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists. See under Graduated.

Grad”u*ate, a. [See Graduate, n. & v.] Arranged by successive steps or degrees; graduated.

Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate
and subordinate stages.

Tatham.

Grad”u*a”ted (?), a. 1. Marked with, or divided into, degrees; divided into grades.

2. (Zoöl.) Tapered; — said of a bird’s tail when the outer feathers are shortest, and the others successively longer.

Graduated tube, bottle, cap, or glass, a vessel, usually of glass, having horizontal marks upon its sides, with figures, to indicate the amount of the contents at the several levels. — Graduated spring (Railroads), a combination of metallic and rubber springs.

Grad”u*ate*ship, n. State of being a graduate. Milton.

Grad”u*a”tion (?), n. [LL. graduatio promotion to a degree: cf. F. graduation division into degrees.]

1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as, graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird’s tail, etc.

2. The marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity; a scale.

3. The exposure of a liquid in large surfaces to the air, so as to hasten its evaporation.

Grad”u*a”tor (?), n. 1. One who determines or indicates graduation; as, a graduator of instruments.

2. An instrument for dividing any line, right or curve, into small, regular intervals.

3. An apparatus for diffusing a solution, as brine or vinegar, over a large surface, for exposure to the air.

||Gra”dus (?), n. [From L. gradus ad Parnassum a step to Parnassus.] A dictionary of prosody, designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry.

He set to work . . . without gradus or other help.

T. Hughes.

||Graf (?), n. [G. Cf. -grave.] A German title of nobility, equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. See Earl.

Graff (?), n. [OE. grafe, greife, greive. Cf. Margrave.] A steward; an overseer.

[A prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ.

John Knox.

Graff n. & v. See Graft.

Graff”age (?), n. [Cf. Grave, n.] The scarp of a ditch or moat. “To clean the graffages.” Miss Mitford.

Graf”fer (?), n. [See Greffier.] (Law.) a notary or scrivener. Bouvier.

||Graf*fi”ti (?), n. pl. [It., pl. of graffito scratched] Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii.

Graft (?), n. [OE. graff, F. greffe, originally the same word as OF. grafe pencil, L. graphium, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to write; prob. akin to E. carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Cf. Graphic, Grammar.] (a) A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree, the stock of which is to support and nourish it. The two unite and become one tree, but the graft determines the kind of fruit. (b) A branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot. (c) (Surg.) A portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty.

Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grafting.] [F. greffer. See Graft, n.] 1. To insert (a graft) in a branch or stem of another tree; to propagate by insertion in another stock; also, to insert a graft upon. [Formerly written graff.]

2. (Surg.) To implant a portion of (living flesh or akin) in a lesion so as to form an organic union.

3. To join (one thing) to another as if by grafting, so as to bring about a close union.

And graft my love immortal on thy fame !

Pope.

4. (Naut.) To cover, as a ring bolt, block strap, splicing, etc., with a weaving of small cord or rope- yarns.

Graft, v. i. To insert scions from one tree, or kind of tree, etc., into another; to practice grafting.

Graft”er (?), n. 1. One who inserts scions on other stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting.

2. An instrument by which grafting is facilitated.

3. The original tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting upon another tree. Shak.

Graft”ing n. 1. (Hort.) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts.

2. (Naut.) The act or method of weaving a cover for a ring, rope end, etc.

3. (Surg.) The transplanting of a portion of flesh or skin to a denuded surface; autoplasty.

4. (Carp.) A scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another.

Cleft grafting (Hort.) a method of grafting in which the scion is placed in a cleft or slit in the stock or stump made by sawing off a branch, usually in such a manaer that its bark evenly joins that of the stock. — Crown, or Rind, grafting, a method of grafting which the alburnum and inner bark are separated, and between them is inserted the lower end of the scion cut slantwise. — Saddle grafting, a mode of grafting in which a deep cleft is made in the end of the scion by two sloping cuts, and the end of the stock is made wedge-shaped to fit the cleft in the scion, which is placed upon it saddlewise. — Side grafting, a mode of grafting in which the scion, cut quite across very obliquely, so as to give it the form of a slender wedge, is thrust down inside of the bark of the stock or stem into which it is inserted, the cut side of the scion being next the wood of the stock. — Skin grafting. (Surg.) See Autoplasty. — Splice grafting (Hort.), a method of grafting by cutting the ends of the scion and stock completely across and obliquely, in such a manner that the sections are of the same shape, then lapping the ends so that the one cut surface exactly fits the other, and securing them by tying or otherwise. — Whip grafting, tongue grafting, the same as splice grafting, except that a cleft or slit is made in the end of both scion and stock, in the direction of the grain and in the middle of the sloping surface, forming a kind of tongue, so that when put together, the tongue of each is inserted in the slit of the other. — Grafting scissors, a surgeon’s scissors, used in rhinoplastic operations, etc. — Grafting tool. (a) Any tool used in grafting. (b) A very strong curved spade used in digging canals. — Grafting wax, a composition of rosin, beeswax tallow, etc., used in binding up the wounds of newly grafted trees.

Gra”ham bread” (?). [From Sylvester Graham, a lecturer on dietetics.] Bread made of unbolted wheat flour. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Gra”ham*ite (?), n. [See Graham bread.] One who follows the dietetic system of Graham. [U. S.]

Grail (?), n. [OF. greel, LL. gradale. See Gradual, n.] A book of offices in the Roman Catholic Church; a gradual. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Such as antiphonals, missals, grails, processionals, etc.

Strype.

Grail, n. [OF. graal, greal, greet, F. graal, gréal, LL. gradalis, gradale, prob. derived fr. L. crater bowl, mixing vessel, Gr. krath`r. See Crater.] A broad, open dish; a chalice; — only used of the Holy Grail.

&fist;The Holy Grail, according to some legends of the Middle Ages, was the cup used by our Savior in dispensing the wine at the last supper; and according to others, the platter on which the paschal lamb was served at the last Passover observed by our Lord. This cup, according to the legend, if appoached by any but a perfectly pure and holy person, would be borne away and vanish from the sight. The quest of the Holy Grail was to be undertaken only by a knight who was perfectly chaste in thought, word, and act.

Grail, n. [F. grêle hail, from grÉs grit, OHG. griex, grioz, G. gries, gravel, grit. See Grit.] Small particles of earth; gravel. [Obs.]

Lying down upon the sandy grail.

Spenser.

Grail (gr&mac;l), n. [Cf. OF. graite slender, F. grête.] One of the small feathers of a hawk.

Graille (gr&mac;l), n. [Cf. F. grêle a sort of file.] A halfround single-cut file or fioat, having one curved face and one straight face, — used by comb makers. Knight.

Grain, v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

Grain (gr&mac;n), n. [F. grain, L. granum, grain, seed, small kernel, small particle. See Corn, and cf. Garner, n., Garnet, Gram the chick-pea, Granule, Kernel.]

1. A single small hard seed; a kernel, especially of those plants, like wheat, whose seeds are used for food.

2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish the chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or the plants themselves; — used collectively.

Storehouses crammed with grain.

Shak.

3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, any minute portion or particle; as, a grain of gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc.

I . . . with a grain of manhood well resolved.

Milton.

4. The unit of the English system of weights; — so called because considered equal to the average of grains taken from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram.

5. A reddish dye made from the coccus insect, or kermes; hence, a red color of any tint or hue, as crimson, scarlet, etc.; sometimes used by the poets as equivalent to Tyrian purple.

All in a robe of darkest grain.

Milton.

Doing as the dyers do, who, having first dipped their silks in colors of less value, then give’ them the last tincture of crimson in grain.

Quoted by Coleridge, preface to Aids to Reflection.

6. The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as, marble, sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain.

Hard box, and linden of a softer grain.

Dryden.

7. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, or of the strata in stone, slate, etc.

Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
Infect the sound pine and divert his grain
Tortive and errant from his course of growth.

Shak.

8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any fibrous material.

9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on that side. Knight.

10. pl. The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff.

11. (Bot.) A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock. See Grained, a., 4.

12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.]

Brothers . . . not united in grain.

Hayward.

13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.]

He cheweth grain and licorice,
To smellen sweet.

Chaucer.

Against the grain, against or across the direction of the fibers; hence, against one’s wishes or tastes; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty. Swift. Saintsbury.— A grain of allowance, a slight indulgence or latitude a small allowance. — Grain binder, an attachment to a harvester for binding the grain into sheaves. — Grain colors, dyes made from the coccus or kermes insect. — Grain leather. (a) Dressed horse hides. (b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side for women’s shoes, etc. — Grain moth (Zoöl.), one of several small moths, of the family Tineidæ (as Tinea granella and Butalis cerealella), whose larvæ devour grain in storehouses. — Grain side (Leather), the side of a skin or hide from which the hair has been removed; — opposed to flesh side. — Grains of paradise, the seeds of a species of amomum. — grain tin, crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with charcoal. — Grain weevil (Zoöl.), a small red weevil (Sitophilus granarius), which destroys stored wheat and other grain, by eating out the interior. — Grain worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grain moth. See grain moth, above. — In grain, of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate; genuine. “Anguish in grain.” Herbert. — To dye in grain, to dye of a fast color by means of the coccus or kermes grain [see Grain, n., 5]; hence, to dye firmly; also, to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. See under Dye.

The red roses flush up in her cheeks . . .
Likce crimson dyed in grain.

Spenser.

— To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to; to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble.

Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grained (grānd); p. pr. & vb. n. Graining.] 1. To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

2. To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains.

3. To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).

Grain, v. i. [F. grainer, grener. See Grain, n.] 1. To yield fruit. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To form grains, or to assume a granular form, as the result of crystallization; to granulate.

Grain (grān), n. [See Groin a part of the body.]

1. A branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant. [Obs.] G. Douglas.

2. A tine, prong, or fork. Specifically: (a) One the branches of a valley or of a river. (b) pl. An iron fish spear or harpoon, having four or more barbed points.

3. A blade of a sword, knife, etc.

4. (Founding) A thin piece of metal, used in a mold to steady a core.

Grained (grānd), a. 1. Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough.

2. Dyed in grain; ingrained.

Persons lightly dipped, not grained, in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness.

Sir T. Browne.

3. Painted or stained in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

4. (Bot.) Having tubercles or grainlike processes, as the petals or sepals of some flowers.

Grain”er (grān”&etilde;r), n. 1. An infusion of pigeon’s dung used by tanners to neutralize the effects of lime and give flexibility to skins; — called also grains and bate.

2. A knife for taking the hair off skins.

3. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.; also, the brush or tool used in graining.

Grain”field` (-fēld`), n. A field where grain is grown.

Grain”ing, n. 1. Indentation; roughening; milling, as on edges of coins. Locke.

2. A process in dressing leather, by which the skin is softened and the grain raised.

3. Painting or staining, in imitation of the grain of wood, stone, etc.

4. (Soap Making) The process of separating soap from spent lye, as with salt.

Grain”ing, n. (Zoöl.) A small European fresh-water fish (Leuciscus vulgaris); – - called also dobule, and dace.

Grains (grānz), n. pl. 1. See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b).

2. Pigeon’s dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n., 1.

Grain”y (grān”&ybreve;), a. Resembling grains; granular.

Graip (grāp), n. [Perh. akin to grope, gripe.] A dungfork. [Scot.] Burns.

Graith (grāth), v. t. [Obs.] See Greith. Chaucer.

Graith, n. Furniture; apparatus or accouterments for work, traveling, war, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gra”kle (grăk“‘l), n. (Zoöl.) See Grackle.

||Gral”læ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, for gradulae, fr. gradus. See Grade.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds which formerly included all the waders. By later writers it is usually restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms; — called also Grallatores.

||Gral”la*to”res (?), n. pl. [NL. from L. grallator one who runs on stilts.] (Zo\94l.) See Grallæ.

Gral`la*to”ri*al (?), Gral”la*to*ry (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallatores, or waders.

Gral”lic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Grallæ.

Gral”line (līn), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallæ.

Gral”loch (?), n. Offal of a deer. — v. t. To remove the offal from (a deer).

-gram (?). [Gr. ? a thing drawn or written, a letter, fr. gra`fein to draw, write. See Graphic.] A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a drawing, writing; — as, monogram, telegram, chronogram.

Gram (?), a. [AS. gram; akin to E. grim. √35.] Angry. [Obs.] Havelok, the Dane.

Gram, n. [Pg. gr?o grain. See Grain.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of the chick- pea (Cicer arietinum) and its seeds; also, other similar seeds there used for food.

Gram, Gramme (?), n. [F. gramme, from Gr. ? that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr. ? to write. See Graphic.] The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain, n., 4.

Gram degree, or Gramme degree (Physics), a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. — Gram equivalent (Electrolysis), that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen.

Gra”ma grass` (?). [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.) The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya.

Gram”a*rye (?), n. [OE. gramer, grameri, gramori, grammar, magic, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire. See Grammar.] Necromancy; magic. Sir W. Scott.

Gra*mash”es (?), n. pl. [See Gamashes.] Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings.

Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth.

Sir W. Scott.

Grame (?), n. [See Gram, a.] 1. Anger; wrath; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Sorrow; grief; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gra*mer”cy (?), interj. [F. grand- merci. See Grand, and Mercy.] A word formerly used to express thankfulness, with surprise; many thanks.

Gramercy, Mammon, said the gentle knight.

Spenser.

Gram”i*na”ceous (?), a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the grasses; gramineous; as, graminaceous plants.

Gra*min”e*al (?), a. Gramineous.

Gra*min”e*ous (?), a. [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, graminis, grass.] (Bot.) Like, Or pertaining to, grass. See Grass, n., 2.

Gram”i*ni*fo”li*ous (?), a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Bearing leaves resembling those of grass.

Gram”i*niv”o*rous (?), a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding or subsisting on grass, and the like food; — said of horses, cattle, and other animals.

Gram”ma*logue (grăm”m&adot;*l&obreve;g), n. [Gr. gra`mma letter + lo`gos word. Cf. Logogram.] (Phonography) Literally, a letter word; a word represented by a logogram; as, it, represented by |, that is, t. Pitman.

Gram”mar (?), n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr &?;, fem. of &?; skilled in grammar, fr. &?; letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical, Gramarye.] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one another; the art concerned with the right use and application of the rules of a language, in speaking or writing.

&fist; The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence. Bain.

2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage; speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar.

The original bad grammar and bad spelling.

Macaulay.

3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing.

4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as, a grammar of geography.

Comparative grammar, the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms. — Grammar school. (a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States.

When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred
families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University.

Mass. Records (1647).

(b) In the American system of graded common schools an intermediate grade between the primary school and the high school, in which the principles of English grammar are taught.

Gram”mar, v. i. To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gram*ma”ri*an (?), n. [Cf. F. grammairien.] 1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a philologist.

&fist; “The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of honorable distinction for all who were considered learned in any art or faculty whatever.” Brande & C.

2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar.

Gram*ma”ri*an*ism (?), n. The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians. [R.]

Gram”mar*less (?), a. Without grammar.

Gram”mates (?), n. pl. [From Gr. &?; letters, written rules.] Rudiments; first principles, as of grammar. [Obs.] Ford.

Gram*mat”ic (?), a. Grammatical.

Gram*mat”ic*al (?), a. [L. grammaticus, grammaticalis; Gr. &?; skilled in grammar, knowing one’s letters, from &?; a letter: cf. F. grammatical. See Grammar.] 1. Of or pertaining to grammar; of the nature of grammar; as, a grammatical rule.

2. According to the rules of grammar; grammatically correct; as, the sentence is not grammatical; the construction is not grammatical.

—Gram*mat”ic*al*ly, adv. — Gram*mat”ic*al*ness, n.

Gram*mat”icas”ter (?), n. [LL.] A petty grammarian; a grammatical pedant or pretender.

My noble Neophite, my little grammaticaster.

B. Jonson.

Gram*mat”i*ca”tion (?), n. A principle of grammar; a grammatical rule. [Obs.] Dalgarno.

Gram*mat”i*cism (?), n. A point or principle of grammar. Abp. Leighton.

Gram*mat”i*cize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grammaticized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grammaticizing (?).] To render grammatical. Fuller.

Gram”ma*tist (?), n. [L. grammatista schoolmaster, Gr. &?;, from &?; to teach the letters, to be a scribe: cf. F. grammatiste. See Grammatical.] A petty grammarian. [R] Tooke.

Gramme (?), n. Same as Gram the weight.

Gramme” ma*chine” (?). (Elec.) A kind of dynamo-electric machine; — so named from its French inventor, M. Gramme. Knight.

Gram”pus (?), n.; pl. Grampuses (#). [Probably corrupted from It. gran pesce great fish, or Sp. gran pez, or Pg. gran peixe, all fr. L. grandis piscis. See Grand, and Fish. the animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) A toothed delphinoid cetacean, of the genus Grampus, esp. G. griseus of Europe and America, which is valued for its oil. It grows to be fifteen to twenty feet long; its color is gray with white streaks. Called also cowfish. The California grampus is G. Stearnsii.

2. A kind of tongs used in a bloomery. [U.S.]

{ Gra*nade” (?), Gra*na”do (?), } n. See Grenade.

||Gran`a*dil”la (?), n. [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate. See Grenade, Garnet.] (Bot.) The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child’s head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

Gran”a*ry (?), n.; pl. Granaries (#). [L. granarium, fr. granum grain. See Garner.] A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after it is thrashed or husked; a cornhouse; also (Fig.), a region fertile in grain.

The exhaustless granary of a world.

Thomson.

Gran”ate (?), n. See Garnet.

Gra*na”tin (?), n. [L. granatum the pomegranate.] (Chem.) Mannite; — so called because found in the pomegranate.

Gran”a*tite (?), n. See Staurolite.

Grand (?), a. [Compar. Grander (?); superl. Grandest.] [OE. grant, grount, OF. grant, F. grand, fr. L. grandis; perh. akin to gravis heavy, E. grave, a. Cf. Grandee.] 1. Of large size or extent; great; extensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; principal; as, a grand mountain; a grand army; a grand mistake. “Our grand foe, Satan.” Milton.

Making so bold . . . to unseal
Their grand commission.

Shak.

2. Great in size, and fine or imposing in appearance or impression; illustrious, dignifled, or noble (said of persons); majestic, splendid, magnificent, or sublime (said of things); as, a grand monarch; a grand lord; a grand general; a grand view; a grand conception.

They are the highest models of expression, the unapproached
masters of the grand style.

M. Arnold.

3. Having higher rank or more dignity, size, or importance than other persons or things of the same name; as, a grand lodge; a grand vizier; a grand piano, etc.

4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of parentage or descent; — generalIy used in composition; as, grandfather, grandson, grandchild, etc.

What cause
Mov’d our grand parents, in that happy state,
Favor’d of Heaven so highly, to fall off
From their Creator.

Milton.

Grand action, a pianoforte action, used in grand pianos, in which special devices are employed to obtain perfect action of the hammer in striking and leaving the string. — Grand Army of the Republic, an organized voluntary association of men who served in the Union army or navy during the civil war in the United States. The order has chapters, called Posts, throughout the country. — Grand cross. (a) The highest rank of knighthood in the Order of the Bath. (b) A knight grand cross. — Grand cordon, the cordon or broad ribbon, identified with the highest grade in certain honorary orders; hence, a person who holds that grade. — Grand days (Eng. Law), certain days in the terms which are observed as holidays in the inns of court and chancery (Candlemas, Ascension, St. John Baptist’s, and All Saints’ Days); called also Dies non juridici. — Grand duchess. (a) The wife or widow of a grand duke. (b) A lady having the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. (c) In Russia, a daughter of the Czar. — Grand duke. (a) A sovereign duke, inferior in rank to a king; as, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. (b) In Russia, a son of the Czar. (c) (Zoöl.) The European great horned owl or eagle owl (Bubo maximas). — Grand- guard, or Grandegarde, a piece of plate armor used in tournaments as an extra protection for the left shoulder and breast. — Grand juror, a member of a grand jury. — Grand jury (Law), a jury of not less than twelve men, and not more than twenty-three, whose duty it is, in private session, to examine into accusations against persons charged with crime, and if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment against them, to be presented to the court; — called also grand inquest. — Grand juryman, a grand juror. — Grand larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. — Grand lodge, the chief lodge, or governing body, among Freemasons and other secret orders. — Grand master. (a) The head of one of the military orders of knighthood, as the Templars, Hospitallers, etc. (b) The head of the order of Freemasons or of Good Templars, etc. — Grand paunch, a glutton or gourmand. [Obs.] Holland. — Grand pensionary. See under Pensionary. — Grand piano (Mus.), a large piano, usually harp-shaped, in which the wires or strings are generally triplicated, increasing the power, and all the mechanism is introduced in the most effective manner, regardless of the size of the instrument. — Grand relief (Sculp.), alto relievo. — Grand Seignior. See under Seignior. — Grand stand, the principal stand, or erection for spectators, at a, race course, etc. — Grand vicar (Eccl.), a principal vicar; an ecclesiastical delegate in France. — Grand vizier. See under Vizier.

Syn. — Magnificent; sublime; majestic; dignified; elevated; stately; august; pompous; lofty; eralted; noble. — Grand, Magnificent, Sublime. Grand, in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty; magnificent is applied to anything which is imposing from its splendor; sublime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an overhanging precipice is sublime. “Grandeur admits of degrees and modifications; but magnificence is that which has already reached the highest degree of superiority naturally belonging to the object in question.” Crabb.

Gran”dam (?), n. [F. grande, fem. of grand + dame. See Grand, and Dame.] An old woman; specifically, a grandmother. Shak.

Grand”aunt” (?), n. [Cf. F. grand’tante.] The aunt of one’s father or mother.

Grand”child” (?), n. A son’s or daughter’s child; a child in the second degree of descent.

Grand”daugh”ter (?), n. The daughter of one’s son or daughter.

Grand”-du”cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a grand duke. H. James.

Gran*dee” (?), n. [Sp. grande. See Grand.] A man of elevated rank or station; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who may be covered in the king’s presence.

Gran*dee”ship, n. The rank or estate of a grandee; lordship. H. Swinburne.

Gran”deur (?), n. [F., fr. grand. See Grand.] The state or quality of being grand; vastness; greatness; splendor; magnificence; stateliness; sublimity; dignity; elevation of thought or expression; nobility of action.

Nor doth this grandeur and majestic show
Of luxury . . . allure mine eye.

Milton.

Syn. — Sublimity; majesty; stateliness; augustness; loftiness. See Sublimity.

Gran*dev”i*ty (?), n. [L. grandaevitas.] Great age; long life. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Gran*de”vous (?), a. [L. grandaevus; grandig grand+ aevum lifetime, age.] Of great age; aged; longlived. [R.] Bailey.

Grand”fa”ther (?), n. A father’s or mother’s father; an ancestor in the next degree above the father or mother in lineal ascent.

Grandfather longlegs. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs.

Grand”fa”ther*ly, a. Like a grandfather in age or manner; kind; benignant; indulgent.

He was a grandfatherly sort of personage.

Hawthorne.

Gran*dif”ic (?), a. [L. grandificus; grandis grand + facere to make.] Making great. [R.] Bailey.

Gran*dil”o*quence (?), n. The use of lofty words or phrases; bombast; — usually in a bad sense.

The sin of grandiloquence or tall talking.

Thackeray,

Gran*dil”o*quent (?), a. [L. grandis grand + logui to speak.] Speaking in a lofty style; pompous; bombastic.

Gran*dil”o*quous (?), a. [L. grandiloquus; grandis grand + loqui to apeak.] Grandiloquent.

Gran”di*nous (?), a. [L. grandinosus, fr. qrando, grandinis, hail.] Consisting of hail; abounding in hail. [R.] Bailey.

Gran”di*ose” (?), a. [F. grandiose, It. grandioso. See Grand.] 1. Impressive or elevating in effect; imposing; splendid; striking; — in a good sense.

The tone of the parts was to be perpetually kept down in order not to impair the grandiose effect of the whole.

M. Arnold.

The grandiose red tulips which grow wild.

C. Kingsley.

2. Characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor; flaunting; turgid; bombastic; — in a bad sense; as, a grandiose style.

Gran”di*os”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. grandiosité, It. grandiosità.] The state or quality of being grandiose,

Grand”i*ty (?), n. [L. granditas: cf. OF. granité. See Grand.] Grandness. [Obs.] Camden.

Grand”ly, adv. In a grand manner.

{ Grand”ma” (?), Grand”mam*ma” (?), } n. A grandmother.

Grand” mer”cy (?). See Gramercy. [Obs.]

Grand”moth”er (?), n. The mother of one’s father or mother.

Grand”moth”er*ly, a. Like a grandmother in age or manner; kind; indulgent.

Grand”neph”ew (?), n. The grandson of one’s brother or sister.

Grand”ness, n. Grandeur. Wollaston.

Grand”niece” (?), n. The granddaughter of one’s brother or sister.

{ Grand”pa” (?), Grand”pa*pa” (?), } n. A grandfather.

Grand”sire” (?), n. [OF. grantsire. See Grand, and Sire.] Specifically, a grandfather; more generally, any ancestor.

Grand”son” (?), n. A son’s or daughter’s son.

Grand”un”cle (?), n. [Cf. F. grand- oncle.] A father’s or mother’s uncle.

Grane (?), v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

Grange (?), n. [F. grange barn, LL. granea, from L. granum grain. See Grain a kernel.] 1. A building for storing grain; a granary. [Obs.] Milton.

2. A farmhouse, with the barns and other buildings for farming purposes.

And eke an officer out for to ride,
To see her granges and her bernes wide.

Chaucer.

Nor burnt the grange, nor bussed the milking maid.

Tennyson.

3. A farmhouse of a monastery, where the rents and tithes, paid in grain, were deposited. [Obs.]

4. A farm; generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbors.

5. An association of farmers, designed to further their interests, and particularly to bring producers and consumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct commercial relations, without intervention of middlemen or traders. The first grange was organized in 1867. [U. S.]

Gran”ger (?), n. 1. A farm steward. [Obs.]

2. A member of a grange. [U. S.]

Gran”ger*ism (?), n. [So called from the Rev. James Granger, whose “Biographical History of England” (1769) was a favorite book for illustration in this manner.] The practice of illustrating a particular book by engravings collected from other books.

Gran”ger*ite (?), n. One who collects illustrations from various books for the decoration of one book.

Gran”ger*ize (?), v. t. & i. To collect (illustrations from books) for decoration of other books. G. A. Sala.

Gra*nif”er*ous (?), a. [L. qranifer; granum grain + ferre to bear: cf. F. granifère.] Bearing grain, or seeds like grain. Humble.

Gran”i*form (?), a. [L. granum grain + -form; cf. F. graniforme.] Formed like of corn.

||Gra*nil”la (?), n. [Sp., small seed.] Small grains or dust of cochineal or the coccus insect.

Gran”ite (?), n. [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, p. p. of granire to make grainy, fr. L. granum grain; cf. F. granit. See Grain.] (Geol.) A crystalline, granular rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and usually of a whitish, grayish, or flesh-red color. It differs from gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefore in being destitute of a schistose structure.

&fist; Varieties containing hornblende are common. See also the Note under Mica.

Gneissoid granite, granite in which the mica has traces of a regular arrangement. — Graphic granite, granite consisting of quartz and feldspar without mica, and having the quartz crystals so arranged in the transverse section like oriental characters. — Porphyritic granite, granite containing feldspar in distinct crystals. — Hornblende granite, or Syenitic granite, granite containing hornblende as well as mica, or, according to some authorities hornblende replacing the mica. — Granite ware. (a) A kind of stoneware. (b) A Kind of ironware, coated with an enamel resembling granite.

Gran”ite State. New Hampshire; — a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Gra*nit”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. granitique.] 1. Like granite in composition, color, etc.; having the nature of granite; as, granitic texture.

2. Consisting of granite; as, granitic mountains.

Gra*nit”ic*al (?), a. Granitic.

Gra*nit`i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [Granite + L. ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy.] The act or the process of forming into granite. Humble.

Gra*nit”i*form (?), a. [Granite + -form.] (Geol.) Resembling granite in structure or shape.

Gran”i*toid (?), a. [Granite + -oid: cf. F. granitoïde.] Resembling granite in granular appearance; as, granitoid gneiss; a granitoid pavement.

Gra*niv”o*rous (?), a. [L. granum grain + vorare to devour: cf. F. granivore.] Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds; as, granivorous birds. Gay.

Gran”nam (?), n. A grandam. [Colloq.]

Gran”ny (?), n. A grandmother; a grandam; familiarly, an old woman.

Granny’s bend, or Granny’s knot (Naut.), a kind of insecure knot or hitch; a reef knot crossed the wrong way.

Gran`o*lith”ic (?), n. [L. granum a grain (or E. granite) + -lith + -ic.] A kind of hard artificial stone, used for pavements.

Grant (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granted; p. pr. & vb. n. Granting.] [OE. graunten, granten, OF. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, yield, LL. creantare to promise, assure, for (assumed LL.) credentare to make believe, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere to believe. See Creed, Credit.] 1. To give over; to make conveyance of; to give the possession or title of; to convey; — usually in answer to petition.

Grant me the place of this threshing floor.

1 Chrcn. xxi. 22.

2. To bestow or confer, with or without compensation, particularly in answer to prayer or request; to give.

Wherefore did God grant me my request.

Milton.

3. To admit as true what is not yet satisfactorily proved; to yield belief to; to allow; to yield; to concede.

Grant that the Fates have firmed by their decree.

Dryden.

Syn.— To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; allow; concede. See Give.

Grant, v. i. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grant, n. [OE. grant, graunt, OF. graant, creant, promise, assurance. See Grant, v. t.] 1. The act of granting; a bestowing or conferring; concession; allowance; permission.

2. The yielding or admission of something in dispute.

3. The thing or property granted; a gift; a boon.

4. (Law) A transfer of property by deed or writing; especially, au appropriation or conveyance made by the government; as, a grant of land or of money; also, the deed or writing by which the transfer is made.

&fist; Formerly, in English law, the term was specifically applied to transfrrs of incorporeal hereditaments, expectant estates, and letters patent from government and such is its present application in some of the United States. But now, in England the usual mode of transferring realty is by grant; and so, in some of the United States, the term grant is applied to conveyances of every kind of real property. Bouvier. Burrill.

Grant”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being granted.

Gran*tee” (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a grant or conveyance is made.

His grace will not survive the poor grantee he despises.

Burke.

Grant”er (?), n. One who grants.

Grant”or (?), n. (Law) The person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.

Gran”u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. granulaire. See Granule.] Consisting of, or resembling, grains; as, a granular substance.

Granular limestone, crystalline limestone, or marble, having a granular structure.

Gran”u*lar*ly (?), adv. In a granular form.

Gran”u*la*ry (?), a. Granular.

Gran”u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Granulating (?).] [See Granule.] 1. To form into grains or small masses; as, to granulate powder, sugar, or metal.

2. To raise in granules or small asperities; to make rough on the surface.

Gran”u*late, v. i. To collect or be formed into grains; as, cane juice granulates into sugar.

{ Gran”u*late (?), Gran”u*la`ted (?), } a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, grains; crystallized in grains; granular; as, granulated sugar.

2. Having numerous small elevations, as shagreen.

Granulated steel, a variety of steel made by a particular process beginning with the granulation of pig iron.

Gran`u*la”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. granulation.] 1. The act or process of forming or crystallizing into grains; as, the granulation of powder and sugar.

2. The state of being granulated.

3. (Med.) (a) One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), and are the efficient agents in the process of healing. (b) The act or process of the formation of such prominences.

Gran”ule (?), n. [L. granulum, dim. of granum grain: cf. F. granule. See Grain a kernel.] A little grain a small particle; a pellet.

Gran`u*lif”er*ous (?), a. [Granule + -ferous.] Full of granulations.

Gra*nu”li*form (?), a. [Granule + -form.] (Min.) Having a granular structure; granular; as, granuliform limestone.

Gran”u*lite (?), n. [From Granule.] (Geol.) A whitish, granular rock, consisting of feldspar and quartz intimately mixed; — sometimes called whitestone, and leptynite.

Gran”u*lose` (?), n. [From Granule.] (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. Unlike cellulose, it is colored blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments.

Gran”u*lous (?), a. [Cf. F. granuleux.] Full of grains; abounding with granular substances; granular.

Grape (?), n. [OF. grape, crape, bunch or cluster of grapes, F. grappe, akin to F. grappin grapnel, hook; fr. OHG. chrapfo hook, G. krapfen, akin to E. cramp. The sense seems to have come from the idea of clutching. Cf. Agraffe, Cramp, Grapnel, Grapple.] 1. (Bot.) A well-known edible berry growing in pendent clusters or bunches on the grapevine. The berries are smooth-skinned, have a juicy pulp, and are cultivated in great quantities for table use and for making wine and raisins.

2. (Bot.) The plant which bears this fruit; the grapevine.

3. (Man.) A mangy tumor on the leg of a horse.

4. (Mil.) Grapeshot.

Grape borer. (Zoöl.) See Vine borer. — Grape curculio (Zoöl.), a minute black weevil (Craponius inæqualis) which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes. — Grape flower, or Grape hyacinth (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Muscari racemosum) with small blue globular flowers in a dense raceme. — Grape fungus (Bot.), a fungus (Oidium Tuckeri) on grapevines; vine mildew. — Grape hopper (Zoöl.), a small yellow and red hemipterous insect, often very injurious to the leaves of the grapevine. — Grape moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Eudemis botrana), which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes, and often binds them together with silk. — Grape of a cannon, the cascabel or knob at the breech. — Grape sugar. See Glucose. — Grape worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grape moth. — Sour grapes, things which persons affect to despise because they can not possess them; — in allusion to Æsop’s fable of the fox and the grapes.

Grape” fruit`. The shaddock.

Grape”less, a. Wanting grapes or the flavor of grapes.

Grap”er*y (?), n. A building or inclosure used for the cultivation of grapes.

Grape”shot` (?), n. (Mil.) A cluster, usually nine in number, of small iron balls, put together by means of cast-iron circular plates at top and bottom, with two rings, and a central connecting rod, in order to be used as a charge for a cannon. Formerly grapeshot were inclosed in canvas bags.

Grape”stone` (?), n. A seed of the grape.

Grape”vine` (?), n. (Bot.) A vine or climbing shrub, of the genus Vitis, having small green flowers and lobed leaves, and bearing the fruit called grapes.

&fist; The common grapevine of the Old World is Vitis vinifera, and is a native of Central Asia. Another variety is that yielding small seedless grapes commonly called Zante currants. The northern Fox grape of the United States is the V. Labrusca, from which, by cultivation, has come the Isabella variety. The southern Fox grape, or Muscadine, is the V. vulpina. The Frost grape is V. cordifolia, which has very fragrant flowers, and ripens after the early frosts.

-graph (-gr&adot;f) [From Gr. gra`fein to write. See Graphic.] A suffix signifying something written, a writing; also, a writer; as autograph, crystograph, telegraph, photograph.

{ Graph”ic (grăf”&ibreve;k), Graph”ic*al (-&ibreve;*kal) }, a. [L. graphicus, Gr. grafiko`s, fr. gra`fein to write; cf. F. graphique. See Graft.] 1. Of or pertaining to the arts of painting and drawing.

2. Of or pertaining to the art of writing.

3. Written or engraved; formed of letters or lines.

The finger of God hath left an inscription upon all his works, not graphical, or composed of letters.

Sir T. Browne.

4. Well delineated; clearly and vividly described.

5. Having the faculty of, or characterized by, clear and impressive description; vivid; as, a graphic writer.

Graphic algebra, a branch of algebra in which, the properties of equations are treated by the use of curves and straight lines. — Graphic arts, a name given to those fine arts which pertain to the representation on a flat surface of natural objects; as distinguished from music, etc., and also from sculpture. — Graphic formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. — Graphic granite. See under Granite. — Graphic method, the method of scientific analysis or investigation, in which the relations or laws involved in tabular numbers are represented to the eye by means of curves or other figures; as the daily changes of weather by means of curves, the abscissas of which represent the hours of the day, and the ordinates the corresponding degrees of temperature. — Graphical statics (Math.), a branch of statics, in which the magnitude, direction, and position of forces are represented by straight lines — Graphic tellurium. See Sylvanite.>

Graph”ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a graphic manner; vividly.

{ Graph”ic*ness, Graph”ic*al*ness, } n. The quality or state of being graphic.

Graph”ics (?), n. The art or the science of drawing; esp. of drawing according to mathematical rules, as in perspective, projection, and the like.

Graph”i*scope (?), n. See Graphoscope.

Graph”ite (?), n. [Gr. gra`fein to write: cf. F. graphite. See Graphic.] (Min.) Native carbon in hexagonal crystals, also foliated or granular massive, of black color and metallic luster, and so soft as to leave a trace on paper. It is used for pencils (improperly called lead pencils), for crucibles, and as a lubricator, etc. Often called plumbago or black lead.

Graphite battery (Elec.), a voltaic battery consisting of zinc and carbon in sulphuric acid, or other exciting liquid.

Gra*phit”ic (?), a. Pertaining to, containing, derived from, or resembling, graphite.

Graphitic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, so called because obtained by the oxidation of graphite; — usually called mellitic acid. — Graphitic carbon, in iron or steel, that portion of the carbon which is present as graphite. Raymond.

{ Graph”i*toid (?), Graph”i*toid”al (?), } a. Resembling graphite or plumbago.

Graph”o*lite (?), n. [Gr. gra`fein to write + -lite: cf. F. grapholithe.] Any species of slate suitable to be written on.

Gra*phol”o*gy (gr&adot;*f&obreve;l”&osl;*j&ybreve;), n. [Gr. gra`fein to write + - logy: cf. F. graphologie.] The art of judging of a person’s character, disposition, and aptitude from his handwriting.

Graph”o*scope (?), n. [Gr. gra`fein to write + -scope.] An optical instrument for magnifying engravings, photographs, etc., usually having one large lens and two smaller ones.

Graph”o*type (?), n. [Gr. gra`fein to write + -type.] (Engraving) A process for producing a design upon a surface in relief so that it can be printed from. Prepared chalk or oxide of zinc is pressed upon a smooth plate by a hydraulic press, and the design is drawn upon this in a peculiar ink which hardens the surface wherever it is applied. The surface is then carefully rubbed or brushed, leaving the lines in relief.

-gra*phy (?). [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; write. See Graphic.] A suffix denoting the art of writing or describing; also, the writing or description itself; a treatise; as, calligraphy, biography, geography.

Grap”nel (?), n. [OE. grapenel, dim. fr. F. grappin the grapple of a ship; of German origin. See Grape.] (Naut.) A small anchor, with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels; hence, any instrument designed to grapple or hold; a grappling iron; a grab; — written also grapline, and crapnel.

Grap”ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grappled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grappling (?).] [F. grappiller, OF. graypil the grapple of a ship, fr. graper to pluck, prop., to seize, clutch; of German origin. See Grape.] 1. To seize; to lay fast hold of; to attack at close quarters: as, to grapple an antagonist.

2. To fasten, as with a grapple; to fix; to join indissolubly.

The gallies were grappled to the Centurion.

Hakluyt.

Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel.

Shak.

Grap”ple, v. i. To use a grapple; to contend in close fight; to attach one’s self as if by a grapple, as in wrestling; to close; to seize one another.

To grapple with, to enter into contest with, resolutely and courageously.

And in my standard bear the arms of York,
To grapple with the house of Lancaster.

Shak.

Grap”ple, n. [See Grapple, v. t., and cf. Crapple.] 1. A seizing or seizure; close hug in contest; the wrestler’s hold. Milton.

2. (a) An instrument, usually with hinged claws, for seizing and holding fast to an object; a grab. (b) (Naut.) A grappling iron.

The iron hooks and grapples keen.

Spenser.

Grapple plant (Bot.), a South African herb (Herpagophytum leptocarpum) having the woody fruits armed with long hooked or barbed thorns by which they adhere to cattle, causing intense annoyance. — Grapple shot (Life-saving Service), a projectile, to which are attached hinged claws to catch in a ship’s rigging or to hold in the ground; – - called also anchor shot.

Grapple*ment (?), n. A grappling; close fight or embrace. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grap”pling (?), n. 1. A laying fast ho1d of; also, that by which anything is seized and held, a grapnel.

2. A grapple; a struggle. A match for yards in fight, in grappling for the bear. Dryden.

Grappling iron, a hooked iron used for grappling and holding fast a vessel or other object. — Grappling tongs, broad-mouthed tongs for gathering oysters.

Grap”soid (?), a. [NL. Grapsus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the genus Grapsus or the family Grapsidæ. — n. A grapsoid crab.

Grap”to*lite (?), n. [NL, Graptolithus, from Gr. &?; is engraved, written (gra`fein to write) + &?; stone.] (Paleon.) One of numerous species of slender and delicate fossils, of the genus Graptolites and allied genera, found in the Silurian rocks. They belong to an extinct group (Graptolithina) supposed to be hydroids.

Grap”to*lit`ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to graptolites; containing graptolites; as, a graptolitic slate.

Grap”y (?), a. Composed of, or resembling, grapes.

The grapy clusters.

Addison.

Grasp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grasper (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Qraspine.] [OE. graspen; prob. akin to LG. grupsen, or to E. grope. Cf. Grab, Grope.] 1. To seize and hold by clasping or embracing with the fingers or arms; to catch to take possession of.

Thy hand is made to grasp a palmer’s staff.

Shak.

2. To lay hold of with the mind; to become thoroughly acquainted or conversant with; to comprehend.

Grasp, v. i. To effect a grasp; to make the motion of grasping; to clutch; to struggle; to strive.

As one that grasped And tugged for life and was by strength subdued.

Shak.

To grasp at, to catch at; to try to seize; as, Alexander grasped at universal empire,

Grasp, n. 1. A gripe or seizure of the hand; a seizure by embrace, or infolding in the arms. “The grasps of love.” Shak.

2. Reach of the arms; hence, the power of seizing and holding; as, it was beyond his grasp.

3. Forcible possession; hold.

The whole space that’s in the tyrant’s grasp.

Shak.

4. Wide-reaching power of intellect to comprehend subjects and hold them under survey.

The foremost minds of the next . . . era were not, in power of grasp, equal to their predecessors.

Z. Taylor.

5. The handle of a sword or of an oar.

Grasp”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being grasped.

Grasp”er (?), n. One who grasps or seizes; one who catches or holds.

Grasp”ing, a. 1. Seizing; embracing; catching.

2. Avaricious; greedy of gain; covetous; close; miserly; as, he is a grasping man. — Grasp”ing*ly, adv. — Grasp”ing*ness, n.

Grasp”less, a. Without a grasp; relaxed.

From my graspless hand Drop friendship’s precious pearls.

Coleridge.

Grass (?), n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, græs, gærs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. græs, Sw. gräs, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. Graze.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts; pasture.

2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks or glumes in pairs, and the seed single.

&fist; This definition includes wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants.

3. The season of fresh grass; spring. [Colloq.]

Two years old next grass.

Latham.

4. Metaphorically used for what is transitory.

Surely the people is grass.

Is. xl. 7.

&fist; The following list includes most of the grasses of the United States of special interest, except cereals. Many of these terms will be found with definitions in the Vocabulary. See Illustrations in Appendix.

Barnyard grass, for hay. South. Panicum Grus- galli.

Bent, pasture and hay. Agrostis, several species.

Bermuda grass, pasture. South. Cynodon Dactylon.

Black bent. Same as Switch grass (below).

Blue bent, hay. North and West. Andropogon provincialis.

Blue grass, pasture. Poa compressa.

Blue joint, hay. Northwest. Aqropyrum glaucum.

Buffalo grass, grazing. Rocky Mts., etc. (a) Buchloë dectyloides. (b) Same as Grama grass (below).

Bunch grass, grazing. Far West. Eriocoma, Festuca, Stips, etc.

Chess, or Cheat, a weed. Bromus secalinus, etc.

Couch grass. Same as Quick grass (below).

Crab grass, (a) Hay, in South. A weed, in North. Panicum sanguinale. (b) Pasture and hay. South. Eleusine Indica.

Darnel (a) Bearded, a noxious weed. Lolium temulentum. (b) Common. Same as Rye grass (below).

Drop seed, fair for forage and hay. Muhlenbergia, several species.

English grass. Same as Redtop (below).

Fowl meadow grass. (a) Pasture and hay. Poa serotina. (b) Hay, on moist land. Gryceria nervata.

Gama grass, cut fodder. South. Tripsacum dactyloides.

Grama grass, grazing. West and Pacific slope. Bouteloua oligostachya, etc.

Great bunch grass, pasture and hay. Far West. Festuca scabrella.

Guinea grass, hay. South. Panicum jumentorum.

Herd’s grass, in New England Timothy, in Pennsylvania and South Redtop.

Indian grass. Same as Wood grass (below).

Italian rye grass, forage and hay. Lolium Italicum.

Johnson grass, grazing and hay. South and Southwest. Sorghum Halepense.

Kentucky blue grass, pasture. Poa pratensis.

Lyme grass, coarse hay. South. Elymus, several species.

Manna grass, pasture and hay. Glyceria, several species.

Meadow fescue, pasture and hay. Festuca elatior.

Meadow foxtail, pasture, hay, lawn. North. Alopecurus pratensis.

Meadow grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Poa, several species.

Mesquite, or Muskit grass. Same as Grama grass (above).

Nimble Will, a kind of drop seed. Muhlenbergia diffsa.

Orchard grass, pasture and hay. Dactylis glomerata.

Porcupine grass, troublesome to sheep. Northwest. Stipa spartea.

Quaking grass, ornamental. Briza media and maxima.

Quitch, or Quick, grass, etc., a weed. Agropyrum repens.

Ray grass. Same as Rye grass (below).

Redtop, pasture and hay. Agrostis vulgaris.

Red-topped buffalo grass, forage. Northwest. Poa tenuifolia.

Reed canary grass, of slight value. Phalaris arundinacea.

Reed meadow grass, hay. North. Glyceria aquatica.

Ribbon grass, a striped leaved form of Reed canary grass.

Rye grass, pasture, hay. Lolium perenne, var.

Seneca grass, fragrant basket work, etc. North. Hierochloa borealis.

Sesame grass. Same as Gama grass (above).

Sheep’s fescue, sheep pasture, native in Northern Europe and Asia. Festuca ovina.

Small reed grass, meadow pasture and hay. North. Deyeuxia Canadensis.

Spear grass, Same as Meadow grass (above).

Squirrel-tail grass, troublesome to animals. Seacoast and Northwest. Hordeum jubatum.

Switch grass, hay, cut young. Panicum virgatum.

Timothy, cut young, the best of hay. North. Phleum pratense.

Velvet grass, hay on poor soil. South. Holcus lanatus.

Vernal grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Wire grass, valuable in pastures. Poa compressa.

Wood grass, Indian grass, hay. Chrysopogon nutans.

&fist; Many plants are popularly called grasses which are not true grasses botanically considered, such as black grass, goose grass, star grass, etc.

Black grass, a kind of small rush (Juncus Gerardi), growing in salt marshes, used for making salt hay. — Grass of the Andes, an oat grass, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum of Europe.— Grass of Parnassus, a plant of the genus Parnassia growing in wet ground. The European species is P. palustris; in the United States there are several species. — Grass bass (Zoöl.), the calico bass. — Grass bird, the dunlin. — Grass cloth, a cloth woven from the tough fibers of the grass-cloth plant. — Grass-cloth plant, a perennial herb of the Nettle family (Bœhmeria nivea or Urtica nivea), which grows in Sumatra, China, and Assam, whose inner bark has fine and strong fibers suited for textile purposes. — Grass finch. (Zoöl.) (a) A common American sparrow (Poöcætes gramineus); — called also vesper sparrow and bay-winged bunting. (b) Any Australian finch, of the genus Poëphila, of which several species are known. — Grass lamb, a lamb suckled by a dam running on pasture land and giving rich milk.— Grass land, land kept in grass and not tilled. — Grass moth (Zoöl.), one of many small moths of the genus Crambus, found in grass. — Grass oil, a fragrant essential volatile oil, obtained in India from grasses of the genus Andropogon, etc.; — used in perfumery under the name of citronella, ginger grass oil, lemon grass oil, essence of verbena etc. — Grass owl (Zoöl.), a South African owl (Strix Capensis). — Grass parrakeet (Zoöl.), any of several species of Australian parrots, of the genus Euphemia; — also applied to the zebra parrakeet. — Grass plover (Zoöl.), the upland or field plover. — Grass poly (Bot.), a species of willowwort (Lythrum Hyssopifolia). Johnson. — Crass quit (Zoöl.), one of several tropical American finches of the genus Euetheia. The males have most of the head and chest black and often marked with yellow. — Grass snake. (Zoöl.) (a) The common English, or ringed, snake (Tropidonotus natrix). (b) The common green snake of the Northern United States. See Green snake, under Green. — Grass snipe (Zoöl.), the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata); — called also jacksnipe in America. — Grass spider (Zoöl.), a common spider (Agelena nævia), which spins flat webs on grass, conspicuous when covered with dew. — Grass sponge (Zoöl.), an inferior kind of commercial sponge from Florida and the Bahamas. — Grass table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. — Grass vetch (Bot.), a vetch (Lathyrus Nissolia), with narrow grasslike leaves. — Grass widow. [Cf. Prov. R. an unmarried mother, G. strohwittwe a mock widow, Sw. gräsenka a grass widow.] (a) An unmarried woman who is a mother. [Obs.] (b) A woman separated from her husband by abandonment or prolonged absence; a woman living apart from her husband. [Slang.] — Grass wrack (Bot.) eelgrass. — To bring to grass (Mining.), to raise, as ore, to the surface of the ground. — To put to grass, To put out to grass, to put out to graze a season, as cattle.

Grass (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grassing.] 1. To cover with grass or with turf.

2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc.

3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as, to grass a fish. [Colloq.]

Grass (?), v. i. To produce grass. [R.] Tusser.

Gras*sa”tion (?), n. [L. grassatio, from grassari to go about.] A wandering about with evil intentions; a rioting. [Obs. & R.] Feltham.

Grass”-green` (?), a. 1. Green with grass.

2. Of the color of grass; clear and vivid green.

Grass”-grown` (?), a. Overgrown with grass; as, a grass-grown road.

Grass”hop`per (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any jumping, orthopterous insect, of the families Acrididæ and Locustidæ. The species and genera are very numerous. The former family includes the Western grasshopper or locust (Caloptenus spretus), noted for the great extent of its ravages in the region beyond the Mississippi. In the Eastern United States the red-legged (Caloptenus femurrubrum and C. atlanis) are closely related species, but their ravages are less important. They are closely related to the migratory locusts of the Old World. See Locust.

&fist; The meadow or green grasshoppers belong to the Locustidæ. They have long antennæ, large ovipositors, and stridulating organs at the base of the wings in the male. The European great green grasshopper (Locusta viridissima) belongs to this family. The common American green species mostly belong to Xiphidium, Orchelimum, and Conocephalus.

2. In ordinary square or upright pianos of London make, the escapement lever or jack, so made that it can be taken out and replaced with the key; — called also the hopper. Grove.

Grasshopper engine, a steam engine having a working beam with its fulcrum at one end, the steam cylinder at the other end, and the connecting rod at an intermediate point. — Grasshopper lobster (Zoöl.) a young lobster. [Local, U. S.] — Grasshopper warbler (Zoöl.), cricket bird.

Grass”i*ness (?), n. [From Grassy.] The state of abounding with grass; a grassy state.

Grass”less, a. Destitute of grass.

Grass”plot` (?), n. A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn. “Here on this grassplot.” Shak.

Grass” tree” (?). (Bot.) (a) An Australian plant of the genus Xanthorrhœa, having a thick trunk crowned with a dense tuft of pendulous, grasslike leaves, from the center of which arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower spike looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. These plants are often called “blackboys” from the large trunks denuded and blackened by fire. They yield two kinds of fragrant resin, called Botany-bay gum, and Gum Acaroides. (b) A similar Australian plant (Kingia australis).

Grass”y (?) a. 1. Covered with grass; abounding with grass; as, a grassy lawn. Spenser.

2. Resembling grass; green.

Grate (?), a. [L. gratus agreeable, grateful: cf. It. & Sp. grato. See Grace, and cf. Agree.] Serving to gratify; agreeable. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Grate, n. [LL. grata, fr. L. crates hurdle; or It. grata, of the same origin. Sae Crate, Hurdle.] 1. A structure or frame containing parallel or crosed bars, with interstices; a kind of latticework, such as is used ia the windows of prisons and cloisters. “A secret grate of iron bars.” Shak.

2. A frame or bed, or kind of basket, of iron bars, for holding fuel while burning.

Grate surface (Steam, Boiler) the area of the surface of the grate upon which the fuel lies in the furnace.

Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grated; p. pr. &. vb. n. Grating.] To furnish with grates; to protect with a grating or crossbars; as, to grate a window.

Grate, v. t. [OF grater to scrape, scratch, F. gratter, LL. gratare, cratare; of German origin; cf. OHG. chrazzōn G. kratzen, D. krassen, Sw. Kratta, and perh. E. scratch.] 1. To rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another, causing a harsh sound; as, to grate the teeth; to produce (a harsh sound) by rubbing.

On their hinges grate
Harsh thunder.

Milton.

2. To reduce to small particles by rubbing with anything rough or indented; as, to grate a nutmeg.

3. To fret; to irritate; to offend.

News, my good lord Rome . . . grates me.

Shak.

Grate, v. i. 1. To make a harsh sound by friction.

I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned,
Or a dry wheel grate on the exletree.

Shak.

2. To produce the effect of rubbing with a hard rough material; to cause wearing, tearing, or bruising. Hence; To produce exasperation, soreness, or grief; to offend by oppression or importunity.

This grated harder upon the hearts of men.

South.

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Grat”ed (?), a. [From 2d Grate.] Furnished with a grate or grating; as, grated windows.

Grate”ful (?), a. [Grate, a. + full; cf. F. gré thanks, good will, fr. L. gratum, neut. of gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] 1. Having a due sense of benefits received; kindly disposed toward one from whom a favor has been received; willing to acknowledge and repay, or give thanks for, benefits; as, a grateful heart.

A grateful mind
By owing, owes not, but still pays.

Milton.

2. Affording pleasure; pleasing to the senses; gratifying; delicious; as, a grateful present; food grateful to the palate; grateful sleep.

Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine,
And grateful clusters swell.

Pope.

Syn. — Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; delightful; delicious.

— Grate”ful*ly, adv. — Grate”ful*ness, n.

Grat”er (?), a. [From Qrate, v.] One who, or that which, grates; especially, an instrument or utensil with a rough, indented surface, for rubbing off small particles of any substance; as a grater for nutmegs.

Gra*tic”u*la”tion (?), n. [F. graticulation, craticulation, fr. graticuler, craticuler, to square, fr. graticule, craticule, graticule, L. craticula, dim. of crates wickerwork. See 2d Grate.] The division of a design or draught into squares, in order the more easily to reproduce it in larger or smaller dimensions.

Grat”i*cule (?), n. [F. See Graticulation.] A design or draught which has been divided into squares, in order to reproduce it in other dimensions.

Grat”i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [L. gratificatio: cf. F. gratification.] 1. The act of gratifying, or pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite; as, the gratification of the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the heart.

2. That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; enjoyment; fruition: delight.

3. A reward; a recompense; a gratuity. Bp. Morton.

Grat”i*fied (?), a. Pleased; indulged according to desire.

Syn. — Glad; pleased. See Glad.

Grat”i*fi”er (?), n. One who gratifies or pleases.

Grat”i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gratified (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gratifying (#).] [F. gratifier, L. gratificari; gratus pleasing + ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy.] 1. To please; to give pleasure to; to satisfy; to soothe; to indulge; as, to gratify the taste, the appetite, the senses, the desires, the mind, etc.

For who would die to gratify a foe?

Dryden.

2. To requite; to recompense. [Obs.]

It remains . . .
To gratify his noble service.

Shak.

Syn. — To indulge; humor please; delight; requite; recompense. — To Gratify, Indulge, Humor. Gratify, is the generic term, and has reference simply to the pleasure communicated. To indulge a person implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weaknesses which he could not claim, and which had better, perhaps, be spared. To humor is to adapt ourselves to the varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We gratify a child by showing him the sights of a large city; we indulge him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we humor him when he is tired and exacting.

Grat”ing (?), n. [See 2d Grate.] 1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars; a latticework resembling a window grate; as, the grating of a prison or convent.

2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; — called also diffraction grating.

3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a hatch, admitting light and air; also, a movable Lattice used for the flooring of boats.
[1913 Webster]

Grat”ing, a. [See Grate to rub harshy.] That grates; making a harsh sound; harsh. — Grat”ing*ly, adv.

Grat”ing, n. A harsh sound caused by attrition.

Gra*ti”o*lin (?), n. (Chem.) One of the essential principles of the hedge hyssop (Gratiola officinalis).

Gra”tis (?), adv. [L., contr. fr. gratiis out of favor or kindness, without recompense, for nothing, fr. gratia favor. See Grace.] For nothing; without fee or recompense; freely; gratuitously.

Grat”i*tude (?), n. [F. gratitude, LL. gratitudo, from gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] The state of being grateful; warm and friendly feeling toward a benefactor; kindness awakened by a favor received; thankfulness.

The debt immense of endless gratitude.

Milton.

Gra*tu”i*tous (?) a. [L. gratuitus, from gratus pleasing. See Grate, a., Gratis.] 1. Given without an equivalent or recompense; conferred without valuable consideration; granted without pay, or without claim or merit; not required by justice.

We mistake the gratuitous blessings of Heaven for the fruits of our own industry.

L’Estrange.

2. Not called for by the circumstances; without reason, cause, or proof; adopted or asserted without any good ground; as, a gratuitous assumption.

Acts of gratuitous self- humiliation.

De Quincye.

— Gra*tu”i*tous*ly, adv. — Gra*tu”i*tous*ness, n.

Gra*tu”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Gratuities (#). [F. gratuité, or LL. gratuitas.] 1. Something given freely or without recompense; a free gift; a present. Swift.

2. Something voluntarily given in return for a favor or service, as a recompense or acknowledgment.

Grat”u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grqatulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gratulating (?).] [L. gratulatus, p. p. of gratulari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grate, a.] To salute with declaration of joy; to congratulate. [R.] Shak.

Grat”u*late (?), a. Worthy of gratulation. [Obs.]

There’s more behind that is more gratulate.

Shak.

Grat”u*la”tion (?), n. [L. gratulatio.] The act of gratulating or felicitating; congratulation.

I shall turn my wishes into gratulations.

South.

Grat”u*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. gratulatorius.] Expressing gratulation or joy; congratulatory.

The usual groundwork of such gratulatory odes.

Bp. Horsley.

Graunt (?), v. & n. [Obs.] See Grant. Chaucer.

||Grau”wack*e (?), n. [G.] Graywacke.

||Gra*va”men (?), n.; pl. L. Gravamina (#), E. Gravamens (#). [L., fr. gravare to load, burden, fr. gravis heavy, weighty. See Grave, a.] (Law) The grievance complained of; the substantial cause of the action; also, in general, the ground or essence of a complaint. Bouvier.

-grave (?). A final syllable signifying a ruler, as in landgrave, margrave. See Margrave.

Grave (?), v. t. (Naut.) To clean, as a vessel’s bottom, of barnacles, grass, etc., and pay it over with pitch; — so called because graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose.

Grave, a. [Compar. Graver (grāv”&etilde;r); superl. Gravest.] [F., fr. L. gravis heavy; cf. It. & Sp. grave heavy, grave. See Grief.] 1. Of great weight; heavy; ponderous. [Obs.]

His shield grave and great.

Chapman.

2. Of importance; momentous; weighty; influential; sedate; serious; — said of character, relations, etc.; as, grave deportment, character, influence, etc.

Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors.

Shak.

A grave and prudent law, full of moral equity.

Milton.

3. Not light or gay; solemn; sober; plain; as, a grave color; a grave face.

4. (Mus.) (a) Not acute or sharp; low; deep; — said of sound; as, a grave note or key.

The thicker the cord or string, the more grave is the note or tone.

Moore (Encyc. of Music).

(b) Slow and solemn in movement.

Grave accent. (Pron.) See the Note under Accent, n., 2.

Syn. — Solemn; sober; serious; sage; staid; demure; thoughtful; sedate; weighty; momentous; important. — Grave, Sober, Serious, Solemn. Sober supposes the absence of all exhilaration of spirits, and is opposed to gay or flighty; as, sober thought. Serious implies considerateness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; as, serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a state of mind, appearance, etc., which results from the pressure of weighty interests, and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or vivacity of manner; as, a qrave remark; qrave attire. Solemn is applied to a case in which gravity is carried to its highest point; as, a solemn admonition; a solemn promise.

Grave, v. t. [imp. Graved (grāvd); p. p. Graven (grāv“‘n) or Graved; p. pr. & vb. n. Graving.] [AS. grafan to dig, grave, engrave; akin to OFries. greva, D. graven, G. graben, OHG. & Goth. graban, Dan. grabe, Sw. gräfva, Icel. grafa, but prob. not to Gr. gra`fein to write, E. graphic. Cf. Grave, n., Grove, n.]

1. To dig. [Obs.] Chaucer.

He hath graven and digged up a pit.

Ps. vii. 16 (Book of Common Prayer).

2. To carve or cut, as letters or figures, on some hard substance; to engrave.

Thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel.

Ex. xxviii. 9.

3. To carve out or give shape to, by cutting with a chisel; to sculpture; as, to grave an image.

With gold men may the hearte grave.

Chaucer.

4. To impress deeply (on the mind); to fix indelibly.

O! may they graven in thy heart remain.

Prior.

5. To entomb; to bury. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lie full low, graved in the hollow ground.

Shak.

Grave, v. i. To write or delineate on hard substances, by means of incised lines; to practice engraving.

Grave, n. [AS. gr?f, fr. grafan to dig; akin to D. & OS. graf, G. grab, Icel. gröf, Russ. grob’ grave, coffin. See Grave to carve.] An excavation in the earth as a place of burial; also, any place of interment; a tomb; a sepulcher. Hence: Death; destruction.

He bad lain in the grave four days.

John xi. 17.

Grave wax, adipocere.

Grave”clothes` (&?;), n. pl. The clothes or dress in which the dead are interred.

Grave”dig`ger (?), n. 1. A digger of graves.

2. (Zoöl.) See Burying beetle, under Bury, v. t.

Grav”el (?), n. [OF. gravele, akin to F. gr?ve a sandy shore, strand; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. grouan gravel, W. gro coarse gravel, pebbles, and Skr. grāvan stone.] 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone; very small pebbles, often intermixed with particles of sand.

2. (Med.) A deposit of small calculous concretions in the kidneys and the urinary or gall bladder; also, the disease of which they are a symptom.

Gravel powder, a coarse gunpowder; pebble powder.

Grav”el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graveled (?) or Gravelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Graveling or Gravelling.]

1. To cover with gravel; as, to gravel a walk.

2. To run (as a ship) upon the gravel or beach; to run aground; to cause to stick fast in gravel or sand.

When we were fallen into a place between two seas, they graveled the ship.

Acts xxvii. 41 (Rhemish version).

Willam the Conqueror . . . chanced as his arrival to be graveled; and one of his feet stuck so fast in the sand that he fell to the ground.

Camden.

3. To check or stop; to embarrass; to perplex. [Colloq.]

When you were graveled for lack of matter.

Shak.

The physician was so graveled and amazed withal, that he had not a word more to say.

Sir T. North.

4. To hurt or lame (a horse) by gravel lodged between the shoe and foot.

Grave”less (?), a. Without a grave; unburied.

Grav”el*ing (?), or Grav”el*ling, n. 1. The act of covering with gravel.

2. A layer or coating of gravel (on a path, etc.).

Grav”el*ing, or Grav”el*ling, n. (Zoöl.) A salmon one or two years old, before it has gone to sea.

Grav”el*li*ness (?), n. State of being gravelly.

Grav”el*ly (?), a. Abounding with gravel; consisting of gravel; as, a gravelly soil.

Grav”el-stone” (?), n. A pebble, or small fragment of stone; a calculus.

Grave”ly (?), adv. In a grave manner.

Grav”en (?), p. p. of Grave, v. t. Carved.

Graven image, an idol; an object of worship carved from wood, stone, etc. “Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.” Ex. xx. 4.

Grave”ness, n. The quality of being grave.

His sables and his weeds,
Importing health and graveness.

Shak.

Gra”ven*stein” (?), n. [So called because it came from Gravenstein, a place in Schleswig. Downing.] A kind of fall apple, marked with streaks of deep red and orange, and of excellent flavor and quality.

Gra*ve”o*lence (?), n. [L. graveolentia: cf. F. gravéolence. See Graveolent.] A strong and offensive smell; rancidity. [R.] Bailey.

Gra*ve”o*lent (?), a. [L. graveolens; gravis heavy + olere to smell.] Having a rank smell. [R.] Boyle.

Graver (?), n. 1. One who graves; an engraver or a sculptor; one whose occupation is te cut letters or figures in stone or other hard material.

2. An ergraving or cutting tool; a burin.

Grav”er*y (?), n. The act, process, or art, of graving or carving; engraving.

Either of picture or gravery and embossing.

Holland.

Graves (?), n. pl. The sediment of melted tallow. Same as Greaves.

Graves”’ dis*ease” (?). [So called after Dr. Graves, of Dublin.] Same as Basedow’s disease.

Grave”stone (?), n. A stone laid over, or erected near, a grave, usually with an inscription, to preserve the memory of the dead; a tombstone.

Grave”yard” (?), n. A yard or inclosure for the interment of the dead; a cemetery.

Grav”ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or causing, gravitation; as, gravic forces; gravic attraction. [R.]

Grav”id (?), a. [L. gravidus, fr. gravis heavy, loaded. See Grave, a.] Being with child; heavy with young; pregnant; fruitful; as, a gravid uterus; gravid piety. ” His gravid associate.” Sir T. Herbert.

Grav”i*da”ted (?), a. [L. gravidatus, p. p. of gravidare to load, impregnate. See Gravid.] Made pregnant; big. [Obs.] Barrow.

Grav”i*da”tion (?), n. Gravidity. [Obs.]

Gra*vid”i*ty (?), n. [L. graviditas.] The state of being gravidated; pregnancy. [R.]

Grav”i*grade (?), a. [L. gravis heavy + gradus step.] (Zoöl.) Slow-paced. — n. One of the pachyderms.

Gra*vim”e*ter (?), n. [L. gravis heavy + -meter: cf. F. gravimètre.] (Physics) An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of bodies.

Grav”i*met”ric (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to measurement by weight; measured by weight. — Grav”i*met”ric*al*ly (#), adv.

Gravimetric analysis (Chem.), analysis in which the amounts of the constituents are determined by weight; — in distinction from volumetric analysis.

Grav”ing (?), n. [From Grave to clean.] The act of cleaning a ship’s bottom.

Graving dock. (Naut.) See under Dock.

Grav”ing, n. [From Grave to dig.] 1. The act or art of carving figures in hard substances, esp. by incision or in intaglio.

2. That which is graved or carved. [R.]

Skillful to . . . grave any manner of graving.

2 Chron. ii. 14.

3. Impression, as upon the mind or heart.

New gravings upon their souls.

Eikon Basilike

Grav”i*tate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gravitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gravitating (?).] [Cf. F. graviter. See Gravity.] To obey the law of gravitation; to exert a force Or pressure, or tend to move, under the influence of gravitation; to tend in any direction or toward any object.

Why does this apple fall to the ground? Because all bodies gravitate toward each other.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Politicians who naturally gravitate towards the stronger party.

Macaulay.

Grav”i*ta”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. gravitation. See Gravity.] 1. The act of gravitating.

2. (Pysics) That species of attraction or force by which all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other; called also attraction of gravitation, universal gravitation, and universal gravity. See Attraction, and Weight.

Law of gravitation, that law in accordance with which gravitation acts, namely, that every two bodies or portions of matter in the universe attract each other with a force proportional directly to the quantity of matter they contain, and inversely to the squares of their distances.

Grav`i*tation*al (?), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the force of gravity; as, gravitational units.

Gravi*ta*tive (?), a. Causing to gravitate; tending to a center. Coleridge.

Grav”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Gravities (#). [L. gravitas, fr. gravis heavy; cf. F. gravité. See Grave, a., Grief.] 1. The state of having weight; beaviness; as, the gravity of lead.

2. Sobriety of character or demeanor. “Men of gravity and learning.” Shak.

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3. Importance, significance, dignity, etc; hence, seriousness; enormity; as, the gravity of an offense.

They derive an importance from . . . the gravity of the place where they were uttered.

Burke.

4. (Physics) The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction; esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth; terrestrial gravitation.

5. (Mus.) Lowness of tone; — opposed to acuteness.

Center of gravity See under Center. — Gravity battery, See Battery, n., 4. — Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as the standard or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. Thus, 19, the specific gravity of gold, expresses the fact that, bulk for bulk, gold is nineteen times as heavy as water.

Gra”vy (?), n.; pl. Gravies (#). [OE. greavie; prob. fr. greaves, graves, the sediment of melted tallow. See Greaves.] 1. The juice or other liquid matter that drips from flesh in cooking, made into a dressing for the food when served up.

2. Liquid dressing for meat, fish, vegetables, etc.

Gray (?), a. [Compar. Grayer (&?;); superl. Grayest.] [OE. gray, grey, AS. gr&aemacr;g, grēg; akin to D. graauw, OHG. grāo, G. grau, Dan. graa, Sw. grå, Icel. grār.] [Written also grey.] 1. White mixed with black, as the color of pepper and salt, or of ashes, or of hair whitened by age; sometimes, a dark mixed color; as, the soft gray eye of a dove.

These gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing whites and blacks.

Sir I. Newton.

2. Gray-haired; gray-headed; of a gray color; hoary.

3. Old; mature; as, gray experience. Ames.

Gray antimony (Min.), stibnite. — Gray buck (Zoöl.), the chickara. — Gray cobalt (Min.), smaltite. — Gray copper (Min.), tetrahedrite. — Gray duck (Zoöl.), the gadwall; also applied to the female mallard. — Gray falcon (Zoöl.) the peregrine falcon. — Gray Friar. See Franciscan, and Friar. — Gray hen (Zoöl.), the female of the blackcock or black grouse. See Heath grouse. — Gray mill or millet (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Lithospermum; gromwell. — Gray mullet (Zoöl.) any one of the numerous species of the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidæ, found both in the Old World and America; as the European species (M. capito, and M. auratus), the American striped mullet (M. albula), and the white or silver mullet (M. Braziliensis). See Mullet. — Gray owl (Zoöl.), the European tawny or brown owl (Syrnium aluco). The great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) inhabits arctic America. — Gray parrot (Zoöl.), a parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly domesticated, and noted for its aptness in learning to talk. — Gray pike. (Zoöl.) See Sauger. — Gray snapper (Zoöl.), a Florida fish; the sea lawyer. See Snapper. — Gray snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher in winter plumage. — Gray whale (Zoöl.), a rather large and swift California whale (Rhachianectes glaucus), formerly taken in large numbers in the bays; — called also grayback, devilfish, and hardhead.

Gray, n. 1. A gray color; any mixture of white and black; also, a neutral or whitish tint.

2. An animal or thing of gray color, as a horse, a badger, or a kind of salmon.

Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day.
That coats thy life, my gallant gray.

Sir W. Scott.

Gray”back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The California gray whale. (b) The redbreasted sandpiper or knot. (c) The dowitcher. (d) The body louse.

Gray”beard` (?), n. An old man. Shak.

Gray”fly` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The trumpet fly. Milton.

Gray”hound` (-hound`), n. (Zoöl.) See Greyhound.

Gray”ish, a. Somewhat gray.

Gray”lag` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common wild gray goose (Anser anser) of Europe, believed to be the wild form of the domestic goose. See Illust. of Goose.

Gray”ling (?), n. [From Gray, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European fish (Thymallus vulgaris), allied to the trout, but having a very broad dorsal fin; — called also umber. It inhabits cold mountain streams, and is valued as a game fish.

And here and there a lusty trout,
And here and there a grayling.

Tennyson.

2. (Zoöl.) An American fish of the genus Thymallus, having similar habits to the above; one species (T. Ontariensis), inhabits several streams in Michigan; another (T. montanus), is found in the Yellowstone region.

Gray”ness, n. The quality of being gray.

Gray”stone` (?), n. (Geol.) A grayish or greenish compact rock, composed of feldspar and augite, and allied to basalt.

Gray”wacke` (?), n. [G. grauwacke; grau gray + wacke wacke. See Gray, and Wacke, and cf. Grauwacke.] (Geol.) A conglomerate or grit rock, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together.

&fist; This term, derived from the grauwacke of German miners, was formerly applied in geology to different grits and slates of the Silurian series; but it is now seldom used.

Graze (grāz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grazed (grāzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Grazing.] [OE. grasen, AS. grasian, fr. græs grass. See Grass.] 1. To feed or supply (cattle, sheep, etc.) with grass; to furnish pasture for.

A field or two to graze his cows.

Swift.

2. To feed on; to eat (growing herbage); to eat grass from (a pasture); to browse.

The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead.

Pope.

3. To tend (cattle, etc.) while grazing.

When Jacob grazed his uncle Laban’s sheep.

Shak.

4. To rub or touch lightly the surface of (a thing) in passing; as, the bullet grazed the wall.

Graze, v. i. 1. To eat grass; to feed on growing herbage; as, cattle graze on the meadows.

2. To yield grass for grazing.

The ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose.

Bacon.

3. To touch something lightly in passing.

Graze, n. 1. The act of grazing; the cropping of grass. [Colloq.]

Turning him out for a graze on the common.

T. Hughes.

2. A light touch; a slight scratch.

Graz”er (?), n. One that grazes; a creature which feeds on growing grass or herbage.

The cackling goose,
Close grazer, finds wherewith to ease her want.

J. Philips.

Gra”zier (?), n. One who pastures cattle, and rears them for market.

The inhabitants be rather . . . graziers than plowmen.

Stow.

Graz”ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, grazes.

2. A pasture; growing grass.

||Gra”zi*o”so (?), adv. [It., adj. See Gracious.] (Mus.) Gracefully; smoothly; elegantly.

Gre (?), n. See Gree, a step. [Obs.]

Gre, n. See Gree, good will. [Obs.]

Grease (grēs), n. [OE. grese, grece, F. graisse; akin to gras fat, greasy, fr. LL. grassus thick, fat, gross, L. crassus. Cf. Crass.] 1. Animal fat, as tallow or lard, especially when in a soft state; oily or unctuous matter of any kind.

2. (Far.) An inflammation of a horse’s heels, suspending the ordinary greasy secretion of the part, and producing dryness and scurfiness, followed by cracks, ulceration, and fungous excrescences.

Grease bush. (Bot.) Same as Grease wood (below). — Grease moth (Zoöl.), a pyralid moth (Aglossa pinguinalis) whose larva eats greasy cloth, etc. — Grease wood (Bot.), a scraggy, stunted, and somewhat prickly shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) of the Spinach family, very abundant in alkaline valleys from the upper Missouri to California. The name is also applied to other plants of the same family, as several species of Atriplex and Obione.

Grease (grēz or grēs; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greased (grēzd or grēsd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greasing.]

1. To smear, anoint, or daub, with grease or fat; to lubricate; as, to grease the wheels of a wagon.

2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents.

The greased advocate that grinds the poor.

Dryden.

3. To cheat or cozen; to overreach. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

4. (Far.) To affect (a horse) with grease, the disease.

To grease in the hand, to corrupt by bribes. Usher.

Greas”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, greases; specifically, a person employed to lubricate the working parts of machinery, engines, carriages, etc.

2. A nickname sometimes applied in contempt to a Mexican of the lowest type. [Low, U. S.]

Greas”i*ly (?), adv. 1. In a greasy manner.

2. In a gross or indelicate manner. [Obs.]

You talk greasily; your lips grow foul.

Shak.

Greas”i*ness, n. The quality or state of being greasy, oiliness; unctuousness; grossness.

Greas”y (?), a. [Compar. Greasier (&?;); superl. Greasiest.] 1. Composed of, or characterized by, grease; oily; unctuous; as, a greasy dish.

2. Smeared or defiled with grease.

With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers.

Shak.

3. Like grease or oil; smooth; seemingly unctuous to the touch, as is mineral soapstone.

4. Fat of body; bulky. [R.] Shak.

5. Gross; indelicate; indecent. [Obs.] Marston.

6. (Far.) Affected with the disease called grease; as, the heels of a horse. See Grease, n., 2.

Great (?), a. [Compar. Greater (&?;); superl. Greatest.] [OE. gret, great, AS. greát; akin to OS. & LG. grōt, D. groot, OHG. grōz, G. gross. Cf. Groat the coin.] 1. Large in space; of much size; big; immense; enormous; expanded; — opposed to small and little; as, a great house, ship, farm, plain, distance, length.

2. Large in number; numerous; as, a great company, multitude, series, etc.

3. Long continued; lengthened in duration; prolonged in time; as, a great while; a great interval.

4. Superior; admirable; commanding; — applied to thoughts, actions, and feelings.

5. Endowed with extraordinary powers; uncommonly gifted; able to accomplish vast results; strong; powerful; mighty; noble; as, a great hero, scholar, genius, philosopher, etc.

6. Holding a chief position; elevated: lofty: eminent; distinguished; foremost; principal; as, great men; the great seal; the great marshal, etc.

He doth object I am too great of birth.

Shak.

7. Entitled to earnest consideration; weighty; important; as, a great argument, truth, or principle.

8. Pregnant; big (with young).

The ewes great with young.

Ps. lxxviii. 71.

9. More than ordinary in degree; very considerable in degree; as, to use great caution; to be in great pain.

We have all
Great cause to give great thanks.

Shak.

10. (Genealogy) Older, younger, or more remote, by single generation; — often used before grand to indicate one degree more remote in the direct line of descent; as, great-grandfather (a grandfather’s or a grandmother’s father), great- grandson, etc.

Great bear (Astron.), the constellation Ursa Major. — Great cattle (Law), all manner of cattle except sheep and yearlings. Wharton. — Great charter (Eng. Hist.), Magna Charta. — Great circle of a sphere, a circle the plane of which passes through the center of the sphere. — Great circle sailing, the process or art of conducting a ship on a great circle of the globe or on the shortest arc between two places. — Great go, the final examination for a degree at the University of Oxford, England; — called also greats. T. Hughes. — Great guns. (Naut.) See under Gun. — The Great Lakes the large fresh-water lakes (Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) which lie on the northern borders of the United States. — Great master. Same as Grand master, under Grand. — Great organ (Mus.), the largest and loudest of the three parts of a grand organ (the others being the choir organ and the swell, and sometimes the pedal organ or foot keys), It is played upon by a separate keyboard, which has the middle position. — The great powers (of Europe), in modern diplomacy, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and Italy. — Great primer. See under Type. — Great scale (Mus.), the complete scale; — employed to designate the entire series of musical sounds from lowest to highest. — Great sea, the Mediterranean sea. In Chaucer both the Black and the Mediterranean seas are so called. — Great seal. (a) The principal seal of a kingdom or state. (b) In Great Britain, the lord chancellor (who is custodian of this seal); also, his office. — Great tithes. See under Tithes. — The great, the eminent, distinguished, or powerful. — The Great Spirit, among the North American Indians, their chief or principal deity. — To be great (with one), to be intimate or familiar (with him). Bacon.

Great (?), n. The whole; the gross; as, a contract to build a ship by the great.

Great”-bel`lied (?), a. Having a great belly; bigbellied; pregnant; teeming. Shak.

Great”coat” (?), n. An overcoat.

Great”en (?), v. t. To make great; to aggrandize; to cause to increase in size; to expand. [R.]

A minister’s [business] is to greaten and exalt [his king].

Ken.

Great”en, v. i. To become large; to dilate. [R.]

My blue eyes greatening in the looking- glass.

Mrs. Browning.

Great”-grand”child` (?), n. The child of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great”-grand”daugh`ter (?), n. [See Great, 10.] A daughter of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great”-grand”fa`ther (?), n. [See Great, 10.] The father of one’s grandfather or grandmother.

Great”-grand”moth`er (?), n. The mother of one’s grandfather or grandmother.

Great”-grand”son` (?), n. [See Great, 10.] A son of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great”-heart`ed (?), a. 1. High-spirited; fearless. [Obs.] Clarendon.

2. Generous; magnanimous; noble.

Great”-heart`ed*ness, n. The quality of being greathearted; high-mindedness; magnanimity.

Great”ly, adv. 1. In a great degree; much.

I will greatly multiply thy sorrow.

Gen. iii. 16.

2. Nobly; illustriously; magnanimously.

By a high fate thou greatly didst expire.

Dryden.

Great”ness, n. [AS. greátnes.] 1. The state, condition, or quality of being great; as, greatness of size, greatness of mind, power, etc.

2. Pride; haughtiness. [Obs.]

It is not of pride or greatness that he cometh not aboard your ships.

Bacon.

Greave (?), n. A grove. [Obs.] Spenser.

Greave, n. [OF. grees; cf. Sp. grevas.] Armor for the leg below the knee; — usually in the plural.

Greave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greaved (grēvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greaving.] [From Greaves.] (Naut.) To clean (a ship’s bottom); to grave.

Greaves (grēvz), n. pl. [Cf. dial. Sw. grevar greaves, LG. greven, G. griebe, also AS. greofa pot. Cf. Gravy.] The sediment of melted tallow. It is made into cakes for dogs’ food. In Scotland it is called cracklings. [Written also graves.]

Grebe (grēb), n. [F. grèbe, fr. Armor. krib comb; akin to kriben crest, W. crib comb, crest. So called in allusion to the crest of one species.] (Zoöl.) One of several swimming birds or divers, of the genus Colymbus (formerly Podiceps), and allied genera, found in the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia. They have strong, sharp bills, and lobate toes.

Gre”cian” (?), a. [Cf. Greek.] Of or pertaining to Greece; Greek.

Grecian bend, among women, an affected carriage of the body, the upper part being inclined forward. [Collog.] — Grecian fire. See Greek fire, under Greek.

Gre”cian, n. 1. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Greece; a Greek.

2. A jew who spoke Greek; a Hellenist. Acts vi. 1.

&fist; The Greek word rendered Grecian in the Authorized Version of the New Testament is translated Grecian Jew in the Revised Version.

6. One well versed in the Greek language, literature, or history. De Quincey.

Gre”cism (?), n. [Cf. F. grécisme.] An idiom of the Greek language; a Hellenism. Addison.

! p. 649 most of page has no marks in etymology or in “as” sections (italics not marked) !>

Gre”cize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grecized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grecizing.] [Cf. F. gréciser.] 1. To render Grecian; also, to cause (a word or phrase in another language) to take a Greek form; as, the name is Grecized. T. Warton.

2. To translate into Greek.

Gre”cize, Gre”cian*ize (&?;), v. i. To conform to the Greek custom, especially in speech.

Gre”co-Ro”man (?), a. Having characteristics that are partly Greek and partly Roman; as, Greco- Roman architecture.

||Grecque (gr&ebreve;k), n. [F.] An ornament supposed to be of Greek origin, esp. a fret or meander.

Gree (?), n. [F. gré. See Grateful, and cf. Agree.] 1. Good will; favor; pleasure; satisfaction; — used esp. in such phrases as: to take in gree; to accept in gree; that is, to take favorably. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Accept in gree, my lord, the words I spoke.

Fairfax.

2. Rank; degree; position. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

He is a shepherd great in gree.

Spenser.

3. The prize; the honor of the day; as, to bear the gree, i. e., to carry off the prize. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

Gree, v. i. [From Agree.] To agree. [Obs.] Fuller.

Gree, n.; pl. Grees (grēz); obs. plurals Greece (grēs) Grice (grīs or grēs), Grise, Grize (grīz or grēz), etc. [OF. gré, F. grade. See Grade.] A step.

Greece (?), n. pl. See Gree a step. [Obs.]

Greed (grēd”), n. [Akin to Goth. grēdus hunger, Icel. grāðr. √34. See Greedy.] An eager desire or longing; greediness; as, a greed of gain.

Greed”i*ly (?), adv. In a greedy manner.

Greed”i*ness, n. [AS gr&aemacr;dignes.] The quality of being greedy; vehement and selfish desire.

Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness.

Shak.

Syn. — Ravenousness; voracity; eagerness; avidity.

Greed”y (&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Greedier (&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Greediest.] [OE. gredi, AS. gr&aemacr;dig, grēdig; akin to D. gretig, OS. grādag, OHG. grātag, Dan. graadig, OSw. gradig, grådig, Icel. grāðugr, Goth. grēdags greedy, grēdēn to be hungry; cf. Skr. g&rsdot;dh to be greedy. Cf. Greed.] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink; ravenous; voracious; very hungry; — followed by of; as, a lion that is greedy of his prey.

2. Having a keen desire for anything; vehemently desirous; eager to obtain; avaricious; as, greedy of gain.

Greed”y-gut` (?), n. A glutton. [Low] Todd.

Gree”gree`, Gri”gri` (?), n. An African talisman or charm.

A greegree man, an African magician or fetich priest.

Greek (?), a. [AS. grec, L. Graecus, Gr. ?: cf. F. grec. Cf. Grecian.] Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian.

Greek calends. See under Calends. — Greek Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Eastern Church; that part of Christendom which separated from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century. It comprises the great bulk of the Christian population of Russia (of which this is the established church), Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The Greek Church is governed by patriarchs and is called also the Byzantine Church. — Greek cross. See Illust. (10) Of Cross. — Greek Empire. See Byzantine Empire. — Greek fire, a combustible composition which burns under water, the constituents of which are supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. Ure. — Greek rose, the flower campion.

Greek, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Greece; a Grecian; also, the language of Greece.

2. A swindler; a knave; a cheat. [Slang]

Without a confederate the . . . game of baccarat does not . . . offer many chances for the Greek.

Sat. Rev.

3. Something unintelligible; as, it was all Greek to me. [Colloq.]

Greek”ess (?), n. A female Greek. [R.]

Greek”ish, a. [Cf. AS. Grēcisc.] Peculiar to Greece.

Greek”ling (?), n. A little Greek, or one of small esteem or pretensions. B. Jonson.

Green (?), a. [Compar. Greener (&?;); superl. Greenest.] [OE. grene, AS. gr?ne; akin to D. groen, OS. gr?ni, OHG. gruoni, G. gr?n, Dan. & Sw. gr?n, Icel. gr?nn; fr. the root of E. grow. See Grow.] 1. Having the color of grass when fresh and growing; resembling that color of the solar spectrum which is between the yellow and the blue; verdant; emerald.

2. Having a sickly color; wan.

To look so green and pale.

Shak.

3. Full of life and vigor; fresh and vigorous; new; recent; as, a green manhood; a green wound.

As valid against such an old and beneficent government as against . . . the greenest usurpation.

Burke.

4. Not ripe; immature; not fully grown or ripened; as, green fruit, corn, vegetables, etc.

5. Not roasted; half raw. [R.]

We say the meat is green when half roasted.

L. Watts.

6. Immature in age or experience; young; raw; not trained; awkward; as, green in years or judgment.

I might be angry with the officious zeal which supposes that its green conceptions can instruct my gray hairs.

Sir W. Scott.

7. Not seasoned; not dry; containing its natural juices; as, green wood, timber, etc. Shak.

Green brier (Bot.), a thorny climbing shrub (Emilaz rotundifolia) having a yellowish green stem and thick leaves, with small clusters of flowers, common in the United States; — called also cat brier. — Green con (Zoöl.), the pollock. — Green crab (Zoöl.), an edible, shore crab (Carcinus menas) of Europe and America; — in New England locally named joe-rocker. — Green crop, a crop used for food while in a growing or unripe state, as distingushed from a grain crop, root crop, etc. — Green diallage. (Min.) (a) Diallage, a variety of pyroxene. (b) Smaragdite. — Green dragon (Bot.), a North American herbaceous plant (Arisæma Dracontium), resembling the Indian turnip; — called also dragon root. — Green earth (Min.), a variety of glauconite, found in cavities in amygdaloid and other eruptive rock, and used as a pigment by artists; — called also mountain green. — Green ebony. (a) A south American tree (Jacaranda ovalifolia), having a greenish wood, used for rulers, turned and inlaid work, and in dyeing. (b) The West Indian green ebony. See Ebony. — Green fire (Pyrotech.), a composition which burns with a green flame. It consists of sulphur and potassium chlorate, with some salt of barium (usually the nitrate), to which the color of the flame is due. — Green fly (Zoöl.), any green species of plant lice or aphids, esp. those that infest greenhouse plants. — Green gage, (Bot.) See Greengage, in the Vocabulary. — Green gland (Zoöl.), one of a pair of large green glands in Crustacea, supposed to serve as kidneys. They have their outlets at the bases of the larger antennæ. — Green hand, a novice. [Colloq.] — Green heart (Bot.), the wood of a lauraceous tree found in the West Indies and in South America, used for shipbuilding or turnery. The green heart of Jamaica and Guiana is the Nectandra Rodiœi, that of Martinique is the Colubrina ferruginosa. — Green iron ore (Min.) dufrenite. — Green laver (Bot.), an edible seaweed (Ulva latissima); — called also green sloke. — Green lead ore (Min.), pyromorphite. — Green linnet (Zoöl.), the greenfinch. — Green looper (Zoöl.), the cankerworm. — Green marble (Min.), serpentine. — Green mineral, a carbonate of copper, used as a pigment. See Greengill. — Green monkey (Zoöl.) a West African long-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), very commonly tamed, and trained to perform tricks. It was introduced into the West Indies early in the last century, and has become very abundant there. — Green salt of Magnus (Old Chem.), a dark green crystalline salt, consisting of ammonia united with certain chlorides of platinum. — Green sand (Founding) molding sand used for a mold while slightly damp, and not dried before the cast is made. — Green sea (Naut.), a wave that breaks in a solid mass on a vessel’s deck. — Green sickness (Med.), chlorosis. — Green snake (Zoöl.), one of two harmless American snakes (Cyclophis vernalis, and C. æstivus). They are bright green in color. — Green turtle (Zoöl.), an edible marine turtle. See Turtle. — Green vitriol. (a) (Chem.) Sulphate of iron; a light green crystalline substance, very extensively used in the preparation of inks, dyes, mordants, etc. (b) (Min.) Same as copperas, melanterite and sulphate of iron. — Green ware, articles of pottery molded and shaped, but not yet baked. — Green woodpecker (Zoöl.), a common European woodpecker (Picus viridis); — called also yaffle.

Green (gren), n. 1. The color of growing plants; the color of the solar spectrum intermediate between the yellow and the blue.

2. A grassy plain or plat; a piece of ground covered with verdant herbage; as, the village green.

O’er the smooth enameled green.

Milton.

3. Fresh leaves or branches of trees or other plants; wreaths; — usually in the plural.

In that soft season when descending showers
Call forth the greens, and wake the rising flowers.

Pope.

4. pl. Leaves and stems of young plants, as spinach, beets, etc., which in their green state are boiled for food.

5. Any substance or pigment of a green color.

Alkali green (Chem.), an alkali salt of a sulphonic acid derivative of a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green; — called also Helvetia green. — Berlin green. (Chem.) See under Berlin. — Brilliant green (Chem.), a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green in composition. — Brunswick green, an oxychloride of copper. — Chrome green. See under Chrome. — Emerald green. (Chem.) (a) A complex basic derivative of aniline produced as a metallic, green crystalline substance, and used for dyeing silk, wool, and mordanted vegetable fiber a brilliant green; — called also aldehyde green, acid green, malachite green, Victoria green, solid green, etc. It is usually found as a double chloride, with zinc chloride, or as an oxalate. (b) See Paris green (below). — Gaignet’s green (Chem.) a green pigment employed by the French artist, Adrian Gusgnet, and consisting essentially of a basic hydrate of chromium. — Methyl green (Chem.), an artificial rosaniline dyestuff, obtained as a green substance having a brilliant yellow luster; — called also light-green. — Mineral green. See under Mineral. – - Mountain green. See Green earth, under Green, a. — Paris green (Chem.), a poisonous green powder, consisting of a mixture of several double salts of the acetate and arsenite of copper. It has found very extensive use as a pigment for wall paper, artificial flowers, etc., but particularly as an exterminator of insects, as the potato bug; — called also Schweinfurth green, imperial green, Vienna green, emerald qreen, and mitis green. — Scheele’s green (Chem.), a green pigment, consisting essentially of a hydrous arsenite of copper; — called also Swedish green. It may enter into various pigments called parrot green, pickel green, Brunswick green, nereid green, or emerald green.

Green, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greened (great): p. pr. & vb. n. Greening.] To make green.

Great spring before
Greened all the year.

Thomson.

Green, v. i. To become or grow green. Tennyson.

By greening slope and singing flood.

Whittier.

Green”back” (?), n. One of the legal tender notes of the United States; — first issued in 1862, and having the devices on the back printed with green ink, to prevent alterations and counterfeits.

Green”back”er (?), n. One of those who supported greenback or paper money, and opposed the resumption of specie payments. [Colloq. U. S.]

Green”bone (?), n. [So named because the bones are green when boiled.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any garfish (Belone or Tylosurus). (b) The European eelpout.

Green”-broom` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Genista (G. tinctoria); dyer’s weed; — called also greenweed.

Green”cloth` (-kl&obreve;th`; 115), n. A board or court of justice formerly held in the counting house of the British sovereign’s household, composed of the lord steward and his officers, and having cognizance of matters of justice in the household, with power to correct offenders and keep the peace within the verge of the palace, which extends two hundred yards beyond the gates.

Green”er*y (?), n. Green plants; verdure.

A pretty little one-storied abode, so rural, so smothered in greenery.

J. Ingelow.

Green”-eyed (?), a. 1. Having green eyes.

2. Seeing everything through a medium which discolors or distorts. “Green-eyed jealousy.” Shak.

Green”finch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A European finch (Ligurinus chloris); — called also green bird, green linnet, green grosbeak, green olf, greeny, and peasweep.

2. The Texas sparrow (Embernagra rufivirgata), in which the general color is olive green, with four rufous stripes on the head.

Green”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish, and Pollock.

Green”gage` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of plum of medium size, roundish shape, greenish flesh, and delicious flavor. It is called in France Reine Claude, after the queen of Francis I. See Gage.

Green”gill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An oyster which has the gills tinged with a green pigment, said to be due to an abnormal condition of the blood.

Green”gro`cer (?), n. A retailer of vegetables or fruits in their fresh or green state.

Green”head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The mallard. (b) The striped bass. See Bass.

{ Green”head (?), Green”hood (?), } n. A state of greenness; verdancy. Chaucer.

Green”horn` (?), n. A raw, inexperienced person; one easily imposed upon. W. Irving.

Green”house` (?), n. A house in which tender plants are cultivated and sheltered from the weather.

Green”ing, n. A greenish apple, of several varieties, among which the Rhode Island greening is the best known for its fine-grained acid flesh and its excellent keeping quality.

Green”ish, a. Somewhat green; having a tinge of green; as, a greenish yellow. — Green”ish*ness, n.

Green”land*er (?), n. A native of Greenland.

Green”-leek` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian parrakeet (Polytelis Barrabandi); — called also the scarlet-breasted parrot.

Green”let (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of small American singing birds, of the genus Vireo, as the solitary, or blue- headed (Vireo solitarius); the brotherly-love (V. Philadelphicus); the warbling greenlet (V. gilvus); the yellow-throated greenlet (V. flavifrons) and others. See Vireo.

2. (Zoöl,) Any species of Cyclorhis, a genus of tropical American birds allied to the tits.

Green”ly, adv. With a green color; newly; freshly, immaturely. — a. Of a green color. [Obs.]

Green”ness, n. [AS. grēnnes. See Green.] 1. The quality of being green; viridity; verdancy; as, the greenness of grass, or of a meadow.

2. Freshness; vigor; newness.

3. Immaturity; unripeness; as, the greenness of fruit; inexperience; as, the greenness of youth.

Green”ock*ite (?), n. [Named after Lord Greenock.] (Min.) Native cadmium sulphide, a mineral occurring in yellow hexagonal crystals, also as an earthy incrustation.

Green”room` (grēn”room`), n. The retiring room of actors and actresses in a theater.

Green”sand` (-s&?;nd`), n. (Geol.) A variety of sandstone, usually imperfectly consolidated, consisting largely of glauconite, a silicate of iron and potash of a green color, mixed with sand and a trace of phosphate of lime.

&fist;Greensand is often called marl, because it is a useful fertilizer. The greensand beds of the American Cretaceous belong mostly to the Upper Cretaceous.

Green”shank` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European sandpiper or snipe (Totanus canescens); — called also greater plover.

Green”-stall` (?), n. A stall at which greens and fresh vegetables are exposed for sale.

Green”stone` (grēn”stōn`), n. [So called from a tinge of green in the color.] (Geol.) A name formerly applied rather loosely to certain dark-colored igneous rocks, including diorite, diabase, etc.

Green”sward` (-sw&add;rd’) n. Turf green with grass.

Greenth (grēnth), n. [Cf. Growth.] The state or quality of being green; verdure. [R.]

The greenth of summer.

G. Eliot.

Green”weed` (?), n. (Bot.) See Greenbroom.

Green”wood` (?), n. A forest as it appears in spring and summer.

Green”wood`, a. Pertaining to a greenwood; as, a greenwood shade. Dryden.

Greet (?), a. Great. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Greet, v. i. [OE. greten, AS. gr&aemacr;tan, grētan; akin to Icel. grāta, Sw. gråta, Dan. græde, Goth. grēctan; cf. Skr. hrād to sound, roar. √50.] To weep; to cry; to lament. [Obs. or Scot.] [Written also greit.] Spenser.

Greet, n. Mourning. [Obs.] Spenser.

Greet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Greeting.] [OE. greten, AS. grētan to address, approach; akin to OS. grōtian, LG. gröten, D. groeten, OHG. gruozzen, G. grüssen. √50.] 1. To address with salutations or expressions of kind wishes; to salute; to hail; to welcome; to accost with friendship; to pay respects or compliments to, either personally or through the intervention of another, or by writing or token.

My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you.

Shak.

2. To come upon, or meet, as with something that makes the heart glad.

In vain the spring my senses greets.

Addison.

3. To accost; to address. Pope.

! p. 650 Needs proof-reading . . . the etymologies and other italics are not marked !>

Greet (?), v. i. To meet and give salutations.

There greet in silence, as the dead are wont, And sleep in peace.

Shak.

Greet, n. Greeting. [Obs.] F. Beaumont.

Greet”er (?), n. One who greets or salutes another.

Greet”er, n. One who weeps or mourns. [Obs.]

Greet”ing, n. Expression of kindness or joy; salutation at meeting; a compliment from one absent.

Write to him . . . gentle adieus and greetings.

Shak.

Syn. — Salutation; salute; compliment.

Greeve (?), n. See Grieve, an overseer.

Greeze (?), n. A step. See Gree, a step. [Obs.]

The top of the ladder, or first greeze, is this.

Latimer.

Gref”fi*er (?), n. [F., from LL. grafarius, graphiarius, fr. L. graphium, a writing style; cf. F. greffe a record office. See Graft, and cf. Graffer.] A registrar or recorder; a notary. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Gre”gal (?), a. [L. gregalis, fr. grex, gregis, herd.] Pertaining to, or like, a flock.

For this gregal conformity there is an excuse.

W. S. Mayo.

Gre*ga”ri*an (?), a. Gregarious; belonging to the herd or common sort; common. [Obs.] “The gregarian soldiers.” Howell.

||Greg`a*ri”næ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gregarina the typical genus, fr. L. gregarius. See Gregarious.] (Zoöl.) An order of Protozoa, allied to the Rhizopoda, and parasitic in other animals, as in the earthworm, lobster, etc. When adult, they have a small, wormlike body inclosing a nucleus, but without external organs; in one of the young stages, they are amœbiform; — called also Gregarinida, and Gregarinaria.

Greg”a*rine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gregarinæ. — n. One of the Gregarinæ.

||Greg`a*rin”i*da (?) Gregarinæ.

Gre*ga”ri*ous (?), a. [L. gregarius, fr. grex, gregis, herd; cf. Gr. &?; to assemble, Skr. jar to approach. Cf. Congregate, Egregious.] Habitually living or moving in flocks or herds; tending to flock or herd together; not habitually solitary or living alone. Burke.

No birds of prey are gregarious.

Ray.

— Gre*ga”ri*ous*ly, adv. — Gre*ga”ri*ous*ness, n.

Grege (?), Greg”ge (&?;), v. t. [OE. gregier to burden.] To make heavy; to increase. [Obs.] Wyclif.

{ Greg”goe (?), Gre”go (?), } n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also griego.]

Gre*go”ri*an (?), a. [NL. Gregorianus, fr. Gregorius Gregory, Gr. &?;: cf. F. grégorien.] Pertaining to, or originated by, some person named Gregory, especially one of the popes of that name.

Gregorian calendar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, including the method of adjusting the leap years so as to harmonize the civil year with the solar, and also the regulation of the time of Easter and the movable feasts by means of epochs. See Gregorian year (below). — Gregorian chant (Mus.), plain song, or canto fermo, a kind of unisonous music, according to the eight celebrated church modes, as arranged and prescribed by Pope Gregory I. (called “the Great”) in the 6th century. — Gregorian modes, the musical scales ordained by Pope Gregory the Great, and named after the ancient Greek scales, as Dorian, Lydian, etc. — Gregorian telescope (Opt.), a form of reflecting telescope, named from Prof. James Gregory, of Edinburgh, who perfected it in 1663. A small concave mirror in the axis of this telescope, having its focus coincident with that of the large reflector, transmits the light received from the latter back through a hole in its center to the eyepiece placed behind it. — Gregorian year, the year as now reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar. Thus, every year, of the current reckoning, which is divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 and not by 400, has 366 days; all other years have 365 days. See Bissextile, and Note under Style, n., 7.

Greil”lade (?), n. (Metal.) Iron ore in coarse powder, prepared for reduction by the Catalan process.

Grei”sen (?), n. (Min.) A crystalline rock consisting of quarts and mica, common in the tin regions of Cornwall and Saxony.

Greit (?), v. i. See Greet, to weep.

Greith (?), v. t. [Icel. greiða: cf. AS. ger&aemacr;dan to arrange; pref. ge- + r&aemacr;de ready. Cf. Ready.] To make ready; — often used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Greith, n. [Icel. greiði. See Greith, v.] Goods; furniture. [Obs.] See Graith.

Gre”mi*al (?), a. [L. gremium lap, bosom.] Of or pertaining to the lap or bosom. [R.]

Gre”mi*al, n. 1. A bosom friend. [Obs.] Fuller.

2. (Ecol.) A cloth, often adorned with gold or silver lace, placed on the bishop’s lap while he sits in celebrating mass, or in ordaining priests.

Gre*nade” (?), n. [F. grenade a pomegranate, a grenade, or Sp. granada; orig., filled with seeds. So called from the resemblance of its shape to a pomegranate. See Carnet, Grain a kernel, and cf. Pomegranate.] (Min.) A hollow ball or shell of iron filled with powder of other explosive, ignited by means of a fuse, and thrown from the hand among enemies.

Hand grenade. (a) A small grenade of iron or glass, usually about two and a half inches in diameter, to be thrown from the hand into the head of a sap, trenches, covered way, or upon besiegers mounting a breach. (b) A portable fire extinguisher consisting of a glass bottle containing water and gas. It is thrown into the flames. Called also fire grenade. — Rampart grenades, grenades of various sizes, which, when used, are rolled over the pararapet in a trough.

Gren`a*dier” (?), n. [F. grenadier. See Grenade.] 1. (Mil.) Originaly, a soldier who carried and threw grenades; afterward, one of a company attached to each regiment or battalion, taking post on the right of the line, and wearing a peculiar uniform. In modern times, a member of a special regiment or corps; as, a grenadier of the guard of Napoleon I. one of the regiment of Grenadier Guards of the British army, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) Any marine fish of the genus Macrurus, in which the body and tail taper to a point; they mostly inhabit the deep sea; — called also onion fish, and rat-tail fish.

3. (Zoöl.) A bright-colored South African grosbeak (Pyromelana orix), having the back red and the lower parts black.

Gren`a*dil”lo (?), n. [Sp. granadillo.] A handsome tropical American wood, much used for making flutes and other wind instruments; — called also Grenada cocos, or cocus, and red ebony.

Gren`a*dine” (?), n. [F.] 1. A thin gauzelike fabric of silk or wool, for women’s wear.

2. A trade name for a dyestuff, consisting essentially of impure fuchsine.

Gre*na”do (?), n. Same as Grenade.

Grene (?), a. Green. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gres (?), n. Grass. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Gres*so”ri*al (?), Gres*so”ri*ous (?), } a. [L. gressus, p. p. of gradi to step, go.] (Zool.) Adapted for walking; anisodactylous; as the feet of certain birds and insects. See Illust. under Aves.

Gret (?), Grete (&?;), a. Great. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gret”to (?), obs. imp. of Greet, to salute.

Greve (?), n. A grove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grew (gr&udd;), imp. of Grow.

Grew”some (?), Grue”some, a. [From a word akin to Dan. gru horror, terror + -some; cf. D. gruwzaam, G. grausam. Cf. Grisly.] Ugly; frightful.

Grewsome sights of war.

C. Kingsley.

Grey (?), a. See Gray (the correct orthography).

Grey”hound` (?), n. [OE. graihund, greihound, greahund, grihond, Icel. greyhundr; grey greyhound + hundr dog; cf. AS. grīghund. The origin of the first syllable is unknown.] A slender, graceful breed of dogs, remarkable for keen sight and swiftness. It is one of the oldest varieties known, and is figured on the Egyptian monuments. [Written also grayhound.]

Grey”lag` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Graylag.

Grib”ble (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. grib to bite.] (Zoöl.) A small marine isopod crustacean (Limnoria lignorum or L. terebrans), which burrows into and rapidly destroys submerged timber, such as the piles of wharves, both in Europe and America.

Grice (?), n. [OE. gris, grise; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. gr?ss, Sw. gris, Dan. grus, also Gr. &?;, Skr. ghrshvi, boar. Cf. Grise, Griskin.] A little pig. [Written also grise.] [Scot.]

Grice (?), n. See Gree, a step. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Grid (?), n. A grating of thin parallel bars, similar to a gridiron.

Grid”dle (?), n. [OE. gredil, gredl, gridel, of Celtic origin; cf. W. greidell, Ir. greideal, greideil, griddle, gridiron, greadaim I burn, scorch. Cf. Gridiron.] 1. An iron plate or pan used for cooking cakes.

2. A sieve with a wire bottom, used by miners.

Grid”dle*cake` (?), n. A cake baked or fried on a griddle, esp. a thin batter cake, as of buckwheat or common flour.

Gride (grīd), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grided; p. pr. & vb. n. Griding.] [For gird, properly, to strike with a rod. See Yard a measure, and cf. Grid to strike, sneer.] To cut with a grating sound; to cut; to penetrate or pierce harshly; as, the griding sword. Milton.

That through his thigh the mortal steel did gride.

Spenser.

Gride, n. A harsh scraping or cutting; a grating.

The gride of hatchets fiercely thrown.
On wigwam log, and tree, and stone.

Whittier.

Grid”e*lin (gr&ibreve;d”&esl;*l&ibreve;n), n. [F. gris de lin gray of flax, flax gray.] A color mixed of white, and red, or a gray violet. [Written also gredaline, grizelin.] Dryden.

Grid”i`ron (?), n. [OE. gredire, gredirne, from the same source as E. griddle, but the ending was confused with E. iron. See Griddle.] 1. A grated iron utensil for broiling flesh and fish over coals.

2. (Naut.) An openwork frame on which vessels are placed for examination, cleaning, and repairs.

Gridiron pendulum. See under Pendulum. — Gridiron valve (Steam Engine), a slide valve with several parallel perforations corresponding to openings in the seat on which the valve moves.

Grief (grēf), n. [OE. grief, gref, OF. grief, gref, F. grief, L. gravis heavy; akin to Gr. bary`s, Skr. guru, Goth. kaúrus. Cf. Barometer, Grave, a., Grieve, Gooroo.] 1. Pain of mind on account of something in the past; mental suffering arising from any cause, as misfortune, loss of friends, misconduct of one’s self or others, etc.; sorrow; sadness.

The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, . . . that she died for grief of it.

Addison.

2. Cause of sorrow or pain; that which afficts or distresses; trial; grievance.

Be factious for redress of all these griefs.

Shak.

3. Physical pain, or a cause of it; malady. [R.]

This grief (cancerous ulcers) hastened the end of that famous mathematician, Mr. Harriot.

Wood.

To come to grief, to meet with calamity, accident, defeat, ruin, etc., causing grief; to turn out badly. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Affiction; sorrow; distress; sadness; trial; grievance. Grief, Sorrow, Sadness. Sorrow is the generic term; grief is sorrow for some definite cause — one which commenced, at least, in the past; sadness is applied to a permanent mood of the mind. Sorrow is transient in many cases; but the grief of a mother for the loss of a favorite child too often turns into habitual sadness. “Grief is sometimes considered as synonymous with sorrow; and in this case we speak of the transports of grief. At other times it expresses more silent, deep, and painful affections, such as are inspired by domestic calamities, particularly by the loss of friends and relatives, or by the distress, either of body or mind, experienced by those whom we love and value.” Cogan. See Affliction.

Grief”ful (?), a. Full of grief or sorrow. Sackville.

Grief”less, a. Without grief. Huloet.

Grie”go (?), n. See Greggoe.

Griev”a*ble (?), a. Lamentable. [Obs.]

Griev”ance (?), n. [OF. grevance. See Grieve, v. t.] 1. A cause of uneasiness and complaint; a wrong done and suffered; that which gives ground for remonstrance or resistance, as arising from injustice, tyranny, etc.; injury.

2. Grieving; grief; affliction.

The . . . grievance of a mind unreasonably yoked.

Milton.

Syn. — Burden; oppression; hardship; trouble.

Griev”an*cer (?), n. One who occasions a grievance; one who gives ground for complaint. [Obs.]

Petition . . . against the bishops as grand grievancers.

Fuller.

Grieve (grēv), Greeve, n. [AS. gerēfa. Cf. Reeve an officer.] A manager of a farm, or overseer of any work; a reeve; a manorial bailiff. [Scot.]

Their children were horsewhipped by the grieve.

Sir W. Scott.

Grieve (grēv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grieved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grieving.] [OE. greven, OF. grever, fr. L. gravare to burden, oppress, fr. gravis heavy. See Grief.] 1. To occasion grief to; to wound the sensibilities of; to make sorrowful; to cause to suffer; to afflict; to hurt; to try.

Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God.

Eph. iv. 30.

The maidens grieved themselves at my concern.

Cowper,

2. To sorrow over; as, to grieve one’s fate. [R.]

Grieve, v. i. To feel grief; to be in pain of mind on account of an evil; to sorrow; to mourn; — often followed by at, for, or over.

Do not you grieve at this.

Shak.

Griev”er (?), n. One who, or that which, grieves.

Griev”ing, a. Sad; sorrowful; causing grief. — n. The act of causing grief; the state of being grieved. — Griev”ing*ly, adv. Shak.

Griev”ous (?), a. [OF. grevous, grevos, LL. gravosus. See Grief.] 1. Causing grief or sorrow; painful; afflictive; hard to bear; offensive; harmful.

The famine was grievous in the land.

Gen. xii. 10.

The thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight.

Gen. xxi. 11.

2. Characterized by great atrocity; heinous; aggravated; flagitious; as, a grievous sin. Gen. xviii. 20.

3. Full of, or expressing, grief; showing great sorrow or affliction; as, a grievous cry. — Griev”ous*ly, adv. — Griev”ous*ness, n.

Griff (?), n. [Cf. Gripe.] 1. Grasp; reach. [Obs.]

A vein of gold ore within one spade’s griff.

Holland.

2. [Cf. F. griffe, G. griff, prop., a grasping.] (Weaving) An arrangement of parallel bars for lifting the hooked wires which raise the warp threads in a loom for weaving figured goods. Knight.

Griffe (?), n. [F.] The offspring of a mulatto woman and a negro; also, a mulatto. [Local, U. S.]

Grif”fin (?), n. An Anglo-Indian name for a person just arrived from Europe. H. Kingsley.

{ Grif”fin (?), Grif”fon (?), } n. [OE. griffin, griffon, griffoun, F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, equiv to gryps, Gr. &?;; — so called because of the hooked beak, and akin to grypo`s curved, hook-nosed.]

1. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half lion and half eagle. It is often represented in Grecian and Roman works of art.

2. (Her.) A representation of this creature as an heraldic charge.

3. (Zoöl.) A species of large vulture (Gyps fulvus) found in the mountainous parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor; — called also gripe, and grype. It is supposed to be the “eagle” of the Bible. The bearded griffin is the lammergeir. [Written also gryphon.]

4. An English early apple.

Grig (gr&ibreve;g), n. [Cf. Sw. kräk little creature, reptile; or D. kriek cricket, E. cricket.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A cricket or grasshopper. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Any small eel. (c) The broad-nosed eel. See Glut. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.] Audrey.

As merry as a grig [etymology uncertain], a saying supposed by some to be a corruption of “As merry as a Greek; ” by others, to be an allusion to the cricket.

Gril (gr&ibreve;l), a. [OE. gril harsh; akin to G. grell offending the ear or eye, shrill, dazzling, MHG. grel angry; cf. AS. gallan to provoke.] Harsh; hard; severe; stern; rough. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Grill, n. [F. gril. See Grill, v. t.] 1. A gridiron.

[They] make grills of [wood] to broil their meat.

Cotton.

2. That which is broiled on a gridiron, as meat, fish, etc.

Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grilling.] [F. griller, fr. gril gridiron, OF. graïl, L. craticulum for craticula fine hurdlework, a small gridiron, dim. of crates hurdle. See Grate, n.]

1. To broil on a grill or gridiron.
[1913 Webster]

Boiling of men in caldrons, grilling them on gridirons.

Marvell.

2. To torment, as if by broiling. Dickens.

Gril*lade” (&?;), n. [F. See Grill, v. t.] The act of grilling; also, that which is grilled.

Gril”lage (?), n. [F.] (Hydraulic Eagin.) A framework of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in marshy or treacherous soil.

||Grille (?), a. [F. See Grill, v. t.] A lattice or grating.

The grille which formed part of the gate.

L. Oliphant.

Gril”ly (?), v. t. [See Grill, v. t.] To broil; to grill; hence, To harass. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Grilse (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon after its first return from the sea.

Grim (?), a. [Compar. Grimmer (-mer); superl. Grimmest (&?;).] [AS. grim; akin to G. grimm, equiv. to G. & D. grimmig, Dan. grim, grum, Sw. grym, Icel. grimmr, G. gram grief, as adj., hostile; cf. Gr. &?;, a crushing sound, &?; to neigh.] Of forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect; fierce; stern; surly; cruel; frightful; horrible.

Whose grim aspect sets every joint a- shaking.

Shak.

The ridges of grim war.

Milton.

Syn.— Fierce; ferocious; furious; horrid; horrible; frightful; ghastly; grisly; hideous; stern; sullen; sour.

Gri*mace” (gr&ibreve;*mās”), n. [F., prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. grīma mask, specter, Icel. grīma mask, hood, perh. akin to E. grin.] A distortion of the countenance, whether habitual, from affectation, or momentary and occasional, to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, complacency, etc.; a smirk; a made-up face.
[1913 Webster]

Moving his face into such a hideous grimace, that every feature of it appeared under a different distortion.

Addison.
[1913 Webster]

&fist; “Half the French words used affectedly by Melantha in Dryden’s “Marriage a-la-Mode,” as innovations in our language, are now in common use: chagrin, double-entendre, éclaircissement, embarras, équivoque, foible, grimace, naïvete, ridicule. All these words, which she learns by heart to use occasionally, are now in common use.” I. Disraeli.
[1913 Webster]

Gri*mace”, v. i. To make grimaces; to distort one’s face; to make faces. H. Martineau.

Gri*maced” (?), a. Distorted; crabbed.

Gri*mal”kin (?), n. [For graymalkin; gray + malkin.] An old cat, esp. a she-cat. J. Philips.

Grime (?), n. [Cf. Dan. grim, griim, lampblack, soot, grime, Icel. grīma mask, sort of hood, OD. grijmsel, grimsel, soot, smut, and E. grimace.] Foul matter; dirt, rubbed in; sullying blackness, deeply ingrained.

Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply; to dirt. Shak.

Grim”i*ly (?), adv. In a grimy manner.

Grim”i*ness n. The state of being grimy.

Grim”ly (?), a. Grim; hideous; stern. [R.]

In glided Margaret’s grimly ghost,
And stood at William’s feet.

D. Mallet.

Grim”ly, adv. In a grim manner; fiercely. Shak.

Grimme (?), n. [Cf. F. grimme.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Cephalophus rufilotus) of a deep bay color, with a broad dorsal stripe of black; — called also conquetoon.

Grim”ness (?), n. [AS. grimnes.] Fierceness of look; sternness; crabbedness; forbiddingness.

Grim”sir (?), n. A stern man. [Obs.] Burton.

Grim”y (?), a. [Compar. Grimier (?); superl. Grimiest.] Full of grime; begrimed; dirty; foul.

Grin (gr&ibreve;n), n. [AS. grin.] A snare; a gin. [Obs.]

Like a bird that hasteth to his grin.

Remedy of Love.

Grin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grinned (gr&ibreve;nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Grinning.] [OE. grinnen, grennen, AS. grennian, Sw. grina; akin to D. grijnen, G. greinen, OHG. grinan, Dan. grine. √35. Cf. Groan.] 1. To show the teeth, as a dog; to snarl.

2. To set the teeth together and open the lips, or to open the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, so as to show them, as in laughter, scorn, or pain.

The pangs of death do make him grin.

Shak.

Grin, v. t. To express by grinning.

Grinned horrible a ghastly smile.

Milton.

Grin, n. The act of closing the teeth and showing them, or of withdrawing the lips and showing the teeth; a hard, forced, or sneering smile. I. Watts.

He showed twenty teeth at a grin.

Addison.

Grind (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ground (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grinding.] [AS. grindan; perh. akin to L. frendere to gnash, grind. Cf. Grist.] 1. To reduce to powder by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth; to crush into small fragments; to produce as by the action of millstones.

Take the millstones, and grind meal.

Is. xivii. 2.

2. To wear down, polish, or sharpen, by friction; to make smooth, sharp, or pointed; to whet, as a knife or drill; to rub against one another, as teeth, etc.

3. To oppress by severe exactions; to harass.

To grind the subject or defraud the prince.

Dryden.

4. To study hard for examination. [College Slang]

Grind (?), v. i. 1. To perform the operation of grinding something; to turn the millstones.

Send thee
Into the common prison, there to grind.

Milton.

2. To become ground or pulverized by friction; as, this corn grinds well.

3. To become polished or sharpened by friction; as, glass grinds smooth; steel grinds to a sharp edge.

4. To move with much difficulty or friction; to grate.

5. To perform hard and distasteful service; to drudge; to study hard, as for an examination. Farrar.

Grind, n. 1. The act of reducing to powder, or of sharpening, by friction.

2. Any severe continuous work or occupation; esp., hard and uninteresting study. [Colloq.] T. Hughes.

3. A hard student; a dig. [College Slang]

Grind”ed, obs. p. p. of Grind. Ground. Sir W. Scott.

||Grin*de”li*a (?), n. [NL. Named after D. H. Grindel, a Russian.] (Med.) The dried stems and leaves of tarweed (Grindelia), used as a remedy in asthma and bronchitis.

Grind”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, grinds.

2. One of the double teeth, used to grind or masticate the food; a molar.

3. (Zoöl.) The restless flycatcher (Seisura inquieta) of Australia; — called also restless thrush and volatile thrush. It makes a noise like a scissors grinder, to which the name alludes.

Grinder’s asthma, phthisis, or rot (Med.), a lung disease produced by the mechanical irritation of the particles of steel and stone given off in the operation of grinding.

Grind”er*y (?), n. Leather workers’ materials. [Eng.]

Grindery warehouse, a shop where leather workers’ materials and tools are kept on sale. [Eng.]

Grind”ing, a. & n. from Grind.

Grinding frame, an English name for a cotton spinning machine. — Grinding mill. (a) A mill for grinding grain. (b) A lapidary’s lathe.

Grind”ing*ly, adv. In a grinding manner. [Colloq.]

Grin”dle (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bowfin; — called also Johnny Grindle. [Local, U. S.]

Grin”dle stone” (?). A grindstone. [Obs.]

Grind”let (?), n. A small drain.

Grind”stone` (?), n. A flat, circular stone, revolving on an axle, for grinding or sharpening tools, or shaping or smoothing objects.

To hold, pat, or bring one’s nose to the grindstone, to oppress one; to keep one in a condition of servitude.

They might be ashamed, for lack of courage, to suffer the Lacedæmonians to hold their noses to the grindstone.

Sir T. North.

Grin”ner (?), n. One who grins. Addison.

Grin”ning*ly, adv. In a grinning manner.

Grint (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Grind, contr. from grindeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grin”te (?), obs. imp. of Grin, v. i., 1.

[He] grinte with his teeth, so was he wroth.

Chaucer.

Grint”ing (?), n. Grinding. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grip (?), n. [L. gryps, gryphus. See Griffin, Grype.] (Zoöl.) The griffin. [Obs.]

Grip, n. [Cf. AS. grip furrow, hitch, D. greb.] A small ditch or furrow. Ray.

Grip, v. t. To trench; to drain.

Grip, n. [AS. gripe. Cf. Grip, v. t., Gripe, v. t.] 1. An energetic or tenacious grasp; a holding fast; strength in grasping.

2. A peculiar mode of clasping the hand, by which members of a secret association recognize or greet, one another; as, a masonic grip.

3. That by which anything is grasped; a handle or gripe; as, the grip of a sword.

4. A device for grasping or holding fast to something.

Grip, v. t. [From Grip a grasp; or P. gripper to seize; — of German origin. See Gripe, v. t.] To give a grip to; to grasp; to gripe.

Gripe (?), n. [See Grype.] (Zoöl.) A vulture; the griffin. [Obs.]

Like a white hind under the gripe’s sharp claws.

Shak.

Gripe’s egg, an alchemist’s vessel. [Obs.] E. Jonson.

Gripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Griped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Griping.] [AS. gripan; akin to D. grijpen, G. greifen, OHG. gr&?;fan, Icel. gripa, Sw. gripe, Dan. gribe, Goth. greipan; cf. Lith. graibyti, Russ. grabite to plunder, Skr. grah, grabh, to seize. Cf. Grip, v. t., Grope.]

1. To catch with the hand; to clasp closely with the fingers; to clutch.

2. To seize and hold fast; to embrace closely.

Wouldst thou gripe both gain and pleasure ?

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

3. To pinch; to distress. Specifically, to cause pinching and spasmodic pain to the bowels of, as by the effects of certain purgative or indigestible substances.

How inly sorrow gripes his soul.

Shak.

Gripe, v. i. 1. To clutch, hold, or pinch a thing, esp. money, with a gripe or as with a gripe.

2. To suffer griping pains. Jocke.

3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the wind, as a ship which, when sailing closehauled, requires constant labor at the helm. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; fast hold; clutch.

A barren scepter in my gripe.

Shak.

2. That on which the grasp is put; a handle; a grip; as, the gripe of a sword.

3. (Mech.) A device for grasping or holding anything; a brake to stop a wheel.

4. Oppression; cruel exaction; affiction; pinching distress; as, the gripe of poverty.

5. Pinching and spasmodic pain in the intestines; — chiefly used in the plural.

6. (Naut.) (a) The piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end; the forefoot. (b) The compass or sharpness of a ship’s stern under the water, having a tendency to make her keep a good wind. (c) pl. An assemblage of ropes, dead-eyes, and hocks, fastened to ringbolts in the deck, to secure the boats when hoisted; also, broad bands passed around a boat to secure it at the davits and prevent swinging.

Gripe penny, a miser; a niggard. D. L. Mackenzie.

Gripe”ful (?), a. Disposed to gripe; extortionate.

Grip”er (?), a. One who gripes; an oppressor; an extortioner. Burton.

Grip”ing*ly (?), adv. In a griping or oppressive manner. Bacon.

Grip”man (?), n. The man who manipulates a grip.

Grippe (?), n. [F.] (Med.) The influenza or epidemic catarrh. Dunglison.

Grip”per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, grips or seizes.

2. pl. In printing presses, the fingers or nippers.

Grip”ple (?), n. A grasp; a gripe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grip”ple, a. [Dim. fr. gripe.] Griping; greedy; covetous; tenacious. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grip”ple*ness, n. The quality of being gripple. [Obs.]

Grip”sack` (?), n. A traveler’s handbag. [Colloq.]

||Gris (?), a. [OF. & F., fr. LL. griseus; of German origin; cf. MHG. gris, G. greis, hoary. Cf. Grizzle.] Gray. [R.] Chaucer.

Gris (?), n. [OF., fr. gris gray. Cf. G. grauwerk (lit. gray work) the gray skin of the Siberian squirrel. See Gris, a.] A costly kind of fur. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gris (gr&ibreve;s), n. sing. & pl. [See Grice a pig.] A little pig. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

||Gri”saille` (?), n. [F., from gris gray.] 1. (Fine Arts) Decorative painting in gray monochrome; — used in English especially for painted glass.

2. A kind of French fancy dress goods. Knight.

Gris”am`ber (?), n. [See Ambergris.] Ambergris. [Obs.] Milton.

Grise (grīs), n. See Grice, a pig. [Prov. Eng.]

Grise (grīs or grēs), n. [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.]

Every grise of fortune
Is smoothed by that below.

Shak.

Gris”e*ous (?), a. [LL. griseus. See Gris.] Of a light color, or white, mottled with black or brown; grizzled or grizzly. Maunder.

||Gri*sette” (?), n. [F., fr. grisette a gray woolen cloth, fr. gris gray. Grisettes were so called because they wore gray gowns made of this stuff. See Gars.] A French girl or young married woman of the lower class; more frequently, a young working woman who is fond of gallantry. Sterne.

Gris”kin (?), n. [Grise a pig + – kin.] The spine of a hog. [Obs.]

Gri”sled (?), a. [Obs.] See Grizzled.

Gris”li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being grisly; horrid. Sir P. Sidney.

Gris”ly (?), a. [OE, grisly, grislich, AS. grislic, gryslic, fr. gr&?;san to shudder; cf. OD. grijselick horrible, OHG. grisenl?ch, and also AS. gre?san to frighten, and E. gruesome.] Frightful; horrible; dreadful; harsh; as, grisly locks; a grisly specter. “Grisly to behold.” Chaucer.

A man of grisly and stern gravity.

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Grisly bear. (Zoöl.) See under Grizzly.

Gri”son (?), n. [F., fr. grison gray, gray-haired, gris gray. See Gris.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American animal of the family Mustelidae (Galictis vittata). It is about two feet long, exclusive of the tail. Its under parts are black. Also called South American glutton. (b) A South American monkey (Lagothrix infumatus), said to be gluttonous.

Gri”sons (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geog.) (a) Inhabitants of the eastern Swiss Alps. (b) sing. The largest and most eastern of the Swiss cantons.

Grist (?), n. [AS. grist, fr. grindan. See Grind.]

1. Ground corn; that which is ground at one time; as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces.

Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store.

Tusser. Q.

2. Supply; provision. Swift.

3. In rope making, a given size of rope, common grist being a rope three inches in circumference, with twenty yarns in each of the three strands. Knight.

All is grist that comes to his mill, all that he has anything to do with is a source of profit. [Colloq.] — To bring grist to the maill, to bring profitable business into one’s hands; to be a source of profit. [Colloq.] Ayliffe.

Gris”tle (?), n. [OE. gristel, gristil, AS. gristl; akin to OFries. gristel, grestel. Perh. a dim. of grist but cf. OHG. krustila, krostela. Cf. Grist.] (Anat.) Cartilage. See Cartilage. Bacon.

Gris”tly (?), a. (Anat.) Consisting of, or containing, gristle; like gristle; cartilaginous.

Grist”mill” (?), n. A mill for grinding grain; especially, a mill for grinding grists, or portions of grain brought by different customers; a custom mill.

Grit (?), n. [OE, greet, greot, sand, gravel, AS. greót grit, sant, dust; akin to OS griott, OFries. gret gravel, OHG. grioz, G. griess, Icel. grjōt, and to E. groats, grout. See Groats, Grout, and cf. Grail gravel.] 1. Sand or gravel; rough, hard particles.

2. The coarse part of meal.

3. pl. Grain, esp. oats or wheat, hulled and coarsely ground; in high milling, fragments of cracked wheat smaller than groats.

4. (Geol.) A hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone; as, millstone grit; — called also gritrock and gritstone. The name is also applied to a finer sharp-grained sandstone; as, grindstone grit.

5. Structure, as adapted to grind or sharpen; as, a hone of good grit.

6. Firmness of mind; invincible spirit; unyielding courage; fortitude. C. Reade. E. P. Whipple.

Grit (gr&ibreve;t), v. i. To give forth a grating sound, as sand under the feet; to grate; to grind.

The sanded floor that grits beneath the tread.

Goldsmith.

Grit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gritted; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gritting.] To grind; to rub harshly together; to grate; as, to grit the teeth. [Collog.]

Grith (gr&ibreve;th), n. [AS. grið peace; akin to Icel. grid.] Peace; security; agreement. [Obs.] Gower.

{ Grit”rock` (gr&ibreve;t”r&obreve;k`), Grit”stone` (-stōn`) } n. (Geol.) See Grit, n., 4.

Grit”ti*ness (-t&ibreve;*n&ebreve;s), n. The quality of being gritty.

Grit”ty (-t&ybreve;), a. 1. Containing sand or grit; consisting of grit; caused by grit; full of hard particles.

2. Spirited; resolute; unyielding. [Colloq., U. S.]

Griv”et (gr&ibreve;v”&ebreve;t), n. [Cf. F. grivet.] (Zoöl.) A monkey of the upper Nile and Abyssinia (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), having the upper parts dull green, the lower parts white, the hands, ears, and face black. It was known to the ancient Egyptians. Called also tota.

Grize (grīz or grēz), n. Same as 2d Grise. [Obs.]

Griz”e*lin (gr&ibreve;z”&esl;*l&ibreve;n), a. See Gridelin.

Griz”zle (?), n. [F. gris: cf. grisaille hair partly gray, fr. gris gray. See Gris, and cf. Grisaille.] Gray; a gray color; a mixture of white and black. Shak.

Griz”zled (?), a. Gray; grayish; sprinkled or mixed with gray; of a mixed white and black.

Grizzled hair flowing in elf locks.

Sir W. Scott.

Griz”zly (?), a. Somewhat gray; grizzled.

Old squirrels that turn grizzly.

Bacon.

Grizzly bear (Zoöl.), a large and ferocious bear (Ursus horribilis) of Western North America and the Rocky Mountains. It is remarkable for the great length of its claws.

Griz”zly, n.; pl. Grizzlies (&?;). 1. (Zoöl.) A grizzly bear. See under Grizzly, a.

2. pl. In hydraulic mining, gratings used to catch and throw out large stones from the sluices. [Local, U. S.] Raymond.

Groan (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groaned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Groaning.] [OE. gronen, granen, granien, AS. gr&?;nian, fr. the root of grennian to grin. √35. See 2d Grin, and cf. Grunt.] 1. To give forth a low, moaning sound in breathing; to utter a groan, as in pain, in sorrow, or in derision; to moan.

For we . . . do groan, being burdened.

2 Cor. v. 4.

He heard the groaning of the oak.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To strive after earnestly, as with groans.

Nothing but holy, pure, and clear,
Or that which groaneth to be so.

Herbert.

Groan, v. t. To affect by groans.

Groan, n. A low, moaning sound; usually, a deep, mournful sound uttered in pain or great distress; sometimes, an expression of strong disapprobation; as, the remark was received with groans.

Such groans of roaring wind and rain.

Shak.

The wretched animal heaved forth such groans.

Shak.

Groan”ful (?), a. Agonizing; sad. [Obs.] Spenser.

Groat (?), n. [LG. grōte, orig., great, that is, a great piece of coin, larger than other coins in former use. See Great.] 1. An old English silver coin, equal to four pence.

2. Any small sum of money.

Groats (?), n. pl. [OE. grot, AS. grātan; akin to Icel. grautr porridge, and to E. gritt, grout. See Grout.] Dried grain, as oats or wheat, hulled and broken or crushed; in high milling, cracked fragments of wheat larger than grits.

Embden groats, crushed oats.

Gro”cer (?), n. [Formerly written grosser, orig., one who sells by the gross, or deals by wholesale, fr. F. grossier, marchand grossier, fr. gros large, great. See Gross.] A trader who deals in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, fruits, and various other commodities.

Grocer’s itch (Med.), a disease of the skin, caused by handling sugar and treacle.

Gro”cer*y (?), n.; pl. Groceries (#). [F. grosserie wholesale. See Grocer.] 1. The commodities sold by grocers, as tea, coffee, spices, etc.; — in the United States almost always in the plural form, in this sense.

A deal box . . . to carry groceries in.

Goldsmith.

The shops at which the best families of the neighborhood bought grocery and millinery.

Macaulay.

2. A retail grocer’s shop or store. [U. S.]

Grog (?), n. [So named from “Old Grog” a nickname given to Admiral Vernon, in allusion to his wearing a grogram cloak in foul weather. He is said to have been the first to dilute the rum of the sailors (about 1745).] A mixture of spirit and water not sweetened; hence, any intoxicating liquor.

Grog blossom, a redness on the nose or face of persons who drink ardent spirits to excess. [Collog.]

Grog”ger*y (?), n.; pl. Groggeries (#). A grogshop. [Slang, U. S.]

Grog”gi*ness (?), n. 1. State of being groggy.

2. (Man.) Tenderness or stiffness in the foot of a horse, which causes him to move in a hobbling manner.

Grog”gy (?), a. 1. Overcome with grog; tipsy; unsteady on the legs. [Colloq.]

2. Weakened in a fight so as to stagger; — said of pugilists. [Cant or Slang]

3. (Man.) Moving in a hobbling manner, owing to ten der feet; — said of a horse. Youatt.

{ Grog”ram (?), Grog”ran (?), } n. [OF. gros-grain, lit., gros-grain, of a coarse texture. See Gross, and Grain a kernel, and cf. Grog.] A coarse stuff made of silk and mohair, or of coarse silk.

Grog”shop` (?), n. A shop or room where strong liquors are sold and drunk; a dramshop.

Groin (?), n. [F. groin, fr. grogner to grunt, L. grunnire.] The snout of a swine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Groin, v. i. [F. grogner to grunt, grumble.] To grunt to growl; to snarl; to murmur. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bears that groined coatinually.

Spenser.

Groin, n. [Icel. grein distinction, division, branch; akin to Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs, Icel. greina to distinguish, divide, Sw. grena to branch, straddle. Cf. Grain a branch.] 1. (Anat.) The line between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh, or the region of this line; the inguen.

2. (Arch.) The projecting solid angle formed by the meeting of two vaults, growing more obtuse as it approaches the summit.

3. (Math.) The surface formed by two such vaults.

4. A frame of woodwork across a beach to accumulate and retain shingle. [Eng.] Weale.

Groin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Groined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Groining.] (Arch.) To fashion into groins; to build with groins.

The hand that rounded Peter’s dome,
And groined the aisles of Christian Rome,
Wrought in a sad sincerity.

Emerson.

Groined (?), a. (Arch.) Built with groins; as, a groined ceiling; a groined vault.

Grom”et (?), n. Same as Grommet.

Grom”ill (?), n. (Bot.) See Gromwell.

Grom”met (?), n. [F. gourmette curb, curb chain, fr. gourmer to curb, thump, beat; cf. Armor. gromm a curb, gromma to curb.] 1. A ring formed by twisting on itself a single strand of an unlaid rope; also, a metallic eyelet in or for a sail or a mailbag. Sometimes written grummet.

2. (Mil.) A ring of rope used as a wad to hold a cannon ball in place.

Grom”well (?), n. [Called also gromel, grommel, graymill, and gray millet, all prob. fr. F. gr?mil, cf. W. cromandi.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lithospermum (L. arvense), anciently used, because of its stony pericarp, in the cure of gravel. The German gromwell is the Stellera. [Written also gromill.]

Grond (?), obs. imp. of Grind. Chaucer.

Gron”te (?), obs. imp. of Groan. Chaucer.

Groom (?), n. [Cf. Scot. grome, groyme, grume, gome, guym, man, lover, OD. grom boy, youth; perh. the r is an insertion as in E. bridegroom, and the word is the same as AS. guma man. See Bridegroom.] 1. A boy or young man; a waiter; a servant; especially, a man or boy who has charge of horses, or the stable. Spenser.

2. One of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain’s department; as, the groom of the chamber; the groom of the stole.

3. A man recently married, or about to be married; a bridegroom. Dryden.

Groom porter, formerly an officer in the English royal household, who attended to the furnishing of the king’s lodgings and had certain privileges.

Groom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grooming.] To tend or care for, or to curry or clean, as a, horse.

Groom”er (?), n. One who, or that which, grooms horses; especially, a brush rotated by a flexible or jointed revolving shaft, for cleaning horses.

Grooms”man (?), n.; pl. Groomsmen (&?;). A male attendant of a bridegroom at his wedding; — the correlative of bridesmaid.

Groop”er (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Grouper.

Groove (?), n. [D. groef, groeve; akin to E. grove. See Grove.] 1. A furrow, channel, or long hollow, such as may be formed by cutting, molding, grinding, the wearing force of flowing water, or constant travel; a depressed way; a worn path; a rut.

2. Hence: The habitual course of life, work, or affairs; fixed routine.

The gregarious trifling of life in the social groove.

J. Morley.

3. [See Grove.] (Mining) A shaft or excavation. [Prov. Eng.]

Groove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grooved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Groving.] To cut a groove or channel in; to form into channels or grooves; to furrow.

Groov”er (?), n. 1. One who or that which grooves.

2. A miner. [Prov. Eng.] Holloway.

Groov”ing (?), n. The act of forming a groove or grooves; a groove, or collection of grooves.

Grope (grōp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groped (grōpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Groping.] [OE. gropen, gropien, grapien, AS. grāpian to touch, grope, fr. grīpan to gripe. See Gripe.] 1. To feel with or use the hands; to handle. [Obs.]

2. To search or attempt to find something in the dark, or, as a blind person, by feeling; to move about hesitatingly, as in darkness or obscurity; to feel one’s way, as with the hands, when one can not see.

We grope for the wall like the blind.

Is. lix. 10.

To grope a little longer among the miseries and sensualities ot a worldly life.

Buckminster.

Grope, v. t. 1. To search out by feeling in the dark; as, we groped our way at midnight.

2. To examine; to test; to sound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Felix gropeth him, thinking to have a bribe.

Genevan Test. (Acts xxiv. ).

Grop”er (?), n. One who gropes; one who feels his way in the dark, or searches by feeling.

Grop”ing-ly, adv. In a groping manner.

||Gros (?), n. [F. See Gross.] A heavy silk with a dull finish; as, gros de Naples; gros de Tours.

Gros”beak (?), n. [Gross + beak: cf. F. gros-bec.] (Zoöl.) One of various species of finches having a large, stout beak. The common European grosbeak or hawfinch is Coccothraustes vulgaris.

&fist; Among the best known American species are the rose-breasted (Habia Ludoviciana); the blue (Guiraca cœrulea); the pine (Pinicola enucleator); and the evening grosbeak. See Hawfinch, and Cardinal grosbeak, Evening grosbeak, under Cardinal and Evening. [Written also grossbeak.]

||Grosch”en (?), n. [G.] A small silver coin and money of account of Germany, worth about two cents. It is not included in the new monetary system of the empire.

Gros”grain` (?), a. [F. Cf. Grogram.] Of a coarse texture; — applied to silk with a heavy thread running crosswise.

Gross (?), a. [Compar. Grosser (&?;); superl. Grossest.] [F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. crassus thick, dense, fat, E. crass, cf. Skr. grathita tied together, wound up, hardened. Cf. Engross, Grocer, Grogram.] 1. Great; large; bulky; fat; of huge size; excessively large. “A gross fat man.” Shak.

A gross body of horse under the Duke.

Milton.

2. Coarse; rough; not fine or delicate.

3. Not easily aroused or excited; not sensitive in perception or feeling; dull; witless.

Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear.

Milton.

4. Expressing, or originating in, animal or sensual appetites; hence, coarse, vulgar, low, obscene, or impure.

The terms which are delicate in one age become gross in the next.

Macaulay.

5. Thick; dense; not attenuated; as, a gross medium.

6. Great; palpable; serious; vagrant; shameful; as, a gross mistake; gross injustice; gross negligence.

7. Whole; entire; total; without deduction; as, the gross sum, or gross amount, the gross weight; — opposed to net.

Gross adventure (Law) the loan of money upon bottomry, i. e., on a mortgage of a ship. — Gross average (Law), that kind of average which falls upon the gross or entire amount of ship, cargo, and freight; — commonly called general average. Bouvier. Burrill. — Gross receipts, the total of the receipts, before they are diminished by any deduction, as for expenses; — distinguished from net profits. Abbott. — Gross weight the total weight of merchandise or goods, without deduction for tare, tret, or waste; — distinguished from neat, or net, weight.

Gross, n. [F. gros (in sense 1), grosse (in sense 2). See Gross, a.] 1. The main body; the chief part, bulk, or mass. “The gross of the enemy.” Addison.

For the gross of the people, they are considered as a mere herd of cattle.

Burke.

2. sing. & pl. The number of twelve dozen; twelve times twelve; as, a gross of bottles; ten gross of pens.

Advowson in gross (Law), an advowson belonging to a person, and not to a manor. — A great gross, twelve gross; one hundred and forty-four dozen. — By the gross, by the quantity; at wholesale. — Common in gross. (Law) See under Common, n. — In the gross, In gross, in the bulk, or the undivided whole; all parts taken together.

Gross”beak` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Grosbeak.

Gross”head`ed (?), a. Thick skulled; stupid.

Gross`i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. [Gross + L. ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] 1. The act of making gross or thick, or the state of becoming so.

2. (Bot.) The swelling of the ovary of plants after fertilization. Henslow.

Gross”ly, adv. In a gross manner; greatly; coarsely; without delicacy; shamefully; disgracefully.

Gross”ness, n. The state or quality of being gross; thickness; corpulence; coarseness; shamefulness.

Abhor the swinish grossness that delights to wound the’ ear of delicacy.

Dr. T. Dwight.

Gros”su*lar (?), a. [NL. grossularius, from Grossularia a subgenus of Ribes, including the gooseberry, fr. F. groseille. See Gooseberry.] Pertaining too, or resembling, a gooseberry; as, grossular garnet.

Gros”su*lar, n. [See Grossular, a.] (Min.) A translucent garnet of a pale green color like that of the gooseberry; — called also grossularite.

||Gros`su*la”ria (?), n. [NL. See Grossular.] (Min.) Same as Grossular.

Gros”su*lin (?), n. [See Grossular.] (Chem.) A vegetable jelly, resembling pectin, found in gooseberries (Ribes Grossularia) and other fruits.

Grot (gr&obreve;t), n. [F. grotte, It. grotta. See Grotto.] A grotto. [Poetic] Milton.

Grot, Grote (&?;), n. A groat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gro*tesque” (gr&osl;*t&ebreve;sk”), a. [F., fr. It. grottesco, fr. grotta grotto. See Grotto.] Like the figures found in ancient grottoes; grottolike; wildly or strangely formed; whimsical; extravagant; of irregular forms and proportions; fantastic; ludicrous; antic. “Grotesque design.” Dryden. “Grotesque incidents.” Macaulay.

Gro*tesque, n. 1. A whimsical figure, or scene, such as is found in old crypts and grottoes. Dryden.

2. Artificial grotto-work.

Gro*tesque”ly, adv. In a grotesque manner.

Gro*tesque”ness, n. Quality of being grotesque.

Grot”to (gr&obreve;t”t&osl;), n.; pl. Grottoes (-tōz). [Formerly grotta, fr. It. grotta, LL. grupta, fr. L. crypta a concealed subterranean passage, vault, cavern, Gr. kry`pth, fr. krypto`s concealed, fr. kry`ptein to conceal. Cf. Grot, Crypt.] A natural covered opening in the earth; a cave; also, an artificial recess, cave, or cavernlike apartment.

Grot”to-work` (?), n. Artificial and ornamental rockwork in imitation of a grotto. Cowper.

Ground (ground), n. [OE. ground, grund, AS. grund; akin to D. grond, OS., G., Sw., & Dan. grund, Icel. grunnr bottom, Goth. grundus (in composition); perh. orig. meaning, dust, gravel, and if so perh. akin to E. grind.] 1. The surface of the earth; the outer crust of the globe, or some indefinite portion of it.

There was not a man to till the ground.

Gen. ii. 5.

The fire ran along upon the ground.

Ex. ix. 23.

Hence: A floor or pavement supposed to rest upon the earth.

2. Any definite portion of the earth’s surface; region; territory; country. Hence: A territory appropriated to, or resorted to, for a particular purpose; the field or place of action; as, a hunting or fishing ground; a play ground.

From . . . old Euphrates, to the brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground.

Milton.

3. Land; estate; possession; field; esp. (pl.), the gardens, lawns, fields, etc., belonging to a homestead; as, the grounds of the estate are well kept.

Thy next design is on thy neighbor’s grounds.

Dryden. 4.

4. The basis on which anything rests; foundation. Hence: The foundation of knowledge, belief, or conviction; a premise, reason, or datum; ultimate or first principle; cause of existence or occurrence; originating force or agency; as, the ground of my hope.

5. (Paint. & Decorative Art) (a) That surface upon which the figures of a composition are set, and which relieves them by its plainness, being either of one tint or of tints but slightly contrasted with one another; as, crimson Bowers on a white ground. See Background, Foreground, and Middle-ground. (b) In sculpture, a flat surface upon which figures are raised in relief. (c) In point lace, the net of small meshes upon which the embroidered pattern is applied; as, Brussels ground. See Brussels lace, under Brussels.

6. (Etching) A gummy composition spread over the surface of a metal to be etched, to prevent the acid from eating except where an opening is made by the needle.

7. (Arch.) One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are attached; — usually in the plural.

&fist; Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them.

8. (Mus.) (a) A composition in which the bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody. (b) The tune on which descants are raised; the plain song. Moore (Encyc.).

On that ground I’ll build a holy descant.

Shak.

9. (Elec.) A conducting connection with the earth, whereby the earth is made part of an electrical circuit.

10. pl. Sediment at the bottom of liquors or liquids; dregs; lees; feces; as, coffee grounds.

11. The pit of a theater. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ground angling, angling with a weighted line without a float. — Ground annual (Scots Law), an estate created in land by a vassal who instead of selling his land outright reserves an annual ground rent, which becomes a perpetual charge upon the land. — Ground ash. (Bot.) See Groutweed. — Ground bailiff (Mining), a superintendent of mines. Simmonds. — Ground bait, bits of bread, boiled barley or worms, etc., thrown into the water to collect the fish, Wallon. — Ground bass or base (Mus.), fundamental base; a fundamental base continually repeated to a varied melody. — Ground beetle (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of carnivorous beetles of the family Carabidæ, living mostly in burrows or under stones, etc. — Ground chamber, a room on the ground floor. — Ground cherry. (Bot.) (a) A genus (Physalis) of herbaceous plants having an inflated calyx for a seed pod: esp., the strawberry tomato (P. Alkekengi). See Alkekengl. (b) A European shrub (Prunus Chamæcerasus), with small, very acid fruit. — Ground cuckoo. (Zoöl.) See Chaparral cock. — Ground cypress. (Bot.) See Lavender cotton. — Ground dove (Zoöl.), one of several small American pigeons of the genus Columbigallina, esp. C. passerina of the Southern United States, Mexico, etc. They live chiefly on the ground. — Ground fish (Zoöl.), any fish which constantly lives on the botton of the sea, as the sole, turbot, halibut. — Ground floor, the floor of a house most nearly on a level with the ground; — called also in America, but not in England, the first floor. — Ground form (Gram.), the stem or basis of a word, to which the other parts are added in declension or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, the same as the root. — Ground furze (Bot.), a low slightly thorny, leguminous shrub (Ononis arvensis) of Europe and Central Asia,; — called also rest- harrow. — Ground game, hares, rabbits, etc., as distinguished from winged game. — Ground hele (Bot.), a perennial herb (Veronica officinalis) with small blue flowers, common in Europe and America, formerly thought to have curative properties. — Ground of the heavens (Astron.), the surface of any part of the celestial sphere upon which the stars may be regarded as projected. — Ground hemlock (Bot.), the yew (Taxus baccata var. Canadensisi) of eastern North America, distinguished from that of Europe by its low, straggling stems. — Ground hog. (Zoöl.) (a) The woodchuck or American marmot (Arctomys monax). See Woodchuck. (b) The aardvark. — Ground hold (Naut.), ground tackle. [Obs.] Spenser. — Ground ice, ice formed at the bottom of a body of water before it forms on the surface. — Ground ivy. (Bot.) A trailing plant; alehoof. See Gill. — Ground joist, a joist for a basement or ground floor; a. sleeper. — Ground lark (Zoöl.), the European pipit. See Pipit. – - Ground laurel (Bot.). See Trailing arbutus, under Arbutus. — Ground line (Descriptive Geom.), the line of intersection of the horizontal and vertical planes of projection. — Ground liverwort (Bot.), a flowerless plant with a broad flat forking thallus and the fruit raised on peduncled and radiated receptacles (Marchantia polymorpha). — Ground mail, in Scotland, the fee paid for interment in a churchyard. — Ground mass (Geol.), the fine-grained or glassy base of a rock, in which distinct crystals of its constituents are embedded. — Ground parrakeet (Zoöl.), one of several Australian parrakeets, of the genera Callipsittacus and Geopsittacus, which live mainly upon the ground. — Ground pearl (Zoöl.), an insect of the family Coccidæ (Margarodes formicarum), found in ants’ nests in the Bahamas, and having a shelly covering. They are strung like beads, and made into necklaces by the natives. — Ground pig (Zoöl.), a large, burrowing, African rodent (Aulacodus Swinderianus) about two feet long, allied to the porcupines but with harsh, bristly hair, and no spines; — called also ground rat. — Ground pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons which live largely upon the ground, as the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), of the Samoan Islands, and the crowned pigeon, or goura. See Goura, and Ground dove (above). — Ground pine. (Bot.) (a) A blue-flowered herb of the genus Ajuga (A. Chamæpitys), formerly included in the genus Teucrium or germander, and named from its resinous smell. Sir J. Hill. (b) A long, creeping, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium (L. clavatum); — called also club moss. (c) A tree-shaped evergreen plant about eight inches in height, of the same genus (L. dendroideum) found in moist, dark woods in the northern part of the United States. Gray. — Ground plan (Arch.), a plan of the ground floor of any building, or of any floor, as distinguished from an elevation or perpendicular section. — Ground plane, the horizontal plane of projection in perspective drawing. — Ground plate. (a) (Arch.) One of the chief pieces of framing of a building; a timber laid horizontally on or near the ground to support the uprights; a ground sill or groundsel. (b) (Railroads) A bed plate for sleepers or ties; a mudsill. (c) (Teleg.) A metallic plate buried in the earth to conduct the electric current thereto. Connection to the pipes of a gas or water main is usual in cities. Knight. — Ground plot, the ground upon which any structure is erected; hence, any basis or foundation; also, a ground plan. — Ground plum (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Astragalus caryocarpus) occurring from the Saskatchewan to Texas, and having a succulent plum-shaped pod. — Ground rat. (Zoöl.) See Ground pig (above). — Ground rent, rent paid for the privilege of building on another man’s land. — Ground robin. (Zoöl.) See Chewink. — Ground room, a room on the ground floor; a lower room. Tatler. — Ground sea, the West Indian name for a swell of the ocean, which occurs in calm weather and without obvious cause, breaking on the shore in heavy roaring billows; — called also rollers, and in Jamaica, the North sea. — Ground sill. See Ground plate (a) (above). — Ground snake (Zoöl.), a small burrowing American snake (Celuta amœna). It is salmon colored, and has a blunt tail. — Ground squirrel. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of burrowing rodents of the genera Tamias and Spermophilus, having cheek pouches. The former genus includes the Eastern striped squirrel or chipmunk and some allied Western species; the latter includes the prairie squirrel or striped gopher, the gray gopher, and many allied Western species. See Chipmunk, and Gopher. (b) Any species of the African genus Xerus, allied to Tamias. — Ground story. Same as Ground floor (above). — Ground substance (Anat.), the intercellular substance, or matrix, of tissues. — Ground swell. (a) (Bot.) The plant groundsel. [Obs.] Holland. (b) A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt even at a remote distance after the gale has ceased. — Ground table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. — Ground tackle (Naut.), the tackle necessary to secure a vessel at anchor. Totten. — Ground thrush (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of bright-colored Oriental birds of the family Pittidæ. See Pitta. — Ground tier. (a) The lowest tier of water casks in a vessel’s hold. Totten. (b) The lowest line of articles of any kind stowed in a vessel’s hold. (c) The lowest range of boxes in a theater. — Ground timbers (Shipbuilding) the timbers which lie on the keel and are bolted to the keelson; floor timbers. Knight. — Ground tit. (Zoöl.) See Ground wren (below). – - Ground wheel, that wheel of a harvester, mowing machine, etc., which, rolling on the ground, drives the mechanism. — Ground wren (Zoöl.), a small California bird (Chamæa fasciata) allied to the wrens and titmice. It inhabits the arid plains. Called also ground tit, and wren tit. — To bite the ground, To break ground. See under Bite, Break. — To come to the ground, To fall to the ground, to come to nothing; to fail; to miscarry. — To gain ground. (a) To advance; to proceed forward in conflict; as, an army in battle gains ground. (b) To obtain an advantage; to have some success; as, the army gains ground on the enemy. (c) To gain credit; to become more prosperous or influential. — To get, or To gather, ground, to gain ground. [R.] “Evening mist . . . gathers ground fast.” Milton.

There is no way for duty to prevail, and get ground of them, but by bidding higher.

South.

— To give ground, to recede; to yield advantage.

These nine . . . began to give me ground.

Shak.

— To lose ground, to retire; to retreat; to withdraw from the position taken; hence, to lose advantage; to lose credit or reputation; to decline. — To stand one’s ground, to stand firm; to resist attack or encroachment. Atterbury. — To take the ground to touch bottom or become stranded; — said of a ship.

Ground (ground), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grounding.] 1. To lay, set, or run, on the ground.

2. To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, reason, or principle; to furnish a ground for; to fix firmly.

Being rooted and grounded in love.

Eph. iii. 17.

So far from warranting any inference to the existence of a God, would, on the contrary, ground even an argument to his negation.

Sir W. Hamilton

3. To instruct in elements or first principles.

4. (Elec.) To connect with the ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical circuit.

5. (Fine Arts) To cover with a ground, as a copper plate for etching (see Ground, n., 5); or as paper or other materials with a uniform tint as a preparation for ornament.

Ground, v. i. To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed; as, the ship grounded on the bar.

Ground, imp. & p. p. of Grind.

Ground cock, a cock, the plug of which is ground into its seat, as distinguished from a compression cock. Knight. — Ground glass, glass the transparency of which has been destroyed by having its surface roughened by grinding. — Ground joint, a close joint made by grinding together two pieces, as of metal with emery and oil, or of glass with fine sand and water.

Ground”age (?), n. A local tax paid by a ship for the ground or space it occupies while in port. Bouvier.

Ground”ed*ly, adv. In a grounded or firmly established manner. Glanvill.

Ground”en (?), obs. p. p. of Grind. Chaucer.

Ground”ing, n. The act, method, or process of laying a groundwork or foundation; hence, elementary instruction; the act or process of applying a ground, as of color, to wall paper, cotton cloth, etc.; a basis.

Ground”less, a. [AS. grundleás bottomless.] Without ground or foundation; wanting cause or reason for support; not authorized; false; as, groundless fear; a groundless report or assertion. — Ground”less*ly, adv. — Ground”less*ness, n.

Ground”ling, n. [Ground + - ling.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish that keeps at the bottom of the water, as the loach.

2. A spectator in the pit of a theater, which formerly was on the ground, and without floor or benches.

No comic buffoon to make the groundlings laugh.

Coleridge.

Ground”ly, adv. Solidly; deeply; thoroughly. [Obs.]

Those whom princes do once groundly hate, Let them provide to die as sure us fate.

Marston.

Ground”nut` (-nŭt`), n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the Arachis hypogæa (native country uncertain); the peanut; the earthnut. (b) A leguminous, twining plant (Apios tuberosa), producing clusters of dark purple flowers and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste. (c) The dwarf ginseng (Aralia trifolia). [U. S.] Gray. (d) A European plant of the genus Bunium (B. flexuosum), having an edible root of a globular shape and sweet, aromatic taste; — called also earthnut, earth chestnut, hawknut, and pignut.
[1913 Webster]

Ground”sel (?), n. [OE. grundswilie, AS. grundeswylige, grundeswelge, earlier gundiswilge; gund matter, pus + swelgan to swallow. So named as being good for a running from the eye. See Swallow, v.] (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Senecio vulgaris), one of the most common and widely distributed weeds on the globe.

Ground”sel (?), Ground”sill` (?), n. [Ground + sill.] See Ground plate (a), under Ground

Ground”work` (-wûrk`), n. That which forms the foundation or support of anything; the basis; the essential or fundamental part; first principle. Dryden.

Group (gr&oomac;p), n. [F groupe, It. gruppo, groppo, cluster, bunch, packet, group; of G. origin: cf. G. kropf craw, crop, tumor, bunch. See Crop, n.] 1. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an assemblage, either of persons or things, collected without any regular form or arrangement; as, a group of men or of trees; a group of isles.

2. An assemblage of objects in a certain order or relation, or having some resemblance or common characteristic; as, groups of strata.

3. (Biol.) A variously limited assemblage of animals or plants, having some resemblance, or common characteristics in form or structure. The term has different uses, and may be made to include certain species of a genus, or a whole genus, or certain genera, or even several orders.

4. (Mus.) A number of eighth, sixteenth, etc., notes joined at the stems; — sometimes rather indefinitely applied to any ornament made up of a few short notes.

Group, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grouping.] [Cf. F. grouper. See Group, n.] To form a group of; to arrange or combine in a group or in groups, often with reference to mutual relation and the best effect; to form an assemblage of.

The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the painters term it, in grouping such a multitude of different objects.

Prior.

Grouped columns (Arch.), three or more columns placed upon the same pedestal.

Group”er (?), n. [Corrupted fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Garbupa.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of valuable food fishes of the genus Epinephelus, of the family Serranidæ, as the red grouper, or brown snapper (E. morio), and the black grouper, or warsaw (E. nigritus), both from Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. (b) The tripletail (Lobotes). (c) In California, the name is often applied to the rockfishes. [Written also groper, gruper, and trooper.]

Group”ing (?), n. (Fine Arts) The disposal or relative arrangement of figures or objects, as in, drawing, painting, and sculpture, or in ornamental design.

Grouse (?), n. sing. & pl. [Prob. after the analogy of mouse, mice, fr. the earlier grice, OF. griesche meor hen: cf. F. piegrièche shrike.] (Zoöl.) Any of the numerous species of gallinaceous birds of the family Tetraonidæ, and subfamily Tetraoninæ, inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. They have plump bodies, strong, well-feathered legs, and usually mottled plumage. The group includes the ptarmigans (Lagopus), having feathered feet.

&fist; Among the European species are the red grouse (Lagopus Scoticus) and the hazel grouse (Bonasa betulina). See Capercaidzie, Ptarmigan, and Heath grouse. Among the most important American species are the ruffed grouse, or New England partridge (Bonasa umbellus); the sharp-tailed grouse (Pediocætes phasianellus) of the West; the dusky blue, or pine grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) of the Rocky Mountains; the Canada grouse, or spruce partridge (D. Canadensis). See also Prairie hen, and Sage cock. The Old World sand grouse (Pterocles, etc.) belong to a very different family. See Pterocletes, and Sand grouse.

Grouse, v. i. To seek or shoot grouse.

Grou”ser (?), n. (Dredging, Pile Driving, etc.) A pointed timber attached to a boat and sliding vertically, to thrust into the ground as a means of anchorage.

Grout (grout), n. [AS. grūt; akin to grytt, G. grütze, griess, Icel. grautr, Lith. grudas corn, kernel, and E. groats.] 1. Coarse meal; ground malt; pl. groats.

2. Formerly, a kind of beer or ale. [Eng.]

3. pl. Lees; dregs; grounds. [Eng.] “Grouts of tea.” Dickens.

4. A thin, coarse mortar, used for pouring into the joints of masonry and brickwork; also, a finer material, used in finishing the best ceilings. Gwilt.

Grout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grouting.] To fill up or finish with grout, as the joints between stones.

Grout”head` (?), n. [Obs.] See Growthead.

Grout”ing, n. The process of filling in or finishing with grout; also, the grout thus filled in. Gwilt.

Grout”nol (?), n. [See Groat, and Noll, n.] [Obs.] Same as Growthead. Beau. & Fl.

Grout”y (?), a. Cross; sulky; sullen. [Colloq.]

Grove (grōv), n. [AS. graf, fr. grafan to dig. The original sense seems to have been a lane cut through trees. See Grave, v., and cf. Groove.] A smaller group of trees than a forest, and without underwood, planted, or growing naturally as if arranged by art; a wood of small extent.

&fist; The Hebrew word Asherah, rendered grove in the Authorized Version of the Bible, is left untranslated in the Revised Version. Almost all modern interpreters agree that by Asherah an idol or image of some kind is intended.

Grov”el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groveled (?) or Grovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Groveling or Grovelling.] [From OE. grovelinge, grufelinge, adv., on the face, prone, which was misunderstood as a p. pr.; cf. OE. gruf, groff, in the same sense; of Scand. origin, cf. Icel. grūfa, in ā grūfu on the face, prone, grūfa to grovel.] 1. To creep on the earth, or with the face to the ground; to lie prone, or move uneasily with the body prostrate on the earth; to lie flat on one’s belly, expressive of abjectness; to crawl.

To creep and grovel on the ground.

Dryden.

2. To tend toward, or delight in, what is sensual or base; to be low, abject, or mean.

Grov”el*er (?), n. One who grovels; an abject wretch. [Written also groveller.]

Grov”el*ing, a. Lying prone; low; debased. [Written also grovelling.] “A groveling creature.” Cowper.

Grov”y (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a grove; situated in, or frequenting, groves. Dampier.

Grow (grō), v. i. [imp. Grew (gr&udd;); p. p. Grown (grōn); p. pr. & vb. n. Growing.] [AS. grōwan; akin to D. groeijen, Icel. grōa, Dan. groe, Sw. gro. Cf. Green, Grass.] 1. To increase in size by a natural and organic process; to increase in bulk by the gradual assimilation of new matter into the living organism; — said of animals and vegetables and their organs.

2. To increase in any way; to become larger and stronger; to be augmented; to advance; to extend; to wax; to accrue.

Winter began to grow fast on.

Knolles.

Even just the sum that I do owe to you
Is growing to me by Antipholus.

Shak.

3. To spring up and come to maturity in a natural way; to be produced by vegetation; to thrive; to flourish; as, rice grows in warm countries.

Where law faileth, error groweth.

Gower.

4. To pass from one state to another; to result as an effect from a cause; to become; as, to grow pale.

For his mind
Had grown Suspicion’s sanctuary.

Byron.

5. To become attached or fixed; to adhere.

Our knees shall kneel till to the ground they grow.

Shak.

Growing cell, or Growing slide, a device for preserving alive a minute object in water continually renewed, in a manner to permit its growth to be watched under the microscope. — Grown over, covered with a growth. — To grow out of, to issue from, as plants from the soil, or as a branch from the main stem; to result from.

These wars have grown out of commercial considerations.

A. Hamilton.

— To grow up, to arrive at full stature or maturity; as, grown up children. — To grow together, to close and adhere; to become united by growth, as flesh or the bark of a tree severed. Howells.

Syn. — To become; increase; enlarge; augment; improve; expand; extend.

Grow (?), v. t. To cause to grow; to cultivate; to produce; as, to grow a crop; to grow wheat, hops, or tobacco. Macaulay.

Syn. — To raise; to cultivate. See Raise, v. t., 3.

Grow”a*ble (?), a. Capable of growth.

Grow”an (?), n. [Cf. Arm. grouan gravel, Corn. grow gravel, sand.] (Mining.) A decomposed granite, forming a mass of gravel, as in tin lodes in Cornwall.

Grow”er (?), n. One who grows or produces; as, a grower of corn; also, that which grows or increases; as, a vine may be a rank or a slow grower.

Growl (groul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Growled (grould); p. pr. & vb. n. Growling.] [D. grollen to grunt, murmur, be angry; akin to G. grollen to be angry.] To utter a deep guttural sound, as an angry dog; to give forth an angry, grumbling sound. Gay.

Growl, v. t. To express by growling. Thomson.

Growl, n. The deep, threatening sound made by a surly dog; a grumbling sound.

Growl”er (?), n. 1. One who growls.

2. (Zoöl.) The large-mouthed black bass. [Local]

3. A four-wheeled cab. [Slang, Eng.]

Growl”ing*ly, adv. In a growling manner.

Grown (?), p. p. of Grow.

Growse (?), v. i. [Cf. gruesome, grewsome, and G. grausen to make shudder, shiver.] To shiver; to have chills. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Growth (grōth), n. [Icel. grōðr, grōði. See Grow.] 1. The process of growing; the gradual increase of an animal or a vegetable body; the development from a seed, germ, or root, to full size or maturity; increase in size, number, frequency, strength, etc.; augmentation; advancement; production; prevalence or influence; as, the growth of trade; the growth of power; the growth of intemperance. Idle weeds are fast in growth. Shak.

2. That which has grown or is growing; anything produced; product; consequence; effect; result.

Nature multiplies her fertile growth.

Milton.

Growt”head` (?), n. [Lit., greathead.] A lazy person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Tusser.

Growth”ful (?), a. Having capacity of growth. [R.] J. Hamilton.

Groyne (?), n. [Obs.] See Groin.

Gro”zing i”ron (?). 1. A tool with a hardened steel point, formerly used instead of a diamond for cutting glass.

2. (Plumbing) A tool for smoothing the solder joints of lead pipe. Knight.

Grub (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grubbed (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Grubbing (&?;).] [OE. grubbin., cf. E. grab, grope.] 1. To dig in or under the ground, generally for an object that is difficult to reach or extricate; to be occupied in digging.

2. To drudge; to do menial work. Richardson.

Grub, v. t. 1. To dig; to dig up by the roots; to root out by digging; — followed by up; as, to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge.

They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

Hare.

2. To supply with food. [Slang] Dickens.

Grub, n. 1. (Zoöl.) The larva of an insect, especially of a beetle; — called also grubworm. See Illust. of Goldsmith beetle, under Goldsmith.

Yet your butterfly was a grub.

Shak.

2. A short, thick man; a dwarf. [Obs.] Carew.

3. Victuals; food. [Slang] Halliwell.

Grub ax or axe, a kind of mattock used in grubbing up roots, etc. — Grub breaker. Same as Grub hook (below). — Grub hoe, a heavy hoe for grubbing. — Grub hook, a plowlike implement for uprooting stumps, breaking roots, etc. — Grub saw, a handsaw used for sawing marble. — Grub Street, a street in London (now called Milton Street), described by Dr. Johnson as “much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems, whence any mean production is called grubstreet.” As an adjective, suitable to, or resembling the production of, Grub Street.

I ‘d sooner ballads write, and grubstreet lays.

Gap.

Grub”ber, n. One who, or that which, grubs; especially, a machine or tool of the nature of a grub ax, grub hook, etc.

Grub”ble (?), v. t. & i. [Freq. of grub, but cf. grabble.] To feel or grope in the dark. [Obs.] Dryden.

Grub”by, a. [From Grub.] Dirty; unclean. [Colloq.]

The grubby game of marbles.

Lond. Sat. Rev.

Grub”by, n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Cottus; a sculpin. [Local, U. S.]

Grub”worm (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Grub, n., 1.

And gnats and grubworms crowded on his view.

C. Smart.

Grucche (grŭch), v. i. [See Grudge.] To murmur; to grumble. [Obs.]

What aileth you, thus for grucche and groan.

Chaucer.

Grudge (grŭj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grudger (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grudging.] [OE. grutchen, gruchen, grochen, to murmur, grumble, OF. grochier, grouchier, grocier, groucier; cf. Icel. krytja to murmur, krutr a murmur, or E. grunt.] 1. To look upon with desire to possess or to appropriate; to envy (one) the possession of; to begrudge; to covet; to give with reluctance; to desire to get back again; — followed by the direct object only, or by both the direct and indirect objects.

Tis not in thee To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train.

Shak.

I have often heard the Presbyterians say, they did not grudge us our employments.

Swift.

They have grudged us contribution.

Shak.

2. To hold or harbor with malicious disposition or purpose; to cherish enviously. [Obs.]

Perish they
That grudge one thought against your majesty !

Shak.

Grudge (grŭj), v. i. 1. To be covetous or envious; to show discontent; to murmur; to complain; to repine; to be unwilling or reluctant.

Grudge not one against another.

James v. 9.

He eats his meat without grudging.

Shak.

2. To feel compunction or grief. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Grudge, n. 1. Sullen malice or malevolence; cherished malice, enmity, or dislike; ill will; an old cause of hatred or quarrel.

Esau had conceived a mortal grudge and enmity against his brother Jacob.

South.

The feeling may not be envy; it may not be imbittered by a grudge.

I. Taylor.

2. Slight symptom of disease. [Obs.]

Our shaken monarchy, that now lies . . . struggling against the grudges of more dreaded calamities.

Milton.

Syn. — Pique; aversion; dislike; ill will; hatred; spite. See Pique.

Grudge”ful (?), a. Full of grudge; envious. “Grudgeful discontent.” Spenser.

Grud”geons (?), Gur”geons (&?;), n. pl. [Prob. from P. grugir to craunch; cf. D. gruizen to crush, grind, and E. grout.] Coarse meal. [Obs.]

Grudg”er (grŭj”&etilde;r), n. One who grudges.

Grudg”ing*ly, adv. In a grudging manner.

Grudg”ing*ness, n. The state or quality of grudging, or of being full of grudge or unwillingness.

Gru”el (?), n. [OF. gruel, F. gruau; of German origin; cf. OHG. gruzzi groats, G. grütze, As. grūt. See Grout.] A light, liquid food, made by boiling meal of maize, oatmeal, or flour in water or milk; thin porridge.

Gru”el*ly, a. Like gruel; of the consistence of gruel.

Grue”some (?), a. Same as Grewsome. [Scot.]

Gruf (?), adv. [Cf. Grovel.] Forwards; with one’s face to the ground. [Obs.]

They fellen gruf, and cryed piteously.

Chaucer.

Gruff (?), a. [Compar. Gruffer (&?;); superl. Gruffest.] [D. grof; akin to G. grob, OHG. gerob, grob, Dan. grov, Sw. grof, perh. akin to AS. rcófan to break, Z. reavc, rupture, g- standing for the AS. prefix ge- , Goth. ga-.] Of a rough or stern manner, voice, or countenance; sour; surly; severe; harsh. Addison.

Gruff, disagreeable, sarcastic remarks.

Thackeray.

— Gruff”ly, adv. — Gruff”ness, n.

Gru”gru palm” (?). (Bot.) A West Indian name for several kinds of palm. See Macaw tree, under Macaw. [Written also grigri palm.]

Gru”gru worm” (?). (Zoöl.) The larva or grub of a large South American beetle (Calandra palmarum), which lives in the pith of palm trees and sugar cane. It is eaten by the natives, and esteemed a delicacy.

Grum (?), a. [Cf. Dan. grum furious, Sw. grym, AS. gram, and E. grim, and grumble. √35.] 1. Morose; severe of countenance; sour; surly; glum; grim. “Nick looked sour and grum.” Arbuthnof.

2. Low; deep in the throat; guttural; rumbling; as, a grum voice.

Grum”ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grunbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grumbling (?).] [Cf. LG. grummeln, grumen, D. grommelen, grommen, and F. grommeler, of German origin; cf. W. grwm, murmur, grumble, surly. √35. Cf. Grum, Grim.] 1. To murmur or mutter with discontent; to make ill-natured complaints in a low voice and a surly manner.

L’Avare, not using half his store,
Still grumbles that he has no more.

Prior.

2. To growl; to snarl in deep tones; as, a lion grumbling over his prey.

3. To rumble; to make a low, harsh, and heavy sound; to mutter; as, the distant thunder grumbles.

Grum”ble, v. t. To express or utter with grumbling.

Grum”ble, n. 1. The noise of one that grumbles.

2. A grumbling, discontented disposition.

A bad case of grumble.

Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

Grum”bler (?), n. One who grumbles.

Grum”bling*ly, adv. In a grumbling manner.

Grume (gr&udd;m), n. [OF. grume, cf. F. grumeau a little heap, clot of blood, dim. fr. L. grumus.] A thick, viscid fluid; a clot, as of blood. Quincy.

Grum”ly (?), adv. In a grum manner.

Gru*mose” (?), a. (Bot.) Clustered in grains at intervals; grumous.

Gru”mous (?), a. [Cf. F. grumeleux. See Grume.] 1. Resembling or containing grume; thick; concreted; clotted; as, grumous blood.

2. (Bot.) See Grumose.

Gru”mous*ness, n. The state of being grumous.

Grump”i*ly (?), adv. In a surly manner; sullenly. [Colloq.]

Grump”y (?), a. [Cf. Grumble, and Grum.] Surly; dissatisfied; grouty. [Collog.] Ferby.

Grun”del (?), n. [See Groundling.] (Zoöl.) A groundling (fish). [Prov. Eng.]

Grundsel (?), n. Groundsel. [Obs.]

Grunt (grŭnt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grunting.] [OE. grunten; akin to As. grunian, G. grunzen, Dan. grynte, Sw. grymta; all prob. of imitative; or perh. akin to E. groan.] To make a deep, short noise, as a hog; to utter a short groan or a deep guttural sound.

Who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life.

Shak.

Grunting ox (Zoöl.), the yak.

Grunt (grŭnt), n. 1. A deep, guttural sound, as of a hog.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of American food fishes, of the genus Hæmulon, allied to the snappers, as, the black grunt (A. Plumieri), and the redmouth grunt (H. aurolineatus), of the Southern United States; — also applied to allied species of the genera Pomadasys, Orthopristis, and Pristopoma. Called also pigfish, squirrel fish, and grunter; — so called from the noise it makes when taken.

Grunt”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, grunts; specifically, a hog. “Bristled grunters.” Tennyson.

2. (Zoöl.) One of several American marine fishes. See Sea robin, and Grunt, n., 2.

3. (Brass Founding) A hook used in lifting a crucible.

Grunt”ing*ly, adv. In a grunting manner.

Grun”tle (?), v. i. [Freq. of grunt.] To grunt; to grunt repeatedly. [Obs.]

Grunt”ling (?), n. A young hog.

Grutch (?), v. See Grudge. [Obs.] Hudibras.

||Gru”yère` cheese” (&?;). A kind of cheese made at Gruyère, Switzerland. It is a firm cheese containing numerous cells, and is known in the United States as Schweitzerkäse.

Gry (?), n. [Gr &?; syllable, bit.] 1. A measure equal to one tenth of a line. [Obs.] Locke.

2. Anything very small, or of little value. [R.]

Gryde (?), v. i. To gride. See Gride. Spenser.

Gryf”on (?), n. [Obs.] See Griffin. Spenser.

||Gryl”lus (?), n. [L., locust.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the common crickets.

Grype (?), v. t. To gripe. [Obs.] See Gripe. Spenser.

Grype, n. [Gr. gry`f, grypo`s, griffin. See Griffin.] (Zoöl.) A vulture; the griffin. [Written also gripe.] [Obs.]

||Gry*phæ“a (?), n. [NL., fr. I gryphus, or qryps, gen. gryphis, a griffin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cretaceous fossil shells allied to the oyster.

Gryph”ite (?), n. [Cf. F. gryphite.] (Paleon.) A shell of the genus Gryphea.

Gryph”on (?), n. (Zoöl.) The griffin vulture.

||Grys”bok (?) n. [D. grijs gray + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A small South African antelope (Neotragus melanotis). It is speckled with gray and chestnut, above; the under parts are reddish fawn.

||Gua*cha”ro (?), n. [Cf. Sp. guácharo sickly, dropsical, guacharaca a sort of bird.] (Zoöl.) A nocturnal bird of South America and Trinidad (Steatornis Caripensis, or S. steatornis); — called also oilbird.

&fist; It resembles the goatsuckers and nighthawks, but feeds on fruits, and nests in caverns. A pure oil, used in place of butter, is extracted from the young by the natives.

Gua”cho (?), n.; pl. Guachos (&?;) [Spanish American.] 1. One of the mixed-blood (Spanish-Indian) inhabitants of the pampas of South America; a mestizo.

2. An Indian who serves as a messenger.

Gua”co (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A plant (Aristolochia anguicida) of Carthagena, used as an antidote to serpent bites. Lindley. (b) The Mikania Guaco, of Brazil, used for the same purpose.

Gua”iac (?), a. [See Guaiacum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, guaiacum. — n. Guaiacum.

Gua”ia*cum (?), n. [NL., fr. Sp. guayaco, from native name in Hayti.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of small, crooked trees, growing in tropical America.

2. The heart wood or the resin of the Guaiacum officinale or lignum-vitæ, a large tree of the West Indies and Central America. It is much used in medicine. [Written also guaiac.]

Guan (gwän), n. ((Zoöl.) Any one of many species of large gallinaceous birds of Central and South America, belonging to Penelope, Pipile, Ortalis, and allied genera. Several of the species are often domesticated.

Gua”na (gwä“n&adot;), n. (Zoöl.) See Iguana.

Gua*na”co (gw&adot;*nä“k&osl;), n.; pl. Guanacos (- kōz). [Sp. guanaco, Peruv. huanacu. Cf. Huanaco.] (Zoöl.) A South American mammal (Auchenia huanaco), allied to the llama, but of larger size and more graceful form, inhabiting the southern Andes and Patagonia. It is supposed by some to be the llama in a wild state. [Written also huanaco.]

Gua”ni*dine (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A strongly alkaline base, CN_3H_5, formed by the oxidation of guanin, and also obtained combined with methyl in the decomposition of creatin. Boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, it yields urea and ammonia.

Gua*nif”er*ous (?), a. [Guano + -ferous.] Yielding guano. Ure.

Gua”nin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance (C_5H_5N_5O) contained in guano. It is also a constituent of the liver, pancreas, and other glands in mammals.

Gua”no (?), n.; pl. Guanos (#). [Sp. guano, fr. Peruv. huanu dung.] A substance found in great abundance on some coasts or islands frequented by sea fowls, and composed chiefly of their excrement. It is rich in phosphates and ammonia, and is used as a powerful fertilizer.

||Gua”ra (?), n. [Braz. guará.] (Zoöl.) (a) The scarlet ibis. See Ibis. (b) A large-maned wild dog of South America (Canis jubatus) – - named from its cry.

||Gua”ra*na` (?), n. [Pg.] (Med.) A preparation from the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a woody climber of Brazil, used in making an astringent drink, and also in the cure of headache.

Gua”ra*nine` (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from guarana. Same as Caffeine.

Guar`an*tee” (?), n.; pl. Guarantees (#). [For guaranty, prob. influenced by words like assignee, lessee, etc. See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantee.] 1. In law and common usage: A promise to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failure of another person, who is, in the first instance, liable to such payment or performance; an engagement which secures or insures another against a contingency; a warranty; a security. Same as Guaranty.

His interest seemed to be a guarantee for his zeal.

Macaulay.

2. One who binds himself to see an undertaking of another performed; a guarantor. South.

&fist; Guarantor is the correct form in this sense.

3. (Law) The person to whom a guaranty is made; — the correlative of guarantor.

Syn. — Guarantee, Warranty. A guarantee is an engagement that a certain act will be done or not done in future. A warranty is an engagement as to the qualities or title of a thing at the time of the engagement.

Guar”an*tee`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. guaranteed (?); p, pr. & vb. n. Guaranteeing.] [From Guarantee, n.] In law and common usage: to undertake or engage for the payment of (a debt) or the performance of (a duty) by another person; to undertake to secure (a possession, right, claim, etc.) to another against a specified contingency, or at all events; to give a guarantee concerning; to engage, assure, or secure as a thing that may be depended on; to warrant; as, to guarantee the execution of a treaty.

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government.

Constitution of the U. S.

Guar”an*tor` (?), n. [See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantor.] (Law) (a) One who makes or gives a guaranty; a warrantor; a surety. (b) One who engages to secure another in any right or possession.

Guar”an*ty (?), n.; pl. Guaranies (#). [OF. guarantie, garantie, F. garantie, OF. guarantir, garantir, to warrant, to guaranty, E. garantir, fr. OF. guarant, garant, a warranter, F. garant; of German origin, and from the same word as warranty. See Warrant, and cf. Warranty, Guarantee.] In law and common usage: An undertaking to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some contract or duty, of another, in case of the failure of such other to pay or perform; a guarantee; a warranty; a security.

Guar”an*ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarantied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Guarantying.] [From Guaranty, n.] In law and common usage: To undertake or engage that another person shall perform (what he has stipulated); to undertake to be answerable for (the debt or default of another); to engage to answer for the performance of (some promise or duty by another) in case of a failure by the latter to perform; to undertake to secure (something) to another, as in the case of a contingency. See Guarantee, v. t.

&fist; Guaranty agrees in form with warranty. Both guaranty and guarantee are well authorized by legal writers in the United States. The prevailing spelling, at least for the verb, is guarantee.

Guard (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarded; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gurding.] [OF. guarder, garder, warder, F. garder, fr. OHG. wart&?;n to be on the watch, await, G. marten. See Ward, v. & n., and cf. Guard, n.] 1. To protect from danger; to secure against surprise, attack, or injury; to keep in safety; to defend; to shelter; to shield from surprise or attack; to protect by attendance; to accompany for protection; to care for.

For Heaven still guards the right.

Shak.

2. To keep watch over, in order to prevent escape or restrain from acts of violence, or the like.

3. To protect the edge of, esp. with an ornamental border; hence, to face or ornament with lists, laces, etc.

The body of your discourse it sometime guarded with fragments, and the guards are but slightly basted on neither.

Shak.

4. To fasten by binding; to gird. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Syn. — To defend, protect, shield; keep; watch.

Guard (gärd), v. i. To watch by way of caution or defense; to be caution; to be in a state or position of defense or safety; as, careful persons guard against mistakes.

Guard, n. [OF. guarde, F. garde; of German origin; cf. OHG. wart, marto, one who watches, mata a watching, Goth. wardja watchman. See Guard, v. t.]

1. One who, or that which, guards from injury, danger, exposure, or attack; defense; protection.

His greatness was no guard to bar heaven’s shaft.

Shak.

2. A man, or body of men, stationed to protect or control a person or position; a watch; a sentinel.

The guard which kept the door of the king’s house.

Kings xiv. 27.

3. One who has charge of a mail coach or a railway train; a conductor. [Eng.]

4. Any fixture or attachment designed to protect or secure against injury, soiling, or defacement, theft or loss; as: (a) That part of a sword hilt which protects the hand. (b) Ornamental lace or hem protecting the edge of a garment. (c) A chain or cord for fastening a watch to one’s person or dress. (d) A fence or rail to prevent falling from the deck of a vessel. (e) An extension of the deck of a vessel beyond the hull; esp., in side-wheel steam vessels, the framework of strong timbers, which curves out on each side beyond the paddle wheel, and protects it and the shaft against collision. (f) A plate of metal, beneath the stock, or the lock frame, of a gun or pistol, having a loop, called a bow, to protect the trigger. (g) (Bookbinding) An interleaved strip at the back, as in a scrap book, to guard against its breaking when filled.

5. A posture of defense in fencing, and in bayonet and saber exercise.

6. An expression or admission intended to secure against objections or censure.

They have expressed themselves with as few guards and restrictions as I.

Atterbury.

7. Watch; heed; care; attention; as, to keep guard.

8. (Zoöl.) The fibrous sheath which covers the phragmacone of the Belemnites.

&fist; Guard is often used adjectively or in combination; as, guard boat or guardboat; guardroom or guard room; guard duty.

Advanced guard, Coast guard, etc. See under Advanced, Coast, etc. — Grand guard (Mil.), one of the posts of the second line belonging to a system of advance posts of an army. Mahan. — Guard boat. (a) A boat appointed to row the rounds among ships of war in a harbor, to see that their officers keep a good lookout. (b) A boat used by harbor authorities to enforce the observance of quarantine regulations. — Guard cells (Bot.), the bordering cells of stomates; they are crescent-shaped and contain chlorophyll. — Guard chamber, a guardroom. — Guard detail (Mil.), men from a company regiment etc., detailed for guard duty. – - Guard duty (Mil.), the duty of watching patrolling, etc., performed by a sentinel or sentinels. — Guard lock (Engin.), a tide lock at the mouth of a dock or basin. — Guard of honor (Mil.), a guard appointed to receive or to accompany eminent persons. — Guard rail (Railroads), a rail placed on the inside of a main rail, on bridges, at switches, etc., as a safeguard against derailment. — Guard ship, a war vessel appointed to superintend the marine affairs in a harbor, and also, in the English service, to receive seamen till they can be distributed among their respective ships. — Life guard (Mil.), a body of select troops attending the person of a prince or high officer. — Off one’s guard, in a careless state; inattentive; unsuspicious of danger. — On guard, serving in the capacity of a guard; doing duty as a guard or sentinel; watching. — On one’s guard, in a watchful state; alert; vigilant. — To mount guard (Mil.), to go on duty as a guard or sentinel. — To run the guard, to pass the watch or sentinel without leave.

Syn. — Defense; shield; protection; safeguard; convoy; escort; care; attention; watch; heed.

Guard”a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. gardable. See Guard, v. t.] Capable of being guarded or protected.

Guard”age (?), n. [Cf. OF. wardage. See Guard, v. t.] Wardship [Obs.] Shak.

Guard”ant (?), a. [OF. guardant, p. pr. of guard&?;. See Guard, v. t.] 1. Acting as guardian. [Obs.] Shak.

2. (Her.) Same as Gardant.

Guard”ant, n. A guardian. [Obs.] Shak.

Guard”ed, a. Cautious; wary; circumspect; as, he was guarded in his expressions; framed or uttered with caution; as, his expressions were guarded. — Guard”edly, adv. — Guard”ed*ness, n.

Guard”en*age (?), n. Guardianship. [Obs. & R.] ” His tuition and guardenage.” Holland.

Guard”er (?), n. One who guards.

Guard”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The garfish.

Guard”ful (?), a. Cautious; wary; watchful. [Obs. or Poetic.] — Guard”ful*ly, adv.

Guard”house` (?), n. (Mil.) A building which is occupied by the guard, and in which soldiers are confined for misconduct; hence, a lock-up.

Guard”i*an (?), n. [OF. guardain, gardien, F. gardien, LL. guardianus. See Guard, v. t., and cf. Wasden.] 1. One who guards, preserves, or secures; one to whom any person or thing is committed for protection, security, or preservation from injury; a warden.

2. (Law) One who has, or is entitled to, the custody of the person or property of an infant, a minor without living parents, or a person incapable of managing his own affairs.

Of the several species of guardians, the first are guardians by nature. — viz., the father and (in some cases) the mother of the child.

Blackstone.

Guardian ad litem (&?;) (Law), a guardian appointed by a court of justice to conduct a particular suit. — Guardians of the poor, the members of a board appointed or elected to care for the relief of the poor within a township, or district.

Guard”i*an (?), a. Performing, or appropriate to, the office of a protector; as, a guardian care.

Feast of Guardian Angels (R. C. Ch.) a church festival instituted by Pope Paul V., and celebrated on October 2d. — Guardian angel. (a) The particular spiritual being believed in some branches of the Christian church to have guardianship and protection of each human being from birth. (b) Hence, a protector or defender in general. O. W. Holmes. — Guardian spirit, in the belief of many pagan nations, a spirit, often of a deceased relative or friend, that presides over the interests of a household, a city, or a region.

Guard”i*an*age (?), n. Guardianship. [Obs.]

Guard”i*ance (?), n. Guardianship. [Obs.]

Guard”i*an*ess (?), n. A female guardian.

I have placed a trusty, watchful guardianess.

Beau. & Fl.

Guard”i*an*less, a. Without a guardian. Marston.

Guard”i*an*ship, n. The office, duty, or care, of a guardian; protection; care; watch.

Guard”less (?), a. Without a guard or defense; unguarded. Chapman.

Guard”room` (?), n. (Mil.) The room occupied by the guard during its term of duty; also, a room where prisoners are confined.

Guards (gärdz), n. pl. A body of picked troops; as, “The Household Guards.”

Guard”ship, n. Care; protection. [Obs.] Swift.

Guards”man (?), n.; pl. Guardsmen (&?;). 1. One who guards; a guard.

2. A member, either officer or private, of any military body called Guards.

Guar”ish (?), v. t. [OF. guarir, garir, F. guérir.] To heal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gua`te*ma”la grass” (?). (Bot.) See Teosinte.

Gua”va (?), n. [Sp. guayaba the guava fruit, guayabo the guava tree; prob. fr. the native West Indian name.] A tropical tree, or its fruit, of the genus Psidium. Two varieties are well known, the P. pyriferum, or white guava, and P. pomiferum, or red guava. The fruit or berry is shaped like a pomegranate, but is much smaller. It is somewhat astringent, but makes a delicious jelly.

Gu”ber*nance (?), n. Government. [Obs.]

Gu”ber*nate (?), v. t. [L. gubernatus, p. p. of gubernare. See Govern.] To govern. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Gu”ber*na`tion (?), n. [L. gubernatio.] The act of governing; government [Obs.] I. Watts.

Gu”ber*na*tive (?), a. Governing. [Obs.]

Gu”ber*na*to`ri*al (?), a. [L. gubernator governor. See Gabernate.] Pertaining to a governor, or to government.

Gud”geon (gŭj”ŭn), n. [OE. gojon, F. goujon, from L. gobio, or gobius, Gr. kwbio`s Cf. 1st Goby. ] 1. (Zoöl.) A small European freshwater fish (Gobio fluviatilis), allied to the carp. It is easily caught and often used for food and for bait. In America the killifishes or minnows are often called gudgeons.

2. What may be got without skill or merit.

Fish not, with this melancholy bait,
For this fool gudgeon, this opinion.

Shak.

3. A person easily duped or cheated. Swift.

4. (Mach.) The pin of iron fastened in the end of a wooden shaft or axle, on which it turns; formerly, any journal, or pivot, or bearing, as the pintle and eye of a hinge, but esp. the end journal of a horizontal.

6. (Naut.) A metal eye or socket attached to the sternpost to receive the pintle of the rudder.

Ball gudgeon. See under Ball.

Gud”geon, v. t. To deprive fraudulently; to cheat; to dupe; to impose upon. [R.]

To be gudgeoned of the opportunities which had been given you.

Sir IV. Scott.

Gue (?), n. A sharper; a rogue. [Obs.] J. Webstar.

Gue”ber Gue”bre (?), n. Same as Gheber.

Guel”der*rose’ (?), n. [Supposed to be brought from Guelderland; hence, D. Geldersche roos, G. Gelderische rose, F. rose de Gueldre, It. rose di Gueldra, Sp. rosa de Gueldres.] (Bot.) A cultivated variety of a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), bearing large bunches of white flowers; — called also snowball tree.

{ Guelph, Guelf } (gw&ebreve;lf), n. [It. Guelfo, from Welf, the name of a German family.] (Hist.) One of a faction in Germany and Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which supported the House of Guelph and the pope, and opposed the Ghibellines, or faction of the German emperors.

{ Guelph”ic, Guelf”ic } (?), a. Of or pertaining to the family or the faction of the Guelphs.

||Guenon” (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) One of several long-tailed Oriental monkeys, of the genus Cercocebus, as the green monkey and grivet.

||Gue`parde” (?), n. [Cf. F. guépard.] (Zoöl.) The cheetah.

Guer”don (?), n. [OF. guerdon, guerredon, LL. widerdonum (influenced by L. donum gift, cf. Donation ), fr. OHG. widarlōn; widar again, against (G. wider wieder) + lōn reward, G. lohn, akin to AS. leán Goth. laun. See Withers.] A reward; requital; recompense; — used in both a good and a bad sense. Macaulay.

So young as to regard men’s frown or smile
As loss or guerdon of a glorious lot.

Byron.

He shall, by thy revenging hand, at once receive the just guerdon of all his former villainies.

Knolles.

Guer”don (?), v. t. [OF. guerdonner, guerredonner. See Guerdon, n.] To give guerdon to; to reward; to be a recompense for. [R.]

Him we gave a costly bribe
To guerdon silence.

Tennyson.

Guer”don*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. guerredonable.] Worthy of reward. Sir G. Buck.

Guer”don*less, a. Without reward or guerdon.

Gue*re”za (?), n. (Zoöl.) A beautiful Abyssinian monkey (Colobus guereza), having the body black, with a fringe of long, silky, white hair along the sides, and a tuft of the same at the end of the tail. The frontal band, cheeks, and chin are white.

Gue*ril”la (?), a. See Guerrilla.

Guer”ite (?), n. [F. guérite.] (Fort.) A projecting turret for a sentry, as at the salient angles of works, or the acute angles of bastions.

Guern”sey lil”y (?). (Bot.) A South African plant (Nerine Sarniensis) with handsome lilylike flowers, naturalized on the island of Guernsey.

Guer*ril”la (?), n. [Sp., lit., a little war, skirmish, dim. of guerra war, fr. OHG. werra discord, strife. See War.] 1. An irregular mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of independent bands, adopted in the north of Spain during the Peninsular war.

2. One who carries on, or assists in carrying on, irregular warfare; especially, a member of an independent band engaged in predatory excursions in war time.

&fist; The term guerrilla is the diminutive of the Spanish word guerra, war, and means petty war, that is, war carried on by detached parties; generally in the mountains. . . . A guerrilla party means, an irregular band of armed men, carrying on an irregular war, not being able, according to their character as a guerrilla party, to carry on what the law terms a regular war. F. Lieder.

Guer*ril”la, a. Pertaining to, or engaged in, warfare carried on irregularly and by independent bands; as, a guerrilla party; guerrilla warfare.

Guess (g&ebreve;s), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Guessing.] [OE. gessen; akin to Dan. gisse, Sw. gissa, Icel. gizha, D. gissen: cf. Dan. giette to guess, Icel. geta to get, to guess. Probably originally, to try to get, and akin to E. get. See Get.] 1. To form an opinion concerning, without knowledge or means of knowledge; to judge of at random; to conjecture.

First, if thou canst, the harder reason guess.

Pope.

2. To judge or form an opinion of, from reasons that seem preponderating, but are not decisive.

We may then guess how far it was from his design.

Milton.

Of ambushed men, whom, by their arms and dress,
To be Taxallan enemies I guess.

Dryden.

3. To solve by a correct conjecture; to conjecture rightly; as, he who guesses the riddle shall have the ring; he has guessed my designs.

4. To hit upon or reproduce by memory. [Obs.]

Tell me their words, as near as thou canst guess them.

Shak.

5. To think; to suppose; to believe; to imagine; — followed by an objective clause.

Not all together; better far, I guess,
That we do make our entrance several ways.

Shak.

But in known images of life I guess
The labor greater.

Pope.

Syn. — To conjecture; suppose; surmise; suspect; divine; think; imagine; fancy. — To Guess, Think, Reckon. Guess denotes, to attempt to hit upon at random; as, to guess at a thing when blindfolded; to conjecture or form an opinion on hidden or very slight grounds: as, to guess a riddle; to guess out the meaning of an obscure passage. The use of the word guess for think or believe, although abundantly sanctioned by good English authors, is now regarded as antiquated and objectionable by discriminating writers. It may properly be branded as a colloguialism and vulgarism when used respecting a purpose or a thing about which there is no uncertainty; as, I guess I ‘ll go to bed.

Guess, v. i. To make a guess or random judgment; to conjecture; — with at, about, etc.

This is the place, as well as I may guess.

Milton.

Guess, n. An opinion as to anything, formed without sufficient or decisive evidence or grounds; an attempt to hit upon the truth by a random judgment; a conjecture; a surmise.

A poet must confess
His art ‘s like physic — but a happy guess.

Dryden.

Guess”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being guessed.

Guess”er (?), n. One who guesses; one who forms or gives an opinion without means of knowing.

Guess”ing*ly, adv. By way of conjecture. Shak.

Guess”ive (?), a. Conjectural. [Obs.] Feltham.

Guess” rope” (?). (Naut.) A guess warp.

Guess” warp” (?). (Naut.) A rope or hawser by which a vessel is towed or warped along; — so called because it is necessary to guess at the length to be carried in the boat making the attachment to a distant object.

Guess”work` (?), n. Work performed, or results obtained, by guess; conjecture.

Guest (g&ebreve;st), n. [OE. gest, AS. gæst, gest; akin to OS., D., & G. gast, Icel. gestr, Sw. gäst, Dan. Gjäst, Goth. gasts, Russ. goste, and to L. hostis enemy, stranger; the meaning stranger is the older one, but the root is unknown. Cf. Host an army, Hostile.] 1. A visitor; a person received and entertained in one’s house or at one’s table; a visitor entertained without pay.

To cheer his guests, whom he had stayed that night.

Spenser.

True friendship’s laws are by this rule exprest.
Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest.

Pope.

Guest (?), v. t. To receive or entertain hospitably. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Guest, v. i. To be, or act the part of, a guest. [Obs.]

And tell me, best of princes, who he was
That guested here so late.

Chapman.

Guest” rope” (?). (Naut.) The line by which a boat makes fast to the swinging boom. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Guest”wise” (?), adv. In the manner of a guest.

Gue”vi (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several very small species and varieties of African antelopes, of the genus Cephalophus, as the Cape guevi or kleeneboc (Cephalophus pygmæa); — called also pygmy antelope.
[1913 Webster]

Guf*faw” (&?;), n. A loud burst of laughter; a horse laugh. “A hearty low guffaw.” Carlyle.

Guf”fer (?), n. (Zoöl.) The eelpout; guffer eel.

Gug”gle (?), v. i. See Gurgle.

Guhr (?), n. [G.] A loose, earthy deposit from water, found in the cavities or clefts of rocks, mostly white, but sometimes red or yellow, from a mixture of clay or ocher. P. Cleaveland.

Gui”ac (?), n. Same as Guaiac.

Gui”a*col (?), n. [Guiac + - ol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, C_6H_4.OCH_3.OH, resembling the phenols, found as a constituent of woodtar creosote, and produced by the dry distillation of guaiac resin.

Gui”a*cum (?), n. Same as Guaiacum.

Guib (?), n. (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Tragelaphus scriptus), curiously marked with white stripes and spots on a reddish fawn ground, and hence called harnessed antelope; — called also guiba.

||Gui”co*war (?), n. [Mahratta gāekwār, prop., a cowherd.] The title of the sovereign of Guzerat, in Western India; — generally called the Guicowar of Baroda, which is the capital of the country.

Guid”a*ble (?), a. Capable of being guided; willing to be guided or counseled. Sprat.

Guid”age (?), n. [See Guide.] 1. The reward given to a guide for services. [R.] Ainsworth.

2. Guidance; lead; direction. [R.] Southey.

Guid”ance (?), n. [See Guide.] The act or result of guiding; the superintendence or assistance of a guide; direction; government; a leading.

His studies were without guidance and without plan.

Macaulay.

Guide (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guided; p. pr. & vb. n. Guiding.] [OE. guiden, gyden, F. guiaer, It. guidare; prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. ritan to watch over, give heed to, Icel. viti signal, AS. witan to know. The word prob. meant, to indicate, point to, and hence, to show the way. Cf. Wit, Guy a rope, Gye.]

1. To lead or direct in a way; to conduct in a course or path; to pilot; as, to guide a traveler.

I wish . . . you ‘ld guide me to your sovereign’s court.

Shak.

2. To regulate and manage; to direct; to order; to superintend the training or education of; to instruct and influence intellectually or morally; to train.

He will guide his affairs with discretion.

Ps. cxii. 5.

The meek will he guide in judgment.

Ps. xxv. 9.

Guide, n. [OE. giae, F. guide, It. guida. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A person who leads or directs another in his way or course, as in a strange land; one who exhibits points of interest to strangers; a conductor; also, that which guides; a guidebook.

2. One who, or that which, directs another in his conduct or course of life; a director; a regulator.

He will be our guide, even unto death.

Ps. xlviii. 14.

3. Any contrivance, especially one having a directing edge, surface, or channel, for giving direction to the motion of anything, as water, an instrument, or part of a machine, or for directing the hand or eye, as of an operator; as: (a) (Water Wheels) A blade or channel for directing the flow of water to the wheel buckets. (b) (Surgery) A grooved director for a probe or knife. (c) (Printing) A strip or device to direct the compositor’s eye to the line of copy he is setting.

4. (Mil.) A noncommissioned officer or soldier placed on the directing flank of each subdivision of a column of troops, or at the end of a line, to mark the pivots, formations, marches, and alignments in tactics. Farrow.

Guide bar (Mach.), the part of a steam engine on which the crosshead slides, and by which the motion of the piston rod is kept parallel to the cylinder, being a substitute for the parallel motion; — called also guide, and slide bar. — Guide block (Steam Engine), a block attached in to the crosshead to work in contact with the guide bar. — Guide meridian. (Surveying) See under Meridian. — Guide pile (Engin.), a pile driven to mark a place, as a point to work to. — Guide pulley (Mach.), a pulley for directing or changing the line of motion of belt; an idler. Knight. — Guide rail (Railroads), an additional rail, between the others, gripped by horizontal driving wheels on the locomotive, as a means of propulsion on steep gradients.

Guide”board` (?), n. A board, as upon a guidepost having upon it directions or information as to the road. Lowell.

Guide”book` (?), n. A book of directions and information for travelers, tourists, etc.

Guide”less, a. Without a guide. Dryden.

Guide”post` (?), n. A post at the fork of a road, with a guideboard on it, to direct travelers.

Guid”er (?), n. A guide; a director. Shak.

Guid”er*ess (?), n. A female guide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Guid”guid` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American ant bird of the genus Hylactes; — called also barking bird.

Gui”don (?), n. [F. guidon, It. guidone. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A small flag or streamer, as that carried by cavalry, which is broad at one end and nearly pointed at the other, or that used to direct the movements of a body of infantry, or to make signals at sea; also, the flag of a guild or fraternity. In the United States service, each company of cavalry has a guidon.

The pendants and guidons were carried by the officer of the army.

Evelyn.

2. One who carries a flag. Johnson.

3. One of a community established at Rome, by Charlemagne, to guide pilgrims to the Holy Land.

Guige (g&ibreve;j or gēj), n. [Obs.] See Gige.

Guild (?), n. [OE. gilds, AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, a society or company where payment was made for its charge and support, fr. AS. gildan, gieldan, to pay. See Yield, v. t.] 1. An association of men belonging to the same class, or engaged in kindred pursuits, formed for mutual aid and protection; a business fraternity or corporation; as, the Stationers’ Guild; the Ironmongers’ Guild. They were originally licensed by the government, and endowed with special privileges and authority.

2. A guildhall. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. A religious association or society, organized for charitable purposes or for assistance in parish work.

Guild”a*ble (?), a. Liable to a tax. [Obs.]

Guil”der (?), n. [D. gulden, orig., golden. Cf. Golden.] A Dutch silver coin worth about forty cents; — called also florin and gulden.

Guild”hall` (?), n. The hall where a guild or corporation usually assembles; a townhall.

Guile (?), n. [OE. guile, gile, OF. guile; of German origin, and the same word as E. wile. See Wile.] Craft; deceitful cunning; artifice; duplicity; wile; deceit; treachery.

Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile.

John i. 47.

To wage by force or guile eternal war.

Milton.

Guile, v. t. [OF. guiler. See Guile, n.] To disguise or conceal; to deceive or delude. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guile”ful (?), a. Full of guile; characterized by cunning, deceit, or treachery; guilty. — Guile”ful*ly, adv. — Guile”ful*ness, n.

Guile”less, a. Free from guile; artless. — Guile”less*ly, adv. Guile”less*ness, n.

Guil”er (gīl”&etilde;r), n. [Cf. OF. guileor.] A deceiver; one who deludes, or uses guile. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Guil”le*met` (?), n. [F.] A quotation mark. [R.]

Guil”le*mot` (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) One of several northern sea birds, allied to the auks. They have short legs, placed far back, and are expert divers and swimmers.

&fist; The common guillemots, or murres, belong to the genus Uria (as U. troile); the black or foolish guillemot (Cepphus grylle, formerly Uria grylle), is called also sea pigeon and eligny. See Murre.

Guil`le*vat” (-văt”), n. [F. guilloire (fr. guiller to work, ferment) + E. vat.] A vat for fermenting liquors.

||Guil”loche` (?), n. [F. guillochis; — said to be fr. Guillot, the inventor of a machine for carving it.] (Arch.) An ornament in the form of two or more bands or strings twisted over each other in a continued series, leaving circular openings which are filled with round ornaments.

Guil*loched” (?), a. Waved or engine-turned. Mollett.

Guil”lo*tine` (g&ibreve;l”l&osl;*tēn`), n. [F., from Guillotin, a French physician, who proposed, in the Constituent Assembly of 1789, to abolish decapitation with the ax or sword. The instrument was invented by Dr. Antoine Louis, and was called at first Louison or Louisette. Similar machines, however, were known earlier.] 1. A machine for beheading a person by one stroke of a heavy ax or blade, which slides in vertical guides, is raised by a cord, and let fall upon the neck of the victim.

2. Any machine or instrument for cutting or shearing, resembling in its action a guillotine.

Guil”lo*tine` (g&ibreve;l`l&osl;*tēn”), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guillotined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Guillotining.] [Cf. F. guillotiner.] To behead with the guillotine.

Guilt (g&ibreve;lt), n. [OE. gilt, gult, AS. gylt, crime; probably originally signifying, the fine or mulct paid for an offence, and afterward the offense itself, and akin to AS. gieldan to pay, E. yield. See Yield, v. t.] 1. The criminality and consequent exposure to punishment resulting from willful disobedience of law, or from morally wrong action; the state of one who has broken a moral or political law; crime; criminality; offense against right.

Satan had not answer, but stood struck
With guilt of his own sin.

Milton.

2. Exposure to any legal penalty or forfeiture.

A ship incurs guilt by the violation of a blockade.

Kent.

Guilt”i*ly (g&ibreve;lt”&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. In a guilty manner.

Guilt”i*ness, n. The quality or state of being guilty.

Guilt”less, a. 1. Free from guilt; innocent.

The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.

Ex. xx. 7.

2. Without experience or trial; unacquainted (with).

Such gardening tools, as art, yet rude,
Guiltless of fire, had formed.

Milton.

— Guilt”less*ly, adv. — Guilt”less*ness, n.

Guilt”-sick` (?), a. Made sick by consciousness of guilt. “A guilt-sick conscience.” Beau. & Fl.

Guilt”y (?), a. [Compar. Gultier (?); superl. Guiltiest.] [AS. gyltig liable. See Guilt.] 1. Having incurred guilt; criminal; morally delinquent; wicked; chargeable with, or responsible for, something censurable; justly exposed to penalty; — used with of, and usually followed by the crime, sometimes by the punishment.

They answered and said, He is guilty of death.

Matt. xxvi. 66.

Nor he, nor you, were guilty of the strife.

Dryden.

2. Evincing or indicating guilt; involving guilt; as, a guilty look; a guilty act; a guilty feeling.

3. Conscious; cognizant. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

4. Condemned to payment. [Obs. & R.] Dryden.

Guilt”y*like` (-l&ibreve;k`), adv. Guiltily. [Obs.] Shak.

Guin”ea (g&ibreve;n”&esl;), n. 1. A district on the west coast of Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves) after which the Guinea fowl, Guinea grass, Guinea peach, etc., are named.

2. A gold coin of England current for twenty- one shillings sterling, or about five dollars, but not coined since the issue of sovereigns in 1817.

The guinea, so called from the Guinea gold out of which it
was first struck, was proclaimed in 1663, and to go for twenty shillings; but it never went for less than twenty-one shillings.

Pinkerton.

Guinea corn. (Bot.) See Durra. — Guinea Current (Geog.), a current in the Atlantic Ocean setting southwardly into the Bay of Benin on the coast of Guinea. — Guinea dropper one who cheats by dropping counterfeit guineas. [Obs.] Gay. — Guinea fowl, Guinea hen (Zoöl.), an African gallinaceous bird, of the genus Numida, allied to the pheasants. The common domesticated species (N. meleagris), has a colored fleshy horn on each aide of the head, and is of a dark gray color, variegated with small white spots. The crested Guinea fowl (N. cristata) is a finer species. — Guinea grains (Bot.), grains of Paradise, or amomum. See Amomum. — Guinea grass (Bot.), a tall strong forage grass (Panicum jumentorum) introduced. from Africa into the West Indies and Southern United States. — Guinea-hen flower (Bot.), a liliaceous flower (Fritillaria Meleagris) with petals spotted like the feathers of the Guinea hen. — Guinea peach. See under Peach. — Guinea pepper (Bot.), the pods of the Xylopia aromatica, a tree of the order Anonaceæ, found in tropical West Africa. They are also sold under the name of Piper Æthiopicum. —Guinea pig. [Prob. a mistake for Guiana pig.] (a) (Zoöl.) A small Brazilian rodent (Cavia cobaya), about seven inches in length and usually of a white color, with spots of orange and black. (b) A contemptuous sobriquet. Smollett — Guinea plum (Bot.), the fruit of Parinarium excelsum, a large West African tree of the order Chrysobalaneæ, having a scarcely edible fruit somewhat resembling a plum, which is also called gray plum and rough-skin plum. — Guinea worm (Zoöl.), a long and slender African nematoid worm (Filaria Medinensis) of a white color. It lives in the cellular tissue of man, beneath the skin, and produces painful sores.

Gui*pure” (?), n. [F.] A term used for lace of different kinds; most properly for a lace of large pattern and heavy material which has no ground or mesh, but has the pattern held together by connecting threads called bars or brides.

Guir”land (?), n. [Obs.] See Garland.

Guise (?), n. [OE. guise, gise, way, manner, F. guise, fr. OHG. wīsa, G. weise. See Wise, n.] 1. Customary way of speaking or acting; custom; fashion; manner; behavior; mien; mode; practice; — often used formerly in such phrases as: at his own guise; that is, in his own fashion, to suit himself. Chaucer.

The swain replied, “It never was our guise
To slight the poor, or aught humane despise.”

Pope.

2. External appearance in manner or dress; appropriate indication or expression; garb; shape.

As then the guise was for each gentle swain.

Spenser.

A . . . specter, in a far more terrific guise than any which
ever yet have overpowered the imagination.

Burke.

3. Cover; cloak; as, under the guise of patriotism.

Guis”er (?), n. [From Guise.] A person in disguise; a masker; a mummer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gui*tar” (?), n. [F. guitare; cf. Pr., Sp., & Pg. guitarra, It. chitarra; all fr. Gr. &?;; cf. L. cithara. Cf. Cittern, Gittern.] A stringed instrument of music resembling the lute or the violin, but larger, and having six strings, three of silk covered with silver wire, and three of catgut, — played upon with the fingers.

Guit”guit` (?), n. [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small tropical American birds of the family Cœrebidæ, allied to the creepers; — called also quit. See Quit.

||Gu”la (?), n.; pl. L. GulÆ (#), E. Gulas (#). [L., the throat, gullet.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat. (b) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.

2. (Arch.) A capping molding. Same as Cymatium.

Gu”lar (?), a. [Cf. F. gulaire.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the gula or throat; as, gular plates. See Illust. of Bird, and Bowfin.

Gu”laund (?), n. [Icel. gul- önd.] An arctic sea bird.

Gulch (?), n. 1. Act of gulching or gulping. [Obs.]

2. A glutton. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

3. A ravine, or part of the deep bed of a torrent when dry; a gully.

Gulch, v. t. [OE. gulchen; cf. dial. Sw. gölka to gulch, D. gulzig greedy, or E. gulp.] To swallow greedily; to gulp down. [Obs.]

Guld (gŭld), n. A flower. See Gold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gul”den (?), n. See Guilder.

Gule (?), v. t. To give the color of gules to.

Gule (?), n. The throat; the gullet. [Obs.]

Throats so wide and gules so gluttonous.

Gauden.

Gules (gūlz), n. [OE. goules, F. gueules, the same word as gueule throat, OF. gole, goule, L. gula. So named from the red color of the throat. See Gullet, and cf. Gula.] (Her.) The tincture red, indicated in seals and engraved figures of escutcheons by parallel vertical lines. Hence, used poetically for a red color or that which is red.

His sev’n-fold targe a field of gules did stain
In which two swords he bore; his word,
“Divide and reign.”

P. Fletcher.

Follow thy drum;
With man’s blood paint the ground; gules, gules.

Shak.

Let’s march to rest and set in gules, like suns.

Beau. & Fl.

Gulf (?), n. [F. golfe, It. golfo, fr. Gr. &?; bosom, bay, gulf, LGr. &?;.] 1. A hollow place in the earth; an abyss; a deep chasm or basin,

He then surveyed
Hell and the gulf between.

Milton.

Between us and you there is a great gulf fixed.

Luke xvi. 26.

2. That which swallows; the gullet. [Obs.] Shak.

3. That which swallows irretrievably; a whirlpool; a sucking eddy. Shak.

A gulf of ruin, swallowing gold.

Tennyson.

4. (Geog.) A portion of an ocean or sea extending into the land; a partially land-locked sea; as, the Gulf of Mexico.

5. (Mining) A large deposit of ore in a lode.

Gulf Stream (Geog.), the warm ocean current of the North Atlantic. It originates in the westward equatorial current, due to the trade winds, is deflected northward by Cape St. Roque through the Gulf of Mexico, and flows parallel to the coast of North America, turning eastward off the island of Nantucket. Its average rate of flow is said to be about two miles an hour. The similar Japan current, or Kuro-Siwo, is sometimes called the Gulf Stream of the Pacific. — Gulf weed (Bot.), a branching seaweed (Sargassum bacciferum, or sea grape), having numerous berrylike air vessels, — found in the Gulf Stream, in the Sargasso Sea, and elsewhere.

Gulf”y (?), a. Full of whirlpools or gulfs. Chapman.

Gul”gul (?), n. [Hind. galgal.] A cement made in India from sea shells, pulverized and mixed with oil, and spread over a ship’s bottom, to prevent the boring of worms.

Gu”list (?), n. [L. gulo.] A glutton. [Obs.]

Gull (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gulling.] [Prob. fr. gull the bird; but cf. OSw. gylla to deceive, D. kullen, and E. cullibility.] To deceive; to cheat; to mislead; to trick; to defraud.

The rulgar, gulled into rebellion, armed.

Dryden.

I’m not gulling him for the emperor’s service.

Coleridge.

Gull, n. 1. A cheating or cheat; trick; fraud. Shak.

2. One easily cheated; a dupe. Shak.

Gull, n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Corn. gullan, W. gwylan.] (Zoöl.) One of many species of long-winged sea birds of the genus Larus and allied genera.

&fist; Among the best known American species are the herring gull (Larus argentatus), the great black-backed gull (L. murinus) the laughing gull (L. atricilla), and Bonaparte’s gull (L. Philadelphia). The common European gull is Larus canus.

Gull teaser (Zoöl.), the jager; — also applied to certain species of terns.

Gull”age (?), n. Act of being gulled. [Obs.]

Had you no quirk.
To avoid gullage, sir, by such a creature?

B. Jonson

Gull”er (?), n. One who gulls; a deceiver.

Gull”er*y (?), n. An act, or the practice, of gulling; trickery; fraud. [R.] “A mere gullery.” Selden.

Gul”let (?), n. [OE. golet, OF. Goulet, dim. of gole, goule, throat, F. gueule, L. gula; perh. akin to Skr. gula, G. kenle; cf. F. goulet the neck of a bottle, goulotte channel gutter. Cf. Gules, Gully.] 1. (Anat.) The tube by which food and drink are carried from the pharynx to the stomach; the esophagus.

2. Something shaped like the food passage, or performing similar functions; as: (a) A channel for water. (b) (Engin.) A preparatory cut or channel in excavations, of sufficient width for the passage of earth wagons. (c) A concave cut made in the teeth of some saw blades.

Gul”let*ing (?), n. (Engin.) A system of excavating by means of gullets or channels.

Gul”li*ble (?), a. Easily gulled; that may be duped. — Gul”li*bii`i*ty (#), n. Burke.

Gull”ish (?), a. Foolish; stupid. [Obs.]

Gull”ish*ness, n. [Obs.]

Gul”ly (?), n.; pl. Gulles (#). [Etymol. uncertain] A large knife. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gul”ly, n.; pl. Gullies (#). [Formerly gullet.] 1. A channel or hollow worn in the earth by a current of water; a short deep portion of a torrent’s bed when dry.

2. A grooved iron rail or tram plate. [Eng.]

Gully gut, a glutton. [Obs.] Chapman. — Gully hole, the opening through which gutters discharge surface water.

Gul”ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gullied (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gullying.] To wear into a gully or into gullies.

Gul”ly, v. i. To flow noisily. [Obs.] Johnson.

Gu*los”i*ty (?), n. [L. gulositas, fr. gulosus gluttonous. See Gullet.] Excessive appetite; greediness; voracity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Gulp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gulping.] [D. gulpen, cf. OD. golpe gulf.] To swallow eagerly, or in large draughts; to swallow up; to take down at one swallow.

He does not swallow, but he gulps it down.

Cowper.

The old man . . . glibly gulped down the whole narrative.

Fielding.

To gulp up, to throw up from the stomach; to disgorge.

Gulp, n. 1. The act of taking a large mouthful; a swallow, or as much as is awallowed at once.

2. A disgorging. [Colloq.]

Gulph (?), n. [Obs.] See Gulf.

Gult (?), n. Guilt. See Guilt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gult”y (?), a. Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gul”y (?), a. Of or pertaining to gules; red. “Those fatal guly dragons.” Milton.

Gum (?), n. [OE. gome, AS. gama palate; akin Co G. gaumen, OHG. goumo, guomo, Icel. g&?;mr, Sw. gom; cf. Gr. &?; to gape.] The dense tissues which invest the teeth, and cover the adjacent parts of the jaws.

Gum rash (Med.), strophulus in a teething child; red gum. — Gum stick, a smooth hard substance for children to bite upon while teething.

Gum, v. t. To deepen and enlarge the spaces between the teeth of (a worn saw). See Gummer.

Gum, n. [OE. gomme, gumme, F. gomme, L. gummi and commis, fr. Gr. &?;, prob. from an Egyptian form kam&?;; cf. It. gomma.] 1. A vegetable secretion of many trees or plants that hardens when it exudes, but is soluble in water; as, gum arabic; gum tragacanth; the gum of the cherry tree. Also, with less propriety, exudations that are not soluble in water; as, gum copal and gum sandarac, which are really resins.

2. (Bot.) See Gum tree, below.

3. A hive made of a section of a hollow gum tree; hence, any roughly made hive; also, a vessel or bin made of a hollow log. [Southern U. S.]

4. A rubber overshoe. [Local, U. S.]

Black gum, Blue gum, British gum, etc. See under Black, Blue, etc. — Gum Acaroidea, the resinous gum of the Australian grass tree (Xanlhorrhœa). — Gum animal (Zoöl.), the galago of West Africa; — so called because it feeds on gums. See Galago. — Gum animi or animé. See Animé. – - Gum arabic, a gum yielded mostly by several species of Acacia (chiefly A. vera and A. Arabica) growing in Africa and Southern Asia; — called also gum acacia. East Indian gum arabic comes from a tree of the Orange family which bears the elephant apple. — Gum butea, a gum yielded by the Indian plants Butea frondosa and B. superba, and used locally in tanning and in precipitating indigo. — Gum cistus, a plant of the genus Cistus (Cistus ladaniferus), a species of rock rose. — Gum dragon. See Tragacanth. — Gum elastic, Elastic gum. See Caoutchouc. — Gum elemi. See Elemi. — Gum juniper. See Sandarac. — Gum kino. See under Kino. — Gum lac. See Lac. — Gum Ladanum, a fragrant gum yielded by several Oriental species of Cistus or rock rose. — Gum passages, sap receptacles extending through the parenchyma of certain plants (Amygdalaceæ, Cactaceæ, etc.), and affording passage for gum. — Gum pot, a varnish maker’s utensil for melting gum and mixing other ingredients. — Gum resin, the milky juice of a plant solidified by exposure to air; one of certain inspissated saps, mixtures of, or having properties of, gum and resin; a resin containing more or less mucilaginous and gummy matter. — Gum sandarac. See Sandarac. — Gum Senegal, a gum similar to gum arabic, yielded by trees (Acacia Verek and A. Adansoniä) growing in the Senegal country, West Africa. — Gum tragacanth. See Tragacanth. — Gum tree, the name given to several trees in America and Australia: (a) The black gum (Nyssa multiflora), one of the largest trees of the Southern States, bearing a small blue fruit, the favorite food of the opossum. Most of the large trees become hollow. (b) A tree of the genus Eucalyptus. See Eucalpytus. (c) The sweet gum tree of the United States (Liquidambar styraciflua), a large and beautiful tree with pointedly lobed leaves and woody burlike fruit. It exudes an aromatic terebinthine juice. — Gum water, a solution of gum, esp. of gum arabic, in water. — Gum wood, the wood of any gum tree, esp. the wood of the Eucalyptus piperita, of New South Wales.

Gum, v. t. [imp. &. p. Gummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gumming.] To smear with gum; to close with gum; to unite or stiffen by gum or a gumlike substance; to make sticky with a gumlike substance.

He frets like a gummed velvet.

Shak.

Gum, v. i. To exude or from gum; to become gummy.

Gum”bo (?), n. [Written also gombo.] 1. A soup thickened with the mucilaginous pods of the okra; okra soup.

2. The okra plant or its pods.

Gum”boil (?), n. (Med.) A small suppurating inflamed spot on the gum.

||Gum”ma (?), n.; pl. Gummata (#). [NL. So called from its gummy contents See Gum.] (Med.) A kind of soft tumor, usually of syphilitic origin.

Gum*ma”tous (?), a. (Med.) Belonging to, or resembling, gumma.

Gum”mer (?), n. [From 2d Gum.] A punch-cutting tool, or machine for deepening and enlarging the spaces between the teeth of a worn saw.

Gum*mif”er*ous (?), a. [L. gummi gum + ferous.] Producing gum; gum bearing.

Gum”mi*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being gummy; viscousness.

Gum”mite (?), n. [So called because it occurs in rounded or flattened pieces which look like gum.] (Min.) A yellow amorphous mineral, essentially a hydrated oxide of uranium derived from the alteration of uraninite.

Gum*mos”i*ty (?), n. Gumminess; a viscous or adhesive quality or nature. [R.] Floyer.

Gum”mous (?), a. [L. gummosus; cf. F. gommeux.] 1. Gumlike, or composed of gum; gummy.

2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a gumma.

Gum”my (?), a. [Compar. Gummer (&?;); superl. Gummirst.] Consisting of gum; viscous; adhesive; producing or containing gum; covered with gum or a substance resembling gum.

Kindles the gummy bark of fir or pine.

Milton.

Then rubs his gummy eyes.

Dryden.

Gummy tumor (Med.), a gumma.

Gump (gŭmp), n. [Cf. Sw. & Dan. gump buttocks, rump, Icel. gumpr.] A dolt; a dunce. [Low.] Holloway.

Gump”tion (?), n. [OE. gom, gome, attention; akin to AS. geómian, gyman, to regard, observe, gyme care, OS. gomean to heed, Goth. gaumjan to see, notice.]

1. Capacity; shrewdness; common sense. [Colloq.]

One does not have gumption till one has been properly cheated.

Lord Lytton.

2. (Paint.) (a) The art of preparing colors. Sir W. Scott.

(b) Megilp. Fairholt.

Gun (gŭn), n. [OE. gonne, gunne; of uncertain origin; cf. Ir., Gael., & LL. gunna, W. gum; possibly (like cannon) fr. L. canna reed, tube; or abbreviated fr. OF. mangonnel, E. mangonel, a machine for hurling stones.] 1. A weapon which throws or propels a missile to a distance; any firearm or instrument for throwing projectiles by the explosion of gunpowder, consisting of a tube or barrel closed at one end, in which the projectile is placed, with an explosive charge behind, which is ignited by various means. Muskets, rifles, carbines, and fowling pieces are smaller guns, for hand use, and are called small arms. Larger guns are called cannon, ordnance, fieldpieces, carronades, howitzers, etc. See these terms in the Vocabulary.

As swift as a pellet out of a gunne
When fire is in the powder runne.

Chaucer.

The word gun was in use in England for an engine to cast a thing from a man long before there was any gunpowder found out.

Selden.

2. (Mil.) A piece of heavy ordnance; in a restricted sense, a cannon.

3. pl. (Naut.) Violent blasts of wind.

&fist; Guns are classified, according to their construction or manner of loading as rifled or smoothbore, breech- loading or muzzle-loading, cast or built-up guns; or according to their use, as field, mountain, prairie, seacoast, and siege guns.

Armstrong gun, a wrought iron breech-loading cannon named after its English inventor, Sir William Armstrong. — Great gun, a piece of heavy ordnance; hence (Fig.), a person superior in any way. — Gun barrel, the barrel or tube of a gun. — Gun carriage, the carriage on which a gun is mounted or moved. — Gun cotton (Chem.), a general name for a series of explosive nitric ethers of cellulose, obtained by steeping cotton in nitric and sulphuric acids. Although there are formed substances containing nitric acid radicals, yet the results exactly resemble ordinary cotton in appearance. It burns without ash, with explosion if confined, but quietly and harmlessly if free and open, and in small quantity. Specifically, the lower nitrates of cellulose which are insoluble in ether and alcohol in distinction from the highest (pyroxylin) which is soluble. See Pyroxylin, and cf. Xyloidin. The gun cottons are used for blasting and somewhat in gunnery: for making celluloid when compounded with camphor; and the soluble variety (pyroxylin) for making collodion. See Celluloid, and Collodion. Gun cotton is frequenty but improperly called nitrocellulose. It is not a nitro compound, but an ethereal salt of nitric acid. — Gun deck. See under Deck. — Gun fire, the time at which the morning or the evening gun is fired. — Gun metal, a bronze, ordinarily composed of nine parts of copper and one of tin, used for cannon, etc. The name is also given to certain strong mixtures of cast iron. — Gun port (Naut.), an opening in a ship through which a cannon’s muzzle is run out for firing. — Gun tackle (Naut.), the blocks and pulleys affixed to the side of a ship, by which a gun carriage is run to and from the gun port. – - Gun tackle purchase (Naut.), a tackle composed of two single blocks and a fall. Totten. — Krupp gun, a wrought steel breech-loading cannon, named after its German inventor, Herr Krupp. — Machine gun, a breech-loading gun or a group of such guns, mounted on a carriage or other holder, and having a reservoir containing cartridges which are loaded into the gun or guns and fired in rapid succession, sometimes in volleys, by machinery operated by turning a crank. Several hundred shots can be fired in a minute with accurate aim. The Gatling gun, Gardner gun, Hotchkiss gun, and Nordenfelt gun, named for their inventors, and the French mitrailleuse, are machine guns. — To blow great guns (Naut.), to blow a gale. See Gun, n., 3.

Gun (?), v. i. To practice fowling or hunting small game; — chiefly in participial form; as, to go gunning.

||Gu”na (g&oomac;“n&adot;), n. [Skr. guna quality.] In Sanskrit grammar, a lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, e, by prefixing an a element. The term is sometimes used to denote the same vowel change in other languages.

Gu”nar*chy (?), n. See Gynarchy.

Gun”boat` (?), n. (Nav.) A vessel of light draught, carrying one or more guns.

Gun”cot`ton (?). See under Gun.

Gun”de*let (?), n. [Obs.] See Gondola. Marston.

Gun”flint` (?), n. A sharpened flint for the lock of a gun, to ignite the charge. It was in common use before the introduction of percussion caps.

||Gun”jah (?), n. (Bot.) See Ganja.

Gun”lock` (?), n. The lock of a gun, for producing the discharge. See Lock.

Gun”nage (?), n. The number of guns carried by a ship of war.

Gun”nel (?), n. [See Gunwale.] 1. A gunwale.

2. (Zoöl.) A small, eel-shaped, marine fish of the genus Murænoides; esp., M. gunnellus of Europe and America; — called also gunnel fish, butterfish, rock eel.

Gun”ner (?), n. 1. One who works a gun, whether on land or sea; a cannoneer.

2. A warrant officer in the navy having charge of the ordnance on a vessel.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The great northern diver or loon. See Loon. (b) The sea bream. [Prov. Eng. or Irish]

Gunner’s daughter, the gun to which men or boys were lashed for punishment. [Sailor’s slang] W. C. Russell.

Gun”ner*y (?), n. That branch of military science which comprehends the theory of projectiles, and the manner of constructing and using ordnance.

Gun”nie (?), n. (Mining.) Space left by the removal of ore.

Gun”ning (?), n. The act or practice of hunting or shooting game with a gun.

The art of gunning was but little practiced.

Goldsmith.

Gun”ny (?), n., Gun”ny cloth` (&?;). [Hind. gon, gon&?;,, a sack, sacking.] A strong, coarse kind of sacking, made from the fibers (called jute) of two plants of the genus Corchorus (C. olitorius and C. capsularis), of India. The fiber is also used in the manufacture of cordage.

Gunny bag, a sack made of gunny, used for coarse commodities.

Gu*noc”ra*cy (?), n. See Gyneocracy.

Gun”pow`der (?), n. (Chem.) A black, granular, explosive substance, consisting of an intimate mechanical mixture of niter, charcoal, and sulphur. It is used in gunnery and blasting.

&fist; Gunpowder consists of from 70 to 80 per cent of niter, with 10 to 15 per cent of each of the other ingredients. Its explosive energy is due to the fact that it contains the necessary amount of oxygen for its own combustion, and liberates gases (chiefly nitrogen and carbon dioxide), which occupy a thousand or fifteen hundred times more space than the powder which generated them.

Gunpowder pile driver, a pile driver, the hammer of which is thrown up by the explosion of gunpowder. — Gunpowder plot (Eng. Hist.), a plot to destroy the King, Lords, and Commons, in revenge for the penal laws against Catholics. As Guy Fawkes, the agent of the conspirators, was about to fire the mine, which was placed under the House of Lords, he was seized, Nov. 5, 1605. Hence, Nov. 5 is known in England as Guy Fawkes Day. — Gunpowder tea, a species of fine green tea, each leaf of which is rolled into a small ball or pellet.

Gun”reach` (?), n. The reach or distance to which a gun will shoot; gunshot.

Gun”room` (&?;), n. (Naut.) An apartment on the after end of the lower gun deck of a ship of war, usually occupied as a messroom by the commissioned officers, except the captain; — called wardroom in the United States navy.

Gun”shot` (?), n. 1. Act of firing a gun; a shot.

2. The distance to which shot can be thrown from a gun, so as to be effective; the reach or range of a gun.

Those who are come over to the royal party are supposed to be out of gunshot.

Dryden.

Gun”shot`, a. Made by the shot of a gun: as. a gunshot wound.

Gun”smith (?), n. One whose occupation is to make or repair small firearms; an armorer.

{ Gunsmith`er*y (?), Gun”smith` ing, } n. The art or business of a gunsmith.

Gun”stick (?), n. A stick to ram down the charge of a musket, etc.; a rammer or ramrod. [R.]

Gun”stock` (?), n. The stock or wood to which the barrel of a hand gun is fastened.

Gun”stome` (?), n. A cannon ball; — so called because originally made of stone. [Obs.] Shak.

Gun”ter rig` (?). (Naut.) A topmast arranged with metal bands so that it will readily slide up and down the lower mast.

Gun”ter’s chain` (?). (Surveying) The chain ordinarily used in measuring land. See Chain, n., 4, and Gunter’s scale.

Gun”ter’s line` (?). A logarithmic line on Gunter’s scale, used for performing the multiplication and division of numbers mechanically by the dividers; — called also line of lines, and line of numbers.

Gun”ter’s quad`rant (?). A thin quadrant, made of brass, wood, etc., showing a stereographic projection on the plane of the equator. By it are found the hour of the day, the sun’s azimuth, the altitude of objects in degrees, etc. See Gunter’s scale.

Gun”ter’s scale` (?). A scale invented by the Rev. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, who invented also Gunter’s chain, and Gunter’s quadrant.

&fist; Gunter’s scale is a wooden rule, two feet long, on one side of which are marked scales of equal parts, of chords, sines, tangents, rhombs, etc., and on the other side scales of logarithms of these various parts, by means of which many problems in surveying and navigation may be solved, mechanically, by the aid of dividers alone.

Gun”wale (?), n. [Gun + wale. So named because the upper guns were pointed from it.] (Naut.) The upper edge of a vessel’s or boat’s side; the uppermost wale of a ship (not including the bulwarks); or that piece of timber which reaches on either side from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, being the uppermost bend, which finishes the upper works of the hull. [Written also gunnel.]

Gurge (gûrj), n. [L. gurges.] A whirlpool. [Obs.]

The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge
Boils out from under ground.

Milton.

Gurge, v. t. [See Gorge.] To swallow up. [Obs.]

Gur”geons (?), n. pl. [Obs.] See Grudgeons.

Gur”gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gurgled (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Gurgling (?).] [Cf. It. gorgogliare to gargle, bubble up, fr. L. gurgulio gullet. Cf. Gargle, Gorge.] To run or flow in a broken, irregular, noisy current, as water from a bottle, or a small stream among pebbles or stones.

Pure gurgling rills the lonely desert trace,
And waste their music on the savage race.

Young.

Gur”gle, n. The act of gurgling; a broken, bubbling noise. “Tinkling gurgles.” W. Thompson.

Gur”glet (?), n. [See Goglet.] A porous earthen jar for cooling water by evaporation.

Gur”gling*ly` (?), adv. In a gurgling manner.

Gur”goyle (?), n. See Gargoyle.

Gur”jun (?), n. A thin balsam or wood oil derived from the Diptcrocarpus lævis, an East Indian tree. It is used in medicine, and as a substitute for linseed oil in the coarser kinds of paint.

Gurl (?), n. A young person of either sex. [Obs.] See Girl. Chaucer.

Gur”let (?), n. (Masonry) A pickax with one sharp point and one cutting edge. Knight.

Gur”my (?), n. (Mining) A level; a working.

{ Gur”nard (?), Gur”net (?) } n. [OF. gornal, gournal, gornart, perh. akin to F. grogner to grunt; cf. Ir. guirnead gurnard.] (Zoöl.) One ofseveral European marine fishes, of the genus Trigla and allied genera, having a large and spiny head, with mailed cheeks. Some of the species are highly esteemed for food. The name is sometimes applied to the American sea robins. [Written also gournet.]

Plyling gurnard. See under Flying.

Gur”ni*ad (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Gwiniad.

Gur”ry (?), n. An alvine evacuation; also, refuse matter. [Obs. or Local] Holland.

Gur”ry`, n. [Hind. garhī.] A small fort. [India]

Gurt (gûrt), n. (Mining) A gutter or channel for water, hewn out of the bottom of a working drift. Page.

Gurts (gûrts), n. pl. [Cf. Grout.] Groats. [Obs.]

Gush (gŭsh), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gushed (gŭsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Gushing.] [OE. guschen, cf. Icel. gusa and gjsa, also D. gucsen; perh. akin to AS. geótan to pour, G. giessen, Goth. giutan, E. gut. Cf. Found to cast.]

1. To issue with violence and rapidity, as a fluid; to rush forth as a fluid from confinement; to flow copiously.

He smote the rock that the waters gushed out.

Ps ixxviii 20.

A sea of blood gushed from the gaping wound.

Spenser.

2. To make a sentimental or untimely exhibition of affection; to display enthusiasm in a silly, demonstrative manner. [Colloq.]

Gush, v. t. 1. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from an inclosed plase; an emission of a liquid in a large quantity, and with force; the fluid thus emitted; a rapid outpouring of anything; as, a gush of song from a bird.

The gush of springs,
An fall of lofty foundains.

Byron.

2. A sentimental exhibition of affection or enthusiasm, etc.; effusive display of sentiment. [Collog.]

Gush”er (?), n. One who gushes. [Colloq.]

Gush”ing, a. 1. Rushing forth with violence, as a fluid; flowing copiously; as, gushing waters. “Gushing blood.” Milton.

2. Emitting copiously, as tears or words; weakly and unreservedly demonstrative in matters of affection; sentimental. [Colloq.]

Gush”ing*ly (?), adv. 1. In a gushing manner; copiously. Byron.

2. Weakly; sentimentally; effusively. [Colloq.]

Gus”set (?), n. [F. gousset armpit, fob, gusset, dim. of gousse pod, husk; cf. It. guscio shell, or W. cwysed gore, gusset.] 1. A small piece of cloth inserted in a garment, for the purpose of strengthening some part or giving it a tapering enlargement.

Seam and gusset and band.

Hood.

2. Anything resembling a gusset in a garment; as: (a) (Armor) A small piece of chain mail at the openings of the joints beneath the arms. (b) (Mach.) A kind of bracket, or angular piece of iron, fastened in the angles of a structure to give strength or stiffness; esp., the part joining the barrel and the fire box of a locomotive boiler.

3. (Her.) An abatement or mark of dishonor in a coat of arms, resembling a gusset.

Gust (g&uc;st), n. [Icel. gustr a cool breeze. Cf. Gush.] 1. A sudden squall; a violent blast of wind; a sudden and brief rushing or driving of the wind.

Snow, and hail, stormy gust and flaw.

Milton.

2. A sudden violent burst of passion. Bacon.

Gust, n. [L. gustus; cf. It. & Sp. gusto. √46.]

1. The sense or pleasure of tasting; relish; gusto.

An ox will relish the tender flesh of kids with as much gust and appetite.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Gratification of any kind, particularly that which is exquisitely relished; enjoyment.

Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust.

Pope.

3. Intellectual taste; fancy.

A choice of it may be made according to the gust and manner of the ancients.

Dryden.

Gust, v. t. [Cf. L. gustare, It. gustare, Sp. gustar. See GUST a relish.] To taste; to have a relish for. [Obs.]

Gust”a*ble (?), a. [See Gust, v.] [Obs.] 1. Capable of being tasted; tastable.

This position informs us of a vulgar error, terming the gall
bitter; whereas there is nothing gustable sweeter.

Harvey.

2. Pleasant to the taste; toothsome; savory.

A gustable thing, seen or smelt, excites the appetite, and affects the glands and parts of the mouth.

Derham.

Gust”a*ble, n. Anything that can be tasted. [Obs.]

Gus”tard (?), n. (Zoöl.) The great bustard.

Gus*ta”tion (?), n. [L. gustatio: cf. F. gustation.] The act of tasting. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Gust”a*to*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or subservient to, the sense of taste; as, the gustatory nerve which supplies the front of the tongue.

Gust”ful (?), a. Tasteful; well- tasted. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. — Gust”ful*ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow.

Gust”ful, a. Gusty. [R.]

A gustful April morn.

Tennyson.

Gust”less, a. Tasteless; insipid. [R.]

Gus”to (?), n. [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus; akin to E. choose. Cf. 2d GUST, GOUR.] Nice or keen appreciation or enjoyment; relish; taste; fancy. Dryden.

||Gus*to”so (?), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Tasteful; in a tasteful, agreeable manner.

Gust”y (?), a. Subject to, or characterized by, gusts or squalls; windy; stormy; tempestuous.

Upon a raw and gusty day.

Shak.

Gut (?), n. [OE. gut, got, AS. gut, prob. orig., a channel, and akin to geótan to pour. See FOUND to cast.]

1. A narrow passage of water; as, the Gut of Canso.

2. An intenstine; a bowel; the whole alimentary canal; the enteron; (pl.) bowels; entrails.

3. One of the prepared entrails of an animal, esp. of a sheep, used for various purposes. See Catgut.

4. The sac of silk taken from a silkworm (when ready to spin its cocoon), for the purpose of drawing it out into a thread. This, when dry, is exceedingly strong, and is used as the snood of a fish line.

Blind gut. See CÆcum, n. (b).

Gut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gutted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gutting.] 1. To take out the bowels from; to eviscerate.

2. To plunder of contents; to destroy or remove the interior or contents of; as, a mob gutted the house.

Tom Brown, of facetious memory, having gutted a proper
name of its vowels, used it as freely as he pleased.

Addison.

||Gut”ta (?), n.; pl. GuttÆ (#). [L.] 1. A drop.

2. (Arch.) One of a series of ornaments, in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the lower part of the triglyphs, and also to the lower faces of the mutules, in the Doric order; — called also campana, and drop.

Gutta serena [L., lit. serene or clear drop] (Med.), amaurosis. — Guttæ band> (Arch.), the listel or band from which the guttæ hang.

Gut”ta-per`cha (?), n. [Malay gutah gum + pertja the tree from which is it procured.] A concrete juice produced by various trees found in the Malayan archipelago, especially by the Isonandra, or Dichopsis, Gutta. It becomes soft, and unpressible at the tamperature of boiling water, and, on cooling, retains its new shape. It dissolves in oils and ethers, but not in water. In many of its properties it resembles caoutchouc, and it is extensively used for many economical purposes. The Mimusops globosa of Guiana also yields this material.

Gut”tate (?), a. [L. guttatus. Cf. Gutty.] Spotted, as if discolored by drops.

Gut”ta*ted (?), a. [See Guttate.] Besprinkled with drops, or droplike spots. Bailey.

Gut”ta*trap (?), n. The inspissated juice of a tree of the genus Artocarpus (A. incisa, or breadfruit tree), sometimes used in making birdlime, on account of its glutinous quality.

Gut”ter (?), n. [OE. gotere, OF. goutiere, F. gouttière, fr. OF. gote, goute, drop, F. goutte, fr. L. gutta.]

1. A channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away the rain; an eaves channel; an eaves trough.

2. A small channel at the roadside or elsewhere, to lead off surface water.

Gutters running with ale.

Macaulay.

3. Any narrow channel or groove; as, a gutter formed by erosion in the vent of a gun from repeated firing.

Gutter member (Arch.), an architectural member made by treating the outside face of the gutter in a decorative fashion, or by crowning it with ornaments, regularly spaced, like a diminutive battlement. — Gutter plane, a carpenter’s plane with a rounded bottom for planing out gutters. — Gutter snipe, a neglected boy running at large; a street Arab. [Slang] — Gutter stick (Printing), one of the pieces of furniture which separate pages in a form.

Gut*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guttered (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Guttering.] 1. To cut or form into small longitudinal hollows; to channel. Shak.

2. To supply with a gutter or gutters. [R.] Dryden.

Gut”ter, v. i. To become channeled, as a candle when the flame flares in the wind.

||Gut”ti*fer` (?), n. [NL., fr. L. gutta drop+ ferre to bear.] (Bot.) A plant that exudes gum or resin.

Gut*tif”er*ous (?), a. (Bot.) (a) Yielding gum or resinous substances. (b) Pertaining to a natural order of trees and shrubs (Guttiferæ) noted for their abounding in a resinous sap.

Gut”ti*form (?), a. [L. gutta a drop + -form.] Drop-shaped, as a spot of color.

Gut”tle (?), v. t. & i. [From GUT, n.] To put into the gut; to swallow greedily; to gorge; to gormandize. [Obs.] L’Estrange. Dryden.

Gut”tler (?), n. A greedy eater; a glutton. [Obs.]

Gut”tu*lous (?), a. [L. guttula a little drop, dim. of gutta drop.] In droplike form. [Obs.]

In its [hail’s] guttulous descent from the air.

Sir T. Browne.

Gut”tur*al (?), a. [L. guttur throat: cf. F. gutural.] Of or pertaining to the throat; formed in the throat; relating to, or characteristic of, a sound formed in the throat.

Children are occasionally born with guttural swellings.

W. Guthrie.

In such a sweet, guttural accent.

Landor.

Gut”tur*al, n. A sound formed in the throat; esp., a sound formed by the aid of the back of the tongue, much retracted, and the soft palate; also, a letter representing such a sound.

Gut”tur*al*ism (?), n. The quality of being guttural; as, the gutturalism of A [in the 16th cent.] Earle.

Gut”tur*al”i*ty (?), n. The quality of being guttural. [R.] “The old gutturality of k.” Earle.

Gut”tur*al*ize (?), v. t. To speak gutturally; to give a guttural sound to.

Gut”tur*al*ly, adv. In a guttural manner.

Gut”tur*al*ness, n. The quality of being guttural.

Gut”tur*ine (?), a. [L. guttur throat.] Pertaining to the throat. [Obs.] “Gutturine tumor.” Ray.

Gut”tur*ize (?), v. t. [L. guttur throat.] To make in the throat; to gutturalize. [R.]

For which the Germans gutturize a sound.

Coleridge.

Gut”tur*o- (?). A combining form denoting relation to the throat; as, gutturo-nasal, having both a guttural and a nasal character; gutturo-palatal.

Gut”ty (?), a. [L. gutta drop: cf. F. goutté. Cf. Guttated.] (Her.) Charged or sprinkled with drops.

Gut”wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant, Globularia Alypum, a violent purgative, found in Africa.

Guy (?), n. [Sp. guia guide, a guy or small rope used on board of ships to keep weighty things in their places; of Teutonic origin, and the same word as E. guide. See Guide, and cf. Gye.] A rope, chain, or rod attached to anything to steady it; as: a rope to steady or guide an object which is being hoisted or lowered; a rope which holds in place the end of a boom, spar, or yard in a ship; a chain or wire rope connecting a suspension bridge with the land on either side to prevent lateral swaying; a rod or rope attached to the top of a structure, as of a derrick, and extending obliquely to the ground, where it is fastened.

Guy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Guying.] To steady or guide with a guy.

Guy, n. 1. A grotesque effigy, like that of Guy Fawkes, dressed up in England on the fifth of November, the day of the Gunpowder Plot.

The lady . . . who dresses like a guy.

W. S. Gilbert.

2. A person of queer looks or dress. Dickens.

Guy, v. t. To fool; to baffle; to make (a person) an object of ridicule. [Local & Collog U.S.]

Guyle (?), v. t. To guile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guze (gūz), n. [Cf. Gules.] (Her.) A roundlet of tincture sanguine, which is blazoned without mention of the tincture.

Guz”zle (gŭ“z’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Guzzled (-z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Guzzling (-zl&ibreve;ng).] [OP. gosillier, prob. orig., to pass through the throat; akin to F. gosier throat; cf. It. gozzo a bird’s crop.] To swallow liquor greedily; to drink much or frequently.

Those that came to guzzle in his wine cellar.

Milton.

Well-seasoned bowls the gossip’s spirits raise,
Who, while she guzzles, chats the doctor’s praise.

Roscommon.

To fat the guzzling hogs with floods of whey.

Gay.

Guz”zle, v. t. To swallow much or often; to swallow with immoderate gust; to drink greedily or continually; as, one who guzzles beer. Dryden.

Guz”zle, n. An insatiable thing or person.

That sink of filth, that guzzle most impure.

Marston.

Guz”zler (-zl&etilde;r), n. An immoderate drinker.

Gwin”i*ad (gw&ibreve;n”&ibreve;*ăd), n. [W. gwyniad a whiting, the name of various fishes, fr. gwyn white.] (Zoöl.) A fish (Coregonus ferus) of North Wales and Northern Europe, allied to the lake whitefish; — called also powan, and schelly. [Written also gwyniad, guiniad, gurniad.]

Gy”all (gī”&add;l), n. (Zoöl.) See Gayal.

Gyb (j&ibreve;b), Gybe (jīb), n. (Naut.) See Jib. [Obs.]

Gybe (jīb), n. & v. See Gibe.

Gybe, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gybed (jībd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gybing.] [See Jibe.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of a vessel to the other; — said of the boom of a fore-and-aft sail when the vessel is steered off the wind until the sail fills on the opposite side. [Also jibe.]

Gye (gī or gē), v. t. [OF. guier; of German origin. See Guide, and cf. Guy.] To guide; to govern. [Obs.]

Discreet enough his country for to gye.

Chaucer.

Gyle (gīl), n. [F. guiller to ferment. Cf. Guillevat.] Fermented wort used for making vinegar.

Gyle tan (Brewing), a large vat in which wort ferments.

Gym”nal (g&ibreve;m”nal), a. & n. Same as Gimmal.

Gym*na”si*arch (j&ibreve;m*nā“z&ibreve;*ärk), n. [L. gymnasiarchus, Gr. gymnasi`archos; gymna`sion + ‘a`rchein to govern: cf. F. gymnasiarque.] (Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasia, and provided the oil and other necessaries at his own expense.

Gym*na”si*um (-z&ibreve;*ŭm or – zh&ibreve;*ŭm; 277) n.; pl. E. Gymnasiums (ŭmz), L. Gymnasia (&adot;). [L., fr. Gr. gymna`sion, fr. gymna`zein to exercise (naked), fr. gymno`s naked.] 1. A place or building where athletic exercises are performed; a school for gymnastics.

2. A school for the higher branches of literature and science; a preparatory school for the university; — used esp. of German schools of this kind.

More like ordinary schools of gymnasia than universities.

Hallam.

Gym”nast (j&ibreve;m”n&adot;st), n. [Gr. gymnasth`s a trainer of athletes: cf. F. gymnaste. See Gymnasium.] One who teaches or practices gymnastic exercises; the manager of a gymnasium; an athlete.

{ Gym*nas”tic (j&ibreve;m*năs”t&ibreve;k), Gym*nas”tic*al (-t&ibreve;*kal), } a. [L. gymnasticus, Gr. gymnastiko`s: cf. F. gymnastique. See Gymnasium.] Pertaining to athletic exercises intended for health, defense, or diversion; — said of games or exercises, as running, leaping, wrestling, throwing the discus, the javelin, etc.; also, pertaining to disciplinary exercises for the intellect; athletic; as, gymnastic exercises, contests, etc.

Gym*nas”tic, n. A gymnast. [Obs.]

Gym*nas”tic*al*ly, adv. In a gymnastic manner.

Gym*nas”tics (-t&ibreve;ks), n. Athletic or disciplinary exercises; the art of performing gymnastic exercises; also, disciplinary exercises for the intellect or character.

{ Gym”nic (j&ibreve;m”n&ibreve;k), Gym”nic*al (- n&ibreve;*kal), } a. [L. gymnicus, Gr. gymniko`s: cf. F. gymnique. See Gymmasium.] Athletic; gymnastic. [Obs.]

Have they not swordplayers, and every sort
Of gymnic artists, wrestlers, riders, runners?

Milton.

Gym”nic, n. Athletic exercise. [Obs.] Burton.

Gym”nite (-nīt), n. [Gr. gymno`s naked. So called as coming from the Bare Hills, Maryland.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesia.

||Gym`no*blas”te*a (j&ibreve;m`n&osl;blăs”t&esl;&adot;), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + blasta`nein to sprout.] (Zoöl.) The Athecata; — so called because the medusoid buds are not inclosed in a capsule.

Gym`no*blas”tic (-t&ibreve;k), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gymnoblastea.

Gym`no*car”pous (-kär”pŭs), a. [Gr. gymno`s naked + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Naked-fruited, the fruit either smooth or not adherent to the perianth. Gray.

||Gym*noch”ro*a (j&ibreve;m*n&obreve;k”r&osl;*&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + chro`a skin, body.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea including the hydra. See Hydra.

||Gym*noc”la*dus (j&ibreve;m*n&obreve;“l&adot;*dŭs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + kla`dos a branch.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants; the Kentucky coffee tree. The leaves are cathartic, and the seeds a substitute for coffee.

||Gym`no*co”pa (j&ibreve;m`n&osl;*kō“p&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + kw`ph an oar.] (Zoöl.) A group of transparent, free-swimming Annelida, having setæ only in the cephalic appendages.

Gym”no*cyte (j&ibreve;m”n&osl;*sīt), n. [Gr. gymno`s naked + ky`tos a hollow vessel.] (Biol.) A cytode without a proper cell wall, but with a nucleus. Haeckel.

Gym`no*cy”tode (j&ibreve;m`n&osl;*sī“tōd), n. [Gr. gymno`s naked + E. cytode.] (Biol.) A cytode without either a cell wall or a nucleus. Haeckel.

Gym”no*dont (j&ibreve;m”n&osl;*d&obreve;nt), n. [Gr. gymno`s naked + ‘odoy`s, ‘odo`ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of plectognath fishes (Gymnodontes), having the teeth and jaws consolidated into one or two bony plates, on each jaw, as the diodonts and tetradonts. See Bur fish, Globefish, Diodon.

Gym”no*gen (-j&ebreve;n), n. [Gr. gymno`s naked + -gen.] (Bot.) One of a class of plants, so called by Lindley, because the ovules are fertilized by direct contact of the pollen. Same as Gymnosperm.

||Gym`no*glos”sa (-gl&obreve;s”s&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + glw^ssa tongue.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropods in which the odontophore is without teeth.

{ ||Gym`no*læ“ma (-lē“m&adot;), ||Gym`no*læ“ma*ta (-m&adot;*t&adot;), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + laimo`s the throat.] (Zoöl.) An order of Bryozoa, having no epistome.

||Gym`no*no”ti (-nō“tī), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + nw^tos the back.] (Zoöl.) The order of fishes which includes the Gymnotus or electrical eel. The dorsal fin is wanting.

Gym`no*pæd”ic (-p&ebreve;d”&ibreve;k or – pē“d&ibreve;k), a. [Gr. gymno`s naked + pai^s, paido`s, a child.] (Zoöl.) Having young that are naked when hatched; psilopædic; — said of certain birds.

||Gym`no*phi”o*na (-fī”&osl;*n&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + ‘ofio`neos serpentlike.] (Zoöl.) An order of Amphibia, having a long, annulated, snakelike body. See Ophiomorpha.

||Gym`noph*thal”ma*ta (- n&obreve;f*thăl”m&adot;*t&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + ‘ofqalmo`s the eye.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs, including the naked-eyed medusæ; the hydromedusæ. Most of them are known to be the free-swimming progeny (gonophores) of hydroids.

Gym”no*plast (j&ibreve;m”n&osl;*plăst), n. [Gr. gymno`s naked + pla`ssein to shape, mold.] (Biol.) A cell or mass of protoplasm devoid of an envelope, as a white blood corpuscle.

Gym’no*rhi”nal (-rī“nal), a. [Gr. gymno`s naked + “ri`s, “rino`s, the nose.] (Zoöl.) Having unfeathered nostrils, as certain birds.

||Gym`no*so”ma*ta (-sō“m&adot;*t&adot; or – s&obreve;m”&adot;*t&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + sw^ma, sw`matos, the body.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Pteropoda. They have no shell.

Gym*nos”o*phist (j&ibreve;m*n&obreve;s”&osl;*f&ibreve;st), n. [Gr. gymnosofisth`s; gymno`s naked + sofisth`s philosopher; cf. F. gymnosophiste.] One of a sect of philosophers, said to have been found in India by Alexander the Great, who went almost naked, denied themselves the use of flesh, renounced bodily pleasures, and employed themselves in the contemplation of nature.

Gym*nos”o*phy (-f&ybreve;), n. The doctrines of the Gymnosophists. Good.

Gym”no*sperm (j&ibreve;m”n&osl;*sp&etilde;rm), n. (Bot.) A plant that bears naked seeds (i. e., seeds not inclosed in an ovary), as the common pine and hemlock. Cf. Angiosperm.

Gym`no*sper”mous (-sp&etilde;r”mŭs), a. [Gr. gymno`spermos; gymno`s naked + spe`rma seed: cf. F. gymnosperme.] (Bot.) (a) Having naked seeds, or seeds not inclosed in a capsule or other vessel. (b) Belonging to the class of plants consisting of gymnosperms.

||Gym*not”o*ka (j&ibreve;m*n&obreve;t”&osl;*k&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + to`kos a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) The Athecata.

||Gym*no”tus (j&ibreve;m*nō“tŭs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + nw^tos the back: cf. F. gymnote.] (Zoöl.) A genus of South American fresh-water fishes, including the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel. It has a greenish, eel-like body, and is possessed of electric power.

One fearful shock, fearful but momentary, like that from the electric blow of the gymnotus.

De Quincey.

Gyn (g&ibreve;n), v. i. To begin. [Obs.] See Gin.

{ ||Gyn`æ*ce”um (j&ibreve;n`&esl;*sē”ŭm), ||Gyn`æ*ci”um (j&ibreve;n`&esl;*sī”ŭm), } n. [L., fr. Gr. gynaikei^on women’s apartments, fr. gynh` a woman.] That part of a large house, among the ancients, exclusively appropriated to women. [Written also gyneceum, gynecium.] Tennyson.

Gy*næ“cian (j&ibreve;*nē“shan), a. The same as Gynecian.

Gy*næ“co*phore (j&ibreve;*nē“k&osl;*fōr), n. [Gr. gynaikei^on the women’s apartments + fe`rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A ventral canal or groove, in which the males of some diœcious trematodes carry the female. See Illust. of Hæmatozoa.

Gy*nan”der (j&ibreve;*năn”d&etilde;r), n. [See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) A plant having the stamens inserted in the pistil.

||Gy*nan”dri*a (-dr&ibreve;*&adot;), n. pl. [NL. See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) A class of plants in the Linnæan system, whose stamens grow out of, or are united with, the pistil.

{ Gy*nan”dri*an (i>an), Gy*nan”drous ( drŭs), } a. [Gr. gy`nandros of doubtful sex; gynh` a woman + ‘anh`r, ‘andro`s, man: cf. F. gynandre.] (Bot.) Having stamens inserted in the pistil; belonging to the class Gynandria.

Gy*nan”dro*morph (-dr&osl;*môrf), n. (Zoöl.) An animal affected with gynandromorphism.

Gy*nan`dro*mor”phism (- môr”f&ibreve;z’m),n. [Gr. gynh` a woman, female + ‘anh`r, ‘andro`s, a man, male + morfh` form.] (Zoöl.) An abnormal condition of certain animals, in which one side has the external characters of the male, and the other those of the female.

Gy*nan`dro*mor”phous (-fŭs), a. (Zoöl.) Affected with gynandromorphism.

Gy*nan”ther*ous (-th&etilde;r*ŭs), a. [Gr. gynh` a woman + E. anther.] (Bot.) Pertaining to an abnormal condition of the flower, in which the stamens are converted into pistils. R. Brown.

Gyn”ar*chy (j&ibreve;n”&adot;r*k&ybreve;), n. [Gr. gynh` a woman + -archy.] Government by a woman. Chesterfield.

||Gyn`e*ce”um (j&ibreve;n`&esl;*sē”ŭm), n. See Gynæceum.

Gy*ne”cian (j&ibreve;*nē“shan), a. [Gr. gynaikei^os.] Of or relating to women.

Gyn`e*coc”ra*cy (j&ibreve;n`&esl;*k&obreve;k”r&adot;*s&ybreve;), n. [Gr. gynaikokrati`a; gynh`, gynaiko`s, a woman + kratei^n to rule: cf. F. gynécocratie. Cf. Gynocracy.] Government by a woman, female power; gyneocracy. Bailey.

Gyn`e*co*log”ic*al (j&ibreve;n`&esl;*k&osl;*l&obreve;j”&ibreve;*kal or gī`n&esl;-), a. Of or pertaining to gynecology.

Gyn`e*col”o*gy (j&ibreve;n`&esl;*k&obreve;l”&osl;*j&ybreve; or gī`n&esl;-), n. [Gr. gynh`, gynaiko`s, a woman + -logy.] The science which treats of the structure and diseases of women. — Gyn`e*col”o*gist.

Gyn”e*oc`ra*cy (j&ibreve;n`&esl;*&obreve;k”r&adot;*s&ybreve;), n. See Gynecocracy.

Gyn`e*ol”a*try (-&obreve;l”&adot;*tr&ybreve;), n. [Gr. gynh` a woman + latrei`a worship.] The adoration or worship of woman.

The sentimental gyneolatry of chivalry, which was at best but skin-deep.

Lowell.

||Gyn`e*pho”bi*a (-fō“b&ibreve;*&adot;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gynh` a woman + fo`bos fear.] Hatred of women; repugnance to the society of women. Holmes.

Gyn”ne (g&ibreve;n”ne), v. i. To begin. See Gin. [Obs.]

Gyn”o*base (j&ibreve;n”&osl;*bās), n. [Gr. gynh` a woman, female + E. base.] (Bot.) A dilated base or receptacle, supporting a multilocular ovary.

Gyn`o*ba”sic (-bā“s&ibreve;k), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or having, a gynobase.

Gy*noc”ra*cy (j&ibreve;*n&obreve;k”r&adot;*s&ybreve;), n. [See Gynecocracy.] Female government; gynecocracy.

The aforesaid state has repeatedly changed from absolute despotism to republicanism, not forgetting the intermediate stages of oligarchy, limited monarchy, and even gynocracy; for I myself remember Alsatia governed for nearly nine months by an old fishwoman.

Sir W. Scott.

Gy`no*di*œ“cious (jī`n&osl;*d&isl;*ē“shŭs), a. [Gr. gynh` a woman + E. diœcious.] (Bot.) Diœcious, but having some hermaphrodite or perfect flowers on an individual plant which bears mostly pistillate flowers.

||Gy*nœ“ci*um (j&ibreve;*nē“s&ibreve;*ŭm or -sh&ibreve;*ŭm), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gynh` a woman + oi^kos house.] (Bot.) The pistils of a flower, taken collectively. See Illust. of Carpophore.

Gyn”o*phore (j&ibreve;n”&osl;*fōr), n. [Gr. gynh` woman, female + fe`rein to bear, produce: cf. F. gynophore.] 1. (Bot.) The pedicel raising the pistil or ovary above the stamens, as in the passion flower. Lindley.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the branches bearing the female gonophores, in certain Siphonophora.

Gyp (j&ibreve;p), n. [Said to be a sportive application of Gr. gy`ps a vulture.] A college servant; — so called in Cambridge, England; at Oxford called a scout. [Cant]

Gypse (j&ibreve;ps), n. [F.] See Gypsum. [Obs.] Pococke.

Gyp”se*ous (j&ibreve;p”s&esl;*ŭs), a. [L. gypseus. See Gypsum.] Resembling or containing gypsum; partaking of the qualities of gypsum.

Gyp”sey (-s&ybreve;), n. A gypsy. See Gypsy.

Gyp*sif”er*ous (j&ibreve;p*s&ibreve;f”&etilde;r*ŭs), a. [Gypsum + -ferous: cf. F. gypsifère.] Containing gypsum.

Gyp”sine (j&ibreve;p”s&ibreve;n), a. Gypseous. [R.] Chambers.

Gyp*sog”ra*phy (j&ibreve;p*s&obreve;g”r&adot;*f&ybreve;), n. [Gypsum + -graphy.] The act or art of engraving on gypsum.

Gyp”so*plast (j&ibreve;p”s&osl;*plăst), n. [Gypsum + Gr. pla`ssein to mold.] A cast taken in plaster of Paris, or in white lime.

Gyp”sum (j&ibreve;p”sŭm), n. [L. gypsum, Gr. gy`psos; cf. Ar. jibs plaster, mortar, Per. jabsīn lime.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of lime (calcium). When calcined, stype forms plaster of Paris. Selenite is a transparent, crystalline variety; alabaster, a fine, white, massive variety.

Gyp”sy (j&ibreve;p”s&ybreve;), n.; pl. Gypsies (-s&ibreve;z). [OE. Gypcyan, F. égyptien Egyptian, gypsy, L. Aegyptius. See Egyptian.] [Also spelled gipsy and gypsey.] 1. One of a vagabond race, whose tribes, coming originally from India, entered Europe in the 14th or 15th century, and are now scattered over Turkey, Russia, Hungary, Spain, England, etc., living by theft, fortune telling, horsejockeying, tinkering, etc. Cf. Bohemian, Romany.

Like a right gypsy, hath, at fast and loose,
Beguiled me to the very heart of loss.

Shak.

2. The language used by the gypsies.

3. A dark-complexioned person. Shak.

4. A cunning or crafty person [Colloq.] Prior.

Gyp”sy a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, gypsies.

Gypsy hat, a woman’s or child’s broad-brimmed hat, usually of straw or felt. — Gypsy winch, a small winch, which may be operated by a crank, or by a ratchet and pawl through a lever working up and down.

Gyp”sy (j&ibreve;p”s&ybreve;), v. i. To play the gypsy; to picnic in the woods. Mostly, Gyp”sy*ing, vb. n.

Gyp”sy*ism (j&ibreve;p”s&ibreve;*&ibreve;z’m), n. 1. The arts and practices or habits of gypsies; deception; cheating; flattery.

2. The state of a gypsy.

Gyp”sy*wort` (-wûrt`), n. (Bot.) A labiate plant (the Lycopus Europæus). Gypsies are said to stain their skin with its juice.

||Gyr`a*can”thus (j&ibreve;r`&adot;*kăn”thŭs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro`s round + ‘a`kanqa spine.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil fishes, found in Devonian and carboniferous strata; — so named from their round, sculptured spines.

Gy”ral (jī“ral), a. [See Gyre.] 1. Moving in a circular path or way; whirling; gyratory.

2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a gyrus, or convolution.

Gy”rant (-rant), a. Gyrating. [R.]

Gy”rate (-r&asl;t), a. [L. gyratus made in a circular form, p. p. of gyrare.] Winding or coiled round; curved into a circle; taking a circular course.

Gy”rate (-rāt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gyrated (-r&asl;*t&ebreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Gyrating.] [L. gyratus, p. p. of gyrare to gyrate. See Gyre, n.] To revolve round a central point; to move spirally about an axis, as a tornado; to revolve.

Gy*ra”tion (j&isl;*rā“shŭn), n. 1. The act of turning or whirling, as around a fixed center; a circular or spiral motion; motion about an axis; rotation; revolution.

The gyrations of an ascending balloon.

De Quincey.

If a burning coal be nimbly moved round in a circle, with gyrations continually repeated, the whole circle will appear like fire.

Sir I. Newton.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the whorls of a spiral univalve shell.

Center of gyration. (Mech.) See under Center. — Radius of gyration, the distance between the axis of a rotating body and its center of gyration. Rankine.

Gy”ra*to*ry (jī“r&adot;*t&osl;*r&ybreve;), a. Moving in a circle, or spirally; revolving; whirling around.

Gyre (jīr), n. [L. gyrus, Gr. gy^ros, cf. gyro`s round.] A circular motion, or a circle described by a moving body; a turn or revolution; a circuit.

Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres.

Dryden.

Still expanding and ascending gyres.

Mrs. Browning.

Gyre, v. t. & i. [Cf. OF. gyrer, girer. See Gyrate.] To turn round; to gyrate. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Drayton.

Gyre”ful (-f&usdot;l), a. Abounding in gyres. [Obs.]

||Gyr`en*ceph”a*la (j&ibreve;r`&ebreve;n*s&ebreve;f”&adot;*l&adot;), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gyro`s round + ‘egke`falos the brain.] (Zoöl.) The higher orders of Mammalia, in which the cerebrum is convoluted. — Gyr`en*ceph”a*lous (-lŭs), a.

Gyr”fal`con (j&etilde;r”f&add;`k’n), n. [OE. gerfaucon, OF. gerfaucon, LL. gyrofalco, perh. fr. L. gyrus circle + falco falcon, and named from its circling flight; or cf. E. gier-eagle. See Gyre, n., Falcon.] (Zoöl.) One of several species and varieties of large Arctic falcons, esp. Falco rusticolus and the white species F. Islandicus, both of which are circumpolar. The black and the gray are varieties of the former. See Illust. of Accipiter. [Written also gerfalcon, gierfalcon, and jerfalcon.]

||Gy”ri (jī“rī), n. pl. See Gyrus.

Gyr”land (g&etilde;r”land), v. t. [See Garland.] To garland. [Obs.]

Their hair loose and flowing, gyrlanded with sea grass.

B. Jonson.

||Gyr”o*dus (j&ibreve;r”&osl;*dŭs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro`s round + ‘odoy`s tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct oölitic fishes, having rounded teeth in several rows adapted for crushing.

Gy*rog”o*nite (j&ibreve;*r&obreve;g”&osl;*nīt), n. [Gr. gy^ros circle, ring + go`nos fruit.] (Paleon.) The petrified fruit of the Chara hispida, a species of stonewort. See Stonewort. Lyell.

Gy*roid”al (j&isl;*roid”al), a. [Gr. gy^ros circle + -oid + -al.] 1. Spiral in arrangement or action.

2. (Crystallog.) Having the planes arranged spirally, so that they incline all to the right (or left) of a vertical line; — said of certain hemihedral forms.

3. (Opt.) Turning the plane of polarization circularly or spirally to the right or left.

||Gy*rol”e*pis (j&ibreve;*r&obreve;l”&esl;*p&ibreve;s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro`s round + lepi`s scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of ganoid fishes, found in strata of the new red sandstone, and the lias bone beds. Agassiz.

||Gy*ro”ma (j&isl;*rō“m&adot;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyroy^n to round, bend, fr. gyro`s round.] A turning round. [R.]

Gyr”o*man`cy (j&ibreve;r”&osl;*măn`s&ybreve; or jī“r&osl;-), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + -mancy: cf. F. gyromancie.] A kind of divination performed by drawing a ring or circle, and walking in or around it. Brande & C.

Gy”ron (jī“r&obreve;n), n. [F. giron; of German origin. See Gore a piece of cloth.] (Her.) A subordinary of triangular form having one of its angles at the fess point and the opposite side at the edge of the escutcheon. When there is only one gyron on the shield it is bounded by two lines drawn from the fess point, one horizontally to the dexter side, and one to the dexter chief corner.

Gy”ron*ny (jī“r&obreve;n*n&ybreve;), a. [F. gironné.] (Her.) Covered with gyrons, or divided so as to form several gyrons; — said of an escutcheon.

Gy”ro-pi`geon (jī“r&osl;*p&ibreve;j`ŭn), n. [L. gyrare to revolve + E. pigeon.] A flying object simulating a pigeon in flight, when projected from a spring trap. It is used as a flying target in shooting matches. Knight.

Gy”ro*scope (jī“r&osl;*skōp), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + - scope.] 1. A rotating wheel, mounted in a ring or rings, for illustrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, the composition of rotations, etc. It was devised by Professor W. R. Johnson, in 1832, by whom it was called the rotascope.

2. A form of the above apparatus, invented by M. Foucault, mounted so delicately as to render visible the rotation of the earth, through the tendency of the rotating wheel to preserve a constant plane of rotation, independently of the earth’s motion.

Gy`ro*scop”ic (-sk&obreve;p”&ibreve;k), a. Pertaining to the gyroscope; resembling the motion of the gyroscope.

Gy*rose” (j&isl;*rōs” or jī“rōs), a. [See Gyre.] (Bot.) Turned round like a crook, or bent to and fro. Loudon.

Gy”ro*stat (jī“r&osl;*stăt), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + “ista`nai to cause to stand.] (Physics) A modification of the gyroscope, consisting essentially of a fly wheel fixed inside a rigid case to which is attached a thin flange of metal for supporting the instrument. It is used in studying the dynamics of rotating bodies.

Gy`ro*stat”ic (-stăt”&ibreve;k), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the gyrostat or to gyrostatics.

Gy`ro*stat”ics (-&ibreve;ks), n. (Physics) The doctrine or theory of the gyrostat, or of the phenomena of rotating bodies.

||Gy”rus (jī“rŭs), n.; pl. Gyri (-rī). [L. See Gyre, n.] A convoluted ridge between grooves; a convolution; as, the gyri of the brain; the gyri of brain coral. See Brain.

Gyse (gīz), n. Guise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gyte (gīt), a. Delirious; senselessly extravagant; as, the man is clean gyte. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gyve (jīv), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. gefyn, Ir. geibhionn, Gael. geimheal.] A shackle; especially, one to confine the legs; a fetter. [Written also give.]

Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves.

Shak.

With gyves upon his wrist.

Hood.

Gyve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gyved (jīvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gyving.] To fetter; to shackle; to chain. Spenser.

I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.

Shak.

H.

H (āch), the eighth letter of the English alphabet, is classed among the consonants, and is formed with the mouth organs in the same position as that of the succeeding vowel. It is used with certain consonants to form digraphs representing sounds which are not found in the alphabet, as sh, th, &thlig;, as in shall, thing, &thlig;ine (for zh see §274); also, to modify the sounds of some other letters, as when placed after c and p, with the former of which it represents a compound sound like that of tsh, as in charm (written also tch as in catch), with the latter, the sound of f, as in phase, phantom. In some words, mostly derived or introduced from foreign languages, h following c and g indicates that those consonants have the hard sound before e, i, and y, as in chemistry, chiromancy, chyle, Ghent, Ghibelline, etc.; in some others, ch has the sound of sh, as in chicane. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 153, 179, 181-3, 237-8.

The name (aitch) is from the French ache; its form is from the Latin, and this from the Greek H, which was used as the sign of the spiritus asper (rough breathing) before it came to represent the long vowel, Gr. η. The Greek H is from Phœnician, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically H is most closely related to c; as in E. horn, L. cornu, Gr. ke`ras; E. hele, v. t., conceal; E. hide, L. cutis, Gr. ky`tos; E. hundred, L. centum, Gr. “e- kat-on, Skr. &csdot;ata.

H piece (Mining), the part of a plunger pump which contains the valve.

H (hä). (Mus.) The seventh degree in the diatonic scale, being used by the Germans for B natural. See B.

Ha (hä), interj. [AS.] An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or grief. Both as uttered and as written, it expresses a great variety of emotions, determined by the tone or the context. When repeated, ha, ha, it is an expression of laughter, satisfaction, or triumph, sometimes of derisive laughter; or sometimes it is equivalent to “Well, it is so.”

Ha-has, and inarticulate hootings of satirical rebuke.

Carlyle.

Haaf (häf), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & Sw. haf the sea, Dan. hav, perh. akin to E. haven.] The deepsea fishing for cod, ling, and tusk, off the Shetland Isles.

Haak (hāk), n. (Zoöl.) A sea fish. See Hake. Ash.

Haar (här), n. [See Hoar.] A fog; esp., a fog or mist with a chill wind. [Scot.] T. Chalmers.

||Ha”be*as cor”pus (hā“b&esl;*ăs kôr”pŭs). [L. you may have the body.] (Law) A writ having for its object to bring a party before a court or judge; especially, one to inquire into the cause of a person’s imprisonment or detention by another, with the view to protect the right to personal liberty; also, one to bring a prisoner into court to testify in a pending trial. Bouvier.

||Ha*ben”dum (h&adot;*b&ebreve;n”dŭm), n. [L., that must be had.] (Law) That part of a deed which follows the part called the premises, and determines the extent of the interest or estate granted; — so called because it begins with the word Habendum. Kent.

Hab”er*dash (hăb”&etilde;r*dăsh), v. i. [See Haberdasher.] To deal in small wares. [R.]

To haberdash in earth’s base ware.

Quarles.

Hab”er*dash`er (-dăsh`&etilde;r), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. hapurtask trumpery, trifles, perh. through French. It is possibly akin to E. haversack, and to Icel. taska trunk, chest, pocket, G. tasche pocket, and the orig. sense was perh., peddler’s wares.] 1. A dealer in small wares, as tapes, pins, needles, and thread; also, a hatter. [Obs.]

The haberdasher heapeth wealth by hats.

Gascoigne.

2. A dealer in drapery goods of various descriptions, as laces, silks, trimmings, etc.

Hab”er*dash`er*y (-&ybreve;), n. The goods and wares sold by a haberdasher; also (Fig.), trifles. Burke.

Hab`er*dine” (hăb`&etilde;r*dēn” or hă“b&etilde;r*d&ibreve;n), n. [D. abberdaan, labberdaan; or a French form, cf. OF. habordeau, from the name of a Basque district, cf. F. Labourd, adj. Labourdin. The l was misunderstood as the French article.] A cod salted and dried. Ainsworth.

Ha*ber”ge*on (h&adot;b&etilde;r”j&esl;&obreve;n or hăb”&etilde;r*jŭn), n. [F. haubergeon a small hauberk, dim. of OF. hauberc, F. haubert. See Hauberk.] Properly, a short hauberk, but often used loosely for the hauberk. Chaucer.

Hab”i*la*to*ry (hăb”&ibreve;*l&adot;*t&osl;*r&ybreve;), a. Of or pertaining to clothing; wearing clothes. Ld. Lytton.

Hab”ile (hăb”&ibreve;l), a. [F. habile, L. habilis. See Able, Habit.] Fit; qualified; also, apt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ha*bil”i*ment (h&adot;*b&ibreve;l”&ibreve;*ment), n. [F. habillement, fr. habiller to dress, clothe, orig., to make fit, make ready, fr. habile apt, skillful, L. habilis. See Habile.] 1. A garment; an article of clothing. Camden.

2. pl. Dress, in general. Shak.

Ha*bil”i*ment*ed, a. Clothed. Taylor (1630).

Ha*bil”i*tate (-t&asl;t), a. [LL. habilitatus, p. p. of habilitare to enable.] Qualified or entitled. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ha*bil”i*tate (-tāt), v. t. To fit out; to equip; to qualify; to entitle. Johnson.

Ha*bil`i*ta”tion (-tā“shŭn), n. [LL. habilitatio: cf. F. habilitation.] Equipment; qualification. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ha*bil”i*ty (h&adot;*b&ibreve;l”&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n. [See Ability.] Ability; aptitude. [Obs.] Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Hab”it (hăb”&ibreve;t) n. [OE. habit, abit, F. habit fr. L. habitus state, appearance, dress, fr. habere to have, be in a condition; prob. akin to E. have. See Have, and cf. Able, Binnacle, Debt, Due, Exhibit, Malady.] 1. The usual condition or state of a person or thing, either natural or acquired, regarded as something had, possessed, and firmly retained; as, a religious habit; his habit is morose; elms have a spreading habit; esp., physical temperament or constitution; as, a full habit of body.

2. (Biol.) The general appearance and manner of life of a living organism.

3. Fixed or established custom; ordinary course of conduct; practice; usage; hence, prominently, the involuntary tendency or aptitude to perform certain actions which is acquired by their frequent repetition; as, habit is second nature; also, peculiar ways of acting; characteristic forms of behavior.

A man of very shy, retired habits.

W. Irving.

4. Outward appearance; attire; dress; hence, a garment; esp., a closely fitting garment or dress worn by ladies; as, a riding habit.

Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.

Shak.

There are, among the statues, several of Venus, in different habits.

Addison.

Syn. — Practice; mode; manner; way; custom; fashion. — Habit, Custom. Habit is a disposition or tendency leading us to do easily, naturally, and with growing certainty, what we do often; custom is external, being habitual use or the frequent repetition of the same act. The two operate reciprocally on each other. The custom of giving produces a habit of liberality; habits of devotion promote the custom of going to church. Custom also supposes an act of the will, selecting given modes of procedure; habit is a law of our being, a kind of “second nature” which grows up within us.

How use doth breed a habit in a man !

Shak.

He who reigns . . . upheld by old repute,
Consent, or custom.

Milton.

Hab”it (hăb”&ibreve;t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habited; p. pr. & vb. n. Habiting.] [OE. habiten to dwell, F. habiter, fr. L. habitare to have frequently, to dwell, intens. fr. habere to have. See Habit, n.] 1. To inhabit. [Obs.]

In thilke places as they [birds] habiten.

Rom. of R.

2. To dress; to clothe; to array.

They habited themselves like those rural deities.

Dryden.

3. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.] Chapman.

Hab`it*a*bil”i*ty (- &adot;*b&ibreve;l”&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n. Habitableness.

Hab”it*a*ble (hăb”&ibreve;t*&adot;*b’l), a. [F. habitable, L. habitabilis.] Capable of being inhabited; that may be inhabited or dwelt in; as, the habitable world. — Hab”it*a*ble*ness, n. — Hab”it*a*bly, adv.

Hab”it*a*cle (hăb”&ibreve;t*&adot;*k’l), n. [F. habitacle dwelling place, binnacle, L. habitaculum dwelling place. See Binnacle, Habit, v.] A dwelling place. Chaucer. Southey.

Ha`bi`tan” (&adot;`b&esl;`tä⊁”), n. Same as Habitant, 2.

General Arnold met an emissary . . . sent . . . to ascertain the feelings of the habitans or French yeomanry.

W. Irwing.

Hab”it*ance (hăb”&ibreve;t*ans), n. [OF. habitance, LL. habitantia.] Dwelling; abode; residence. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hab”it*an*cy (-an*s&ybreve;), n. Same as Inhabitancy.

Hab”it*ant (-ant), n. [F. habitant. See Habit, v. t.]

1. An inhabitant; a dweller. Milton. Pope.

2. [F. pron. &adot;`b&esl;`tä⊁”] An inhabitant or resident; — a name applied to and denoting farmers of French descent or origin in Canada, especially in the Province of Quebec; — usually in the plural.

The habitants or cultivators of the soil.

Parkman.

Hab”i*tat (hăb”&ibreve;*tăt), n. [L., it dwells, fr. habitare. See Habit, v. t.] 1. (Biol.) The natural abode, locality or region of an animal or plant.

2. Place where anything is commonly found.

This word has its habitat in Oxfordshire.

Earle.

Hab`i*ta”tion (-tā“shŭn), n. [F. habitation, L. habitatio.] 1. The act of inhabiting; state of inhabiting or dwelling, or of being inhabited; occupancy. Denham.

2. Place of abode; settled dwelling; residence; house.

The Lord . . . blesseth the habitation of the just.

Prov. iii. 33.

Hab”i*ta`tor (hăb”&ibreve;*tā`t&etilde;r), n. [L.] A dweller; an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Hab”it*ed (-&ibreve;t*&ebreve;d), p. p. & a. 1. Clothed; arrayed; dressed; as, he was habited like a shepherd.

2. Fixed by habit; accustomed. [Obs.]

So habited he was in sobriety.

Fuller.

3. Inhabited. [Archaic]

Another world, which is habited by the ghosts of men and women.

Addison.

Ha*bit”u*al (h&adot;b&ibreve;t”&usl;al; 135), a. [Cf. F. habituel, LL. habitualis. See Habit, n.] 1. Formed or acquired by habit or use.

An habitual knowledge of certain rules and maxims.

South.

2. According to habit; established by habit; customary; constant; as, the habitual practice of sin.

It is the distinguishing mark of habitual piety to be grateful for the most common and ordinary blessings.

Buckminster.

Syn. — Customary; accustomed; usual; common; wonted; ordinary; regular; familiar.

— Ha*bit”u*al*ly, adv. — Ha*bit”u*al*ness, n.

Ha*bit”u*ate (āt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habituated ( ā`t&ebreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Habituating (-ā`t&ibreve;ng).] [L. habituatus, p. p. of habituare to bring into a condition or habit of body: cf. F. habituer. See Habit.] 1. To make accustomed; to accustom; to familiarize.

Our English dogs, who were habituated to a colder clime.

Sir K. Digby.

Men are first corrupted . . . and next they habituate themselves to their vicious practices.

Tillotson.

2. To settle as an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Ha*bit”u*ate (-&asl;t), a. Firmly established by custom; formed by habit; habitual. [R.] Hammond.

Ha*bit`u*a”tion (-ā“shŭn), n. [Cf. F. habituation.] The act of habituating, or accustoming; the state of being habituated.

Hab”i*tude (hăb”&ibreve;*tūd), n. [F., fr. L. habitudo condition. See Habit.] 1. Habitual attitude; usual or accustomed state with reference to something else; established or usual relations. South.

The same ideas having immutably the same habitudes one to another.

Locke.

The verdict of the judges was biased by nothing else than their habitudes of thinking.

Landor.

2. Habitual association, intercourse, or familiarity.

To write well, one must have frequent habitudes with the best company.

Dryden.

3. Habit of body or of action. Shak.

It is impossible to gain an exact habitude without an infinite number of acts and perpetual practice.

Dryden.

||Ha`bi`tu`é” (&adot;`b&esl;`t&usdot;`&asl;”), n. [F., p. p. of habituer. See Habituate.] One who habitually frequents a place; as, an habitué of a theater.

Hab”i*ture (hăb”&ibreve;*t&usl;r; 135), n. Habitude. [Obs.]

||Hab”i*tus (-tŭs), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Habitude; mode of life; general appearance.

Ha”ble (hā“b’l), a. See Habile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hab”nab (hăb”năb), adv. [Hobnob.] By chance. [Obs.]

Hach”ure (hăch”&usl;r), n. [F., fr. hacher to hack. See Hatching.] (Fine Arts) A short line used in drawing and engraving, especially in shading and denoting different surfaces, as in map drawing. See Hatching.

||Ha`ci*en”da (ä`th&esl;&asl;n”d&adot; or hä`s&ibreve;&ebreve;n”d&adot;), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. facienda employment, estate, fr. L. facienda, pl. of faciendum what is to be done, fr. facere to do. See Fact.] A large estate where work of any kind is done, as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, or raising of animals; a cultivated farm, with a good house, in distinction from a farming establishment with rude huts for herdsmen, etc.; — a word used in Spanish-American regions.

Hack (hăk), n. [See Hatch a half door.] 1. A frame or grating of various kinds; as, a frame for drying bricks, fish, or cheese; a rack for feeding cattle; a grating in a mill race, etc.

2. Unburned brick or tile, stacked up for drying.

Hack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hacked (hăkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hacking.] [OE. hakken, AS. haccian; akin to D. hakken, G. hacken, Dan. hakke, Sw. hacka, and perh. to E. hew. Cf. Hew to cut, Haggle.] 1. To cut irregulary, without skill or definite purpose; to notch; to mangle by repeated strokes of a cutting instrument; as, to hack a post.

My sword hacked like a handsaw.

Shak.

2. Fig.: To mangle in speaking. Shak.

Hack, v. i. To cough faintly and frequently, or in a short, broken manner; as, a hacking cough.

Hack, n. 1. A notch; a cut. Shak.

2. An implement for cutting a notch; a large pick used in breaking stone.

3. A hacking; a catch in speaking; a short, broken cough. Dr. H. More.

4. (Football) A kick on the shins. T. Hughes.

Hack saw, a handsaw having a narrow blade stretched in an iron frame, for cutting metal.

Hack (hăk), n. [Shortened fr. hackney. See Hackney.]

1. A horse, hackneyed or let out for common hire; also, a horse used in all kinds of work, or a saddle horse, as distinguished from hunting and carriage horses.

2. A coach or carriage let for hire; particularly, a coach with two seats inside facing each other; a hackney coach.

On horse, on foot, in hacks and gilded chariots.

Pope.

3. A bookmaker who hires himself out for any sort of literary work; an overworked man; a drudge.

Here lies poor Ned Purdon, from misery freed,
Who long was a bookseller’s hack.

Goldsmith.

4. A procuress.

Hack, a. Hackneyed; hired; mercenary. Wakefield.

Hack writer, a hack; one who writes for hire. “A vulgar hack writer.” Macaulay.

Hack, v. t. 1. To use as a hack; to let out for hire.

2. To use frequently and indiscriminately, so as to render trite and commonplace.

The word “remarkable” has been so hacked of late.

J. H. Newman.

Hack, v. i. 1. To be exposed or offered to common use for hire; to turn prostitute. Hanmer.

2. To live the life of a drudge or hack. Goldsmith.

Hack”a*more (-&adot;*mōr), n. [Cf. Sp. jaquima headstall of a halter.] A halter consisting of a long leather or rope strap and headstall, — used for leading or tieing a pack animal. [Western U. S.]

Hack”ber`ry (hăk”b&ebreve;r`r&ybreve;), n. (Bot.) A genus of trees (Celtis) related to the elm, but bearing drupes with scanty, but often edible, pulp. C. occidentalis is common in the Eastern United States. Gray.

Hack”bolt` (-bōlt`), n. (Zoöl.) The greater shearwater or hagdon. See Hagdon.

Hack”buss (-bŭs), n. Same as Hagbut.

Hack”ee (-ē), n. (Zoöl.) The chipmunk; also, the chickaree or red squirrel. [U. S.]

Hack”er (-&etilde;r), n. One who, or that which, hacks. Specifically: A cutting instrument for making notches; esp., one used for notching pine trees in collecting turpentine; a hack.

Hack”er*y (-&ybreve;), n. [Hind. chhakrā.] A cart with wooden wheels, drawn by bullocks. [Bengal] Malcom.

Hac”kle (hăk”k’l), n. [See Heckle, and cf. Hatchel.]

1. A comb for dressing flax, raw silk, etc.; a hatchel.

2. Any flimsy substance unspun, as raw silk.

3. One of the peculiar, long, narrow feathers on the neck of fowls, most noticeable on the cock, — often used in making artificial flies; hence, any feather so used.

4. An artificial fly for angling, made of feathers.

Hac”kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hackling (-kl&ibreve;ng).] 1. To separate, as the coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or hatchel.

2. To tear asunder; to break in pieces.

The other divisions of the kingdom being hackled and torn to pieces.

Burke.

Hac”kly (hăk”l&ybreve;), a. [From Hackle.] 1. Rough or broken, as if hacked.

2. (Min.) Having fine, short, and sharp points on the surface; as, the hackly fracture of metallic iron.

Hack”man (-man), n.; pl. Hackmen (-men). The driver of a hack or carriage for public hire.

Hack”ma*tack` (-m&adot;*tăk`), n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) The American larch (Larix Americana), a coniferous tree with slender deciduous leaves; also, its heavy, close-grained timber. Called also tamarack.

Hack”ney (-n&ybreve;), n.; pl. Hackneys (-n&ibreve;z). [OE. hakeney, hakenay; cf. F. haquenée a pacing horse, an ambling nag, OF. also haguenée, Sp. hacanea, OSp. facanea, D. hakkenei, also OF. haque horse, Sp. haca, OSp. faca; perh. akin to E. hack to cut, and nag, and orig. meaning, a jolting horse. Cf. Hack a horse, Nag.] 1. A horse for riding or driving; a nag; a pony. Chaucer.

2. A horse or pony kept for hire.

3. A carriage kept for hire; a hack; a hackney coach.

4. A hired drudge; a hireling; a prostitute.

Hack”ney, a. Let out for hire; devoted to common use; hence, much used; trite; mean; as, hackney coaches; hackney authors. “Hackney tongue.” Roscommon.

Hack”ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackneyed (-n&ibreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Hackneying.] 1. To devote to common or frequent use, as a horse or carriage; to wear out in common service; to make trite or commonplace; as, a hackneyed metaphor or quotation.

Had I so lavish of my presence been,
So common-hackneyed in the eyes of men.

Shak.

2. To carry in a hackney coach. Cowper.

Hack”ney*man (-măn), n.; pl. Hackneymen (-m&ebreve;n). A man who lets horses and carriages for hire.

Hack”ster (-st&etilde;r), n. [From Hack to cut.] A bully; a bravo; a ruffian; an assassin. [Obs.] Milton.

Hac”que*ton (hăk”k&esl;*t&obreve;n), n. Same as Acton. [Obs.]

Had (hăd), imp. & p. p. of Have. [OE. had, hafde, hefde, AS. hæfde.] See Have.

Had as lief, Had rather, Had better, Had as soon, etc., with a nominative and followed by the infinitive without to, are well established idiomatic forms. The original construction was that of the dative with forms of be, followed by the infinitive. See Had better, under Better.

And lever me is be pore and trewe.
[And more agreeable to me it is to be poor and true.]

C. Mundi (Trans.).

Him had been lever to be syke.
[To him it had been preferable to be sick.]

Fabian.

For him was lever have at his bed’s head
Twenty bookes, clad in black or red, . . .
Than robes rich, or fithel, or gay sawtrie.

Chaucer.

Gradually the nominative was substituted for the dative, and had for the forms of be. During the process of transition, the nominative with was or were, and the dative with had, are found.

Poor lady, she were better love a dream.

Shak.

You were best hang yourself.

Beau. & Fl.

Me rather had my heart might feel your love
Than my unpleased eye see your courtesy.

Shak.

I hadde levere than my scherte,
That ye hadde rad his legende, as have I.

Chaucer.

I had as lief not be as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.

Shak.

I had rather be a dog and bay the moon,
Than such a Roman.

Shak.

I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness.

Ps. lxxxiv. 10.

Had”der (hăd”d&etilde;r), n. Heather; heath. [Obs.] Burton.

Had”die (-d&ibreve;), n. (Zoöl.) The haddock. [Scot.]

Had”dock (-dŭk), n. [OE. hadok, haddok, of unknown origin; cf. Ir. codog, Gael. adag, F. hadot.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish (Melanogrammus æglefinus), allied to the cod, inhabiting the northern coasts of Europe and America. It has a dark lateral line and a black spot on each side of the body, just back of the gills. Galled also haddie, and dickie.

Norway haddock, a marine edible fish (Sebastes marinus) of Northern Europe and America. See Rose fish.

Hade (hād), n. [Cf. AS. heald inclined, bowed down, G. halde declivity.] 1. The descent of a hill. [Obs.]

2. (Mining) The inclination or deviation from the vertical of any mineral vein.

Hade, v. i. (Mining) To deviate from the vertical; — said of a vein, fault, or lode.

Ha”des (hā“dēz), n. [Gr. “a’,dhs, “A’idhs; ‘a priv. + ‘idei^n to see. Cf. Un-, Wit.] The nether world (according to classical mythology, the abode of the shades, ruled over by Hades or Pluto); the invisible world; the grave.

And death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them.

Rev. xx. 13 (Rev. Ver.).

Neither was he left in Hades, nor did his flesh see corruption.

Acts ii. 31 (Rev. Ver.).

And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torments.

Luke xvi. 23 (Rev. Ver.).

||Hadj (hăj), n. [Ar. hajj, fr. hajja to set out, walk, go on a pilgrimage.] The pilgrimage to Mecca, performed by Mohammedans.

Hadj”i (-&ibreve;), n. [Ar. hājjī. See Hadj.] 1. A Mohammedan pilgrim to Mecca; — used among Orientals as a respectful salutation or a title of honor. G. W. Curtis.

2. A Greek or Armenian who has visited the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem. Heyse.

||Had`ro*sau”rus (hăd`r&osl;*s&add;“rŭs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “adro`s thick + say^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) An American herbivorous dinosaur of great size, allied to the iguanodon. It is found in the Cretaceous formation.

Hæc*ce”i*ty (h&ebreve;k*sē”&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), [L. hæcce this.] (Logic) Literally, this-ness. A scholastic term to express individuality or singleness; as, this book.

Hæm”a- (h&ebreve;m”&adot;- or hē“m&adot;), Hæm”a*to (h&ebreve;m”&adot;*t&osl;- or hē“m&adot;*t&osl;), Hæm”o (h&ebreve;m”&osl;- or hē“m&osl;-). [Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood.] Combining forms indicating relation or resemblance to blood, association with blood; as, hæmapod, hæmatogenesis, hæmoscope.

&fist; Words from Gr. a”i^ma are written hema-, hemato-, hemo-, as well as hæma-, hæmato-, hæmo-.

Hæm”a*chrome (h&ebreve;m”&adot;*krōm or hē“m&adot;), n. [Hæma + Gr. chrw^ma color.] (Physiol. Chem.) Hematin.

Hæm`a*cy”a*nin (sī”&adot;*n&ibreve;n), n. [Hæma + Gr. ky`anos a dark blue substance.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance found in the blood of the octopus, which gives to it its blue color.

&fist; When deprived of oxygen it is colorless, but becomes quickly blue in contact with oxygen, and is then generally called oxyhæmacyanin. A similar blue coloring matter has been detected in small quantity in the blood of other animals and in the bile.

Hæm`a*cy*tom”e*ter (- s&isl;*t&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Hæma + Gr. ky`tos a hollow vessel + - meter.] (Physiol.) An apparatus for determining the number of corpuscles in a given quantity of blood.

Hæ“mad (hē“măd), adv. [Hæma- + L. ad toward.] (Anat.) Toward the hæmal side; on the hæmal side of; — opposed to neurad.

{ Hæm`a*drom”e*ter (h&ebreve;m`&adot;*dr&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r or hē`m&adot;- ), Hæm`a*dro*mom”e*ter (- dr&osl;*m&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), } n. Same as Hemadrometer.

{ Hæm`a*drom”e*try (- dr&obreve;m”&esl;*tr&ybreve;),Hæm`a*dro*mom”e*try (- dr&osl;*m&obreve;m”&esl;*tr&ybreve;), } n. Same as Hemadrometry.

Hæm`a*drom”o*graph (dr&obreve;m”&osl;*gr&adot;f), n. [Hæma + Gr. dro`mos course + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for registering the velocity of the blood.

Hæ`ma*dy*nam”e*ter (hē`m&adot;*d&isl;*năm”&esl;*t&etilde;r or h&ebreve;m`&adot;*d&ibreve;) Hæ`ma*dy`na*mom”e*ter (hē`m&adot;*dī`n&adot;*m&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r or h&ebreve;m`&adot;*d&ibreve;n`&adot;), Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hæma*dy*nam”ics (hē`m&adot;*d&isl;*năm”&ibreve;ks or h&ebreve;m`&adot;*d&ibreve;-), n. Same as Hemadynamics.

Hæ“mal (hē“mal), a. [Gr. a”i^ma blood.] Pertaining to the blood or blood vessels; also, ventral. See Hemal.

Hæm`a*phæ“in (h&ebreve;m`&adot;*fē”&ibreve;n or hē`m&adot;), n. [Hæma + Gr. faio`s dusky.] (Physiol.) A brownish substance sometimes found in the blood, in cases of jaundice.

Hæm”a*pod (h&ebreve;m”&adot;*p&obreve;d or hē“m&adot;*p&obreve;d), n. [Hæma + -pod.] (Zoöl.) An hæmapodous animal. G. Rolleston.

Hæ*map”o*dous (h&esl;*măp”&osl;*dŭs), a. (Anat.) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the ventral or hemal side, as in vertebrates; — opposed to neuropodous.

Hæm`a*poi*et”ic (h&ebreve;m`&adot;poi&ebreve;t”&ibreve;k or hē`m&adot;), a. [Hæma + Gr. poihtiko`s productive.] (Physiol.) Blood-forming; as, the hæmapoietic function of the spleen.

||Hæm`a*poph”y*sis (- p&obreve;f”&ibreve;*s&ibreve;s), n. [NL.] Same as Hemapophysis. — Hæm`a*po*phys”i*al (- p&osl;f&ibreve;z”&ibreve;al), a.

Hæm`a*stat”ics, n. Same as Hemastatics.

Hæm`a*ta*chom”e*ter (- t&adot;*k&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Hæma- + Gr. tachy`s swift + -meter.] (Physiol.) A form of apparatus (somewhat different from the hemadrometer) for measuring the velocity of the blood.

Hæm`a*ta*chom”e*try (-tr&ybreve;), n. (Physiol.) The measurement of the velocity of the blood.

Hæm`a*tem”e*sis, n. Same as Hematemesis.

Hæ*mat”ic (h&esl;*măt”&ibreve;k), a. [Gr. a”imatiko`s] Of or pertaining to the blood; sanguine; brownish red.

Hæmatic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a hypothetical acid, supposed to be formed from hemoglobin during its oxidation in the lungs, and to have the power of freeing carbonic acid from the sodium carbonate of the serum. Thudichum.

Hæm”a*tin, n. Same as Hematin.

Hæm`a*ti*nom”e*ter, n. Same as Hematinometer.

Hæm`a*tin`o*met”ric, a. Same as Hematinometric.

Hæm”a*tite, n. Same as Hematite.

Hæm`a*tit”ic (h&ebreve;m`&adot;*t&ibreve;t”&ibreve;k), a. (Zoöl.) Of a blood-red color; crimson; (Bot.) brownish red.

Hæm”a*to- (h&ebreve;m”&adot;*t&osl;- or hē”- ), prefix. See Hæma-.

Hæm”a*to*blast` (blăst`), n. [Hæmato + -blast.] (Anat.) One of the very minute, disk-shaped bodies found in blood with the ordinary red corpuscles and white corpuscles; a third kind of blood corpuscle, supposed by some to be an early stage in the development of the red corpuscles; — called also blood plaque, and blood plate.

||Hæm`a*toc”ry*a (t&obreve;k”r&ibreve;*&adot;), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The cold-blooded vertebrates. Same as Hematocrya.

Hæm`*a*toc”ry*al (-al), a. Cold-blooded.

Hæm`a*to*crys”tal*lin, n. Same as Hematocrystallin.

Hæ`ma*to*dy`na*mom”e*ter (hē`m&adot;*t&osl;*dī`n&adot;*m&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r or h&ebreve;m`&adot;*t&osl;*d&ibreve;n`&adot;-), n. Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hæm`a*to*gen”e*sis (h&ebreve;m`&adot;*t&osl;*j&ebreve;n”&esl;*s&ibreve;s or hē`m&adot;*t&osl;), n. [Hæmato + genesis.] (Physiol.) (a) The origin and development of blood. (b) The transformation of venous into arterial blood by respiration; hematosis.

Hæm`a*to*gen”ic (-j&ebreve;n”&ibreve;k), a. (Physiol.) Relating to hæmatogenesis.

Hæm`a*tog”e*nous (-t&obreve;j”&esl;*nŭs), a. (Physiol.) Originating in the blood.

Hæm`a*to*glob”u*lin, n. Same as Hematoglobulin.

Hæm”a*toid, a. Same as Hematoid.

Hæm`a*toid”in, n. Same as Hematoidin.

Hæ*mat”o*in (h&esl;măt”&osl;&ibreve;n), n. [Hæmato- + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance formed from the hematin of blood, by removal of the iron through the action of concentrated sulphuric acid. Two like bodies, called respectively hæmatoporphyrin and hæmatolin, are formed in a similar manner.

Hæ*mat”o*lin (-l&ibreve;n), n. See Hæmatoin.

Hæm`a*tol”o*gy (h&ebreve;m`&adot;*t&obreve;l”&osl;*j&ybreve; or hē`m&adot;-), n. The science which treats of the blood. Same as Hematology.

Hæm`a*tom”e*ter (t&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Hæmato + -meter.] (Physiol.) (a) Same as Hemadynamometer. (b) An instrument for determining the number of blood corpuscles in a given quantity of blood.

||Hæm`a*to*phi*li”na (- t&osl;*f&ibreve;*lī“n&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood +filei^n to love.] (Zoöl.) A division of Cheiroptera, including the bloodsucking bats. See Vampire.

Hæm”a*to*plast` (plăst`), n. [Hæmato + Gr. pla`ssein to mold.] (Anat.) Same as Hæmatoblast.

Hæm`a*to*plas”tic (plăs”t&ibreve;k), a. [Hæmato + -plastic.] (Physiol.) Blood formative; — applied to a substance in early fetal life, which breaks up gradually into blood vessels.

Hæm`a*to*por”phy*rin (- pôr”f&ibreve;*r&ibreve;n), n. [Hæmato- + Gr. porfy`ra purple.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Hæmatoin.

Hæm”a*to*sac` (săk`), n. [Hæmato + sac.] (Anat.) A vascular sac connected, beneath the brain, in many fishes, with the infundibulum.

Hæm”a*to*scope` (-skōp`), n. A hæmoscope.

Hæm`a*to”sin (h&ebreve;m`&adot;*tō“s&ibreve;n or h&esl;*măt”&osl;*s&ibreve;n), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Hematin. [R.]

||Hæm`a*to”sis, n. Same as Hematosis.

||Hæm`a*to*ther”ma (h&ebreve;m`&adot;*t&osl;*th&etilde;r”m&adot; or hē`m&adot;-), n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Hematotherma.

Hæm`a*to*ther”mal (-mal), a. Warm-blooded; homoiothermal.

Hæm`a*to*tho”rax, n. Same as Hemothorax.

Hæm`a*tox”y*lin (-t&obreve;ks”&ibreve;*l&ibreve;n), n. [See Hæmatoxylon.] (Chem.) The coloring principle of logwood. It is obtained as a yellow crystalline substance, C_16H_14O_6, with a sweetish taste. Formerly called also hematin.

||Hæm`a*tox”y*lon (-l&obreve;n), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma blood + xy`lon wood.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants containing but a single species, the H. Campechianum or logwood tree, native in Yucatan.

||Hæm`a*to*zo”ön (t&osl;*zō”&obreve;n), n.; pl. Hæmatozoa ( &adot;). [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) A parasite inhabiting the blood; esp.: (a) Certain species of nematodes of the genus Filaria, sometimes found in the blood of man, the horse, the dog, etc. (b) The trematode, Bilharzia hæmatobia, which infests the inhabitants of Egypt and other parts of Africa, often causing death.

Hæ“mic (hē“m&ibreve;k or h&ebreve;m”&ibreve;k), a. Pertaining to the blood; hemal.

Hæ“min (hā“m&ibreve;n), n. Same as Hemin.

Hæm”o- (h&ebreve;m”&osl;- or hē“m&osl;), prefix. See Hæma.

Hæm”o*chrome (-krōm), n. Same as Hæmachrome.

Hæm`o*chro”mo*gen (-krō“m&osl;*j&ebreve;n), n. [Hæmochrome + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body obtained from hemoglobin, by the action of reducing agents in the absence of oxygen.

Hæm`o*chro*mom”e*ter (- kr&osl;*m&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Hæmochrome + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) An apparatus for measuring the amount of hemoglobin in a fluid, by comparing it with a solution of known strength and of normal color.

Hæm`o*cy”a*nin (-sī”&adot;*n&ibreve;n), n. Same as Hæmacyanin.

||Hæm`o*cy*tol”y*sis (- s&isl;*t&obreve;l”&ibreve;*s&ibreve;s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma blood + ky`tos hollow vessel + ly`ein to loosen, dissolve.] (Physiol.) See Hæmocytotrypsis.

Hæm`o*cy*tom”e*ter, n. See Hæmacytometer.

||Hæm`o*cy`to*tryp”sis (- sī`t&osl;*tr&ibreve;p”s&ibreve;s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma blood + ky`tos hollow vessel + tri`bein to rub, grind.] (Physiol.) A breaking up of the blood corpuscles, as by pressure, in distinction from solution of the corpuscles, or hæmocytolysis.

Hæm`o*drom”o*graph, n. Same as Hæmadromograph.

Hæm`o*dro*mom”e*ter(- dr&osl;*m&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r),n.Same as Hemadrometer.

Hæ`mo*dy*nam”e*ter (hē`m&osl;*d&isl;*năm”&esl;*t&etilde;r or h&ebreve;m`&osl;*d&ibreve;-), n. Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hæ`mo*dy*nam”ics,n.Same as Hemadynamics.

Hæm`o*glo”bin, n. Same as Hemoglobin.

Hæm`o*glo`bin*om”e*ter (- &obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Hæmoglobin + -meter.] Same as Hemochromometer.

Hæm`o*lu”te*in (lū“t&esl;*&ibreve;n), n. [Hæmo + corpus luteum.] (Physiol.) See Hematoidin.

Hæm`o*ma*nom”e*ter (- m&adot;*n&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Hæmo- + manometer.] Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hæ*mom”e*ter (h&esl;*m&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Hæmo- + -meter.] (Physiol.) Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hæ“mo*ny (hē“m&osl;*n&ybreve;), n. [L. Hæmonia a name of Thessaly, the land of magic.] A plant described by Milton as “of sovereign use against all enchantments.”

Hæm`o*plas”tic, a. Same as Hæmatoplastic.

Hæm”or*rhoid”al, a. Same as Hemorrhoidal.

Hæm”o*scope (h&ebreve;m”&osl;*skōp or hē“m&osl;), n. [Hæmo + - scope.] (Physiol.) An instrument devised by Hermann, for regulating and measuring the thickness of a layer of blood for spectroscopic examination.

Hæm`o*stat”ic (-stăt”&ibreve;k), a. Same as Hemostatic.

Hæm`o*ta*chom”e*ter (- t&adot;*k&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. Same as Hæmatachometer.

Hæm`o*ta*chom”e*try (-tr&ybreve;), n. Same as Hæmatachometry.

Haf (häf), imp. of Heave. Hove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Haf”fle (hăf”f’l), v. i. [Cf. G. haften to cling, stick to, Prov. G., to stop, stammer.] To stammer; to speak unintelligibly; to prevaricate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Haft (h&adot;ft), n. [AS. hæft; akin to D. & G. heft, Icel. hepti, and to E. heave, or have. Cf. Heft.] 1. A handle; that part of an instrument or vessel taken into the hand, and by which it is held and used; — said chiefly of a knife, sword, or dagger; the hilt.

This brandish’d dagger
I’ll bury to the haft in her fair breast.

Dryden.

2. A dwelling. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Haft, v. t. To set in, or furnish with, a haft; as, to haft a dagger.

Haft”er (-&etilde;r), n. [Cf. G. haften to cling or stick to, and E. haffle.] A caviler; a wrangler. [Obs.] Baret.

Hag (hăg), n. [OE. hagge, hegge, witch, hag, AS. hægtesse; akin to OHG. hagazussa, G. hexe, D. heks, Dan. hex, Sw. häxa. The first part of the word is prob. the same as E. haw, hedge, and the orig. meaning was perh., wood woman, wild woman. √12.] 1. A witch, sorceress, or enchantress; also, a wizard. [Obs.] “[Silenus] that old hag.” Golding.

2. An ugly old woman.Dryden.

3. A fury; a she-monster. Crashaw.

4. (Zoöl.) An eel-like marine marsipobranch (Myxine glutinosa), allied to the lamprey. It has a suctorial mouth, with labial appendages, and a single pair of gill openings. It is the type of the order Hyperotreta. Called also hagfish, borer, slime eel, sucker, and sleepmarken.

5. (Zoöl.) The hagdon or shearwater.

6. An appearance of light and fire on a horse’s mane or a man’s hair. Blount.

Hag moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Phobetron pithecium), the larva of which has curious side appendages, and feeds on fruit trees. — Hag’s tooth (Naut.), an ugly irregularity in the pattern of matting or pointing.

Hag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hagged (hăgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hagging.] To harass; to weary with vexation.

How are superstitious men hagged out of their wits with the fancy of omens.

L’Estrange.

Hag, n. [Scot. hag to cut; cf. E. hack.] 1. A small wood, or part of a wood or copse, which is marked off or inclosed for felling, or which has been felled.

This said, he led me over hoults and hags;
Through thorns and bushes scant my legs I drew.

Fairfax.

2. A quagmire; mossy ground where peat or turf has been cut. Dugdale.

Hag”ber`ry (hăg”b&ebreve;r`r&ybreve;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Prunus (P. Padus); the bird cherry. [Scot.]

Hag”born` (-bôrn`), a. Born of a hag or witch. Shak.

Hag”but (-bŭt), n. [OF. haquebute, prob. a corruption of D. haakbus; haak hook + bus gun barrel. See Hook, and 2d Box, and cf. Arquebus.] A harquebus, of which the but was bent down or hooked for convenience in taking aim. [Written also haguebut and hackbuss.]

Hag”but*ter (hăg”bŭt*t&etilde;r), n. A soldier armed with a hagbut or arquebus. [Written also hackbutter.] Froude.

Hag”don (hăg”d&obreve;n), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds of the genus Puffinus; esp., P. major, the greater shearwarter, and P. Stricklandi, the black hagdon or sooty shearwater; — called also hagdown, haglin, and hag. See Shearwater.

Hag”fish`(- f&ibreve;sh`),n.(Zoöl.) See Hag, 4.

Hag*ga”da (hăg*gä“d&adot;), n.; pl. Haggadoth (- dōth). [Rabbinic haggādhā, fr. Heb. higgīdh to relate.] A story, anecdote, or legend in the Talmud, to explain or illustrate the text of the Old Testament. [Written also hagada.]

Hag”gard (hăg”g&etilde;rd), a. [F. hagard; of German origin, and prop. meaning, of the hegde or woods, wild, untamed. See Hedge, 1st Haw, and - ard.] 1. Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty; untamed; as, a haggard or refractory hawk. [Obs.] Shak.

2. [For hagged, fr. hag a witch, influenced by haggard wild.] Having the expression of one wasted by want or suffering; hollow-eyed; having the features distorted or wasted by pain; wild and wasted, or anxious in appearance; as, haggard features, eyes.

Staring his eyes, and haggard was his look.

Dryden.

Hag”gard, n. [See Haggard, a.] 1. (Falconry) A young or untrained hawk or falcon.

2. A fierce, intractable creature.

I have loved this proud disdainful haggard.

Shak.

3. [See Haggard, a., 2.] A hag. [Obs.] Garth.

Hag”gard, n. [See 1st Haw, Hedge, and Yard an inclosed space.] A stackyard. [Prov. Eng.] Swift.

Hag”gard*ly, adv. In a haggard manner. Dryden.

Hag”ged (-g&ebreve;d), a. Like a hag; lean; ugly. [R.]

Hag”gis (-g&ibreve;s), n. [Scot. hag to hack, chop, E. hack. Formed, perhaps, in imitation of the F. hachis (E. hash), fr. hacher.] A Scotch pudding made of the heart, liver, lights, etc., of a sheep or lamb, minced with suet, onions, oatmeal, etc., highly seasoned, and boiled in the stomach of the same animal; minced head and pluck. [Written also haggiss, haggess, and haggies.]

Hag”gish (-g&ibreve;sh), a. Like a hag; ugly; wrinkled.

But on us both did haggish age steal on.

Shak.

Hag”gish*ly, adv. In the manner of a hag.

Hag”gle (hăg”g’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haggled (-g’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Haggling (-gl&ibreve;ng).] [Freq. of Scot. hag, E. hack. See Hack to cut.] To cut roughly or hack; to cut into small pieces; to notch or cut in an unskillful manner; to make rough or mangle by cutting; as, a boy haggles a stick of wood.

Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled o’er,
Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteeped.

Shak.

Hag”gle, v. i. To be difficult in bargaining; to stick at small matters; to chaffer; to higgle.

Royalty and science never haggled about the value of blood.

Walpole.

Hag”gle, n. The act or process of haggling. Carlyle.

Hag”gler (hăg”gl&etilde;r), n. 1. One who haggles or is difficult in bargaining.

2. One who forestalls a market; a middleman between producer and dealer in London vegetable markets.

Ha”gi*ar`chy (hā“j&ibreve;*är`k&ybreve;), n. [Gr. “a`gios sacred, holy + - archy.] A sacred government; government by holy orders of men. Southey.

Ha`gi*oc”ra*cy (-&obreve;k”r&adot;*s&ybreve;), n. [Gr. “a`gios holy, and kratei^n to govern.] Government by a priesthood; hierarchy.

||Ha`gi*og”ra*pha (-&obreve;g”r&adot;*f&adot;), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. “agio`grafa (sc. bibli`a), fr. “agio`grafos written by inspiration; “a`gios sacred, holy + gra`fein to write.] 1. The last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, or that portion not contained in the Law and the Prophets. It comprises Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles.

2. (R. C. Ch.) The lives of the saints. Brande & C.

Ha`gi*og”ra*phal (-fal), Pertaining to the hagiographa, or to sacred writings.

Ha`gi*og”ra*pher (-f&etilde;r), n. One of the writers of the hagiographa; a writer of lives of the saints. Shipley.

Ha`gi*og”ra*phy (-f&ybreve;; 277), n. Same as Hagiographa.

Ha`gi*ol”a*try (-&obreve;l”&adot;*tr&ybreve;), n. [Gr. “a`gios sacred + latrei`a worship.] The invocation or worship of saints.

Ha`gi*ol”o*gist (-&osl;*j&ibreve;st), n. One who treats of the sacred writings; a writer of the lives of the saints; a hagiographer. Tylor.

Hagiologists have related it without scruple.

Southey.

Ha`gi*ol”o*gy (-j&ybreve;), n. [Gr. “a`gios sacred + -logy.] The history or description of the sacred writings or of sacred persons; a narrative of the lives of the saints; a catalogue of saints. J. H. Newman.

Ha”gi*o*scope` (hā“j&ibreve;*&osl;*skōp`), n. [Gr. “a`gios sacred + -scope.] An opening made in the interior walls of a cruciform church to afford a view of the altar to those in the transepts; — called, in architecture, a squint. Hook.

Hag”-rid`den (hăg”r&ibreve;d`d’n), a. Ridden by a hag or witch; hence, afflicted with nightmare. Beattie. Cheyne.

Hag”seed` (hăg”sēd), n. The offspring of a hag. Shak.

Hag”ship, n. The state or title of a hag. Middleton.

Hag”-ta`per (-tā`p&etilde;r), n. [Cf. 1st Hag, and Hig-taper.] (Bot.) The great woolly mullein (Verbascum Thapsus).

Hague”but (hăg”bŭt), n. See Hagbut.

Hah (hä), interj. Same as Ha.

Ha-ha” (hä*hä”), n. [See Haw-haw.] A sunk fence; a fence, wall, or ditch, not visible till one is close upon it. [Written also haw- haw.]

Hai”ding*er*ite (hī“d&ibreve;ng*&etilde;r*īt), n. (Min.) A mineral consisting chiefly of the arseniate of lime; — so named in honor of W. Haidinger, of Vienna.

Hai”duck (hī“d&usdot;k), n. [G. haiduck, heiduck, fr. Hung. hajdu.] Formerly, a mercenary foot soldier in Hungary, now, a halberdier of a Hungarian noble, or an attendant in German or Hungarian courts. [Written also hayduck, haiduk, heiduc, heyduck, and heyduk.]

||Haik (hāk; Ar. hä*&esl;k), n. [Ar. hāïk, fr. hāka to weave.] A large piece of woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs as an outer garment. [Written also hyke.] Heyse.

||Hai”kal (hī“kal), n. The central chapel of the three forming the sanctuary of a Coptic church. It contains the high altar, and is usually closed by an embroidered curtain.

Hail (hāl), n. [OE. hail, ha&yogh;el, AS. hægel, hagol; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. hagel; Icel. hagl; cf. Gr. ka`chlhx pebble.] Small roundish masses of ice precipitated from the clouds, where they are formed by the congelation of vapor. The separate masses or grains are called hailstones.

Thunder mixed with hail,
Hail mixed with fire, must rend the Egyptian sky.

Milton.

Hail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hailed (hāld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hailing.] [OE. hailen, AS. hagalian.] To pour down particles of ice, or frozen vapors.

Hail, v. t. To pour forcibly down, as hail. Shak.

Hail, a. Healthy. See Hale (the preferable spelling).

Hail, v. t. [OE. hailen, heilen, Icel. heill hale, sound, used in greeting. See Hale sound.] 1. To call loudly to, or after; to accost; to salute; to address.

2. To name; to designate; to call.

And such a son as all men hailed me happy.

Milton.

Hail, v. i. 1. To declare, by hailing, the port from which a vessel sails or where she is registered; hence, to sail; to come; — used with from; as, the steamer hails from New York.

2. To report as one’s home or the place from whence one comes; to come; — with from. [Colloq.] C. G. Halpine.

Hail, interj. [See Hail, v. t.] An exclamation of respectful or reverent salutation, or, occasionally, of familiar greeting. “Hail, brave friend.” Shak.

All hail. See in the Vocabulary. — Hail Mary, a form of prayer made use of in the Roman Catholic Church in invocation of the Virgin. See Ave Maria.

Hail, n. A wish of health; a salutation; a loud call. “Their puissant hail.” M. Arnold.

The angel hail bestowed.

Milton.

Hail”-fel`low (-f&ebreve;l`l&osl;), n. An intimate companion.

Hail-fellow well met.

Lyly.

Hailse (hāls), v. t. [OE. hailsen, Icel. heilsa. Cf. Hail to call to.] To greet; to salute. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Hail”shot` (hāl”sh&obreve;t`), n. pl. Small shot which scatter like hailstones. [Obs.] Hayward.

Hail”stone` (-stōn`), n. A single particle of ice falling from a cloud; a frozen raindrop; a pellet of hail.

Hail”storm` (-stôrm`), n. A storm accompanied with hail; a shower of hail.

Hail”y (-&ybreve;), a. Of hail. “Haily showers.” Pope.

Hain (hān), v. t. [Cf. Sw. hägn hedge, inclosure, Dan. hegn hedge, fence. See Hedge.] To inclose for mowing; to set aside for grass. “A ground . . . hained in.” Holland.

Hain’t (hānt). A contraction of have not or has not; as, I hain’t, he hain’t, we hain’t. [Colloq. or illiterate speech.] [Written also han’t.]

Hair (hâr), n. [OE. her, heer, hær, AS. h&aemacr;r; akin to OFries. hēr, D. & G. haar, OHG. & Icel. hār, Dan. haar, Sw. hår; cf. Lith. kasa.] 1. The collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.

2. One the above-mentioned filaments, consisting, in vertebrate animals, of a long, tubular part which is free and flexible, and a bulbous root imbedded in the skin.

Then read he me how Sampson lost his hairs.

Chaucer.

And draweth new delights with hoary hairs.

Spenser.

3. Hair (human or animal) used for various purposes; as, hair for stuffing cushions.

4. (Zoöl.) A slender outgrowth from the chitinous cuticle of insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Such hairs are totally unlike those of vertebrates in structure, composition, and mode of growth.

5. (Bot.) An outgrowth of the epidermis, consisting of one or of several cells, whether pointed, hooked, knobbed, or stellated. Internal hairs occur in the flower stalk of the yellow frog lily (Nuphar).

6. A spring device used in a hair-trigger firearm.

7. A haircloth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

8. Any very small distance, or degree; a hairbreadth.

&fist; Hairs is often used adjectively or in combination; as, hairbrush or hair brush, hair dye, hair oil, hairpin, hair powder, a brush, a dye, etc., for the hair.

Against the hair, in a rough and disagreeable manner; against the grain. [Obs.] “You go against the hair of your professions.” Shak. — Hair bracket (Ship Carp.), a molding which comes in at the back of, or runs aft from, the figurehead. — Hair cells (Anat.), cells with hairlike processes in the sensory epithelium of certain parts of the internal ear. — Hair compass, Hair divider, a compass or divider capable of delicate adjustment by means of a screw. — Hair glove, a glove of horsehair for rubbing the skin. — Hair lace, a netted fillet for tying up the hair of the head. Swift. — Hair line, a line made of hair; a very slender line. — Hair moth (Zoöl.), any moth which destroys goods made of hair, esp. Tinea biselliella. — Hair pencil, a brush or pencil made of fine hair, for painting; — generally called by the name of the hair used; as, a camel’s hair pencil, a sable’s hair pencil, etc. – - Hair plate, an iron plate forming the back of the hearth of a bloomery fire. — Hair powder, a white perfumed powder, as of flour or starch, formerly much used for sprinkling on the hair of the head, or on wigs. — Hair seal (Zoöl.), any one of several species of eared seals which do not produce fur; a sea lion. — Hair seating, haircloth for seats of chairs, etc. — Hair shirt, a shirt, or a band for the loins, made of horsehair, and worn as a penance. — Hair sieve, a strainer with a haircloth bottom. — Hair snake. See Gordius. — Hair space (Printing), the thinnest metal space used in lines of type. — Hair stroke, a delicate stroke in writing. — Hair trigger, a trigger so constructed as to discharge a firearm by a very slight pressure, as by the touch of a hair. Farrow. — Not worth a hair, of no value. — To a hair, with the nicest distinction. — To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety.

Hair”bell` (hâr”b&ebreve;l`), n. (Bot.) See Harebell.

Hair”bird` (-b&etilde;rd), n. (Zoöl.) The chipping sparrow.

Hair”brained` (-brānd`), a. See Harebrained.

Hair”breadth` (-br&ebreve;dth), Hair’s” breadth` (hârz”). The diameter or breadth of a hair; a very small distance; sometimes, definitely, the forty-eighth part of an inch.

Every one could sling stones at an hairbreadth and not miss.

Judg. xx. 16.

Hair”breadth`, a. Having the breadth of a hair; very narrow; as, a hairbreadth escape.

Hair”-brown` (-broun`), a. Of a clear tint of brown, resembling brown human hair. It is composed of equal proportions of red and green.

Hair”brush` (-brŭsh`), n. A brush for cleansing and smoothing the hair.

Hair”cloth` (-kl&obreve;th`), n. Stuff or cloth made wholly or in part of hair.

Hair”dress`er (-dr&ebreve;s`&etilde;r), n. One who dresses or cuts hair; a barber.

Haired (hârd), a. 1. Having hair. “A beast haired like a bear.” Purchas.

2. In composition: Having (such) hair; as, red-haired.

Hai”ren (hâr”en), a. [AS. h&aemacr;ren.] Hairy. [Obs.]

His hairen shirt and his ascetic diet.

J. Taylor.

Hair” grass` (gr&adot;s`). (Bot.) A grass with very slender leaves or branches; as the Agrostis scabra, and several species of Aira or Deschampsia.

Hair”i*ness (-&ibreve;*n&ebreve;s), n. The state of abounding, or being covered, with hair. Johnson.

Hair”less, a. Destitute of hair. Shak.

Hair”pin` (-p&ibreve;n`), n. A pin, usually forked, or of bent wire, for fastening the hair in place, — used by women.

Hair”-salt` (-s&add;lt`), n. [A translation of G. haarsalz.] (Min.) A variety of native Epsom salt occurring in silky fibers.

Hair”split`ter (-spl&ibreve;t`t&etilde;r), n. One who makes excessively nice or needless distinctions in reasoning; one who quibbles. “The caviling hairsplitter.” De Quincey.

Hair”split`ting (-t&ibreve;ng), a. Making excessively nice or trivial distinctions in reasoning; subtle. — n. The act or practice of making trivial distinctions.

The ancient hairsplitting technicalities of special pleading.

Charles Sumner.

Hair”spring` (-spr&ibreve;ng`), n. (Horology) The slender recoil spring which regulates the motion of the balance in a timepiece.

Hair”streak` (-strēk`), n. A butterfly of the genus Thecla; as, the green hairstreak (T. rubi).

Hair”tail` (-tāl`), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of marine fishes of the genus Trichiurus; esp., T. lepturus of Europe and America. They are long and like a band, with a slender, pointed tail. Called also bladefish.

Hair” worm` (wûrm`). (Zoöl.) A nematoid worm of the genus Gordius, resembling a hair. See Gordius.

Hair”y (-&ybreve;), a. Bearing or covered with hair; made of or resembling hair; rough with hair; hirsute.

His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge.

Milton.

Hai”ti*an (hā“t&ibreve;*an), a. & n. See Haytian.

Ha”je (hä“j&esl;), n. [Ar. hayya snake.] (Zoöl.) The Egyptian asp or cobra (Naja haje.) It is related to the cobra of India, and like the latter has the power of inflating its neck into a hood. Its bite is very venomous. It is supposed to be the snake by means of whose bite Cleopatra committed suicide, and hence is sometimes called Cleopatra’s snake or asp. See Asp.

Hake (hāk), n. [See Hatch a half door.] A drying shed, as for unburned tile.

Hake, n. [Also haak.] [Akin to Norweg. hakefisk, lit., hook fish, Prov. E. hake hook, G. hecht pike. See Hook.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of marine gadoid fishes, of the genera Phycis, Merlucius, and allies. The common European hake is M. vulgaris; the American silver hake or whiting is M. bilinearis. Two American species (Phycis chuss and P. tenius) are important food fishes, and are also valued for their oil and sounds. Called also squirrel hake, and codling.

Hake (hāk), v. i. To loiter; to sneak. [Prov. Eng.]

Hake’s”-dame` (hāks”dām`), n. See Forkbeard.

Hak”e*ton (hăk”&esl;*t&obreve;n), n. Same as Acton. [Obs.]

||Ha*kim” (h&adot;*kēm”), n. [Ar. hakīm.] A wise man; a physician, esp. a Mohammedan. [India]

||Ha”kim (hä“kēm), n. [Ar. hākim.] A Mohammedan title for a ruler; a judge. [India]

Ha*la”cha (h&adot;*lä“k&adot;), n.; pl. Halachoth (- kōth). [Heb. halāchāh.] The general term for the Hebrew oral or traditional law; one of two branches of exposition in the Midrash. See Midrash.

Ha*la”tion (h&asl;*lā“shŭn), n. (Photog.) An appearance as of a halo of light, surrounding the edges of dark objects in a photographic picture.

Hal”berd (h&obreve;l”b&etilde;rd; 277), n. [F. hallebarde; of German origin; cf. MHG. helmbarte, G. hellebarte; prob. orig., an ax to split a helmet, fr. G. barte a broad ax (orig. from the same source as E. beard; cf. Icel. barða, a kind of ax, skegg beard, skeggja a kind of halberd) + helm helmet; but cf. also MHG. helm, halm, handle, and E. helve. See Beard, Helmet.] (Mil.) An ancient long-handled weapon, of which the head had a point and several long, sharp edges, curved or straight, and sometimes additional points. The heads were sometimes of very elaborate form. [Written also halbert.]

Hal`berd*ier” (h&obreve;`b&etilde;rd*ēr”), n. [F. hallebardier.] One who is armed with a halberd. Strype.

Hal”berd-shaped` (-shāpt`), a. Hastate.

Hal”cy*on (hăl”s&ibreve;*&obreve;n), n. [L. halcyon, alcyon, Gr. “alkyw`n, ‘alkyw`n: cf. F. halcyon.] (Zoöl.) A kingfisher. By modern ornithologists restricted to a genus including a limited number of species having omnivorous habits, as the sacred kingfisher (Halcyon sancta) of Australia.

Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be
As halcyons brooding on a winter sea.

Dryden.

Hal”cy*on, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, the halcyon, which was anciently said to lay her eggs in nests on or near the sea during the calm weather about the winter solstice.

2. Hence: Calm; quiet; peaceful; undisturbed; happy. “Deep, halcyon repose.” De Quincy.

Hal`cy*o”ni*an (hăl`s&ibreve;ō“n&ibreve;an), a. Halcyon; calm.

Hal”cy*o*noid (hăl”s&ibreve;*&osl;*noid), a. & n. [Halcyon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) See Alcyonoid.

Hale (hāl), a. [Written also hail.] [OE. heil, Icel. heill; akin to E. whole. See Whole.] Sound; entire; healthy; robust; not impaired; as, a hale body.

Last year we thought him strong and hale.

Swift.

Hale, n. Welfare. [Obs.]

All heedless of his dearest hale.

Spenser.

Hale (hāl or h&add;l; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haled (hāld or h&add;ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Haling.] [OE. halen, halien; cf. AS. holian, to acquire, get. See Haul.] To pull; to drag; to haul. See Haul. Chaucer.

Easier both to freight, and to hale ashore.

Milton.

As some dark priest hales the reluctant victim.

Shelley.

||Ha*le”si*a (h&adot;lē“zh&ibreve;&adot;), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of American shrubs containing several species, called snowdrop trees, or silver-bell trees. They have showy, white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels.

Half (häf), a. [AS. healf, half, half; as a noun, half, side, part; akin to OS., OFries., & D. half, G. halb, Sw. half, Dan. halv, Icel. hālfr, Goth. halbs. Cf. Halve, Behalf.] 1. Consisting of a moiety, or half; as, a half bushel; a half hour; a half dollar; a half view.

&fist; The adjective and noun are often united to form a compound.

2. Consisting of some indefinite portion resembling a half; approximately a half, whether more or less; partial; imperfect; as, a half dream; half knowledge.

Assumed from thence a half consent.

Tennyson.

Half ape (Zoöl.), a lemur. — Half back. (Football) See under 2d Back. — Half bent, the first notch, for the sear point to enter, in the tumbler of a gunlock; the halfcock notch. — Half binding, a style of bookbinding in which only the back and corners are in leather. — Half boarder, one who boards in part; specifically, a scholar at a boarding school who takes dinner only. — Half-breadth plan (Shipbuilding), a horizontal plan of one half a vessel, divided lengthwise, showing the lines. — Half cadence (Mus.), a cadence on the dominant. — Half cap, a slight salute with the cap. [Obs.] Shak. — At half cock, the position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch. — Half hitch, a sailor’s knot in a rope; half of a clove hitch. — Half hose, short stockings; socks. — Half measure, an imperfect or weak line of action. — Half note (Mus.), a minim, one half of a semibreve. — Half pay, half of the wages or salary; reduced pay; as, an officer on half pay. — Half price, half the ordinary price; or a price much reduced. — Half round. (a) (Arch.) A molding of semicircular section. (b) (Mech.) Having one side flat and the other rounded; — said of a file. — Half shift (Mus.), a position of the hand, between the open position and the first shift, in playing on the violin and kindred instruments. See Shift. — Half step (Mus.), a semitone; the smallest difference of pitch or interval, used in music. — Half tide, the time or state of the tide equally distant from ebb and flood. — Half time, half the ordinary time for work or attendance; as, the half-time system. — Half tint (Fine Arts), a middle or intermediate tint, as in drawing or painting. See Demitint. — Half truth, a statement only partially true, or which gives only a part of the truth. Mrs. Browning. — Half year, the space of six months; one term of a school when there are two terms in a year.

Half, adv. In an equal part or degree; in some part approximating a half; partially; imperfectly; as, half-colored, half done, half-hearted, half persuaded, half conscious. “Half loth and half consenting.” Dryden.

Their children spoke halfin the speech of Ashdod.

Neh. xiii. 24.

Half (häf), n.; pl. Halves (hävz). [AS. healf. See Half, a.] 1. Part; side; behalf. [Obs.] Wyclif.

The four halves of the house.

Chaucer.

2. One of two equal parts into which anything may be divided, or considered as divided; — sometimes followed by of; as, a half of an apple.

Not half his riches known, and yet despised.

Milton.

A friendship so complete
Portioned in halves between us.

Tennyson.

Better half. See under Better. – - In half, in two; an expression sometimes used improperly instead of in or into halves; as, to cut in half. [Colloq.] Dickens. — In, or On, one’s half, in one’s behalf; on one’s part. [Obs.] — To cry halves, to claim an equal share with another. — To go halves, to share equally between two.

Half, v. t. To halve. [Obs.] See Halve. Sir H. Wotton.

Half`-and-half”, n. A mixture of two malt liquors, esp. porter and ale, in about equal parts. Dickens.

Half”beak` (häf”bēk`), n. (Zoöl.) Any slender, marine fish of the genus Hemirhamphus, having the upper jaw much shorter than the lower; — called also balahoo.

Half” blood` (blŭd). 1. The relation between persons born of the same father or of the same mother, but not of both; as, a brother or sister of the half blood. See Blood, n., 2 and 4.

2. A person so related to another.

3. A person whose father and mother are of different races; a half-breed.

&fist; In the 2d and 3d senses usually with a hyphen.

Half”-blood`ed, a. 1. Proceeding from a male and female of different breeds or races; having only one parent of good stock; as, a half-blooded sheep.

2. Degenerate; mean. Shak.

Half”-boot` (-b&oomac;t`), n. A boot with a short top covering only the ankle. See Cocker, and Congress boot, under Congress.

Half”-bound` (-bound`), n. Having only the back and corners in leather, as a book.

Half”-bred` (-br&ebreve;d`), a. 1. Half-blooded. [Obs.]

2. Imperfectly acquainted with the rules of good-breeding; not well trained. Atterbury.

Half”-breed` (-brēd`), a. Half-blooded.

Half”-breed`, n. A person who is half-blooded; the offspring of parents of different races, especially of the American Indian and the white race.

Half”-broth`er (-brŭth`&etilde;r), n. A brother by one parent, but not by both.

Half”-caste` (-k&adot;st), n. One born of a European parent on the one side, and of a Hindoo or Mohammedan on the other. Also adjective; as, half-caste parents.

Half”-clammed` (-klămd`), a. Half-filled. [Obs.]

Lions’ half-clammed entrails roar for food.

Marston.

Half”cock` (-k&obreve;k`), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halfcocked(-k&obreve;kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Halfcocking.] To set the cock of (a firearm) at the first notch.

To go off halfcocked. (a) To be discharged prematurely, or with the trigger at half cock; — said of a firearm. (b) To do or say something without due thought or care. [Colloq. or Low]

Half”-cracked` (-krăkt`), a. Half-demented; half-witted. [Colloq.]

Half”-deck` (-d&ebreve;k`), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A shell of the genus Crepidula; a boat shell. See Boat shell.

2. See Half deck, under Deck.

Half”-decked` (-d&ebreve;kt), a. Partially decked.

The half-decked craft . . . used by the latter Vikings.

Elton.

Half”en (-‘n), a. [From Half.] Wanting half its due qualities. [Obs.] Spenser.

Half”en*deal` (-‘n*dēl`), adv. [OE. halfendele. See Half, and Deal.] Half; by the half part. [Obs.] Chaucer. — n. A half part. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

Half”er (-&etilde;r), n. 1. One who possesses or gives half only; one who shares. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

2. A male fallow deer gelded. Pegge (1814).

Half”-faced` (-fāst`), a. Showing only part of the face; wretched looking; meager. Shak.

Half”-fish` (-f&ibreve;sh`), n. (Zoöl.) A salmon in its fifth year of growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Half”-hatched` (-hăcht`), a. Imperfectly hatched; as, half-hatched eggs. Gay.

Half”-heard` (-h&etilde;rd`), a. Imperfectly or partly heard; not heard to the end.

And leave half-heard the melancholy tale.

Pope.

Half”-heart`ed (-härt`&ebreve;d), a. 1. Wanting in heart or spirit; ungenerous; unkind. B. Jonson.

2. Lacking zeal or courage; lukewarm. H. James.

Half”-hour`ly (-our`l&ybreve;), a. Done or happening at intervals of half an hour.

Half”-learned` (häf”l&etilde;rnd`), a. Imperfectly learned.

Half”-length` (-l&ebreve;ngth`), a. Of half the whole or ordinary length, as a picture.

Half”-mast` (-m&adot;st`), n. A point some distance below the top of a mast or staff; as, a flag a half-mast (a token of mourning, etc.).

Half”-moon` (-m&oomac;n`), n. 1. The moon at the quarters, when half its disk appears illuminated.

2. The shape of a half-moon; a crescent.

See how in warlike muster they appear,
In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings.

Milton.

3. (Fort.) An outwork composed of two faces, forming a salient angle whose gorge resembles a half-moon; — now called a ravelin.

4. (Zoöl.) A marine, sparoid, food fish of California (Cæsiosoma Californiense). The body is ovate, blackish above, blue or gray below. Called also medialuna.

Half”ness (häf”n&ebreve;s), n. The quality of being half; incompleteness. [R.]

As soon as there is any departure from simplicity, and attempt at halfness, or good for me that is not good for him, my neighbor feels the wrong.

Emerson.

Half”pace` (-pās`), n. (Arch.) A platform of a staircase where the stair turns back in exactly the reverse direction of the lower flight. See Quarterpace.

&fist; This term and quarterpace are rare or unknown in the United States, platform or landing being used instead.

Half”pen*ny(hā“p&ebreve;n*n&ybreve; or häf”; 277),n.;pl. Half-pence (- pens) or Half-pennies(- p&ebreve;n*n&ibreve;z). An English coin of the value of half a penny; also, the value of half a penny.

Half”-pike` (häf”pīk`), n. (Mil.) A short pike, sometimes carried by officers of infantry, sometimes used in boarding ships; a spontoon. Tatler.

Half”-port` (-pōrt`), n. (Naut.) One half of a shutter made in two parts for closing a porthole.

Half”-ray` (-rā`), n. (Geom.) A straight line considered as drawn from a center to an indefinite distance in one direction, the complete ray being the whole line drawn to an indefinite distance in both directions.

Half”-read` (-r&ebreve;d`), a. Informed by insufficient reading; superficial; shallow. Dryden.

Half” seas` o”ver (sēz` ō“v&etilde;r). Half drunk. [Slang: used only predicatively.] Spectator.

Half”-sight`ed (-sīt`&ebreve;d), a. Seeing imperfectly; having weak discernment. Bacon.

Half”-sis`ter (-s&ibreve;s`t&etilde;r), n. A sister by one parent only.

Half”-strained` (-strānd`), a. Half-bred; imperfect. [R.] “A half-strained villain.” Dryden.

Half”-sword` (sōrd`), n. Half the length of a sword; close fight. “At half sword.” Shak.

Half”-tim`bered (-t&ibreve;m`b&etilde;rd), a. (Arch.) Constructed of a timber frame, having the spaces filled in with masonry; — said of buildings.

Half”-tongue` (-tŭng`), n. (O. Law) A jury, for the trial of a foreigner, composed equally of citizens and aliens.

Half”way` (häf”wā`), adv. In the middle; at half the distance; imperfectly; partially; as, he halfway yielded.

Temples proud to meet their gods halfway.

Young.

Half”way`, a. Equally distant from the extremes; situated at an intermediate point; midway.

Halfway covenant, a practice among the Congregational churches of New England, between 1657 and 1662, of permitting baptized persons of moral life and orthodox faith to enjoy all the privileges of church membership, save the partaking of the Lord’s Supper. They were also allowed to present their children for baptism. — Halfway house, an inn or place of call midway on a journey.

Half”-wit` (-w&ibreve;t`), n. A foolish person; a dolt; a blockhead; a dunce. Dryden.

Half”-wit`ted (-t&ebreve;d), a. Weak in intellect; silly.

Half”-year`ly (-yēr`l&ybreve;), a. Two in a year; semiannual. — adv. Twice in a year; semiannually.

Hal”i*but (h&obreve;l”&ibreve;*bŭt; 277), n. [OE. hali holy + but, butte, flounder; akin to D. bot, G. butte; cf. D. heilbot, G. heilbutt. So named as being eaten on holidays. See Holy, Holiday.] (Zoöl.) A large, northern, marine flatfish (Hippoglossus vulgaris), of the family Pleuronectidæ. It often grows very large, weighing more than three hundred pounds. It is an important food fish. [Written also holibut.]

||Hal`i*chon”dri*æ (hăl`&ibreve;*k&obreve;n”dr&ibreve;*ē), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “a`ls, “alo`s, sea + cho`ndros cartilage.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges, having simple siliceous spicules and keratose fibers; — called also Keratosilicoidea.

||Hal”i*core (hăl”&ibreve;*kōr; L. h&adot;*l&ibreve;k”&osl;*rē), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “a`ls sea + ko`rh maiden.] Same as Dugong.

Hal”i*dom (hăl”&ibreve;*dŭm), n. [AS. hāligdōm holiness, sacrament, sanctuary, relics; hālig holy + - dōm, E. -dom. See Holy.] 1. Holiness; sanctity; sacred oath; sacred things; sanctuary; — used chiefly in oaths. [Archaic]

So God me help and halidom.

Piers Plowman.

By my halidom, I was fast asleep.

Shak.

2. Holy doom; the Last Day. [R.] Shipley.

Hal`i*eu”tics (-ū“t&ibreve;ks), n. [L. halieuticus pertaining to fishing, Gr. “alieytiko`s.] A treatise upon fish or the art of fishing; ichthyology.

Hal”i*mas (-măs), a. [See Hallowmas.] The feast of All Saints; Hallowmas. [Obs.]

Ha`li*og”ra*pher (hā`l&ibreve;*&obreve;g”r&adot;*f&etilde;r or hăl`&ibreve;-), n. One who writes about or describes the sea.

Ha`li*og”ra*phy (-f&ybreve;), n. [Gr. “a`ls the sea + -graphy.] Description of the sea; the science that treats of the sea.

||Ha`li*o”tis (hā`l&ibreve;*ō“t&ibreve;s or hăl`&ibreve;-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “a`ls sea + o’y^s, ‘wto`s, ear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine shells; the ear-shells. See Abalone.

Ha”li*o*toid` (hā“l&ibreve;*&osl;*toid` or hăl”&ibreve;), a. [Haliotis + oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Haliotis; ear-shaped.

||Hal`i*sau”ri*a (hăl`&ibreve;s&add;“r&ibreve;&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “a`ls, “alo`s, sea + say^ros.] (Paleon.) The Enaliosauria.

Ha”lite (hā“līt or hăl”īt), n. [Gr. “a`ls salt.] (Min.) Native salt; sodium chloride.

Ha*lit”u*ous (h&adot;*l&ibreve;t”&usl;*ŭs; 135), a. [L. halitus breath, vapor, fr. halare to breathe: cf. F. halitueux.] Produced by, or like, breath; vaporous. Boyle.

Halk (h&add;k), n. A nook; a corner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hall (h&add;l), n. [OE. halle, hal, AS. heal, heall; akin to D. hal, OS. & OHG. halla, G. halle, Icel. höll, and prob. from a root meaning, to hide, conceal, cover. See Hell, Helmet.] 1. A building or room of considerable size and stateliness, used for public purposes; as, Westminster Hall, in London.

2. (a) The chief room in a castle or manor house, and in early times the only public room, serving as the place of gathering for the lord’s family with the retainers and servants, also for cooking and eating. It was often contrasted with the bower, which was the private or sleeping apartment.

Full sooty was her bower and eke her hall.

Chaucer.

Hence, as the entrance from outside was directly into the hall: (b) A vestibule, entrance room, etc., in the more elaborated buildings of later times. Hence: (c) Any corridor or passage in a building.

3. A name given to many manor houses because the magistrate’s court was held in the hall of his mansion; a chief mansion house. Cowell.

4. A college in an English university (at Oxford, an unendowed college).

5. The apartment in which English university students dine in common; hence, the dinner itself; as, hall is at six o’clock.

6. Cleared passageway in a crowd; — formerly an exclamation. [Obs.] “A hall! a hall!” B. Jonson.

Syn. — Entry; court; passage. See Vestibule.

Hall”age (-&asl;j; 48), n. (O. Eng. Law) A fee or toll paid for goods sold in a hall.

{ Hal`le*lu”iah Hal`le*lu”jah } (hăl`l&esl;*lū“y&adot;), n. & interj. [Heb. See Alleluia.] Praise ye Jehovah; praise ye the Lord; — an exclamation used chiefly in songs of praise or thanksgiving to God, and as an expression of gratitude or adoration. Rev. xix. 1 (Rev. Ver.)

So sung they, and the empyrean rung
With Hallelujahs.

Milton.

In those days, as St. Jerome tells us,“any one as he walked in the fields, might hear the plowman at his hallelujahs.”

Sharp.

Hal`le*lu*jat”ic (-l&usl;*yăt”&ibreve;k), a. Pertaining to, or containing, hallelujahs. [R.]

Hal”liard (hăl”y&etilde;rd), n. See Halyard.

Hal”li*dome (hăl”l&ibreve;*dōm), n. Same as Halidom.

Hal”li*er (hăl”l&ibreve;*&etilde;r or h&add;l”y&etilde;r), n. [From Hale to pull.] A kind of net for catching birds.

Hall”-mark` (h&add;l”märk`), n. The official stamp of the Goldsmiths’ Company and other assay offices, in the United Kingdom, on gold and silver articles, attesting their purity. Also used figuratively; — as, a word or phrase lacks the hall-mark of the best writers.

Hal*loa” (hăl*lō”). See Halloo.

Hal*loo” (hăl*l&oomac;”), n. [Perh. fr. ah + lo; cf. AS. ealā, G. halloh, F. haler to set (a dog) on. Cf. Hollo, interj.] A loud exclamation; a call to invite attention or to incite a person or an animal; a shout.

List! List! I hear
Some far off halloo break the silent air.

Milton.

Hal*loo”, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hallooed (-l&oomac;d”); p. pr. & vb. n. Hallooing.] To cry out; to exclaim with a loud voice; to call to a person, as by the word halloo.

Country folks hallooed and hooted after me.

Sir P. Sidney.

Hal*loo”, v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts.

Old John hallooes his hounds again.

Prior.

2. To chase with shouts or outcries.

If I fly . . . Halloo me like a hare.

Shak.

3. To call or shout to; to hail. Shak.

Hal*loo”, interj. [OE. halow. See Halloo, n.] An exclamation to call attention or to encourage one.

Hal”low (hăl”l&osl;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hallowed(-l&osl;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Hallowing.] [OE. halowen, halwien, halgien, AS. hālgian, fr. hālig holy. See Holy.] To make holy; to set apart for holy or religious use; to consecrate; to treat or keep as sacred; to reverence. “Hallowed be thy name.” Matt. vi. 9.

Hallow the Sabbath day, to do no work therein.

Jer. xvii. 24.

His secret altar touched with hallowed fire.

Milton.

In a larger sense . . . we can not hallow this ground [Gettysburg].

A. Lincoln.

Hal`low*een” (hăl`l&osl;*ēn”), n. The evening preceding Allhallows or All Saints’ Day. [Scot.] Burns.

Hal”low*mas (hăl”l&osl;*m&adot;s), n. [See Mass the eucharist.] The feast of All Saints, or Allhallows.

To speak puling, like a beggar at Hallowmas.

Shak.

Hal*loy”site (hăl*loi”sīt), n. [Named after Omalius d’Halloy.] (Min.) A claylike mineral, occurring in soft, smooth, amorphous masses, of a whitish color.

Hal”lu*cal (hăl”l&usl;*kal), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hallux.

Hal*lu”ci*nate (hăl*lū“s&ibreve;*nāt), v. i. [L. hallucinatus, alucinatus, p. p. of hallucinari, alucinari, to wander in mind, talk idly, dream.] To wander; to go astray; to err; to blunder; — used of mental processes. [R.] Byron.

Hal*lu`ci*na”tion (-nā“shŭn), n. [L. hallucinatio: cf. F. hallucination.] 1. The act of hallucinating; a wandering of the mind; error; mistake; a blunder.

This must have been the hallucination of the transcriber.

Addison.

2. (Med.) The perception of objects which have no reality, or of sensations which have no corresponding external cause, arising from disorder of the nervous system, as in delirium tremens; delusion.

Hallucinations are always evidence of cerebral derangement and are common phenomena of insanity.

W. A. Hammond.

Hal*lu”ci*na`tor (hăl*lū“s&ibreve;*nā`t&etilde;r), n. [L.] One whose judgment and acts are affected by hallucinations; one who errs on account of his hallucinations. N. Brit. Rev.

Hal*lu”ci*na*to*ry (-n&adot;*t&osl;*r&ybreve;), a. Partaking of, or tending to produce, hallucination.

||Hal”lux (hăl”lŭks), n. [NL., fr. L. hallex, allex.] (Anat.) The first, or preaxial, digit of the hind limb, corresponding to the pollux in the fore limb; the great toe; the hind toe of birds.

Halm (h&add;m), n. (Bot.) Same as Haulm.

||Hal”ma (hăl”m&adot;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “a`lma, fr. “a`llesqai to leap.] (Greek Antiq.) The long jump, with weights in the hands, — the most important of the exercises of the Pentathlon.

Ha”lo (hā“l&osl;), n.; pl. Halos (-lōz). [L. halos, acc. halo, Gr. “a`lws a thrashing floor, also (from its round shape) the disk of the sun or moon, and later a halo round it; cf. Gr. e’ily`ein to enfold, ‘ely`ein to roll round, L. volvere, and E. voluble.] 1. A luminous circle, usually prismatically colored, round the sun or moon, and supposed to be caused by the refraction of light through crystals of ice in the atmosphere. Connected with halos there are often white bands, crosses, or arches, resulting from the same atmospheric conditions.

2. A circle of light; especially, the bright ring represented in painting as surrounding the heads of saints and other holy persons; a glory; a nimbus.

3. An ideal glory investing, or affecting one’s perception of, an object.

4. A colored circle around a nipple; an areola.

Ha”lo, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Haloed (-lōd); p. pr. & vb. n. Haloing.] To form, or surround with, a halo; to encircle with, or as with, a halo.

The fire
That haloed round his saintly brow.

Southey.

Ha”loed (hā“lōd), a. Surrounded with a halo; invested with an ideal glory; glorified.

Some haloed face bending over me.

C. Bronté.

Hal”o*gen (hăl”&osl;*j&ebreve;n), n. [Gr. “a`ls, “alo`s, salt + -gen: cf. F. halogène.] (Chem.) An electro-negative element or radical, which, by combination with a metal, forms a haloid salt; especially, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; sometimes, also, fluorine and cyanogen. See Chlorine family, under Chlorine.

Ha*log”e*nous (h&adot;*l&obreve;j”&esl;*nŭs), a. Of the nature of a halogen.

Ha”loid (hā“loid or hăl”oid), a. [Gr. “a`ls, “alo`s salt + -oid: cf. F. haloïde.] (Chem.) Resembling salt; — said of certain binary compounds consisting of a metal united to a negative element or radical, and now chiefly applied to the chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sometimes also to the fluorides and cyanides. — n. A haloid substance.

Hal”o*man`cy (hăl”&osl;*măn`s&ybreve;), n. See Alomancy.

Ha*lom”e*ter (h&adot;*l&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Gr. “a`ls, “alo`s, salt + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the forms and angles of salts and crystals; a goniometer.

||Ha*lo”nes (h&adot;*lō“nēz), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “a`lwn, “a`lwnos, a halo.] (Biol.) Alternating transparent and opaque white rings which are seen outside the blastoderm, on the surface of the developing egg of the hen and other birds.

Hal”o*phyte (hăl”&osl;*fīt), n. [Gr. “a`ls, “alo`s, salt + fyto`n a plant.] (Bot.) A plant found growing in salt marshes, or in the sea.

Ha”lo*scope (hā“l&osl;*skōp), n. [Halo + -scope.] An instrument for exhibition or illustration of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the like.

Hal*o*tri”chite (hăl*&osl;*trī“kīt), n. [Gr. “a`ls sea + qri`x, tricho`s, hair.] (Min.) An iron alum occurring in silky fibrous aggregates of a yellowish white color.

Ha*lox”y*line, n. [Gr. “a`ls, “alo`s, salt + xy`lon wood.] An explosive mixture, consisting of sawdust, charcoal, niter, and ferrocyanide of potassium, used as a substitute for gunpowder.

Halp (hälp), imp. of Help. Helped. [Obs.]

Hal”pace (hăl”pās), n. (Arch.) See Haut pas.

Hals (h&add;ls), n. [AS. heals; akin to D., G., & Goth. hals. See Collar.] The neck or throat. [Obs.]

Do me hangen by the hals.

Chaucer.

Halse (h&add;ls), v. t. [AS. healsian.] 1. To embrace about the neck; to salute; to greet. [Obs.]

Each other kissed glad
And lovely halst.

Spenser.

2. To adjure; to beseech; to entreat. [Obs.]

O dere child, I halse thee,
In virtue of the Holy Trinity.

Chaucer.

Halse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halsed (h&add;lst); p. pr. & vb. n. Halsing.] [Cf. Hawser.] To haul; to hoist. [Obs.] Grafton

Hal”sen*ing (h&add;l”s&ebreve;n*&ibreve;ng), a. Sounding harshly in the throat; inharmonious; rough. [Obs.] Carew.

Hals”er (h&add;s”&etilde;r), n. See Hawser. Pope.

Halt (h&add;lt), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contraction for holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Halt (h&add;lt), n. [Formerly alt, It. alto, G. halt, fr. halten to hold. See Hold.] A stop in marching or walking, or in any action; arrest of progress.

Without any halt they marched.

Clarendon.

[Lovers] soon in passion’s war contest,
Yet in their march soon make a halt.

Davenant.

Halt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Halted; p. pr. & vb. n. Halting.] 1. To hold one’s self from proceeding; to hold up; to cease progress; to stop for a longer or shorter period; to come to a stop; to stand still.

2. To stand in doubt whether to proceed, or what to do; to hesitate; to be uncertain.

How long halt ye between two opinions?

1 Kings xviii. 21.

Halt (h&add;lt), v. t. (Mil.) To cause to cease marching; to stop; as, the general halted his troops for refreshment.

Halt, a. [AS. healt; akin to OS., Dan., & Sw. halt, Icel. haltr, halltr, Goth. halts, OHG. halz.] Halting or stopping in walking; lame.

Bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind.

Luke xiv. 21.

Halt, n. The act of limping; lameness.

Halt, v. i. [OE. halten, AS. healtian. See Halt, a.]

1. To walk lamely; to limp.

2. To have an irregular rhythm; to be defective.

The blank verse shall halt for it.

Shak.

Halt”er (-&etilde;r), n. One who halts or limps; a cripple.

Hal”ter (h&add;l”t&etilde;r), n. [OE. halter, helter, helfter, AS. hælftre; akin to G. halfter, D. halfter, halster, and also to E. helve. See Helve.] A strong strap or cord. Especially: (a) A rope or strap, with or without a headstall, for leading or tying a horse. (b) A rope for hanging malefactors; a noose. Shak.

No man e’er felt the halter draw
With good opinion of the law.

Trumbull.

Hal”ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haltered (-t&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Haltering.] To tie by the neck with a rope, strap, or halter; to put a halter on; to subject to a hangman’s halter. “A haltered neck.” Shak.

||Hal*te”res (hăl*tē“rēz), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “alth^res weights used in jumping, fr. “a`llesqai to leap.] (Zoöl.) Balancers; the rudimentary hind wings of Diptera.

Hal”ter-sack` (h&add;l”t&etilde;r*săk`), n. A term of reproach, implying that one is fit to be hanged. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Halt”ing*ly (h&add;lt”&ibreve;ng*l&ybreve;), adv. In a halting or limping manner.

Hal”vans (hăl”vanz), n. pl. (Mining) Impure ore; dirty ore. Raymond.

Hal”ve (häl”ve), n. A half. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Halve (häv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halved (hävd); p. pr. & vb. n. Halving.] [From Half.] 1. To divide into two equal parts; as, to halve an apple; to be or form half of.

So far apart their lives are thrown
From the twin soul that halves their own.

M. Arnold.

2. (Arch.) To join, as two pieces of timber, by cutting away each for half its thickness at the joining place, and fitting together.

Halved (hävd), a. Appearing as if one side, or one half, were cut away; dimidiate.

Halves (hävz), n., pl. of Half.

By halves, by one half at once; halfway; fragmentarily; partially; incompletely.

I can not believe by halves; either I have faith, or I have it not.

J. H. Newman.

To go halves. See under Go.

Hal”we (häl”we), n. [OE., fr. AS. hālga. See Holy.] A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hal”yard (hăl”y&etilde;rd), n. [Hale, v. t. + yard.] (Naut.) A rope or tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, flags, etc. [Written also halliard, haulyard.]

||Hal`y*si”tes (hăl`&ibreve;*sī“tēz), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “a`lysis a chain.] (Paleon.) A genus of Silurian fossil corals; the chain corals. See Chain coral, under Chain.

Ham (häm), n. Home. [North of Eng.] Chaucer.

Ham (hăm), n. [AS. ham; akin to D. ham, dial. G. hamme, OHG. hamma. Perh. named from the bend at the ham, and akin to E. chamber. Cf. Gammon ham.]

1. (Anat.) The region back of the knee joint; the popliteal space; the hock.

2. The thigh of any animal; especially, the thigh of a hog cured by salting and smoking.

A plentiful lack of wit, together with most weak hams.

Shak.

Ham”a*dry`ad (hăm”&adot;*drī`ăd), n.; pl. E. Hamadryads (- ădz), L. Hamadryades (- drī”&adot;*dēz). [L. Hamadryas, -adis, Gr. “Amadrya`s; “a`ma together + dry^s oak, tree: cf. F. hamadryade. See Same, and Tree.]

1. (Class. Myth.) A tree nymph whose life ended with that of the particular tree, usually an oak, which had been her abode.

2. (Zoöl.) A large venomous East Indian snake (Ophiophagus bungarus), allied to the cobras.

||Ha*ma”dry*as (h&adot;*mā“dr&ibreve;*ăs), n. [L., a hamadryad. See Hamadryad.] (Zoöl.) The sacred baboon of Egypt (Cynocephalus Hamadryas).

Ham`a*me”lis (hăm`&adot;*mē“l&ibreve;s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “amamhli`s a kind of medlar or service tree; “a`ma at the same time + mh^lon an apple, any tree fruit.] (Bot.) A genus of plants which includes the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica), a preparation of which is used medicinally.

Ha”mate (hā“m&asl;t), a. [L. hamatus, fr. hamus hook.] Hooked; bent at the end into a hook; hamous.

Ha”ma*ted (hā“m&asl;*t&ebreve;d), a. Hooked, or set with hooks; hamate. Swift.

||Ha*ma”tum (h&adot;*mā“tŭm), n. [NL., fr. L. hamatus hooked.] (Anat.) See Unciform.

Ham”ble (hăm”b’l), v. t. [OE. hamelen to mutilate, AS. hamelian; akin to OHG. hamalōn to mutilate, hamal mutilated, ham mutilated, Icel. hamla to mutilate. Cf.Hamper to fetter.] To hamstring. [Obs.]

Ham”burg (-bûrg), n. A commercial city of Germany, near the mouth of the Elbe.

Black Hamburg grape. See under Black. — Hamburg edging, a kind of embroidered work done by machinery on cambric or muslin; — used for trimming. — Hamburg lake, a purplish crimson pigment resembling cochineal.

Hame (hām), n. Home. [Scot. & O. Eng.]

Hame, n. [Scot. haims, hammys, hems, OE. ham; cf. D. haam.] One of the two curved pieces of wood or metal, in the harness of a draught horse, to which the traces are fastened. They are fitted upon the collar, or have pads fitting the horse’s neck attached to them.

Ham”el (hăm”&ebreve;l), v. t. [Obs.] Same as Hamble.

{ Hame”seck`en (hām”s&ebreve;k`‘n), Hame”suck`en (-sŭk`‘n), } n. [AS. hāmsōcn. See Home, and Seek.] (Scots Law) The felonious seeking and invasion of a person in his dwelling house. Bouvier.

Ha”mi*form (hā“m&ibreve;*fôrm), a. [L. hamus hook + -form.] Hook-shaped.

Ham”il*ton pe”ri*od (hăm”&ibreve;l*tŭn pē“r&ibreve;*ŭd). (Geol.) A subdivision of the Devonian system of America; — so named from Hamilton, Madison Co., New York. It includes the Marcellus, Hamilton, and Genesee epochs or groups. See the Chart of Geology.

||Ham`i*nu”ra (hăm`&ibreve;*nū“r&adot;), n. (Zoöl.) A large edible river fish (Erythrinus macrodon) of Guiana.

Ha”mite (hā“mīt), n.[L. hamus hook.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod of the genus Hamites, related to the ammonites, but having the last whorl bent into a hooklike form.

Ham”ite (hăm”īt), n. A descendant of Ham, Noah’s second son. See Gen. x. 6- 20.

Ham*it”ic (hăm*&ibreve;t”&ibreve;k), a. Pertaining to Ham or his descendants.

Hamitic languages, the group of languages spoken mainly in the Sahara, Egypt, Galla, and Somâli Land, and supposed to be allied to the Semitic. Keith Johnston.

Ham”let (hăm”l&ebreve;t), n. [OE. hamelet, OF. hamelet, dim. of hamel, F. hameau, LL. hamellum, a dim. of German origin; cf. G. heim home. √220. See Home.] A small village; a little cluster of houses in the country.

The country wasted, and the hamlets burned.

Dryden.

Syn. — Village; neighborhood. See Village.

Ham”let*ed, p. a. Confined to a hamlet. Feltham.

Ham”mer (-m&etilde;r), n. [OE. hamer, AS. hamer, hamor; akin to D. hamer, G. & Dan. hammer, Sw. hammare, Icel. hamarr, hammer, crag, and perh. to Gr. ‘a`kmwn anvil, Skr. açman stone.] 1. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, and the like, consisting of a head, usually of steel or iron, fixed crosswise to a handle.

With busy hammers closing rivets up.

Shak.

2. Something which in form or action resembles the common hammer; as: (a) That part of a clock which strikes upon the bell to indicate the hour. (b) The padded mallet of a piano, which strikes the wires, to produce the tones. (c) (Anat.) The malleus. See under Ear. (d) (Gun.) That part of a gunlock which strikes the percussion cap, or firing pin; the cock; formerly, however, a piece of steel covering the pan of a flintlock musket and struck by the flint of the cock to ignite the priming. (e) Also, a person or thing that smites or shatters; as, St. Augustine was the hammer of heresies.

He met the stern legionaries [of Rome] who had been the “massive iron hammers” of the whole earth.

J. H. Newman.

Atmospheric hammer, a dead-stroke hammer in which the spring is formed by confined air. — Drop hammer, Face hammer, etc. See under Drop, Face, etc. — Hammer fish. See Hammerhead. — Hammer hardening, the process of hardening metal by hammering it when cold. — Hammer shell (Zoöl.), any species of Malleus, a genus of marine bivalve shells, allied to the pearl oysters, having the wings narrow and elongated, so as to give them a hammer-shaped outline; — called also hammer oyster. — To bring to the hammer, to put up at auction.

Ham”mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hammered (-m&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hammering.] 1. To beat with a hammer; to beat with heavy blows; as, to hammer iron.

2. To form or forge with a hammer; to shape by beating. “Hammered money.” Dryden.

3. To form in the mind; to shape by hard intellectual labor; — usually with out.

Who was hammering out a penny dialogue.

Jeffry.

Ham”mer, v. i. 1. To be busy forming anything; to labor hard as if shaping something with a hammer.

Whereon this month I have been hammering.

Shak.

2. To strike repeated blows, literally or figuratively.

Blood and revenge are hammering in my head.

Shak.

Ham”mer*a*ble (-&adot;*b’l), a. Capable of being formed or shaped by a hammer. Sherwood.

Ham”mer-beam` (-bēm`), n. (Gothic Arch.) A member of one description of roof truss, called hammer-beam truss, which is so framed as not to have a tiebeam at the top of the wall. Each principal has two hammer-beams, which occupy the situation, and to some extent serve the purpose, of a tiebeam.

Ham”mer*cloth` (-kl&obreve;th; 115), n. [Prob. fr. D. hemel heaven, canopy, tester (akin to G. himmel, and perh. also to E. heaven) + E. cloth; or perh. a corruption of hamper cloth.] The cloth which covers a coach box.

Ham”mer-dressed` (-dr&ebreve;st`), a. Having the surface roughly shaped or faced with the stonecutter’s hammer; — said of building stone.

Ham”mer*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who works with a hammer.

Ham”mer-hard`en (-härd`‘n), v. t. To harden, as a metal, by hammering it in the cold state.

Ham”mer*head` (-h&ebreve;d`), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A shark of the genus Sphyrna or Zygæna, having the eyes set on projections from the sides of the head, which gives it a hammer shape. The Sphyrna zygæna is found in the North Atlantic. Called also hammer fish, and balance fish.

2. (Zoöl.) A fresh-water fish; the stone-roller.

3. (Zoöl.) An African fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); — so called from its large blunt nozzle.

Ham”mer*kop (hăm”m&etilde;r*k&obreve;p), n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the Heron family; the umber.

Ham”mer-less, a. (Firearms) Without a visible hammer; — said of a gun having a cock or striker concealed from sight, and out of the way of an accidental touch.

Ham”mer*man (-man), n.; pl. Hammermen (-men). A hammerer; a forgeman.

||Ham`mo*chry”sos (hăm`m&osl;*krī“s&obreve;s), n. [L., fr. Gr. “ammo`chrysos; “a`mmos, ‘a`mmos, sand + chryso`s gold.] A stone with spangles of gold color in it.

Ham”mock (hăm”m&obreve;k), n. [A word of Indian origin: cf. Sp. hamaca. Columbus, in the Narrative of his first voyage, says: “A great many Indians in canoes came to the ship to-day for the purpose of bartering their cotton, and hamacas, or nets, in which they sleep.”] 1. A swinging couch or bed, usually made of netting or canvas about six feet long and three feet wide, suspended by clews or cords at the ends.

2. A piece of land thickly wooded, and usually covered with bushes and vines. Used also adjectively; as, hammock land. [Southern U. S.] Bartlett.

Hammock nettings (Naut.), formerly, nets for stowing hammocks; now, more often, wooden boxes or a trough on the rail, used for that purpose.

{ Ha*mose” (h&asl;*mōs”), Ha”mous (hā“mŭs), }[L. hamus hook.] (Bot.) Having the end hooked or curved.

Ham”per (hăm”p&etilde;r), n. [Contr. fr. hanaper.] A large basket, usually with a cover, used for the packing and carrying of articles; as, a hamper of wine; a clothes hamper; an oyster hamper, which contains two bushels.

Ham”per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hampered (-p&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hampering.] To put in a hamper.

Ham”per, v. t. [OE. hamperen, hampren, prob. of the same origin as E. hamble.] To put a hamper or fetter on; to shackle; to insnare; to inveigle; to entangle; hence, to impede in motion or progress; to embarrass; to encumber. “Hampered nerves.” Blackmore.

A lion hampered in a net.

L’Estrange.

They hamper and entangle our souls.

Tillotson.

Ham”per, n. [See Hamper to shackle.] 1. A shackle; a fetter; anything which impedes. W. Browne.

2. (Naut.) Articles ordinarily indispensable, but in the way at certain times. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Top hamper (Naut.), unnecessary spars and rigging kept aloft.

Ham”shac`kle (hăm”shăk`‘l), v. t. [Ham + shackle.] To fasten (an animal) by a rope binding the head to one of the fore legs; as, to hamshackle a horse or cow; hence, to bind or restrain; to curb.

Ham”ster (-st&etilde;r), n. [G. hamster.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent (Cricetus frumentarius). It is remarkable for having a pouch on each side of the jaw, under the skin, and for its migrations.

Ham”string` (hăm”str&ibreve;ng`), n. (Anat.) One of the great tendons situated in each side of the ham, or space back of the knee, and connected with the muscles of the back of the thigh.

Ham”string`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hamstrung; p. pr. & vb. n. Hamstringing. See String.] To lame or disable by cutting the tendons of the ham or knee; to hough; hence, to cripple; to incapacitate; to disable.

So have they hamstrung the valor of the subject by seeking to effeminate us all at home.

Milton.

Ham”u*lar (hăm”&usl;*l&etilde;r), a. Hooked; hooklike; hamate; as, the hamular process of the sphenoid bone.

Ham”u*late (-l&asl;t), a. Furnished with a small hook; hook-shaped. Gray.

Ham”ule (-ūl), n. [L. hamulus.] A little hook.

Ham”u*lose` (-&usl;*lōs`), a. [L. hamulus, dim. of hamus a hook.] Bearing a small hook at the end. Gray.

||Ham”u*lus (-lŭs), n.; pl. Hamuli (-lī). [L., a little hook.] 1. (Anat.) A hook, or hooklike process.

2. (Zoöl.) A hooked barbicel of a feather.

Han (hăn), contr. inf. & plural pres. of Haven. To have; have. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Him thanken all, and thus they han an end.

Chaucer.

Han”ap (-ăp), n. [F. hanap. See Hanaper.] A rich goblet, esp. one used on state occasions. [Obs.]

Han”a*per (-&adot;*p&etilde;r), n. [LL. hanaperium a large vase, fr. hanapus vase, bowl, cup (whence F. hanap); of German origin; cf. OHG. hnapf, G. napf, akin to AS. hnæp cup, bowl. Cf. Hamper, Nappy, n.] A kind of basket, usually of wickerwork, and adapted for the packing and carrying of articles; a hamper.

Hanaper office, an office of the English court of chancery in which writs relating to the business of the public, and the returns to them, were anciently kept in a hanaper or hamper. Blackstone.

Hance (h&adot;ns), v. t. [See Enhance.] To raise; to elevate. [Obs.] Lydgate.

{ Hance (hăns), Hanch (hănch), } n. [See Hanse.] 1. (Arch.) See Hanse.

2. (Naut.) A sudden fall or break, as the fall of the fife rail down to the gangway.

Hand (hănd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. hönd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hinþan to seize (in comp.). Cf. Hunt.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in man and monkeys, and the corresponding part in many other animals; manus; paw. See Manus.

2. That which resembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a human hand; as: (a) A limb of certain animals, as the foot of a hawk, or any one of the four extremities of a monkey. (b) An index or pointer on a dial; as, the hour or minute hand of a clock.

3. A measure equal to a hand’s breadth, — four inches; a palm. Chiefly used in measuring the height of horses.

4. Side; part; direction, either right or left.

On this hand and that hand, were hangings.

Ex. xxxviii. 15.

The Protestants were then on the winning hand.

Milton.

5. Power of performance; means of execution; ability; skill; dexterity.

He had a great mind to try his hand at a Spectator.

Addison.

6. Actual performance; deed; act; workmanship; agency; hence, manner of performance.

To change the hand in carrying on the war.

Clarendon.

Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by my hand.

Judges vi. 36.

7. An agent; a servant, or laborer; a workman, trained or competent for special service or duty; a performer more or less skillful; as, a deck hand; a farm hand; an old hand at speaking.

A dictionary containing a natural history requires too many hands, as well as too much time, ever to be hoped for.

Locke.

I was always reckoned a lively hand at a simile.

Hazlitt.

8. Handwriting; style of penmanship; as, a good, bad, or running hand. Hence, a signature.

I say she never did invent this letter;
This is a man’s invention and his hand.

Shak.

Some writs require a judge’s hand.

Burril.

9. Personal possession; ownership; hence, control; direction; management; — usually in the plural. “Receiving in hand one year’s tribute.” Knolles.

Albinus . . . found means to keep in his hands the government of Britain.

Milton.

10. Agency in transmission from one person to another; as, to buy at first hand, that is, from the producer, or when new; at second hand, that is, when no longer in the producer’s hand, or when not new.

11. Rate; price. [Obs.] “Business is bought at a dear hand, where there is small dispatch.” Bacon.

12. That which is, or may be, held in a hand at once; as: (a) (Card Playing) The quota of cards received from the dealer. (b) (Tobacco Manuf.) A bundle of tobacco leaves tied together.

13. (Firearms) The small part of a gunstock near the lock, which is grasped by the hand in taking aim.

&fist; Hand is used figuratively for a large variety of acts or things, in the doing, or making, or use of which the hand is in some way employed or concerned; also, as a symbol to denote various qualities or conditions, as: (a) Activity; operation; work; — in distinction from the head, which implies thought, and the heart, which implies affection. “His hand will be against every man.” Gen. xvi. 12.(b) Power; might; supremacy; — often in the Scriptures. “With a mighty hand . . . will I rule over you.” Ezek. xx. 33. (c) Fraternal feeling; as, to give, or take, the hand; to give the right hand. (d) Contract; — commonly of marriage; as, to ask the hand; to pledge the hand.

&fist; Hand is often used adjectively or in compounds (with or without the hyphen), signifying performed by the hand; as, hand blow or hand-blow, hand gripe or hand-gripe: used by, or designed for, the hand; as, hand ball or handball, hand bow, hand fetter, hand grenade or hand-grenade, handgun or hand gun, handloom or hand loom, handmill or hand organ or handorgan, handsaw or hand saw, hand-weapon: measured or regulated by the hand; as, handbreadth or hand’s breadth, hand gallop or hand-gallop. Most of the words in the following paragraph are written either as two words or in combination.

Hand bag, a satchel; a small bag for carrying books, papers, parcels, etc. — Hand basket, a small or portable basket. — Hand bell, a small bell rung by the hand; a table bell. Bacon. — Hand bill, a small pruning hook. See 4th Bill. — Hand car. See under Car. — Hand director (Mus.), an instrument to aid in forming a good position of the hands and arms when playing on the piano; a hand guide. — Hand drop. See Wrist drop. — Hand gallop. See under Gallop. — Hand gear (Mach.), apparatus by means of which a machine, or parts of a machine, usually operated by other power, may be operated by hand. — Hand glass. (a) A glass or small glazed frame, for the protection of plants. (b) A small mirror with a handle. — Hand guide. Same as Hand director (above). — Hand language, the art of conversing by the hands, esp. as practiced by the deaf and dumb; dactylology. — Hand lathe. See under Lathe. — Hand money, money paid in hand to bind a contract; earnest money. — Hand organ (Mus.), a barrel organ, operated by a crank turned by hand. — Hand plant. (Bot.) Same as Hand tree (below). — Hand rail, a rail, as in staircases, to hold by. Gwilt. — Hand sail, a sail managed by the hand. Sir W. Temple. — Hand screen, a small screen to be held in the hand. — Hand screw, a small jack for raising heavy timbers or weights; (Carp.) a screw clamp. — Hand staff (pl. Hand staves), a javelin. Ezek. xxxix. 9. — Hand stamp, a small stamp for dating, addressing, or canceling papers, envelopes, etc. — Hand tree (Bot.), a lofty tree found in Mexico (Cheirostemon platanoides), having red flowers whose stamens unite in the form of a hand. — Hand vise, a small vise held in the hand in doing small work. Moxon. — Hand work, or Handwork, work done with the hands, as distinguished from work done by a machine; handiwork. — All hands, everybody; all parties. — At all hands, On all hands, on all sides; from every direction; generally. — At any hand, At no hand, in any (or no) way or direction; on any account; on no account. “And therefore at no hand consisting with the safety and interests of humility.” Jer. Taylor. — At first hand, At second hand. See def. 10 (above). — At hand. (a) Near in time or place; either present and within reach, or not far distant. “Your husband is at hand; I hear his trumpet.” Shak. (b) Under the hand or bridle. [Obs.] “Horses hot at hand.” Shak. — At the hand of, by the act of; as a gift from. “Shall we receive good at the hand of God and shall we not receive evil?” Job ii. 10. — Bridle hand. See under Bridle. — By hand, with the hands, in distinction from instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals; as, to weed a garden by hand; to lift, draw, or carry by hand. — Clean hands, freedom from guilt, esp. from the guilt of dishonesty in money matters, or of bribe taking. “He that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger.” Job xvii. 9. — From hand to hand, from one person to another. — Hand in hand. (a) In union; conjointly; unitedly. Swift. (b) Just; fair; equitable.

As fair and as good, a kind of hand in hand comparison.

Shak.

— Hand over hand, Hand over fist, by passing the hands alternately one before or above another; as, to climb hand over hand; also, rapidly; as, to come up with a chase hand over hand. — Hand over head, negligently; rashly; without seeing what one does. [Obs.] Bacon. — Hand running, consecutively; as, he won ten times hand running. — Hands off! keep off! forbear! no interference or meddling! — Hand to hand, in close union; in close fight; as, a hand to hand contest. Dryden. — Heavy hand, severity or oppression. — In hand. (a) Paid down. “A considerable reward in hand, and . . . a far greater reward hereafter.” Tillotson. (b) In preparation; taking place. Chaucer. “Revels . . . in hand.” Shak. (c) Under consideration, or in the course of transaction; as, he has the business in hand. — In one’s hand or hands. (a) In one’s possession or keeping. (b) At one’s risk, or peril; as, I took my life in my hand. — Laying on of hands, a form used in consecrating to office, in the rite of confirmation, and in blessing persons. — Light hand, gentleness; moderation. — Note of hand, a promissory note. — Off hand, Out of hand, forthwith; without delay, hesitation, or difficulty; promptly. “She causeth them to be hanged up out of hand.” Spenser. — Off one’s hands, out of one’s possession or care. — On hand, in present possession; as, he has a supply of goods on hand. — On one’s hands, in one’s possession care, or management. — Putting the hand under the thigh, an ancient Jewish ceremony used in swearing. — Right hand, the place of honor, power, and strength. — Slack hand, idleness; carelessness; inefficiency; sloth. — Strict hand, severe discipline; rigorous government. — To bear a hand (Naut.), to give help quickly; to hasten. — To bear in hand, to keep in expectation with false pretenses. [Obs.] Shak. — To be hand and glove, or in glove, with. See under Glove. — To be on the mending hand, to be convalescent or improving. — To bring up by hand, to feed (an infant) without suckling it. — To change hand. See Change. — To change hands, to change sides, or change owners. Hudibras. — To clap the hands, to express joy or applause, as by striking the palms of the hands together. — To come to hand, to be received; to be taken into possession; as, the letter came to hand yesterday. — To get hand, to gain influence. [Obs.]

Appetites have . . . got such a hand over them.

Baxter.

— To get one’s hand in, to make a beginning in a certain work; to become accustomed to a particular business. — To have a hand in, to be concerned in; to have a part or concern in doing; to have an agency or be employed in. — To have in hand. (a) To have in one’s power or control. Chaucer. (b) To be engaged upon or occupied with. — To have one’s hands full, to have in hand all that one can do, or more than can be done conveniently; to be pressed with labor or engagements; to be surrounded with difficulties. — To have, or get, the (higher) upper hand, to have, or get, the better of another person or thing. — To his hand, To my hand, etc., in readiness; already prepared. “The work is made to his hands.” Locke. — To hold hand, to compete successfully or on even conditions. [Obs.] Shak. — To lay hands on, to seize; to assault. — To lend a hand, to give assistance. — To lift, or put forth, the hand against, to attack; to oppose; to kill. — To live from hand to mouth, to obtain food and other necessaries as want compels, without previous provision. – - To make one’s hand, to gain advantage or profit. — To put the hand unto, to steal. Ex. xxii. 8.— To put the last, or finishing, hand to, to make the last corrections in; to complete; to perfect. — To set the hand to, to engage in; to undertake.

That the Lord thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to.

Deut. xxiii. 20.

— To stand one in hand, to concern or affect one. — To strike hands, to make a contract, or to become surety for another’s debt or good behavior. — To take in hand. (a) To attempt or undertake. (b) To seize and deal with; as, he took him in hand. — To wash the hands of, to disclaim or renounce interest in, or responsibility for, a person or action; as, to wash one’s hands of a business. Matt. xxvii. 24. — Under the hand of, authenticated by the handwriting or signature of; as, the deed is executed under the hand and seal of the owner.

Hand (hănd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handed; p. pr. & vb. n. Handing.] 1. To give, pass, or transmit with the hand; as, he handed them the letter.

2. To lead, guide, or assist with the hand; to conduct; as, to hand a lady into a carriage.

3. To manage; as, I hand my oar. [Obs.] Prior.

4. To seize; to lay hands on. [Obs.] Shak.

5. To pledge by the hand; to handfast. [R.]

6. (Naut.) To furl; — said of a sail. Totten.

To hand down, to transmit in succession, as from father to son, or from predecessor to successor; as, fables are handed down from age to age; to forward to the proper officer (the decision of a higher court); as, the Clerk of the Court of Appeals handed down its decision. — To hand over, to yield control of; to surrender; to deliver up.

Hand, v. i. To coöperate. [Obs.] Massinger.

Hand”bar`row (-băr`r&osl;), n. A frame or barrow, without a wheel, carried by hand.

Hand”bill` (-b&ibreve;l`), n. 1. A loose, printed sheet, to be distributed by hand.

2. A pruning hook. [Usually written hand bill.]

Hand”book` (-b&oocr;k`), n. [Hand + book; cf. AS. handbōc, or G. handbuch.] A book of reference, to be carried in the hand; a manual; a guidebook.

Hand”breadth` (-br&ebreve;dth`), n. A space equal to the breadth of the hand; a palm. Ex. xxxvii. 12.

Hand”cart`, n. A cart drawn or pushed by hand.

Hand”cloth` (-kl&obreve;th`; 115), n. A handkerchief.

Hand”craft` (-kr&adot;ft`), n. Same as Handicraft.

Hand”crafts`man (-man), n.; pl. -men (-men). A handicraftsman.

Hand”cuff` (-kŭf`), n. [AS. handcops; hand hand + cosp, cops, fetter. The second part was confused with E. cuffs,] A fastening, consisting of an iron ring around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with one on the other wrist; a manacle; — usually in the plural.

Hand”cuff` (hănd”kŭf`), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handcuffed (- kŭft`); p. pr. & vb. n. Handcuffing.] To apply handcuffs to; to manacle. Hay (1754).

Hand”ed, a. 1. With hands joined; hand in hand.

Into their inmost bower,
Handed they went.

Milton.

2. Having a peculiar or characteristic hand.

As poisonous tongued as handed.

Shak.

&fist; Handed is used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) hands; as, bloody- handed; free-handed; heavy-handed; left- handed; single-handed.

Hand”er (-&etilde;r), n. One who hands over or transmits; a conveyer in succession. Dryden.

Hand”fast` (-f&adot;st`), n. 1. Hold; grasp; custody; power of confining or keeping. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Contract; specifically, espousal. [Obs.]

Hand”fast`, a. Fast by contract; betrothed by joining hands. [Obs.] Bale.

Hand”fast`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Handfasting.] To pledge; to bind; to betroth by joining hands, in order to permit cohabitation, before the celebration of marriage. [Obs.]

Hand”fast`, a. [G. handfest; hand hand + fest strong. See Fast.] Strong; steadfast.[R.] Carlyle.

Hand”fast`ly, adv. In a handfast or publicly pledged manner. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Hand”fish` (-f&ibreve;sh`), n. (Zoöl.) The frogfish.

Hand”ful (-f&usdot;l), n.; pl. Handfuls (-f&usdot;lz). [AS. handfull.] 1. As much as the hand will grasp or contain. Addison.

2. A hand’s breadth; four inches. [Obs.]

Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.

Bacon.

3. A small quantity or number.

This handful of men were tied to very hard duty.

Fuller.

To have one’s handful, to have one’s hands full; to have all one can do. [Obs.]

They had their handful to defend themselves from firing.

Sir. W. Raleigh.

Hand”-hole` (-hōl`), n. (Steam Boilers) A small hole in a boiler for the insertion of the hand in cleaning, etc.

Hand-hole plate, the cover of a hand- hole.

Hand”i*cap (hăn”d&ibreve;*kăp), n. [From hand in cap; — perh. in reference to an old mode of settling a bargain by taking pieces of money from a cap.] 1. An allowance of a certain amount of time or distance in starting, granted in a race to the competitor possessing inferior advantages; or an additional weight or other hindrance imposed upon the one possessing superior advantages, in order to equalize, as much as possible, the chances of success; as, the handicap was five seconds, or ten pounds, and the like.

2. A race, for horses or men, or any contest of agility, strength, or skill, in which there is an allowance of time, distance, weight, or other advantage, to equalize the chances of the competitors.

3. An old game at cards. [Obs.] Pepys.

Hand”i*cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handicapped (-kăpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Handicapping.] To encumber with a handicap in any contest; hence, in general, to place at disadvantage; as, the candidate was heavily handicapped.

Hand”i*cap`per (-kăp`p&etilde;r), n. One who determines the conditions of a handicap.

Hand”i*craft (hănd”&ibreve;*kr&adot;ft), n. [For handcraft, influenced by handiwork; AS. handcræft.] 1. A trade requiring skill of hand; manual occupation; handcraft. Addison.

2. A man who earns his living by handicraft; a handicraftsman. [R.] Dryden.

Hand”i*crafts`man (-kr&adot;fts`man), n.; pl. men ( men). A man skilled or employed in handcraft. Bacon.

Hand”i*ly (-&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. [See Handy.] In a handy manner; skillfully; conveniently.

Hand”i*ness, n. The quality or state of being handy.

Hand”i`ron (-ī`ŭrn), n. See Andiron. [Obs.]

Hand”i*work` (&ibreve;*wûrk`), n. [OE. handiwerc, AS. handgeweorc; hand hand + geweorc work; prefix ge + weorc. See Work.] Work done by the hands; hence, any work done personally.

The firmament showeth his handiwork.

Ps. xix. 1.

Hand”ker*cher (hă&nsm;“k&etilde;r*ch&etilde;r), n. A handkerchief. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chapman (1654). Shak.

Hand”ker*chief (hă&nsm;“k&etilde;r*ch&ibreve;f; 277), n. [Hand + kerchief.] 1. A piece of cloth, usually square and often fine and elegant, carried for wiping the face or hands.

2. A piece of cloth shaped like a handkerchief to be worn about the neck; a neckerchief; a neckcloth.

Han”dle (hăn”d’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Handling(-dl&ibreve;ng).] [OE. handlen, AS. handlian; akin to D. handelen to trade, G. handeln. See Hand.] 1. To touch; to feel with the hand; to use or hold with the hand.

Handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh.

Luke xxiv. 39.

About his altar, handling holy things.

Milton.

2. To manage in using, as a spade or a musket; to wield; often, to manage skillfully.

That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper.

Shak.

3. To accustom to the hand; to work upon, or take care of, with the hands.

The hardness of the winters forces the breeders to house and handle their colts six months every year.

Sir W. Temple.

4. To receive and transfer; to have pass through one’s hands; hence, to buy and sell; as, a merchant handles a variety of goods, or a large stock.

5. To deal with; to make a business of.

They that handle the law knew me not.

Jer. ii. 8.

6. To treat; to use, well or ill.

How wert thou handled being prisoner?

Shak.

7. To manage; to control; to practice skill upon.

You shall see how I will handle her.

Shak.

8. To use or manage in writing or speaking; to treat, as a theme, an argument, or an objection.

We will handle what persons are apt to envy others.

Bacon.

To handle without gloves. See under Glove. [Colloq.]

Han”dle (hăn”d’l), v. i. To use the hands.

They have hands, but they handle not.

Ps. cxv. 7.

Han”dle, n. [AS. handle. See Hand.] 1. That part of vessels, instruments, etc., which is held in the hand when used or moved, as the haft of a sword, the knob of a door, the bail of a kettle, etc.

2. That of which use is made; the instrument for effecting a purpose; a tool. South.

To give a handle, to furnish an occasion or means.

Han”dle*a*ble (-&adot;*b’l), a. Capable of being handled.

Hand”less (hănd”l&ebreve;s), a. Without a hand. Shak.

Han”dling (hăn”dl&ibreve;ng), n. [AS. handlung.] 1. A touching, controlling, managing, using, etc., with the hand or hands, or as with the hands. See Handle, v. t.

The heavens and your fair handling
Have made you master of the field this day.

Spenser.

2. (Drawing, Painting, etc.) The mode of using the pencil or brush, etc.; style of touch. Fairholt.

Hand”made` (hănd”mād`), a. Manufactured by hand; as, handmade shoes.

{ Hand”maid` (mād`), Hand”maiden (‘n), } n. A maid that waits at hand; a female servant or attendant.

Hand”saw` (-s&add;`) n. A saw used with one hand.

Hand”sel (hănd”s&ebreve;l), n. [Written also hansel.] [OE. handsal, hansal, hansel, AS. handselena giving into hands, or more prob. fr. Icel. handsal; hand hand + sal sale, bargain; akin to AS. sellan to give, deliver. See Sell, Sale. ] 1. A sale, gift, or delivery into the hand of another; especially, a sale, gift, delivery, or using which is the first of a series, and regarded as an omen for the rest; a first installment; an earnest; as the first money received for the sale of goods in the morning, the first money taken at a shop newly opened, the first present sent to a young woman on her wedding day, etc.

Their first good handsel of breath in this world.

Fuller.

Our present tears here, not our present laughter,
Are but the handsels of our joys hereafter.

Herrick.

2. Price; payment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Handsel Monday, the first Monday of the new year, when handsels or presents are given to servants, children, etc.

Hand”sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handseled or Handselled (hănd”s&ebreve;ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Handseling or Handselling.] [Written also hansel.] [OE handsellen, hansellen; cf. Icel. hadsala, handselja. See Handsel, n.] 1. To give a handsel to.

2. To use or do for the first time, esp. so as to make fortunate or unfortunate; to try experimentally.

No contrivance of our body, but some good man in Scripture hath handseled it with prayer.

Fuller.

Hand”some (hăn”sŭm; 277), a. [Compar. Handsomer (- &etilde;r); superl. Handsomest.] [Hand + -some. It at first meant, dexterous; cf. D. handzaam dexterous, ready, limber, manageable, and E. handy.] 1. Dexterous; skillful; handy; ready; convenient; — applied to things as persons. [Obs.]

That they [engines of war] be both easy to be carried and handsome to be moved and turned about.

Robynson (Utopia).

For a thief it is so handsome as it may seem it was first invented for him.

Spenser.

2. Agreeable to the eye or to correct taste; having a pleasing appearance or expression; attractive; having symmetry and dignity; comely; — expressing more than pretty, and less than beautiful; as, a handsome man or woman; a handsome garment, house, tree, horse.

3. Suitable or fit in action; marked with propriety and ease; graceful; becoming; appropriate; as, a handsome style, etc.

Easiness and handsome address in writing.

Felton.

4. Evincing a becoming generosity or nobleness of character; liberal; generous.

Handsome is as handsome does.

Old Proverb.

5. Ample; moderately large.

He . . . accumulated a handsome sum of money.

V. Knox.

To do the handsome thing, to act liberally. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Handsome, Pretty. Pretty applies to things comparatively small, which please by their delicacy and grace; as, a pretty girl, a pretty flower, a pretty cottage. Handsome rises higher, and is applied to objects on a larger scale. We admire what is handsome, we are pleased with what is pretty. The word is connected with hand, and has thus acquired the idea of training, cultivation, symmetry, and proportion, which enters so largely into our conception of handsome. Thus Drayton makes mention of handsome players, meaning those who are well trained; and hence we speak of a man’s having a handsome address, which is the result of culture; of a handsome horse or dog, which implies well proportioned limbs; of a handsome face, to which, among other qualities, the idea of proportion and a graceful contour are essential; of a handsome tree, and a handsome house or villa. So, from this idea of proportion or suitableness, we have, with a different application, the expressions, a handsome fortune, a handsome offer.

Hand”some, v. t. To render handsome. [Obs.] Donne

Hand”some*ly, adv. 1. In a handsome manner.

2. (Naut.) Carefully; in shipshape style.

Hand”some*ness, n. The quality of being handsome.

Handsomeness is the mere animal excellence, beauty the mere imaginative.

Hare.

Hand”spike` (hănd”spīk`), n. A bar or lever, generally of wood, used in a windlass or capstan, for heaving anchor, and, in modified forms, for various purposes.

Hand”spring` (-spr&ibreve;ng), n. A somersault made with the assistance of the hands placed upon the ground.

Hand”-tight` (-tīt`), a. (Naut.) As tight as can be made by the hand. Totten.

Hand”wheel` (-hwēl), n. (Mach.) Any wheel worked by hand; esp., one the rim of which serves as the handle by which a valve, car brake, or other part is adjusted.

Hand”-winged` (hănd”w&ibreve;ngd`), a. (Zoöl.) Having wings that are like hands in the structure and arrangement of their bones; — said of bats. See Cheiroptera.

Hand”writ`ing (-rīt”&ibreve;ng), n. 1. The cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand or person; chirography.

2. That which is written by hand; manuscript.

The handwriting on the wall, a doom pronounced; an omen of disaster. Dan. v. 5.

Hand”y (hănd”&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Handier (-&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Handiest.] [OE. hendi, AS. hendig (in comp.), fr. hand hand; akin to D. handig, Goth. handugs clever, wise.] 1. Performed by the hand. [Obs.]

To draw up and come to handy strokes.

Milton.

2. Skillful in using the hand; dexterous; ready; adroit. “Each is handy in his way.” Dryden.

3. Ready to the hand; near; also, suited to the use of the hand; convenient; valuable for reference or use; as, my tools are handy; a handy volume.

4. (Naut.) Easily managed; obedient to the helm; — said of a vessel.

Hand”y-dan`dy (-dăn`d&ybreve;), n. A child’s play, one child guessing in which closed hand the other holds some small object, winning the object if right and forfeiting an equivalent if wrong; hence, forfeit. Piers Plowman.

Hand”y*fight` (-fīt), n. A fight with the hands; boxing. “Pollux loves handyfights.” B. Jonson.

Hand”y*gripe` (-grīp`), n. Seizure by, or grasp of, the hand; also, close quarters in fighting. Hudibras.

Hand”y*stroke` (-strōk`), n. A blow with the hand.

Hand”y*work` (-wûrk`), n. See Handiwork.

Hang (hăng), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hanged (hăngd) or Hung (hŭng); p. pr. & vb. n. Hanging. The use of hanged is preferable to that of hung, when reference is had to death or execution by suspension, and it is also more common.] [OE. hangen, hongien, v. t. & i., AS. hangian, v. i., fr. hōn, v. t. (imp. heng, p. p. hongen); akin to OS. hangōn, v. i., D. hangen, v. t. & i., G. hangen, v. i., hängen, v. t., Icel. hanga, v. i., Goth. hāhan, v. t. (imp. haíhah), hāhan, v. i. (imp. hahaida), and perh. to L. cunctari to delay. √37. ] 1. To suspend; to fasten to some elevated point without support from below; — often used with up or out; as, to hang a coat on a hook; to hang up a sign; to hang out a banner.

2. To fasten in a manner which will allow of free motion upon the point or points of suspension; — said of a pendulum, a swing, a door, gate, etc.

3. To fit properly, as at a proper angle (a part of an implement that is swung in using), as a scythe to its snath, or an ax to its helve. [U. S.]

4. To put to death by suspending by the neck; — a form of capital punishment; as, to hang a murderer.

5. To cover, decorate, or furnish by hanging pictures, trophies, drapery, and the like, or by covering with paper hangings; — said of a wall, a room, etc.

Hung be the heavens with black.

Shak.

And hung thy holy roofs with savage spoils.

Dryden.

6. To paste, as paper hangings, on the walls of a room.

7. To hold or bear in a suspended or inclined manner or position instead of erect; to droop; as, he hung his head in shame.

Cowslips wan that hang the pensive head.

Milton.

To hang down, to let fall below the proper position; to bend down; to decline; as, to hang down the head, or, elliptically, to hang the head. — To hang fire (Mil.), to be slow in communicating fire through the vent to the charge; as, the gun hangs fire; hence, to hesitate, to hold back as if in suspense.

Hang, v. i. 1. To be suspended or fastened to some elevated point without support from below; to dangle; to float; to rest; to remain; to stay.

2. To be fastened in such a manner as to allow of free motion on the point or points of suspension.

3. To die or be put to death by suspension from the neck. [R.] “Sir Balaam hangs.” Pope.

4. To hold for support; to depend; to cling; — usually with on or upon; as, this question hangs on a single point. “Two infants hanging on her neck.” Peacham.

5. To be, or be like, a suspended weight.

Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burden.

Addison.

6. To hover; to impend; to appear threateningly; — usually with over; as, evils hang over the country.

7. To lean or incline; to incline downward.

To decide which way hung the victory.

Milton.

His neck obliquely o’er his shoulder hung.

Pope.

8. To slope down; as, hanging grounds.

9. To be undetermined or uncertain; to be in suspense; to linger; to be delayed.

A noble stroke he lifted high,
Which hung not, but so swift with tempest fell
On the proud crest of Satan.

Milton.

To hang around, to loiter idly about. – - To hang back, to hesitate; to falter; to be reluctant. “If any one among you hangs back.” Jowett (Thucyd.). — To hang by the eyelids. (a) To hang by a very slight hold or tenure. (b) To be in an unfinished condition; to be left incomplete. — To hang in doubt, to be in suspense. — To hang on (with the emphasis on the preposition), to keep hold; to hold fast; to stick; to be persistent, as a disease. — To hang on the lips, words, etc., to be charmed by eloquence. — To hang out. (a) To be hung out so as to be displayed; to project. (b) To be unyielding; as, the juryman hangs out against an agreement. [Colloq.] — To hang over. (a) To project at the top. (b) To impend over. — To hang to, to cling. — To hang together. (a) To remain united; to stand by one another. “We are all of a piece; we hang together.” Dryden. (b) To be self- consistent; as, the story does not hang together. [Colloq.] — To hang upon. (a) To regard with passionate affection. (b) (Mil.) To hover around; as, to hang upon the flanks of a retreating enemy.

Hang, n. 1. The manner in which one part or thing hangs upon, or is connected with, another; as, the hang of a scythe.

2. Connection; arrangement; plan; as, the hang of a discourse. [Colloq.]

3. A sharp or steep declivity or slope. [Colloq.]

To get the hang of, to learn the method or arrangement of; hence, to become accustomed to. [Colloq.]

Hang”bird` (hăng”b&etilde;rd`), n. (Zoöl.) The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula); — so called because its nest is suspended from the limb of a tree. See Baltimore oriole.

Hang”-by` (-bī`), n.; pl. Hang-bies (-bīz`). A dependent; a hanger-on; — so called in contempt. B. Jonson.

Hang”dog` (-d&obreve;g`), n. A base, degraded person; a sneak; a gallows bird.

Hang”dog`, a. Low; sneaking; ashamed.

The poor colonel went out of the room with a hangdog look.

Thackeray.

Hang”er (-&etilde;r), n. 1. One who hangs, or causes to be hanged; a hangman.

2. That by which a thing is suspended. Especially: (a) A strap hung to the girdle, by which a dagger or sword is suspended. (b) (Mach.) A part that suspends a journal box in which shafting runs. See Illust. of Countershaft. (c) A bridle iron.

3. That which hangs or is suspended, as a sword worn at the side; especially, in the 18th century, a short, curved sword.

4. A steep, wooded declivity. [Eng.] Gilbert White.

Hang”er-on` (-&obreve;n`), n.; pl. Hangers-on (&etilde;rz&obreve;n`). One who hangs on, or sticks to, a person, place, or service; a dependent; one who adheres to others’ society longer than he is wanted. Goldsmith.

Hang”ing, a. 1. Requiring, deserving, or foreboding death by the halter. “What a hanging face!” Dryden.

2. Suspended from above; pendent; as, hanging shelves.

3. Adapted for sustaining a hanging object; as, the hanging post of a gate, the post which holds the hinges.

Hanging compass, a compass suspended so that the card may be read from beneath. — Hanging garden, a garden sustained at an artificial elevation by any means, as by the terraces at Babylon. — Hanging indentation. See under Indentation. — Hanging rail (Arch.), that rail of a door or casement to which hinges are attached. — Hanging side (Mining), the overhanging side of an inclined or hading vein. — Hanging sleeves. (a) Strips of the same stuff as the gown, hanging down the back from the shoulders. (b) Loose, flowing sleeves. — Hanging stile. (Arch.) (a) That stile of a door to which hinges are secured. (b) That upright of a window frame to which casements are hinged, or in which the pulleys for sash windows are fastened. — Hanging wall (Mining), the upper wall of inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner’s head when working in the vein.

Hang”ing, n. 1. The act of suspending anything; the state of being suspended.

2. Death by suspension; execution by a halter.

3. That which is hung as lining or drapery for the walls of a room, as tapestry, paper, etc., or to cover or drape a door or window; — used chiefly in the plural.

Now purple hangings clothe the palace walls.

Dryden.

Hang”man (hăng”man), n.; pl. Hangmen(-men). One who hangs another; esp., one who makes a business of hanging; a public executioner; — sometimes used as a term of reproach, without reference to office. Shak.

Hang”man*ship, n. The office or character of a hangman.

Hang”nail` (-nāl`), n. [A corruption of agnail.] A small piece or sliver of skin which hangs loose, near the root of a finger nail. Holloway.

Hang”nest` (-n&ebreve;st`), n. 1. A nest that hangs like a bag or pocket.

2. A bird which builds such a nest; a hangbird.

Hank (hănk), n. [Cf. Dan. hank handle, Sw. hank a band or tie, Icel. hanki hasp, clasp, hönk, hangr, hank, coil, skein, G. henkel, henk, handle; all prob. akin to E. hang. See Hang.] 1. A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of yarn or thread tied together.

2. A rope or withe for fastening a gate. [Prov. Eng.]

3. Hold; influence.

When the devil hath got such a hank over him.

Bp. Sanderson.

4. (Naut.) A ring or eye of rope, wood, or iron, attached to the edge of a sail and running on a stay.

Hank, v. t. 1. [OE. hanken.] To fasten with a rope, as a gate. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

2. To form into hanks.

Han”ker (hă&nsm;“k&etilde;r), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hankered (- k&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hankering.] [Prob. fr. hang; cf. D. hunkeren, hengelen.] 1. To long (for) with a keen appetite and uneasiness; to have a vehement desire; — usually with for or after; as, to hanker after fruit; to hanker after the diversions of the town. Addison.

He was hankering to join his friend.

J. A. Symonds.

2. To linger in expectation or with desire. Thackeray.

Han”ker*ing*ly, adv. In a hankering manner.

Han”key-pan”key (hă&nsm;“k&ybreve;*pă&nsm;“k&ybreve;), n. [Cf. Hocus-pocus.] Professional cant; the chatter of conjurers to divert attention from their tricks; hence, jugglery. [Colloq.]

Han`o*ve”ri*an (hăn`&osl;vē“r&ibreve;an), a. Of or pertaining to Hanover or its people, or to the House of Hanover in England.

Han`o*ve”ri*an, n. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Hanover; one of the House of Hanover.

Han”sa (hăn”s&adot;), n. See 2d Hanse.

Han”sard (-s&etilde;rd), n. An official report of proceedings in the British Parliament; — so called from the name of the publishers.

Han”sard, n. A merchant of one of the Hanse towns. See the Note under 2d Hanse.

Hanse (hăns), n. [Cf. F. anse handle, anse de panier surbased arch, flat arch, vault, and E. haunch hip.] (Arch.) That part of an elliptical or many-centered arch which has the shorter radius and immediately adjoins the impost.

Hanse, n. [G. hanse, or F. hanse (from German), OHG. & Goth. hansa; akin to AS. hōs band, troop.] An association; a league or confederacy.

Hanse towns (Hist.), certain commercial cities in Germany which associated themselves for the protection and enlarging of their commerce. The confederacy, called also Hansa and Hanseatic league, held its first diet in 1260, and was maintained for nearly four hundred years. At one time the league comprised eighty-five cities. Its remnants, Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, are free cities, and are still frequently called Hanse towns.

Han`se*at”ic (hăn`s&esl;*ăt”&ibreve;k), a. Pertaining to the Hanse towns, or to their confederacy.

Hanseatic league. See under 2d Hanse.

Han”sel (hăn”s&ebreve;l), n. & v. See Handsel.

Han”sel*ines (hän”sel*īnz), n. A sort of breeches. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Han”som (hăn”sŭm), n., Han”som cab` (kăb`). [From the name of the inventor.] A light, low, two-wheeled covered carriage with the driver’s seat elevated behind, the reins being passed over the top.

He hailed a cruising hansom . . . ” ‘Tis the gondola of London,” said Lothair.

Beaconsfield.

Han’t (hānt; in England, hänt). A contraction of have not, or has not, used in illiterate speech. In the United States the commoner spelling is hain’t.

Han”u*man (h&adot;n”&usdot;*man), n. See Hoonoomaun.

Hap (hăp), v. t. [OE. happen.] To clothe; to wrap.

The surgeon happed her up carefully.

Dr. J. Brown.

Hap, n. [Cf. Hap to clothe.] A cloak or plaid. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

Hap, n. [Icel. happ unexpected good luck. √39.] That which happens or comes suddenly or unexpectedly; also, the manner of occurrence or taking place; chance; fortune; accident; casual event; fate; luck; lot. Chaucer.

Whether art it was or heedless hap.

Spenser.

Cursed be good haps, and cursed be they that build
Their hopes on haps.

Sir P. Sidney.

Loving goes by haps:
Some Cupid kills with arrows, some with traps.

Shak.

Hap, v. i. [OE. happen. See Hap chance, and cf. Happen.] To happen; to befall; to chance. Chaucer.

Sends word of all that haps in Tyre.

Shak.

Ha‘“pen*ny (hā“p&ebreve;n*n&ybreve;), n. A half-penny.

Hap”haz`ard (hăp”hăz`&etilde;rd or hăp`hăz”-), n. [Hap + hazard.] Extra hazard; chance; accident; random.

We take our principles at haphazard, upon trust.

Locke.

Hap”less (hăp”l&ebreve;s), a. Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as, hapless youth; hapless maid. Dryden.

Hap”less*ly, adv. In a hapless, unlucky manner.

||Ha*plo”mi (h&adot;*plō“mī), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “aplo`os simple + ‘w^mos shoulder.] (Zoöl.) An order of freshwater fishes, including the true pikes, cyprinodonts, and blindfishes.

Hap`lo*stem”o*nous (hăp`l&osl;*st&ebreve;m”&osl;*nŭs), a. [Gr. “aplo`os simple + sth`mwn a thread.] (Bot.) Having but one series of stamens, and that equal in number to the proper number of petals; isostemonous.

Hap”ly (hăp”l&ybreve;), adv. By hap, chance, luck, or accident; perhaps; it may be.

Lest haply ye be found even to fight against God.

Acts v. 39.

Happed (hăpt), p. a. [From 1st Hap.] Wrapped; covered; cloaked. [Scot.]

All happed with flowers in the green wood were.

Hogg.

Hap”pen (hăp”p’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Happened (-p’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Happening.] [OE. happenen, hapnen. See Hap to happen.] 1. To come by chance; to come without previous expectation; to fall out.

There shall no evil happen to the just.

Prov. xii. 21.

2. To take place; to occur.

All these things which had happened.

Luke xxiv. 14.

To happen on, to meet with; to fall or light upon. “I have happened on some other accounts.” Graunt. — To happen in, to make a casual call. [Colloq.]

Hap”pi*ly (hăp”p&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. [From Happy.] 1. By chance; peradventure; haply. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. By good fortune; fortunately; luckily.

Preferred by conquest, happily o’erthrown.

Waller.

3. In a happy manner or state; in happy circumstances; as, he lived happily with his wife.

4. With address or dexterity; gracefully; felicitously; in a manner to insure success; with success.

Formed by thy converse, happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe.

Pope.

Syn. — Fortunately; luckily; successfully; prosperously; contentedly; dexterously; felicitously.

Hap”pi*ness, n. [From Happy.] 1. Good luck; good fortune; prosperity.

All happiness bechance to thee in Milan!

Shak.

2. An agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended with enjoyment; the state of being happy; contentment; joyful satisfaction; felicity; blessedness.

3. Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace; — used especially of language.

Some beauties yet no precepts can declare,
For there’s a happiness, as well as care.

Pope.

Syn. — Happiness, Felicity, Blessedness, Bliss. Happiness is generic, and is applied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that of the animal appetites; felicity is a more formal word, and is used more sparingly in the same general sense, but with elevated associations; blessedness is applied to the most refined enjoyment arising from the purest social, benevolent, and religious affections; bliss denotes still more exalted delight, and is applied more appropriately to the joy anticipated in heaven.

O happiness! our being’s end and aim!

Pope.

Others in virtue place felicity,
But virtue joined with riches and long life;
In corporal pleasures he, and careless ease.

Milton.

His overthrow heaped happiness upon him;
For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being little.

Shak.

Hap”py (hăp”p&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Happier (-p&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Happiest.] [From Hap chance.] 1. Favored by hap, luck, or fortune; lucky; fortunate; successful; prosperous; satisfying desire; as, a happy expedient; a happy effort; a happy venture; a happy omen.

Chymists have been more happy in finding experiments than the causes of them.

Boyle.

2. Experiencing the effect of favorable fortune; having the feeling arising from the consciousness of well- being or of enjoyment; enjoying good of any kind, as peace, tranquillity, comfort; contented; joyous; as, happy hours, happy thoughts.

Happy is that people, whose God is the Lord.

Ps. cxliv. 15.

The learned is happy Nature to explore,
The fool is happy that he knows no more.

Pope.

3. Dexterous; ready; apt; felicitous.

One gentleman is happy at a reply, another excels in a rejoinder.

Swift.

Happy family, a collection of animals of different and hostile propensities living peaceably together in one cage. Used ironically of conventional alliances of persons who are in fact mutually repugnant. — Happy-go-lucky, trusting to hap or luck; improvident; easy-going. “Happy- go-lucky carelessness.” W. Black.

||Ha*pu”ku (h&adot;*p&oomac;“k&oomac;), n. (Zoöl.) A large and valuable food fish (Polyprion prognathus) of New Zealand. It sometimes weighs one hundred pounds or more.

Haque”but (hăk”bŭt), n. See Hagbut.

Ha”ra-ki`ri (h&add;“r&add;*kē`r&ibreve;), n. [Jap., stomach cutting.] Suicide, by slashing the abdomen, formerly practiced in Japan, and commanded by the government in the cases of disgraced officials; disembowelment; – - also written, but incorrectly, hari-kari. W. E. Griffis.

Ha*rangue” (h&adot;*răng”), n. [F. harangue: cf. Sp. arenga, It. aringa; lit., a speech before a multitude or on the hustings, It. aringo arena, hustings, pulpit; all fr. OHG. hring ring, anything round, ring of people, G. ring. See Ring.] A speech addressed to a large public assembly; a popular oration; a loud address to a multitude; in a bad sense, a noisy or pompous speech; declamation; ranting.

Gray-headed men and grave, with warriors mixed,
Assemble, and harangues are heard.

Milton.

Syn. — Harangue, Speech, Oration. Speech is generic; an oration is an elaborate and rhetorical speech; an harangue is a vehement appeal to the passions, or a noisy, disputatious address. A general makes an harangue to his troops on the eve of a battle; a demagogue harangues the populace on the subject of their wrongs.

Ha*rangue”, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harangued (h&adot;*răngd”); p. pr. & vb. n. Haranguing.] [Cf. F. haranguer, It. aringare.] To make an harangue; to declaim.

Ha*rangue”, v. t. To address by an harangue.

Ha*rangue”ful (-f&usdot;l), a. Full of harangue.

Ha*rang”uer (h&adot;*răng”&etilde;r), n. One who harangues, or is fond of haranguing; a declaimer.

With them join’d all th’ haranguers of the throng,
That thought to get preferment by the tongue.

Dryden.

Har”ass (hăr”as), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harassed (-ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Harassing.] [F. harasser; cf. OF. harace a basket made of cords, harace, harasse,a very heavy and large shield; or harer to set (a dog) on.] To fatigue; to tire with repeated and exhausting efforts; esp., to weary by importunity, teasing, or fretting; to cause to endure excessive burdens or anxieties; — sometimes followed by out.

[Troops] harassed with a long and wearisome march.

Bacon.

Nature oppressed and harass’d out with care.

Addison.

Vext with lawyers and harass’d with debt.

Tennyson.

Syn. — To weary; jade; tire; perplex; distress; tease; worry; disquiet; chafe; gall; annoy; irritate; plague; vex; molest; trouble; disturb; torment.

Har”ass, n. 1. Devastation; waste. [Obs.] Milton.

2. Worry; harassment. [R.] Byron.

Har”ass*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who harasses.

Har”ass*ment (-ment), n. The act of harassing, or state of being harassed; worry; annoyance; anxiety.

Little harassments which I am led to suspect do occasionally molest the most fortunate.

Ld. Lytton.

Har”ber*ous (h&add;r”b&etilde;r*ŭs), a. Harborous. [Obs.]

A bishop must be faultless, the husband of one wife, honestly appareled, harberous.

Tyndale (1 Tim. iii. 2).

Har”bin*ger (-b&ibreve;n*j&etilde;r), n. [OE. herbergeour, OF. herbergeor one who provides lodging, fr. herbergier to provide lodging, F. héberger, OF. herberge lodging, inn, F. auberge; of German origin. See Harbor.] 1. One who provides lodgings; especially, the officer of the English royal household who formerly preceded the court when traveling, to provide and prepare lodgings. Fuller.

2. A forerunner; a precursor; a messenger.

I knew by these harbingers who were coming.

Landor.

Har”bin*ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harbingered (-j&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harbingering.] To usher in; to be a harbinger of. “Thus did the star of religious freedom harbinger the day.” Bancroft.

Har”bor (-b&etilde;r), n. [Written also harbour.] [OE. herbor, herberwe, herberge, Icel. herbergi (cf. OHG. heriberga), orig., a shelter for soldiers; herr army + bjarga to save, help, defend; akin to AS. here army, G. heer, OHG. heri, Goth. harjis, and AS. beorgan to save, shelter, defend, G. bergen. See Harry, 2d Bury, and cf. Harbinger.] 1. A station for rest and entertainment; a place of security and comfort; a refuge; a shelter.

[A grove] fair harbour that them seems.

Spenser.

For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.

Dryden.

2. Specif.: A lodging place; an inn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. (Astrol.) The mansion of a heavenly body. [Obs.]

4. A portion of a sea, a lake, or other large body of water, either landlocked or artificially protected so as to be a place of safety for vessels in stormy weather; a port or haven.

5. (Glass Works) A mixing box for materials.

Harbor dues (Naut.), fees paid for the use of a harbor. — Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal. — Harbor watch, a watch set when a vessel is in port; an anchor watch.

Har”bor (här”b&etilde;r), v. t. [Written also harbour.] [imp. & p. p. Harbored (-b&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harboring.] [OE. herberen, herberwen, herbergen; cf. Icel. herbergja. See Harbor, n.] To afford lodging to; to entertain as a guest; to shelter; to receive; to give a refuge to; to indulge or cherish (a thought or feeling, esp. an ill thought).

Any place that harbors men.

Shak.

The bare suspicion made it treason to harbor the person suspected.

Bp. Burnet.

Let not your gentle breast harbor one thought of outrage.

Rowe.

Har”bor, v. i. To lodge, or abide for a time; to take shelter, as in a harbor.

For this night let’s harbor here in York.

Shak.

Har”bor*age (-&asl;j), n. Shelter; entertainment.[R.]

Where can I get me harborage for the night?

Tennyson.

Har”bor*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who, or that which, harbors.

Geneva was . . . a harborer of exiles for religion.

Strype.

Har”bor*less, a. Without a harbor; shelterless.

Har”bor mas`ter (m&adot;s`t&etilde;r). An officer charged with the duty of executing the regulations respecting the use of a harbor.

{ Har”bor*ough (-&osl;), Har”brough (-br&osl;), } n. [See Harbor.] A shelter. [Obs.]. Spenser.

Har”bor*ous (-b&etilde;r*ŭs), a. Hospitable. [Obs.]

Hard (härd), a. [Compar. Harder (-&etilde;r); superl. Hardest.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. harðr, Dan. haard, Sw. hård, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty`s strong, ka`rtos, kra`tos, strength, and also to E. -ard, as in coward, drunkard, -crat, -cracy in autocrat, democracy; cf. Skr. kratu strength, k&rsdot; to do, make. Cf. Hardy.] 1. Not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts; not yielding to pressure; firm; solid; compact; — applied to material bodies, and opposed to soft; as, hard wood; hard flesh; a hard apple.

2. Difficult, mentally or judicially; not easily apprehended, decided, or resolved; as a hard problem.

The hard causes they brought unto Moses.

Ex. xviii. 26.

In which are some things hard to be understood.

2 Peter iii. 16.

3. Difficult to accomplish; full of obstacles; laborious; fatiguing; arduous; as, a hard task; a disease hard to cure.

4. Difficult to resist or control; powerful.

The stag was too hard for the horse.

L’Estrange.

A power which will be always too hard for them.

Addison.

5. Difficult to bear or endure; not easy to put up with or consent to; hence, severe; rigorous; oppressive; distressing; unjust; grasping; as, a hard lot; hard times; hard fare; a hard winter; hard conditions or terms.

I never could drive a hard bargain.

Burke.

6. Difficult to please or influence; stern; unyielding; obdurate; unsympathetic; unfeeling; cruel; as, a hard master; a hard heart; hard words; a hard character.

7. Not easy or agreeable to the taste; harsh; stiff; rigid; ungraceful; repelling; as, a hard style.

Figures harder than even the marble itself.

Dryden.

8. Rough; acid; sour, as liquors; as, hard cider.

9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance; not aspirated, sibilated, or pronounced with a gradual change of the organs from one position to another; — said of certain consonants, as c in came, and g in go, as distinguished from the same letters in center, general, etc.

10. Wanting softness or smoothness of utterance; harsh; as, a hard tone.

11. (Painting) (a) Rigid in the drawing or distribution of the figures; formal; lacking grace of composition. (b) Having disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in the coloring or light and shade.

Hard cancer, Hard case, etc. See under Cancer, Case, etc. — Hard clam, or Hard-shelled clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. — Hard coal, anthracite, as distinguished from bituminous or soft coal. — Hard and fast. (Naut.) See under Fast. — Hard finish (Arch.), a smooth finishing coat of hard fine plaster applied to the surface of rough plastering. — Hard lines, hardship; difficult conditions. — Hard money, coin or specie, as distinguished from paper money. — Hard oyster (Zoöl.), the northern native oyster. [Local, U. S.] — Hard pan, the hard stratum of earth lying beneath the soil; hence, figuratively, the firm, substantial, fundamental part or quality of anything; as, the hard pan of character, of a matter in dispute, etc. See Pan. — Hard rubber. See under Rubber. — Hard solder. See under Solder. — Hard water, water, which contains lime or some mineral substance rendering it unfit for washing. See Hardness, 3. — Hard wood, wood of a solid or hard texture; as walnut, oak, ash, box, and the like, in distinction from pine, poplar, hemlock, etc. — In hard condition, in excellent condition for racing; having firm muscles; — said of race horses.

Syn. — Solid; arduous; powerful; trying; unyielding; stubborn; stern; flinty; unfeeling; harsh; difficult; severe; obdurate; rigid. See Solid, and Arduous.

Hard, adv. [OE. harde, AS. hearde.] 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligently; earnestly.

And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince.

Dryden.

My father
Is hard at study; pray now, rest yourself.

Shak.

2. With difficulty; as, the vehicle moves hard.

3. Uneasily; vexatiously; slowly. Shak.

4. So as to raise difficulties. “The question is hard set.” Sir T. Browne.

5. With tension or strain of the powers; violently; with force; tempestuously; vehemently; vigorously; energetically; as, to press, to blow, to rain hard; hence, rapidly; nimbly; as, to run hard.

6. Close or near.

Whose house joined hard to the synagogue.

Acts xviii. 7.

Hard by, near by; close at hand; not far off. “Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.” Milton. — Hard pushed, Hard run, greatly pressed; as, he was hard pushed or hard run for time, money, etc. [Colloq.] — Hard up, closely pressed by want or necessity; without money or resources; as, hard up for amusements. [Slang]

&fist; Hard in nautical language is often joined to words of command to the helmsman, denoting that the order should be carried out with the utmost energy, or that the helm should be put, in the direction indicated, to the extreme limit, as, Hard aport! Hard astarboard! Hard alee! Hard aweather! Hard up!
Hard is also often used in composition with a participle; as, hard-baked; hard-earned; hard-featured; hard-working; hard-won.

Hard (härd), v. t. To harden; to make hard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hard, n. A ford or passage across a river or swamp.

Hard”bake` (-bāk`), n. A sweetmeat of boiled brown sugar or molasses made with almonds, and flavored with orange or lemon juice, etc. Thackeray.

Hard”beam` (-bēm`), n. (Bot.) A tree of the genus Carpinus, of compact, horny texture; hornbeam.

Hard”en (härd“‘n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hardened (‘nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hardening (‘n*&ibreve;ng).] [OE. hardnen, hardenen.] 1. To make hard or harder; to make firm or compact; to indurate; as, to harden clay or iron.

2. To accustom by labor or suffering to endure with constancy; to strengthen; to stiffen; to inure; also, to confirm in wickedness or shame; to make unimpressionable. “Harden not your heart.” Ps. xcv. 8.

I would harden myself in sorrow.

Job vi. 10.

Hard”en, v. i. 1. To become hard or harder; to acquire solidity, or more compactness; as, mortar hardens by drying.

The deliberate judgment of those who knew him [A. Lincoln] has hardened into tradition.

The Century.

2. To become confirmed or strengthened, in either a good or a bad sense.

They, hardened more by what might most reclaim.

Milton.

Hard”ened (-‘nd), a. Made hard, or harder, or compact; made unfeeling or callous; made obstinate or obdurate; confirmed in error or vice.

Syn. — Impenetrable; hard; obdurate; callous; unfeeling; unsusceptible; insensible. See Obdurate.

Hard”en*er (-‘n*&etilde;r), n. One who, or that which, hardens; specif., one who tempers tools.

Hard”en*ing, n. 1. Making hard or harder.

2. That which hardens, as a material used for converting the surface of iron into steel.

Har”der (här”d&etilde;r), n. (Zoöl.) A South African mullet, salted for food.

Har*de”ri*an (här*dē“r&ibreve;*an), a. (Anat.) A term applied to a lachrymal gland on the inner side of the orbit of many animals which have a third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate.

Hard”-fa`vored (härd”fā`v&etilde;rd), a. Hard-featured; ill-looking; as, Vulcan was hard-favored. Dryden.

Hard”-fa`vored*ness, n. Coarseness of features.

Hard”-fea`tured (-fē`t&usl;rd; 135), a. Having coarse, unattractive or stern features. Smollett.

Hard”fern` (-f&etilde;rn`), n. (Bot.) A species of fern (Lomaria borealis), growing in Europe and Northwestern America.

Hard”-fist`ed (-f&ibreve;st`&ebreve;d), a. 1. Having hard or strong hands; as, a hard-fisted laborer.

2. Close-fisted; covetous; niggardly. Bp. Hall.

Hard”-fought` (-f&add;t`), a. Vigorously contested; as, a hard-fought battle.

Hard” grass` (gr&adot;s`). (Bot.) A name given to several different grasses, especially to the Roltböllia incurvata, and to the species of Ægilops, from one of which it is contended that wheat has been derived.

Hard”hack` (-hăk`), n. (Bot.) A very astringent shrub (Spiræa tomentosa), common in pastures. The Potentilla fruticosa is also called by this name.

Hard”-hand`ed (-hănd`&ebreve;d), a. Having hard hands, as a manual laborer.

Hard-handed men that work in Athens here.

Shak.

Hard”head` (-h&ebreve;d`), n. 1. Clash or collision of heads in contest. Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The menhaden. See Menhaden. [Local, U. S.] (b) Block’s gurnard (Trigla gurnardus) of Europe. (c) A California salmon; the steelhead. (d) The gray whale. See Gray whale, under Gray. (e) A coarse American commercial sponge (Spongia dura).

Hard”-head`ed, a. Having sound judgment; sagacious; shrewd. — Hard”-head`ed*ness, n.

Hard”-heart`ed (-härt`&ebreve;d), a. Unsympathetic; inexorable; cruel; pitiless. — Hard”-heart`ed*ness, n.

Har”di*head (här”d&ibreve;*h&ebreve;d), n. Hardihood. [Obs.]

Har”di*hood (-h&oocr;d), n. [Hardy + -hood.] Boldness, united with firmness and constancy of mind; bravery; intrepidity; also, audaciousness; impudence.

A bound of graceful hardihood.

Wordsworth.

It is the society of numbers which gives hardihood to iniquity.

Buckminster.

Syn. — Intrepidity; courage; pluck; resolution; stoutness; audacity; effrontery; impudence.

Har”di*ly, adv. 1. Same as Hardly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Boldly; stoutly; resolutely. Wyclif.

Har”di*ment (-ment), n. [OF. hardement. See Hardy.] Hardihood; boldness; courage; energetic action. [Obs.]

Changing hardiment with great Glendower.

Shak.

Har”di*ness (-d&ibreve;*n&ebreve;s), n. 1. Capability of endurance.

2. Hardihood; boldness; firmness; assurance. Spenser.

Plenty and peace breeds cowards; Hardness ever
Of hardiness is mother.

Shak.

They who were not yet grown to the hardiness of avowing the contempt of the king.

Clarendon.

3. Hardship; fatigue. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hard”ish (härd”&ibreve;sh), a. Somewhat hard.

Hard”-la`bored (härd”lā`b&etilde;rd), a. Wrought with severe labor; elaborate; studied. Swift.

Hard”ly (härd”l&ybreve;), adv. [AS. heardlice. See Hard.]

1. In a hard or difficult manner; with difficulty.

Recovering hardly what he lost before.

Dryden.

2. Unwillingly; grudgingly.

The House of Peers gave so hardly their consent.

Milton.

3. Scarcely; barely; not quite; not wholly.

Hardly shall you find any one so bad, but he desires the credit of being thought good.

South.

4. Severely; harshly; roughly.

He has in many things been hardly used.

Swift.

5. Confidently; hardily. [Obs.] Holland.

6. Certainly; surely; indeed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hard”-mouthed` (mou&thlig;d`), a. Not sensible to the bit; not easily governed; as, a hard mouthed horse.

Hard”ness, n. [AS. heardness.] 1. The quality or state of being hard, literally or figuratively.

The habit of authority also had given his manners some peremptory hardness.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Min.) The cohesion of the particles on the surface of a body, determined by its capacity to scratch another, or be itself scratched; — measured among minerals on a scale of which diamond and talc form the extremes.

3. (Chem.) The peculiar quality exhibited by water which has mineral salts dissolved in it. Such water forms an insoluble compound with soap, and is hence unfit for washing purposes.

&fist; This quality is caused by the presence of calcium carbonate, causing temporary hardness which can be removed by boiling, or by calcium sulphate, causing permanent hardness which can not be so removed, but may be improved by the addition of sodium carbonate.

Har”dock (här”d&obreve;k), n. [Obs.] See Hordock.

Hard”pan` (härd”păn), n. The hard substratum. Same as Hard pan, under Hard, a.

Hards (härdz), n. pl. [OE. herdes, AS. heordan; akin to G. hede.] The refuse or coarse part of fiax; tow.

Hard”-shell` (härd”sh&ebreve;l`), a. Unyielding; insensible to argument; uncompromising; strict. [Colloq., U. S.]

Hard”ship (härd”sh&ibreve;p), n. That which is hard to bear, as toil, privation, injury, injustice, etc. Swift.

Hard”spun`, a. Firmly twisted in spinning.

Hard”-tack` (-tăk`), n. A name given by soldiers and sailors to a kind of hard biscuit or sea bread.

Hard”tail` (-tāl`), n. (Zoöl.) See Jurel.

Hard”-vis`aged (v&ibreve;z`&asl;jd; 48), a. Of a harsh or stern countenance; hard featured. Burke.

Hard”ware` (-wâr`), n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitchen utensils, and the like; ironmongery.

Hard”ware`man (-măn), n.; pl. Hardwaremen (-m&ebreve;n). One who makes, or deals in, hardware.

Har”dy (här”d&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Hardier (-d&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Hardiest.] [F. hardi, p. p. fr. OF. hardir to make bold; of German origin, cf. OHG. hertan to harden, G. härten. See Hard, a.] 1. Bold; brave; stout; daring; resolute; intrepid.

Hap helpeth hardy man alway.

Chaucer.

2. Confident; full of assurance; in a bad sense, morally hardened; shameless.

3. Strong; firm; compact.

[A] blast may shake in pieces his hardy fabric.

South.

4. Inured to fatigue or hardships; strong; capable of endurance; as, a hardy veteran; a hardy mariner.

5. Able to withstand the cold of winter.

&fist; Plants which are hardy in Virginia may perish in New England. Half-hardy plants are those which are able to withstand mild winters or moderate frosts.

Har”dy, n. A blacksmith’s fuller or chisel, having a square shank for insertion into a square hole in an anvil, called the hardy hole.

Hare (hâr), v. t. [Cf. Harry, Harass.] To excite; to tease, harass, or worry; to harry. [Obs.] Locke.

Hare, n. [AS. hara; akin to D. haas, G. hase, OHG. haso, Dan. & Sw. hare, Icel. hēri, Skr. çaça. √226.]

1. (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genus Lepus, having long hind legs, a short tail, and a divided upper lip. It is a timid animal, moves swiftly by leaps, and is remarkable for its fecundity.

&fist; The species of hares are numerous. The common European hare is Lepus timidus. The northern or varying hare of America (L. Americanus), and the prairie hare (L. campestris), turn white in winter. In America, the various species of hares are commonly called rabbits.

2. (Astron.) A small constellation situated south of and under the foot of Orion; Lepus.

Hare and hounds, a game played by men and boys, two, called hares, having a few minutes’ start, and scattering bits of paper to indicate their course, being chased by the others, called the hounds, through a wide circuit. — Hare kangaroo (Zoöl.), a small Australian kangaroo (Lagorchestes Leporoides), resembling the hare in size and color, — Hare’s lettuce (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sonchus, or sow thistle; — so called because hares are said to eat it when fainting with heat. Dr. Prior. — Jumping hare. (Zoöl.) See under Jumping. — Little chief hare, or Crying hare. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. – - Sea hare. (Zoöl.) See Aplysia.

Hare”bell` (hâr”b&ebreve;l`), n. (Bot.) A small, slender, branching plant (Campanula rotundifolia), having blue bell-shaped flowers; also, Scilla nutans, which has similar flowers; — called also bluebell. [Written also hairbell.]

E’en the light harebell raised its head.

Sir W. Scott.

Hare”brained` (hâr”brānd`), a. Wild; giddy; volatile; heedless. “A mad hare-brained fellow.” North (Plutarch). [Written also hairbrained.]

Hare”foot` (-f&oocr;t`), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A long, narrow foot, carried (that is, produced or extending) forward; — said of dogs.

2. (Bot.) A tree (Ochroma Lagopus) of the West Indies, having the stamens united somewhat in the form of a hare’s foot.

Harefoot clover (Bot.), a species of clover (Trifolium arvense) with soft and silky heads.

Hare”-heart`ed (-härt`&ebreve;d), a. Timorous; timid; easily frightened. Ainsworth.

Hare”hound` (-hound`), n. See Harrier. A. Chalmers.

Har”eld (hăr”&ebreve;ld), n. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed duck. See Old Squaw.

Hare”lip` (hâr”l&ibreve;p`), n. A lip, commonly the upper one, having a fissure of perpendicular division like that of a hare. — Hare”lipped` (- l&ibreve;pt`), a.

Ha”rem (hā“r&ebreve;m; 277), n.[Ar. haram, orig., anything forbidden or sacred, fr. harama to forbid, prohibit.] [Written also haram and hareem.] 1. The apartments or portion of the house allotted to females in Mohammedan families.

2. The family of wives and concubines belonging to one man, in Mohammedan countries; a seraglio.

Ha*ren”gi*form (h&adot;*r&ebreve;n”j&ibreve;*fôrm), a. [F. hareng herring (LL. harengus) + -form.] Herring-shaped.

Hare’s”-ear` (hârz”ēr`), n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Bupleurum rotundifolium); — so named from the shape of its leaves. Dr. Prior.

Hare’s”-foot` fern` (-f&oocr;t` f&etilde;rn`). (Bot.) A species of fern (Davallia Canariensis) with a soft, gray, hairy rootstock; — whence the name.

Hare’s”-tail` (-tāl`), n. (Bot.) A kind of grass (Eriophorum vaginatum). See Cotton grass, under Cotton.

Hare’s-tail grass (Bot.), a species of grass (Lagurus ovatus) whose head resembles a hare’s tail.

Har”fang (här”făng), n. [See Hare, n., and Fang.] (Zoöl.) The snowy owl.

Ha`ri*a”li grass` (hä`r&ibreve;*ä“l&ibreve; gr&adot;s`). (Bot.) The East Indian name of the Cynodon Dactylon; dog’s-grass.

Har”i*cot (hăr”&esl;*k&osl;; F. &adot;`r&esl;`k&osl;”), n. [F.] 1. A ragout or stew of meat with beans and other vegetables.

2. The ripe seeds, or the unripe pod, of the common string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), used as a vegetable. Other species of the same genus furnish different kinds of haricots.

Har”i*er (hăr”&ibreve;*&etilde;r), n. (Zoöl.) See Harrier.

Ha”ri*ka`ri (hä“r&ibreve;*kä`r&ibreve;), n. See Hara-kiri.

Har`i*o*la”tion (hăr`&ibreve;*&osl;*lā“shŭn), n. [See Ariolation.] Prognostication; soothsaying. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Har”ish (hâr”&ibreve;sh), a. Like a hare. [R.] Huloet.

Hark (härk), v. i. [OE. herken. See Hearken.] To listen; to hearken. [Now rare, except in the imperative form used as an interjection, Hark! listen.] Hudibras.

Hark away! Hark back! Hark forward! (Sporting), cries used to incite and guide hounds in hunting. — To hark back, to go back for a fresh start, as when one has wandered from his direct course, or made a digression.

He must have overshot the mark, and must hark back.

Haggard.

He harked back to the subject.

W. E. Norris.

Hark”en (-‘n), v. t. & i. To hearken. Tennyson.

Harl (härl), n. [Cf. OHG. harluf noose, rope; E. hards refuse of flax.] 1. A filamentous substance; especially, the filaments of flax or hemp.

2. A barb, or barbs, of a fine large feather, as of a peacock or ostrich, — used in dressing artificial flies. [Written also herl.]

Harle (härl), n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser.

Har”lech group` (här”l&ebreve;k gr&oomac;p`). [So called from Harlech in Wales.] (Geol.) A minor subdivision at the base of the Cambrian system in Wales.

Har”le*quin (här”l&esl;*k&ibreve;n or -kw&ibreve;n), n. [F. arlequin, formerly written also harlequin (cf. It, arlecchino), prob. fr. OF. hierlekin, hellequin, goblin, elf, which is prob. of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. hel hell. Cf. Hell, Kin.] A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes, who plays tricks, often without speaking, to divert the bystanders or an audience; a merry-andrew; originally, a droll rogue of Italian comedy. Percy Smith.

As dumb harlequin is exhibited in our theaters.

Johnson.

Harlequin bat (Zoöl.), an Indian bat (Scotophilus ornatus), curiously variegated with white spots. — Harlequin beetle (Zoöl.), a very large South American beetle (Acrocinus longimanus) having very long legs and antennæ. The elytra are curiously marked with red, black, and gray. — Harlequin cabbage bug. (Zoöl.) See Calicoback. — Harlequin caterpillar. (Zoöl.), the larva of an American bombycid moth (Euchætes egle) which is covered with black, white, yellow, and orange tufts of hair. — Harlequin duck (Zoöl.), a North American duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). The male is dark ash, curiously streaked with white. — Harlequin moth. (Zoöl.) See Magpie Moth. — Harlequin opal. See Opal. — Harlequin snake (Zoöl.), a small, poisonous snake (Elaps fulvius), ringed with red and black, found in the Southern United States.

Har”le*quin (här”l&esl;*k&ibreve;n or -kw&ibreve;n), v. i. To play the droll; to make sport by playing ludicrous tricks.

Har”le*quin, v. t. To remove or conjure away, as by a harlequin’s trick.

And kitten, if the humor hit
Has harlequined away the fit.

M. Green.

Har”le*quin*ade` (-ād`), n. [F. arlequinade.] A play or part of a play in which the harlequin is conspicuous; the part of a harlequin. Macaulay.

Har”lock (här”l&obreve;k), n. Probably a corruption either of charlock or hardock. Drayton.

Har”lot (-l&obreve;t), n. [OE. harlot, herlot, a vagabond, OF. harlot, herlot, arlot; cf. Pr. arlot, Sp. arlote, It. arlotto; of uncertain origin.] 1. A churl; a common man; a person, male or female, of low birth. [Obs.]

He was a gentle harlot and a kind.

Chaucer.

2. A person given to low conduct; a rogue; a cheat; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. A woman who prostitutes her body for hire; a prostitute; a common woman; a strumpet.

Har”lot, a. Wanton; lewd; low; base. Shak.

Har”lot, v. i. To play the harlot; to practice lewdness. Milton.

Har”lot*ize (-īz), v. i. To harlot. [Obs.] Warner.

Har”lot*ry (-r&ybreve;), n. 1. Ribaldry; buffoonery; a ribald story. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer.

2. The trade or practice of prostitution; habitual or customary lewdness. Dryden.

3. Anything meretricious; as, harlotry in art.

4. A harlot; a strumpet; a baggage. [Obs.]

He sups to-night with a harlotry.

Shak.

Harm (härm), n. [OE. harm, hearm, AS. hearm; akin to OS. harm, G. harm grief, Icel. harmr, Dan. harme, Sw. harm; cf. OSlav. & Russ. sram’ shame, Skr. çrama toil, fatigue.] 1. Injury; hurt; damage; detriment; misfortune.

2. That which causes injury, damage, or loss.

We, ignorant of ourselves,
Beg often our own harms.

Shak.

Syn. — Mischief; evil; loss; injury. See Mischief.

Harm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harmed (härmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harming.] [OE. harmen, AS. hearmian. See Harm, n.] To hurt; to injure; to damage; to wrong.

Though yet he never harmed me.

Shak.

No ground of enmity between us known
Why he should mean me ill or seek to harm.

Milton.

Har”ma*line (här”m&adot;*l&ibreve;n or -lēn), n. [Cf. F. harmaline See Harmel.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the plant Peganum harmala. It forms bitter, yellow salts.

Har*mat”tan (här*măt”tan), n. [F. harmattan, prob. of Arabic origin.] A dry, hot wind, prevailing on the Atlantic coast of Africa, in December, January, and February, blowing from the interior or Sahara. It is usually accompanied by a haze which obscures the sun.

Har”mel (här”m&ebreve;l), n. [Ar. harmal.] (Bot.) A kind of rue (Ruta sylvestris) growing in India. At Lahore the seeds are used medicinally and for fumigation.

Harm”ful (härm”f&usdot;l), a. Full of harm; injurious; hurtful; mischievous. ” Most harmful hazards.” Strype.

—Harm”ful*ly, adv. — Harm”ful*ness, n.

Har”mine (här”m&ibreve;n or -mēn), n.[See Harmaline.] (Chem.) An alkaloid accompanying harmaline (in the Peganum harmala), and obtained from it by oxidation. It is a white crystalline substance.

Harm”less (härm”l&ebreve;s), a. 1. Free from harm; unhurt; as, to give bond to save another harmless.

2. Free from power or disposition to harm; innocent; inoffensive. ” The harmless deer.” Drayton

Syn. — Innocent; innoxious; innocuous; inoffensive; unoffending; unhurt; uninjured; unharmed.

—Harm”less*ly, adv.- Harm”less*ness, n.

Har*mon”ic (här*m&obreve;n”&ibreve;k), Har*mon”ic*al (-&ibreve;*kal), a. [L. harmonicus, Gr. “armoniko`s; cf. F. harmonique. See Harmony.] 1. Concordant; musical; consonant; as, harmonic sounds.

Harmonic twang! of leather, horn, and brass.

Pope.

2. (Mus.) Relating to harmony, — as melodic relates to melody; harmonious; esp., relating to the accessory sounds or overtones which accompany the predominant and apparent single tone of any string or sonorous body.

3. (Math.) Having relations or properties bearing some resemblance to those of musical consonances; — said of certain numbers, ratios, proportions, points, lines, motions, and the like.

Harmonic interval (Mus.), the distance between two notes of a chord, or two consonant notes. – - Harmonical mean (Arith. & Alg.), certain relations of numbers and quantities, which bear an analogy to musical consonances. — Harmonic motion, the motion of the point A, of the foot of the perpendicular PA, when P moves uniformly in the circumference of a circle, and PA is drawn perpendicularly upon a fixed diameter of the circle. This is simple harmonic motion. The combinations, in any way, of two or more simple harmonic motions, make other kinds of harmonic motion. The motion of the pendulum bob of a clock is approximately simple harmonic motion. — Harmonic proportion. See under Proportion. — Harmonic series or progression. See under Progression. — Spherical harmonic analysis, a mathematical method, sometimes referred to as that of Laplace’s Coefficients, which has for its object the expression of an arbitrary, periodic function of two independent variables, in the proper form for a large class of physical problems, involving arbitrary data, over a spherical surface, and the deduction of solutions for every point of space. The functions employed in this method are called spherical harmonic functions. Thomson & Tait. — Harmonic suture (Anat.), an articulation by simple apposition of comparatively smooth surfaces or edges, as between the two superior maxillary bones in man; — called also harmonia, and harmony. — Harmonic triad (Mus.), the chord of a note with its third and fifth; the common chord.

Har*mon”ic (här*m&obreve;n”&ibreve;k), n. (Mus.) A musical note produced by a number of vibrations which is a multiple of the number producing some other; an overtone. See Harmonics.

Har*mon”i*ca (-&ibreve;*k&adot;), n. [Fem. fr. L. harmonicus harmonic. See Harmonic, n. ] 1. A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones.

2. A toy instrument of strips of glass or metal hung on two tapes, and struck with hammers.

Har*mon”ic*al*ly (-&ibreve;*kal*l&ybreve;), adv. 1. In an harmonical manner; harmoniously.

2. In respect to harmony, as distinguished from melody; as, a passage harmonically correct.

3. (Math.) In harmonical progression.

Har*mon”i*con (-&ibreve;*k&obreve;n), n. A small, flat, wind instrument of music, in which the notes are produced by the vibration of free metallic reeds.

Har*mon”ics (-&ibreve;ks), n. 1. The doctrine or science of musical sounds.

2. pl. (Mus.) Secondary and less distinct tones which accompany any principal, and apparently simple, tone, as the octave, the twelfth, the fifteenth, and the seventeenth. The name is also applied to the artificial tones produced by a string or column of air, when the impulse given to it suffices only to make a part of the string or column vibrate; overtones.

Har*mo”ni*ous (här*mō“n&ibreve;*ŭs), a. [Cf. F. harmonieux. See Harmony.] 1. Adapted to each other; having parts proportioned to each other; symmetrical.

God hath made the intellectual world harmonious and beautiful without us.

Locke.

2. Acting together to a common end; agreeing in action or feeling; living in peace and friendship; as, an harmonious family.

3. Vocally or musically concordant; agreeably consonant; symphonious.

— Har*mo”ni*ous*ly, adv. — Har*mo”ni*ous*ness, n.

Har*mon”i*phon (här*m&obreve;n”&ibreve;*f&obreve;n), n. [Gr. “armoni`a harmony + fwnh` sound.] (Mus.) An obsolete wind instrument with a keyboard, in which the sound, which resembled the oboe, was produced by the vibration of thin metallic plates, acted upon by blowing through a tube.

Har”mo*nist (här”m&osl;*n&ibreve;st), n. [Cf. F. harmoniste.] 1. One who shows the agreement or harmony of corresponding passages of different authors, as of the four evangelists.

2. (Mus.) One who understands the principles of harmony or is skillful in applying them in composition; a musical composer.

{ Har”mo*nist, Har”mo*nite (-nīt), } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect, founded in Würtemburg in the last century, composed of followers of George Rapp, a weaver. They had all their property in common. In 1803, a portion of this sect settled in Pennsylvania and called the village thus established, Harmony.

Har*mo”ni*um (här*mō“n&ibreve;*ŭm), n. [NL. See Harmony. ] A musical instrument, resembling a small organ and especially designed for church music, in which the tones are produced by forcing air by means of a bellows so as to cause the vibration of free metallic reeds. It is now made with one or two keyboards, and has pedals and stops.

Har`mo*ni*za”tion (här`m&osl;*n&ibreve;*zā“shŭn), n. The act of harmonizing.

Har”mo*nize (här”m&osl;*nīz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harmonized (- nīzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harmonizing (- nī“z&ibreve;ng).] [Cf. F. harmoniser. ] 1. To agree in action, adaptation, or effect on the mind; to agree in sense or purport; as, the parts of a mechanism harmonize.

2. To be in peace and friendship, as individuals, families, or public organizations.

3. To agree in vocal or musical effect; to form a concord; as, the tones harmonize perfectly.

Har”mo*nize, v. t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions; to cause to agree; to show the agreement of; to reconcile the apparent contradiction of.

2. (Mus.) To accompany with harmony; to provide with parts, as an air, or melody.

Har”mo*ni`zer (-nī`z&etilde;r), n. One who harmonizes.

Har`mo*nom”e*ter (-n&obreve;m”&esl;*t&etilde;r), n. [Gr. “armoni`a harmony + meter: cf. F. harmonomètre.] An instrument for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. It is often a monochord furnished with movable bridges.

Har”mo*ny (här”m&osl;*n&ybreve;), n.; pl. Harmonies (- n&ibreve;z). [ F. harmonie, L. harmonia, Gr. “armoni`a joint, proportion, concord, fr. “armo`s a fitting or joining. See Article.] 1. The just adaptation of parts to each other, in any system or combination of things, or in things intended to form a connected whole; such an agreement between the different parts of a design or composition as to produce unity of effect; as, the harmony of the universe.

2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc.; good correspondence; peace and friendship; as, good citizens live in harmony.

3. A literary work which brings together or arranges systematically parallel passages of historians respecting the same events, and shows their agreement or consistency; as, a harmony of the Gospels.

4. (Mus.) (a) A succession of chords according to the rules of progression and modulation. (b) The science which treats of their construction and progression.

Ten thousand harps, that tuned
Angelic harmonies.

Milton.

5. (Anat.) See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic.

Close harmony, Dispersed harmony, etc. See under Close, Dispersed, etc. — Harmony of the spheres. See Music of the spheres, under Music.

Syn. — Harmony, Melody. Harmony results from the concord of two or more strains or sounds which differ in pitch and quality. Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single verse or strain.

Har”most (här”m&obreve;st), n. [Gr. “armosth`s, fr. “armo`zein to join, arrange, command: cf. F. harmoste. See Harmony.] (Gr. Antiq.) A city governor or prefect appointed by the Spartans in the cities subjugated by them.

Har”mo*tome (m&osl;*tōm), n. [Gr. “armo`s a joint + te`mnein to cut: cf. F. harmotome.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta, occurring usually in white cruciform crystals; cross stone.

&fist; A related mineral, called lime harmotome, and Phillipsite, contains lime in place of baryta. Dana.

Har”ness (-n&ebreve;s), n. [OE. harneis, harnes, OF. harneis, F. harnais, harnois; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. harnez old iron, armor, W. haiarn iron, Armor. houarn, Ir. iarann, Gael. iarunn. Cf. Iron.] 1. Originally, the complete dress, especially in a military sense, of a man or a horse; hence, in general, armor.

At least we’ll die with harness on our back.

Shak.

2. The equipment of a draught or carriage horse, for drawing a wagon, coach, chaise, etc.; gear; tackling.

3. The part of a loom comprising the heddles, with their means of support and motion, by which the threads of the warp are alternately raised and depressed for the passage of the shuttle.

To die in harness, to die with armor on; hence, colloquially, to die while actively engaged in work or duty.

Har”ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harnessed (-n&ebreve;st); p. pr. & vb. n. Harnessing.] [OE. harneisen; cf. F. harnacher, OF. harneschier.] 1. To dress in armor; to equip with armor for war, as a horseman; to array.

Harnessed in rugged steel.

Rowe.

A gay dagger,
Harnessed well and sharp as point of spear.

Chaucer.

2. Fig.: To equip or furnish for defense. Dr. H. More.

3. To make ready for draught; to equip with harness, as a horse. Also used figuratively.

Harnessed to some regular profession.

J. C. Shairp.

Harnessed antelope. (Zoöl.) See Guib. — Harnessed moth (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Arctia phalerata of Harris), having, on the fore wings, stripes and bands of buff on a black ground.

Har”ness cask` (k&adot;sk`). (Naut.) A tub lashed to a vessel’s deck and containing salted provisions for daily use; — called also harness tub. W. C. Russell.

Har”ness*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who harnesses.

Harns (härnz), n. pl. [Akin to Icel. hjarni, Dan. hierne.] The brains. [Scot.]

Harp (härp), n. [OE. harpe, AS. hearpe; akin to D. harp, G. harfe, OHG. harpha, Dan. harpe, Icel. & Sw. harpa.] 1. A musical instrument consisting of a triangular frame furnished with strings and sometimes with pedals, held upright, and played with the fingers.

2. (Astron.) A constellation; Lyra, or the Lyre.

3. A grain sieve. [Scot.]

Æolian harp. See under Æolian.

Harp seal (Zoöl.), an arctic seal (Phoca Grœnlandica). The adult males have a light- colored body, with a harp-shaped mark of black on each side, and the face and throat black. Called also saddler, and saddleback. The immature ones are called bluesides. — Harp shell (Zoöl.), a beautiful marine gastropod shell of the genus Harpa, of several species, found in tropical seas. See Harpa.

Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harped (härpt) p. pr. & vb. n. Harping.] [AS. hearpian. See Harp, n.] 1. To play on the harp.

I heard the voice of harpers, harping with their harps.

Rev. xiv. 2.

2. To dwell on or recur to a subject tediously or monotonously in speaking or in writing; to refer to something repeatedly or continually; — usually with on or upon. “Harpings upon old themes.” W. Irving.

Harping on what I am,
Not what he knew I was.

Shak.

To harp on one string, to dwell upon one subject with disagreeable or wearisome persistence. [Colloq.]

Harp, v. t. To play on, as a harp; to play (a tune) on the harp; to develop or give expression to by skill and art; to sound forth as from a harp; to hit upon.

Thou ‘st harped my fear aright.

Shak.

||Har”pa (här”p&adot;), n. [L., harp.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine univalve shells; the harp shells; — so called from the form of the shells, and their ornamental ribs.

Har”pa*gon (-g&obreve;n), n. [L. harpago, Gr. “arpa`gh hook, rake.] A grappling iron. [Obs.]

Harp”er (härp”&etilde;r), n. [AS. hearpere.] 1. A player on the harp; a minstrel.

The murmuring pines and the hemlocks . . .
Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms.

Longfellow.

2. A brass coin bearing the emblem of a harp, — formerly current in Ireland. B. Jonson.

Harp”ing (härp”&ibreve;ng), a. Pertaining to the harp; as, harping symphonies. Milton.

Harp”ing i`ron (ī`ŭrn). [F. harper to grasp strongly. See Harpoon.] A harpoon. Evelyn.

Harp”ings (-&ibreve;ngz), n. pl. (Naut.) The fore parts of the wales, which encompass the bow of a vessel, and are fastened to the stem. [Written also harpins.] Totten.

Harp”ist, n. [Cf. F. harpiste.] A player on the harp; a harper. W. Browne.

Har*poon” (här*p&oomac;n”), n. [F. harpon, LL. harpo, perh. of Ger. origin, fr. the harp; cf. F. harper to take and grasp strongly, harpe a dog’s claw, harpin boathook (the sense of hook coming from the shape of the harp); but cf. also Gr. “a`rph the kite, sickle, and E. harpy. Cf. Harp.] A spear or javelin used to strike and kill large fish, as whales; a harping iron. It consists of a long shank, with a broad, fiat, triangular head, sharpened at both edges, and is thrown by hand, or discharged from a gun.

Harpoon fork, a kind of hayfork, consisting of bar with hinged barbs at one end and a loop for a rope at the other end, used for lifting hay from the load by horse power. — Harpoon gun, a gun used in the whale fishery for shooting the harpoon into a whale.

Har*poon”, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harpooned (-p&oomac;nd”); p. pr. & vb. n. Harpooning.] To strike, catch, or kill with a harpoon.

Har`poon*eer” (här`p&oomac;n*ēr”), n. An harpooner. Crabb.

Har*poon”er (här*p&oomac;n”&etilde;r), n. [Cf. F. harponneur.] One who throws the harpoon.

Harp”ress (härp”r&ebreve;s), n. A female harper. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Harp”si*chon (härp”s&ibreve;*k&obreve;n), n. A harpsichord. [Obs.]

Harp”si*chord (-kôrd), n. [OF. harpechorde, in which the harpe is of German origin. See Harp, and Chord.] (Mus.) A harp-shaped instrument of music set horizontally on legs, like the grand piano, with strings of wire, played by the fingers, by means of keys provided with quills, instead of hammers, for striking the strings. It is now superseded by the piano.

Har”py (här”p&ybreve;), n.; pl. Harpies (-p&ibreve;z). [F. harpie, L. harpyia, Gr. “a`rpyia, from the root of “arpa`zein to snatch, to seize. Cf. Rapacious.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A fabulous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having the face of a woman and the body of a vulture, with long claws, and the face pale with hunger. Some writers mention two, others three.

Both table and provisions vanished quite.
With sound of harpies’ wings and talons heard.

Milton.

2. One who is rapacious or ravenous; an extortioner.

The harpies about all pocket the pool.

Goldsmith.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The European moor buzzard or marsh harrier (Circus æruginosus). (b) A large and powerful, double-crested, short-winged American eagle (Thrasaëtus harpyia). It ranges from Texas to Brazil.

Harpy bat (Zoöl.) (a) An East Indian fruit bat of the genus Harpyia (esp. H. cephalotes), having prominent, tubular nostrils. (b) A small, insectivorous Indian bat (Harpiocephalus harpia). — Harpy fly (Zoöl.), the house fly.

{ Har”que*bus Har”que*buse } (här”kw&esl;*bŭs), n. [See Arquebus.] A firearm with match holder, trigger, and tumbler, made in the second half of the 15th century. The barrel was about forty inches long. A form of the harquebus was subsequently called arquebus with matchlock.

Har”rage (hăr”r&asl;j; 48) v. t. [See Harry.] To harass; to plunder from. [Obs.] Fuller.

Har”re (här”re), n. [OE., fr. AS. heorr, híor.] A hinge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Har”ri*dan (hăr”r&ibreve;*dan), n. [F. haridelle a worn-out horse, jade.] A worn-out strumpet; a vixenish woman; a hag.

Such a weak, watery, wicked old harridan, substituted for the pretty creature I had been used to see.

De Quincey.

Har”ri*er (-&etilde;r), n. [From Hare, n.] (Zoöl.) One of a small breed of hounds, used for hunting hares. [Written also harier.]

Har”ri*er, n. [From Harry.] 1. One who harries.

2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of hawks or buzzards of the genus Circus which fly low and harry small animals or birds, — as the European marsh harrier (Circus æruginosus), and the hen harrier (C. cyaneus).

Harrier hawk(Zoöl.), one of several species of American hawks of the genus Micrastur.

Har”row (hăr”r&osl;), n. [OE. harowe, harwe, AS. hearge; cf. D. hark rake, G. harke, Icel. herfi harrow, Dan. harve, Sw. harf. √16.] 1. An implement of agriculture, usually formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other, and set with iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, to stir the soil and make it fine, or to cover seed when sown.

2. (Mil.) An obstacle formed by turning an ordinary harrow upside down, the frame being buried.

Bush harrow, a kind of light harrow made of bushes, for harrowing grass lands and covering seeds, or to finish the work of a toothed harrow. — Drill harrow. See under 6th Drill. — Under the harrow, subjected to actual torture with a toothed instrument, or to great affliction or oppression.

Har”row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harrowed (-r&osl;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrowing.] [OE. harowen, harwen; cf. Dan. harve. See Harrow, n.] 1. To draw a harrow over, as for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed; as, to harrow land.

Will he harrow the valleys after thee?

Job xxxix. 10.

2. To break or tear, as with a harrow; to wound; to lacerate; to torment or distress; to vex.

My aged muscles harrowed up with whips.

Rowe.

I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word
Would harrow up thy soul.

Shak.

Har”row, interj. [OF. harau, haro; fr. OHG. hara, hera, herot, or fr. OS. herod hither, akin to E. here.] Help! Halloo! An exclamation of distress; a call for succor; — the ancient Norman hue and cry. “Harrow and well away!” Spenser.

Harrow! alas! here lies my fellow slain.

Chaucer.

Har”row, v. t. [See Harry.] To pillage; to harry; to oppress. [Obs.] Spenser.

Meaning thereby to harrow his people.

Bacon

Har”row*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who harrows.

Har”row*er, n. One who harries. [Obs.]

Har”ry (-r&ybreve;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harried (-r&ibreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrying.] [OE. harwen, herien, her&yogh;ien, AS. hergian to act as an army, to ravage, plunder, fr. here army; akin to G. heer, Icel. herr, Goth. harjis, and Lith. karas war. Cf. Harbor, Herald, Heriot.]

1. To strip; to pillage; to lay waste; as, the Northmen came several times and harried the land.

To harry this beautiful region.

W. Irving.

A red squirrel had harried the nest of a wood thrush.

J. Burroughs.

2. To agitate; to worry; to harrow; to harass. Shak.

Syn. — To ravage; plunder; pillage; lay waste; vex; tease; worry; annoy; harass.

Har”ry, v. i. To make a predatory incursion; to plunder or lay waste. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Harsh (härsh), a. [Compar. Harsher (-&etilde;r); superl. Harshest.] [OE. harsk; akin to G. harsch, Dan. harsk rancid, Sw. härsk; from the same source as E. hard. See Hard, a.] 1. Rough; disagreeable; grating; esp.: (a) To the touch. “Harsh sand.” Boyle. (b) To the taste. “Berries harsh and crude.” Milton. (c) To the ear. “Harsh din.” Milton.

2. Unpleasant and repulsive to the sensibilities; austere; crabbed; morose; abusive; abusive; severe; rough.

Clarence is so harsh, so blunt.

Shak.

Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charmed.

Dryden.

3. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) Having violent contrasts of color, or of light and shade; lacking in harmony.

Harsh”ly, adv. In a harsh manner; gratingly; roughly; rudely.

‘T will sound harshly in her ears.

Shak.

Harsh”ness, n. The quality or state of being harsh.

O, she is
Ten times more gentle than her father’s crabbed,
And he’s composed of harshness.

Shak.

‘Tis not enough no harshness gives offense,
The sound must seem an echo to the sense.

Pope.

Syn. — Acrimony; roughness; sternness; asperity; tartness. See Acrimony.

Hars”let (härs”l&ebreve;t), n. See Haslet.

Hart (härt), n. [OE. hart, hert, heort, AS. heort, heorot; akin to D. hert, OHG. hiruz, hirz, G. hirsch, Icel. hjörtr, Dan. & Sw. hjort, L. cervus, and prob. to Gr. kerao`s horned, ke`ras horn. √230. See Horn.] (Zoöl.) A stag; the male of the red deer. See the Note under Buck.

Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind.

Milton.

Hart”beest` (-bēst`), n. [D. hertebeest. See Hart, and Beast.] (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Alcelaphus caama), formerly much more abundant than it is now. The face and legs are marked with black, the rump with white. [Written also hartebeest, and hartebest.]

Hart”en (-‘n), v. t. To hearten; to encourage; to incite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hart”ford (härt”f&etilde;rd), n. The Hartford grape, a variety of grape first raised at Hartford, Connecticut, from the Northern fox grape. Its large dark-colored berries ripen earlier than those of most other kinds.

Hart’s” clo`ver (härts” klō`v&etilde;r). (Bot.) Melilot or sweet clover. See Melilot.

Hart’s”-ear` (-ēr`), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic species of Cacalia (C. Kleinia), used medicinally in India.

Harts”horn` (-hôrn`), n. 1. The horn or antler of the hart, or male red deer.

2. Spirits of hartshorn (see below); volatile salts.

Hartshorn plantain (Bot.), an annual species of plantain (Plantago Coronopus); — called also buck’s-horn. Booth. — Hartshorn shavings, originally taken from the horns of harts, are now obtained chiefly by planing down the bones of calves. They afford a kind of jelly. Hebert. — Salt of hartshorn (Chem.), an impure solid carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the destructive distillation of hartshorn, or any kind of bone; volatile salts. Brande & C. — Spirits of hartshorn (Chem.), a solution of ammonia in water; — so called because formerly obtained from hartshorn shavings by destructive distillation. Similar ammoniacal solutions from other sources have received the same name.

Hart’s”-tongue` (härts”tŭng`), n. (Bot.) (a) A common British fern (Scolopendrium vulgare), rare in America. (b) A West Indian fern, the Polypodium Phyllitidis of Linnæus. It is also found in Florida.

Hart”wort` (härt”wûrt`), n. (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (Tordylium maximum).

&fist; The name is often vaguely given to other plants of the same order, as species of Seseli and Bupleurum.

Har”um-scar”um (hâr”ŭm*skâr”ŭm), a. [Cf. hare,v. t., and scare, v. t.] Wild; giddy; flighty; rash; thoughtless. [Colloq.]

They had a quarrel with Sir Thomas Newcome’s own son, a harum-scarum lad.

Thackeray.

Ha*rus`pi*ca”tion (h&adot;*rŭs`p&ibreve;*kā“shŭn), n. See Haruspicy. Tylor.

Ha*rus”pice (h&adot;*rŭs”p&ibreve;s), n. [F., fr. L. haruspex.] A diviner of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspice.

Ha*rus”pi*cy (-p&ibreve;*s&ybreve;), n. The art or practices of haruspices. See Aruspicy.

Har”vest (här”v&ebreve;st), n. [OE. harvest, hervest, AS. hærfest autumn; akin to LG. harfst, D. herfst, OHG. herbist, G. herbst, and prob. to L. carpere to pluck, Gr. karpo`s fruit. Cf. Carpet.] 1. The gathering of a crop of any kind; the ingathering of the crops; also, the season of gathering grain and fruits, late summer or early autumn.

Seedtime and harvest . . . shall not cease.

Gen. viii. 22.

At harvest, when corn is ripe.

Tyndale.

2. That which is reaped or ready to be reaped or gathered; a crop, as of grain (wheat, maize, etc.), or fruit.

Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe.

Joel iii. 13.

To glean the broken ears after the man
That the main harvest reaps.

Shak.

3. The product or result of any exertion or labor; gain; reward.

The pope’s principal harvest was in the jubilee.

Fuller.

The harvest of a quiet eye.

Wordsworth.

Harvest fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of the Southern United States (Stromateus alepidotus); — called whiting in Virginia. Also applied to the dollar fish. — Harvest fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect of the genus Cicada, often called locust. See Cicada. — Harvest lord, the head reaper at a harvest. [Obs.] Tusser. — Harvest mite (Zoöl.), a minute European mite (Leptus autumnalis), of a bright crimson color, which is troublesome by penetrating the skin of man and domestic animals; — called also harvest louse, and harvest bug. — Harvest moon, the moon near the full at the time of harvest in England, or about the autumnal equinox, when, by reason of the small angle that is made by the moon’s orbit with the horizon, it rises nearly at the same hour for several days. — Harvest mouse (Zoöl.), a very small European field mouse (Mus minutus). It builds a globular nest on the stems of wheat and other plants. — Harvest queen, an image representing Ceres, formerly carried about on the last day of harvest. Milton. — Harvest spider. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs.

Har”vest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harvested; p. pr. & vb. n. Harvesting.] To reap or gather, as any crop.

Har”vest*er (-&etilde;r), n. 1. One who harvests; a machine for cutting and gathering grain; a reaper.

2. (Zoöl.) A harvesting ant.

Har”vest-home” (-hōm), n. 1. The gathering and bringing home of the harvest; the time of harvest.

Showed like a stubble land at harvest- home.

Shak.

2. The song sung by reapers at the feast made at the close of the harvest; the feast itself. Dryden.

3. A service of thanksgiving, at harvest time, in the Church of England and in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States.

4. The opportunity of gathering treasure. Shak.

Har”vest*ing, a. & n., from Harvest, v. t.

Harvesting ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gathers and stores up seeds for food. Many species are known.

&fist; The species found in Southern Europe and Palestine are Aphenogaster structor and A. barbara; that of Texas, called agricultural ant, is Pogonomyrmex barbatus or Myrmica molifaciens; that of Florida is P. crudelis. See Agricultural ant, under Agricultural.

Har”vest*less, a. Without harvest; lacking in crops; barren. “Harvestless autumns.” Tennyson.

Har”vest*man (-man), n.; pl. Harvestmen (-men). 1. A man engaged in harvesting. Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs, 1.

Har”vest*ry (-r&ybreve;), n. The act of harvesting; also, that which is harvested. Swinburne.

Har”y (hăr”&ybreve;), v. t. [Cf. OF. harier to harass, or E. harry, v. t.] To draw; to drag; to carry off by violence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Has (hăz), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have.

Has”ard (-&etilde;rd), n. Hazard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hase (hāz), v. t. [Obs.] See Haze, v. t.

Hash (hăsh), n. [Formerly hachey, hachee, F. hachis, fr. hacher to hash; of German origin; cf. G. hippe sickle, OHG. hippa, for happia. Cf. Hatchet.] 1. That which is hashed or chopped up; meat and vegetables, especially such as have been already cooked, chopped into small pieces and mixed.

2. A new mixture of old matter; a second preparation or exhibition.

I can not bear elections, and still less the hash of them over again in a first session.

Walpole.

Hash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hashed (hăsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Hashing.] [From Hash, n.: cf. F. hacher to hash.] To chop into small pieces; to mince and mix; as, to hash meat. Hudibras.

{ Hash”eesh Hash”ish } (hăsh”ēsh), n. [Ar. hashīsh.] A slightly acrid gum resin produced by the common hemp (Cannabis sativa), of the variety Indica, when cultivated in a warm climate; also, the tops of the plant, from which the resinous product is obtained. It is narcotic, and has long been used in the East for its intoxicating effect. See Bhang, and Ganja.

Hask (hăsk), n. [See Hassock.] A basket made of rushes or flags, as for carrying fish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Has”let (hăs”l&ebreve;t), n. [F. hâtelettes broil, for hastelettes, fr. F. haste spit; cf. L. hasta spear, and also OHG. harst gridiron.] The edible viscera, as the heart, liver, etc., of a beast, esp. of a hog. [Written also harslet.]

Hasp (h&adot;sp), n. [OE. hasp, hesp, AS. hæpse; akin to G. haspe, häspe, Sw. & Dan. haspe, Icel. hespa.]

1. A clasp, especially a metal strap permanently fast at one end to a staple or pin, while the other passes over a staple, and is fastened by a padlock or a pin; also, a metallic hook for fastening a door.

2. A spindle to wind yarn, thread, or silk on.

3. An instrument for cutting the surface of grass land; a scarifier.

Hasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hasped (h&adot;spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hasping.] [AS. hæpsian.] To shut or fasten with a hasp.

Has”sock (hăs”sŭk), n. [Scot. hassock, hassik, a besom, anything bushy, a large, round turf used as a seat, OE. hassok sedgy ground, W. hesgog sedgy, hesg sedge, rushes; cf. Ir. seisg, and E. sedge.] 1. A rank tuft of bog grass; a tussock. Forby.

2. A small stuffed cushion or footstool, for kneeling on in church, or for home use.

And knees and hassocks are well nigh divorced.

Cowper.

Hast (hăst), 2d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contr. of havest. [Archaic]

{ Has”tate (hăs”t&asl;t), Has”ta*ted(- t&asl;*t&ebreve;d), } a. [L. hastatus, fr. hasta spear. Cf. Gad, n.] Shaped like the head of a halberd; triangular, with the basal angles or lobes spreading; as, a hastate leaf.

Haste (hāst), n. [OE. hast; akin to D. haast, G., Dan., Sw., & OFries. hast, cf. OF. haste, F. hâte (of German origin); all perh. fr. the root of E. hate in a earlier sense of, to pursue. See Hate.] 1. Celerity of motion; speed; swiftness; dispatch; expedition; — applied only to voluntary beings, as men and other animals.

The king’s business required haste.

1 Sam. xxi. 8.

2. The state of being urged or pressed by business; hurry; urgency; sudden excitement of feeling or passion; precipitance; vehemence.

I said in my haste, All men are liars.

Ps. cxvi. 11.

To make haste, to hasten.

Syn. — Speed; quickness; nimbleness; swiftness; expedition; dispatch; hurry; precipitance; vehemence; precipitation. — Haste, Hurry, Speed, Dispatch. Haste denotes quickness of action and a strong desire for getting on; hurry includes a confusion and want of collected thought not implied in haste; speed denotes the actual progress which is made; dispatch, the promptitude and rapidity with which things are done. A man may properly be in haste, but never in a hurry. Speed usually secures dispatch.

Haste, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hasting.] [OE. hasten; akin to G. hasten, D. haasten, Dan. haste, Sw. hasta, OF. haster, F. hâter. See Haste, n.] To hasten; to hurry. [Archaic]

I ‘ll haste the writer.

Shak.

They were troubled and hasted away.

Ps. xlviii. 5.

Has”ten (hās“‘n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hastened (‘nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hastening (‘n*&ibreve;ng).] To press; to drive or urge forward; to push on; to precipitate; to accelerate the movement of; to expedite; to hurry.

I would hasten my escape from the windy storm.

Ps. lv. 8.

Has”ten, v. i. To move with celerity; to be rapid in motion; to act speedily or quickly; to go quickly.

I hastened to the spot whence the noise came.

De Foe.

Has”ten*er (-&etilde;r), n. 1. One who hastens.

2. That which hastens; especially, a stand or reflector used for confining the heat of the fire to meat while roasting before it.

Has”tif (hās”t&ibreve;f), a. [OF. See Hastive.] Hasty. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Has”tif*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Has”tile (hăs”tīl or -t&ibreve;l), a. [L. hasta a spear.] (Bot.) Same as Hastate. Gray.

Has”ti*ly (hās”t&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. [From Hasty.] 1. In haste; with speed or quickness; speedily; nimbly.

2. Without due reflection; precipitately; rashly.

We hastily engaged in the war.

Swift.

3. Passionately; impatiently. Shak.

Has”ti*ness, n. The quality or state of being hasty; haste; precipitation; rashness; quickness of temper.

Has”tings (-t&ibreve;ngz), n. pl. [From Haste, v.] Early fruit or vegetables; especially, early pease. Mortimer.

Has”tings sands` (săndz`). (Geol.) The lower group of the Wealden formation; — so called from its development around Hastings, in Sussex, England.

Has”tive (-t&ibreve;v), a. [OF. hastif. See Haste, n., and cf. Hastif.] Forward; early; — said of fruits. [Obs.]

Has”ty (hās”t&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Hastier (-t&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Hastiest.] [Akin to D. haastig, G., Sw., & Dan. hastig. See Haste, n.] 1. Involving haste; done, made, etc., in haste; as, a hasty retreat; a hasty sketch.

2. Demanding haste or immediate action. [R.] Chaucer. “Hasty employment.” Shak.

3. Moving or acting with haste or in a hurry; hurrying; hence, acting without deliberation; precipitate; rash; easily excited; eager.

Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? There is more hope of a fool than of him.

Prov. xxix. 20.

The hasty multitude
Admiring entered.

Milton.

Be not hasty to go out of his sight.

Eccl. viii. 3.

4. Made or reached without deliberation or due caution; as, a hasty conjecture, inference, conclusion, etc., a hasty resolution.

5. Proceeding from, or indicating, a quick temper.

Take no unkindness of his hasty words.

Shak.

6. Forward; early; first ripe. [Obs.] “As the hasty fruit before the summer.” Is. xxviii. 4.

Has”ty pud”ding (hās”t&ybreve; p&usdot;d”d&ibreve;ng). 1. A thick batter pudding made of Indian meal stirred into boiling water; mush. [U. S.]

2. A batter or pudding made of flour or oatmeal, stirred into boiling water or milk. [Eng.]

Hat (hät), a. Hot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hat, sing. pres. of Hote to be called. Cf. Hatte. [Obs.] “That one hat abstinence.” Piers Plowman.

Hat (hăt), n. [AS. hæt, hætt; akin to Dan. hat, Sw. hatt, Icel. hattr a hat, höttr hood, D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, and prob. to L. cassis helmet. √13. Cf. Hood.] A covering for the head; esp., one with a crown and brim, made of various materials, and worn by men or women for protecting the head from the sun or weather, or for ornament.

Hat block, a block on which hats are formed or dressed. — To pass around the hat, to take up a collection of voluntary contributions, which are often received in a hat. [Colloq.] Lowell.

Hat”a*ble (hāt”&adot;*b’l), a. [From Hate.] Capable of being, or deserving to be, hated; odious; detestable.

Hat”band` (hăt”bănd`), n. A band round the crown of a hat; sometimes, a band of black cloth, crape, etc., worn as a badge of mourning.

Hat”box` (-b&obreve;ks`), n. A box for a hat.

Hatch (hăch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatched (hăcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Hatching.] [F. hacher to chop, hack. See Hash.] 1. To cross with lines in a peculiar manner in drawing and engraving. See Hatching.

Shall win this sword, silvered and hatched.

Chapman.

Those hatching strokes of the pencil.

Dryden.

2. To cross; to spot; to stain; to steep. [Obs.]

His weapon hatched in blood.

Beau. & Fl.

Hatch, v. t. [OE. hacchen, hetchen; akin to G. hecken, Dan. hekke; cf. MHG. hagen bull; perh. akin to E. hatch a half door, and orig. meaning, to produce under a hatch. √12.] 1. To produce, as young, from an egg or eggs by incubation, or by artificial heat; to produce young from (eggs); as, the young when hatched. Paley.

As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not.

Jer. xvii. 11.

For the hens do not sit upon the eggs; but by keeping them in a certain equal heat they [the husbandmen] bring life into them and hatch them.

Robynson (More’s Utopia).

2. To contrive or plot; to form by meditation, and bring into being; to originate and produce; to concoct; as, to hatch mischief; to hatch heresy. Hooker.

Fancies hatched
In silken-folded idleness.

Tennyson.

Hatch, v. i. To produce young; — said of eggs; to come forth from the egg; — said of the young of birds, fishes, insects, etc.

Hatch, n. 1. The act of hatching.

2. Development; disclosure; discovery. Shak.

3. The chickens produced at once or by one incubation; a brood.

Hatch, n. [OE. hacche, AS. hæc, cf. haca the bar of a door, D. hek gate, Sw. häck coop, rack, Dan. hekke manger, rack. Prob. akin to E. hook, and first used of something made of pieces fastened together. Cf. Heck, Hack a frame.] 1. A door with an opening over it; a half door, sometimes set with spikes on the upper edge.

In at the window, or else o’er the hatch.

Shak.

2. A frame or weir in a river, for catching fish.

3. A flood gate; a sluice gate. Ainsworth.

4. A bedstead. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

5. An opening in the deck of a vessel or floor of a warehouse which serves as a passageway or hoistway; a hatchway; also; a cover or door, or one of the covers used in closing such an opening.

6. (Mining) An opening into, or in search of, a mine.

Booby hatch, Buttery hatch, Companion hatch, etc. See under Booby, Buttery, etc. — To batten down the hatches (Naut.), to lay tarpaulins over them, and secure them with battens. — To be under hatches, to be confined below in a vessel; to be under arrest, or in slavery, distress, etc.

Hatch, v. t. To close with a hatch or hatches.

‘T were not amiss to keep our door hatched.

Shak.

Hatch”-boat` (hăch”bōt`), n. (Naut.) A vessel whose deck consists almost wholly of movable hatches; — used mostly in the fisheries.

Hatch”el (-&ebreve;l; 277), n. [OE. hechele, hekele; akin to D. hekel, G. hechel, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla, and prob. to E. hook. See Hook, and cf. Hackle, Heckle.] An instrument with long iron teeth set in a board, for cleansing flax or hemp from the tow, hards, or coarse part; a kind of large comb; — called also hackle and heckle.

Hatch”el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatcheled or Hatchelled (-&ebreve;ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hatcheling or Hatchelling.] [OE. hechelen, hekelen; akin to D. hekelen, G. hecheln, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla. See Hatchel, n.] 1. To draw through the teeth of a hatchel, as flax or hemp, so as to separate the coarse and refuse parts from the fine, fibrous parts.

2. To tease; to worry; to torment. [Colloq.]

Hatch”el*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who uses a hatchel.

Hatch”er (-&etilde;r), n. 1. One who hatches, or that which hatches; a hatching apparatus; an incubator.

2. One who contrives or originates; a plotter.

A great hatcher and breeder of business.

Swift.

Hatch”er*y (-&ybreve;), n. A house for hatching fish, etc.

Hatch”et (-&ebreve;t), n. [F. hachette, dim. of hache ax. See 1st Hatch, Hash.] 1. A small ax with a short handle, to be used with one hand.

2. Specifically, a tomahawk.

Buried was the bloody hatchet.

Longfellow.

Hatchet face, a thin, sharp face, like the edge of a hatchet; hence: Hatchet-faced, sharp-visaged. Dryden. — To bury the hatchet, to make peace or become reconciled. — To take up the hatchet, to make or declare war. The last two phrases are derived from the practice of the American Indians.

{ Hatch”et*tine (hăch”&ebreve;t*t&ibreve;n), Hatch”et*tite (-t&ibreve;t), } n. [Named after the discoverer, Charles Hatchett.] (Min.) Mineral tallow; a waxy or spermaceti-like substance, commonly of a greenish yellow color.

Hatch”ing, n. [See 1st Hatch.] A mode of execution in engraving, drawing, and miniature painting, in which shading is produced by lines crossing each other at angles more or less acute; — called also crosshatching.

Hatch”ment (-ment), n. [Corrupt. fr. achievement.]

1. (Her.) A sort of panel, upon which the arms of a deceased person are temporarily displayed, — usually on the walls of his dwelling. It is lozenge-shaped or square, but is hung cornerwise. It is used in England as a means of giving public notification of the death of the deceased, his or her rank, whether married, widower, widow, etc. Called also achievement.

His obscure funeral;
No trophy, sword, or hatchment o’er his bones.

Shak.

2. A sword or other mark of the profession of arms; in general, a mark of dignity.

Let there be deducted, out of our main potation,
Five marks in hatchments to adorn this thigh.

Beau. & Fl.

Hatch”ure (-&usl;r; 135), n. Same as Hachure.

Hatch”way` (-wā`), n. A square or oblong opening in a deck or floor, affording passage from one deck or story to another; the entrance to a cellar.

Hate (hāt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hating.] [OE. haten, hatien, AS. hatian; akin to OS. hatan, hatōn to be hostile to, D. haten to hate, OHG. hazzēn, hazzōn, G. hassen, Icel. & Sw. hata, Dan. hade, Goth. hatan, hatjan. √36. Cf. Hate, n., Heinous.]

1. To have a great aversion to, with a strong desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; to dislike intensely; to detest; as, to hate one’s enemies; to hate hypocrisy.

Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer.

1 John iii. 15.

2. To be very unwilling; followed by an infinitive, or a substantive clause with that; as, to hate to get into debt; to hate that anything should be wasted.

I hate that he should linger here.

Tennyson.

3. (Script.) To love less, relatively. Luke xiv. 26.

Syn. — To Hate, Abhor, Detest, Abominate, Loathe. Hate is the generic word, and implies that one is inflamed with extreme dislike. We abhor what is deeply repugnant to our sensibilities or feelings. We detest what contradicts so utterly our principles and moral sentiments that we feel bound to lift up our voice against it. What we abominate does equal violence to our moral and religious sentiments. What we loathe is offensive to our own nature, and excites unmingled disgust. Our Savior is said to have hated the deeds of the Nicolaitanes; his language shows that he loathed the lukewarmness of the Laodiceans; he detested the hypocrisy of the scribes and Pharisees; he abhorred the suggestions of the tempter in the wilderness.

Hate, n. [OE. hate, hete, AS. hete; akin to D. haat, G. hass, Icel. hatr, SW. hat, Dan. had, Goth. hatis. Cf. Hate, v.] Strong aversion coupled with desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; as exercised toward things, intense dislike; hatred; detestation; — opposed to love.

For in a wink the false love turns to hate.

Tennyson.

Hate”ful (-f&usdot;l), a. 1. Manifesting hate or hatred; malignant; malevolent. [Archaic or R.]

And worse than death, to view with hateful eyes
His rival’s conquest.

Dryden.

2. Exciting or deserving great dislike, aversion, or disgust; odious.

Unhappy, wretched, hateful day!

Shak.

Syn. — Odious; detestable; abominable; execrable; loathsome; abhorrent; repugnant; malevolent.

— Hate”ful*ly, adv. — Hate”ful*ness, n.

Hat”el (hāt”&ebreve;l), a. Hateful; detestable. [Obs.]

Hat”er (hāt”&etilde;r), n. One who hates.

An enemy to God, and a hater of all good.

Sir T. Browne.

Hath (hăth), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contracted from haveth. Has. [Archaic]

Hat”less (hăt”l&ebreve;s), a. Having no hat.

Hat”rack` (hăt”răk`), n. A hatstand; hattree.

Ha”tred (hā“tr&ebreve;d), n. [OE. hatred, hatreden. See Hate, and cf. Kindred.] Strong aversion; intense dislike; hate; an affection of the mind awakened by something regarded as evil.

Syn. — Odium; ill will; enmity; hate; animosity; malevolence; rancor; malignity; detestation; loathing; abhorrence; repugnance; antipathy. See Odium.

Hat”stand` (hăt”stănd`), n. A stand of wood or iron, with hooks or pegs upon which to hang hats, etc.

Hat”te (hät”te), pres. & imp. sing. & pl. of Hote, to be called. See Hote. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A full perilous place, purgatory it hatte.

Piers Plowman.

Hat”ted (hăt”t&ebreve;d), a. Covered with a hat.

Hat”ter (-t&etilde;r), v. t. [Prov. E., to entangle; cf. LG. verhaddern, verheddern, verhiddern.] To tire or worry; — with out. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hat”ter, n. One who makes or sells hats.

||Hat*te”ri*a (hăt*tē“r&ibreve;*&adot;), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand lizard, which, in anatomical character, differs widely from all other existing lizards. It is the only living representative of the order Rhynchocephala, of which many Mesozoic fossil species are known; — called also Sphenodon, and Tuatera. See Rhynchocephala.

Hat”ting (hăt”t&ibreve;ng), n. The business of making hats; also, stuff for hats.

||Hat”ti-sher`if (hăt”t&ibreve;*sh&ebreve;r`&ibreve;f or hät”tē*sh&asl;*rēf”), n. [Turk., fr. Ar. khatt a writing + sherīf noble.] A irrevocable Turkish decree countersigned by the sultan.

Hat”tree` (hăt”trē`), n. A hatstand.

Hau*ber”ge*on (h&add;b&etilde;r”j&esl;&obreve;n), n. See Habergeon.

Hau”berk (h&add;“b&etilde;rk), n. [OF. hauberc, halberc, F. haubert, OHG. halsberc; hals neck + bergan to protect, G. bergen; akin to AS. healsbeorg, Icel. hālsbjörg. See Collar, and Bury, v. t.] A coat of mail; especially, the long coat of mail of the European Middle Ages, as contrasted with the habergeon, which is shorter and sometimes sleeveless. By old writers it is often used synonymously with habergeon. See Habergeon. [Written variously hauberg, hauberque, hawberk, etc.] Chaucer.

Helm, nor hawberk’s twisted mail.

Gray.

Hau”er*ite (h&add;”&etilde;r*īt), n. [Named after Von Hauer, of Vienna.] (Min.) Native sulphide of manganese, a reddish brown or brownish black mineral.

Haugh (h&add;), n. [See Haw a hedge.] A low-lying meadow by the side of a river. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

On a haugh or level plain, near to a royal borough.

Sir W. Scott.

Haught (h&add;t), a. [See Haughty.] High; elevated; hence, haughty; proud. [Obs.] Shak.

Haugh”ti*ly (h&add;“t&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. [From Haughty.] In a haughty manner; arrogantly.

Haugh”ti*ness, n. [For hauteinness. See Haughty.] The quality of being haughty; disdain; arrogance.

Syn. — Arrogance; disdain; contemptuousness; superciliousness; loftiness. — Haughtiness, Arrogance, Disdain. Haughtiness denotes the expression of conscious and proud superiority; arrogance is a disposition to claim for one’s self more than is justly due, and enforce it to the utmost; disdain in the exact reverse of condescension toward inferiors, since it expresses and desires others to feel how far below ourselves we consider them. A person is haughty in disposition and demeanor; arrogant in his claims of homage and deference; disdainful even in accepting the deference which his haughtiness leads him arrogantly to exact.

Haugh”ty (-t&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Haughtier (-t&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Haughtiest.] [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.]

1. High; lofty; bold. [Obs. or Archaic]

To measure the most haughty mountain’s height.

Spenser.

Equal unto this haughty enterprise.

Spenser.

2. Disdainfully or contemptuously proud; arrogant; overbearing.

A woman of a haughty and imperious nature.

Clarendon.

3. Indicating haughtiness; as, a haughty carriage.

Satan, with vast and haughty strides advanced,
Came towering.

Milton.

Haul (h&add;l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hauled (h&add;ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hauling.] [OE. halen, halien, F. haler, of German or Scand. origin; akin to AS. geholian to acquire, get, D. halen to fetch, pull, draw, OHG. holōn, halōn, G. holen, Dan. hale to haul, Sw. hala, and to L. calare to call, summon, Gr. kalei^n to call. Cf. Hale, v. t., Claim. Class, Council, Ecclesiastic.] 1. To pull or draw with force; to drag.

Some dance, some haul the rope.

Denham.

Thither they bent, and hauled their ships to land.

Pope.

Romp-loving miss
Is hauled about in gallantry robust.

Thomson.

2. To transport by drawing, as with horses or oxen; as, to haul logs to a sawmill.

When I was seven or eight years of age, I began hauling all the wood used in the house and shops.

U. S. Grant.

To haul over the coals. See under Coal. — To haul the wind (Naut.), to turn the head of the ship nearer to the point from which the wind blows.

Haul, v. i. 1. (Naut.) To change the direction of a ship by hauling the wind. See under Haul, v. t.

I . . . hauled up for it, and found it to be an island.

Cook.

2. To pull apart, as oxen sometimes do when yoked.

To haul around (Naut.), to shift to any point of the compass; — said of the wind. — To haul off (Naut.), to sail closer to the wind, in order to get farther away from anything; hence, to withdraw; to draw back.

Haul, n. 1. A pulling with force; a violent pull.

2. A single draught of a net; as, to catch a hundred fish at a haul.

3. That which is caught, taken, or gained at once, as by hauling a net.

4. Transportation by hauling; the distance through which anything is hauled, as freight in a railroad car; as, a long haul or short haul.

5. (Rope Making) A bundle of about four hundred threads, to be tarred.

Haul”age (-&asl;j), n. Act of hauling; as, the haulage of cars by an engine; charge for hauling.

Haul”er (-&etilde;r), n. One who hauls.

Haulm (h&add;m), n. [OE. halm, AS. healm; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. halm, Icel. hālmr, L. calamus reed, cane, stalk, Gr. kalamo`s. Cf. Excel, Culminate, Culm, Shawm, Calamus.] The denuded stems or stalks of such crops as buckwheat and the cereal grains, beans, etc.; straw.

Haulm, n. A part of a harness; a hame.

Hauls (h&add;ls), n. [Obs.] See Hals.

Haulse (h&add;ls), v. [Obs.] See Halse.

Hault (h&add;lt), a. [OF. hault, F. haut. See Haughty.] Lofty; haughty. [Obs.]

Through support of countenance proud and hault.

Spenser.

Haum (h&add;m), n. See Haulm, stalk. Smart.

Haunce (h&adot;ns), v. t. To enhance. [Obs.] Lydgate.

Haunch (hänch; 277), n. [F. hanche, of German origin; cf. OD. hancke, hencke, and also OHG. ancha; prob. not akin to E. ankle.] 1. The hip; the projecting region of the lateral parts of the pelvis and the hip joint; the hind part.

2. Of meats: The leg and loin taken together; as, a haunch of venison.

Haunch bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. — Haunches of an arch (Arch.), the parts on each side of the crown of an arch. (See Crown, n., 11.) Each haunch may be considered as from one half to two thirds of the half arch.

Haunched (häncht), a. Having haunches.

Haunt (hänt; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Haunting.] [F. hanter; of uncertain origin, perh. from an assumed LL. ambitare to go about, fr. L. ambire (see Ambition); or cf. Icel. heimta to demand, regain, akin to heim home (see Home). √36.] 1. To frequent; to resort to frequently; to visit pertinaciously or intrusively; to intrude upon.

You wrong me, sir, thus still to haunt my house.

Shak.

Those cares that haunt the court and town.

Swift.

2. To inhabit or frequent as a specter; to visit as a ghost or apparition.

Foul spirits haunt my resting place.

Fairfax.

3. To practice; to devote one’s self to. [Obs.]

That other merchandise that men haunt with fraud . . . is cursed.

Chaucer.

Leave honest pleasure, and haunt no good pastime.

Ascham.

4. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.]

Haunt thyself to pity.

Wyclif.

Haunt, v. i. To persist in staying or visiting.

I’ve charged thee not to haunt about my doors.

Shak.

Haunt, n. 1. A place to which one frequently resorts; as, drinking saloons are the haunts of tipplers; a den is the haunt of wild beasts.

&fist; In Old English the place occupied by any one as a dwelling or in his business was called a haunt.

Often used figuratively.

The household nook,
The haunt of all affections pure.

Keble.

The feeble soul, a haunt of fears.

Tennyson.

2. The habit of resorting to a place. [Obs.]

The haunt you have got about the courts.

Arbuthnot.

3. Practice; skill. [Obs.]

Of clothmaking she hadde such an haunt.

Chaucer.

Haunt”ed, a. Inhabited by, or subject to the visits of, apparitions; frequented by a ghost.

All houses wherein men have lived and died
Are haunted houses.

Longfellow.

Haunt”er (-&etilde;r), n. One who, or that which, haunts.

Hau”ri*ent (h&add;“r&ibreve;*ent), a. [L. hauriens, p. pr. of haurire to breathe.] (Her.) In pale, with the head in chief; — said of the figure of a fish, as if rising for air.

Hau”sen (h&add;“s&ebreve;n), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A large sturgeon (Acipenser huso) from the region of the Black Sea. It is sometimes twelve feet long.

Hausse (h&add;s), n. [F.] (Gun.) A kind of graduated breech sight for a small arm, or a cannon.

||Haus`tel*la”ta (h&add;s`t&ebreve;l*lā“t&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. haustellum, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to draw water, to swallow. See Exhaust.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of insects, including all those with a sucking proboscis.

Haus”tel*late (h&add;s”t&ebreve;l*l&asl;t or h&add;s*t&ebreve;l”l&asl;t), a. [See Haustellata.] (Zoöl.) Provided with a haustellum, or sucking proboscis. — n. One of the Haustellata.

||Haus*tel”lum (h&add;s*t&ebreve;l”lŭm), n.; pl. Haustella (- l&adot;). [NL.] (Zoöl.) The sucking proboscis of various insects. See Lepidoptera, and Diptera.

||Haus*to”ri*um (tō“r&ibreve;*ŭm), n.; pl. Haustoria ( &adot;). [LL., a well, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to drink.] (Bot.) One of the suckerlike rootlets of such plants as the dodder and ivy. R. Brown.

Haut (h&add;t), a. [F. See Haughty.] Haughty. [Obs.] “Nations proud and haut.” Milton.

Haut”boy (hō“boi), n. [F. hautbois, lit., high wood; haut high + bois wood. So called on account of its high tone. See Haughty, Bush; and cf. Oboe.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument, sounded through a reed, and similar in shape to the clarinet, but with a thinner tone. Now more commonly called oboe. See Illust. of Oboe.

2. (Bot.) A sort of strawberry (Fragaria elatior).

Haut”boy*ist (-&ibreve;st), n. [Cf. F. hautboïste.] A player on the hautboy.

Hau”tein (hō“t&asl;n), a. [See Haughty.] 1. Haughty; proud. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. High; — said of the voice or flight of birds. [Obs.]

||Hau`teur” (hō`t&etilde;r”), n. [F., fr. haut high. See Haughty.] Haughty manner or spirit; haughtiness; pride; arrogance.

||Haut`goût” (hō`g&oomac;”), n. [F.] High relish or flavor; high seasoning.

||Haut`pas” (hō`pä”), n. [F. haut high + pas step.] A raised part of the floor of a large room; a platform for a raised table or throne. See Dais.

Ha”üy*nite (ä“w&esl;*nīt), n. [From the French mineralogist Haüy.] (Min.) A blue isometric mineral, characteristic of some volcanic rocks. It is a silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, with sulphate of lime.

Ha*van”a (h&adot;*văn”&adot;), a. Of or pertaining to Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba; as, an Havana cigar; — formerly sometimes written Havannah. — n. An Havana cigar.

Young Frank Clavering stole his father’s Havannahs, and . . . smoked them in the stable.

Thackeray.

Hav`an*ese” (hăv`ăn*ēz” or – ēs”), a. Of or pertaining to Havana, in Cuba. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant, or the people, of Havana.

Have (hăv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Had (hăd); p. pr. & vb. n. Having. Indic. present, I have, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they have.] [OE. haven, habben, AS. habben (imperf. hæfde, p. p. gehæfd); akin to OS. hebbian, D. hebben, OFries. hebba, OHG. habēn, G. haben, Icel. hafa, Sw. hafva, Dan. have, Goth. haban, and prob. to L. habere, whence F. avoir. Cf. Able, Avoirdupois, Binnacle, Habit.] 1. To hold in possession or control; to own; as, he has a farm.

2. To possess, as something which appertains to, is connected with, or affects, one.

The earth hath bubbles, as the water has.

Shak.

He had a fever late.

Keats.

3. To accept possession of; to take or accept.

Break thy mind to me in broken English; wilt thou have me?

Shak.

4. To get possession of; to obtain; to get. Shak.

5. To cause or procure to be; to effect; to exact; to desire; to require.

I had the church accurately described to me.

Sir W. Scott.

Wouldst thou have me turn traitor also?

Ld. Lytton.

6. To bear, as young; as, she has just had a child.

7. To hold, regard, or esteem.

Of them shall I be had in honor.

2 Sam. vi. 22.

8. To cause or force to go; to take. “The stars have us to bed.” Herbert. “Have out all men from me.” 2 Sam. xiii. 9.

9. To take or hold (one’s self); to proceed promptly; — used reflexively, often with ellipsis of the pronoun; as, to have after one; to have at one or at a thing, i. e., to aim at one or at a thing; to attack; to have with a companion. Shak.

10. To be under necessity or obligation; to be compelled; followed by an infinitive.

Science has, and will long have, to be a divider and a separatist.

M. Arnold.

The laws of philology have to be established by external comparison and induction.

Earle.

11. To understand.

You have me, have you not?

Shak.

12. To put in an awkward position; to have the advantage of; as, that is where he had him. [Slang]

&fist; Have, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the past participle to form preterit tenses; as, I have loved; I shall have eaten. Originally it was used only with the participle of transitive verbs, and denoted the possession of the object in the state indicated by the participle; as, I have conquered him, I have or hold him in a conquered state; but it has long since lost this independent significance, and is used with the participles both of transitive and intransitive verbs as a device for expressing past time. Had is used, especially in poetry, for would have or should have.

Myself for such a face had boldly died.

Tennyson.

To have a care, to take care; to be on one’s guard. — To have (a man) out, to engage (one) in a duel. — To have done (with). See under Do, v. i. — To have it out, to speak freely; to bring an affair to a conclusion. — To have on, to wear. – - To have to do with. See under Do, v. t.

Syn. — To possess; to own. See Possess.

Have”less, a. Having little or nothing. [Obs.] Gower.

Hav”e*lock (hăv”&esl;*l&obreve;k), n. [From Havelock, an English general distinguished in India in the rebellion of 1857.] A light cloth covering for the head and neck, used by soldiers as a protection from sunstroke.

Ha”ven (hā“v’n), n. [AS. hæfene; akin to D. & LG. haven, G. hafen, MHG. habe, Dan. havn, Icel. höfn, Sw. hamn; akin to E. have, and hence orig., a holder; or to heave (see Heave); or akin to AS. hæf sea, Icel. & Sw. haf, Dan. hav, which is perh. akin to E. heave.] 1. A bay, recess, or inlet of the sea, or the mouth of a river, which affords anchorage and shelter for shipping; a harbor; a port.

What shipping and what lading ‘s in our haven.

Shak.

Their haven under the hill.

Tennyson.

2. A place of safety; a shelter; an asylum. Shak.

The haven, or the rock of love.

Waller.

Ha”ven, v. t. To shelter, as in a haven. Keats.

Ha”ven*age (-&asl;j), n. Harbor dues; port dues.

Ha”vened (hā“v’nd), p. a. Sheltered in a haven.

Blissful havened both from joy and pain.

Keats.

Ha”ven*er (hā“v’n*&etilde;r), n. A harbor master. [Obs.]

Ha”ver (hăv”&etilde;r), n. A possessor; a holder. Shak.

Hav”er, n. [D. haver; akin to G. haber.] The oat; oats. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Haver bread, oaten bread. — Haver cake, oaten cake. Piers Plowman. — Haver grass, the wild oat. — Haver meal, oatmeal.

Ha”ver (hā“v&etilde;r), v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To maunder; to talk foolishly; to chatter. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Hav”er*sack (hăv”&etilde;r*săk), n. [F. havresac, G. habersack, sack for oats. See 2d Haver, and Sack a bag.]

1. A bag for oats or oatmeal. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A bag or case, usually of stout cloth, in which a soldier carries his rations when on a march; — distinguished from knapsack.

3. A gunner’s case or bag used to carry cartridges from the ammunition chest to the piece in loading.

Ha*ver”sian (h&adot;*v&etilde;r”shan), a. Pertaining to, or discovered by, Clopton Havers, an English physician of the seventeenth century.

Haversian canals (Anat.), the small canals through which the blood vessels ramify in bone.

||Hav`il*dar” (hăv`&ibreve;l*där”), n. In the British Indian armies, a noncommissioned officer of native soldiers, corresponding to a sergeant.

Havildar major, a native sergeant major in the East Indian army.

Hav”ing (hăv”&ibreve;ng), n. Possession; goods; estate.

I ‘ll lend you something; my having is not much.

Shak.

Hav”ior (hāv”y&etilde;r), n. [OE. havour, a corruption of OF. aveir, avoir, a having, of same origin as E. aver a work horse. The h is due to confusion with E. have.] Behavior; demeanor. [Obs.] Shak.

Hav”oc (hăv”&obreve;k), n. [W. hafog devastation, havoc; or, if this be itself fr. E. havoc, cf. OE. havot, or AS. hafoc hawk, which is a cruel or rapacious bird, or F. hai, voux! a cry to hounds.] Wide and general destruction; devastation; waste.

As for Saul, he made havoc of the church.

Acts viii. 3.

Ye gods, what havoc does ambition make
Among your works!

Addison.

Hav”oc, v. t. To devastate; to destroy; to lay waste.

To waste and havoc yonder world.

Milton.

Hav”oc, interj. [See Havoc, n.] A cry in war as the signal for indiscriminate slaughter. Toone.

Do not cry havoc, where you should but hunt
With modest warrant.

Shak.

Cry ‘havoc,’ and let slip the dogs of war!

Shak.

Haw (h&add;), n. [OE. hawe, AS. haga; akin to D. haag headge, G. hag, hecke, Icel. hagi pasture, Sw. hage, Dan. have garden. √12. Cf. Haggard, Ha-ha, Haugh, Hedge.]

1. A hedge; an inclosed garden or yard.

And eke there was a polecat in his haw.

Chaucer.

2. The fruit of the hawthorn. Bacon.

Haw, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Anat.) The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate.

Haw, n. [Cf. ha an interjection of wonder, surprise, or hesitation.] An intermission or hesitation of speech, with a sound somewhat like haw! also, the sound so made. “Hums or haws.” Congreve.

Haw, v. i. To stop, in speaking, with a sound like haw; to speak with interruption and hesitation.

Cut it short; don’t prose — don’t hum and haw.

Chesterfield.

Haw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawed (h&add;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Hawing.] [Written also hoi.] [Perhaps connected with here, hither; cf., however, F. huhau, hurhau, hue, interj. used in turning a horse to the right, G. hott, hü, interj. used in calling to a horse.] To turn to the near side, or toward the driver; — said of cattle or a team: a word used by teamsters in guiding their teams, and most frequently in the imperative. See Gee.

To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to go from one thing to another without good reason; to have no settled purpose; to be irresolute or unstable. [Colloq.]

Haw, v. t. To cause to turn, as a team, to the near side, or toward the driver; as, to haw a team of oxen.

To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to lead this way and that at will; to lead by the nose; to master or control. [Colloq.]

Ha*wai”ian (h&adot;*wī“yan), a. Belonging to Hawaii or the Sandwich Islands, or to the people of Hawaii. — n. A native of Hawaii.

Hawe”bake` (h&add;“bāk`), n. Probably, the baked berry of the hawthorn tree, that is, coarse fare. See 1st Haw, 2. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Haw”finch` (h&add;“f&ibreve;nch`), n. (Zoöl.) The common European grosbeak (Coccothraustes vulgaris); — called also cherry finch, and coble.

Haw-haw” (h&add;*h&add;), n. [Duplication of haw a hedge.] See Ha-ha.

Haw*haw”, v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To laugh boisterously. [Colloq. U. S.]

We haw-haw’d, I tell you, for more than half an hour.

Major Jack Downing.

Hawk (h&add;k), n. [OE. hauk (prob. fr. Icel.), havek, AS. hafoc, heafoc; akin to D. havik, OHG. habuh, G. habicht, Icel. haukr, Sw. hök, Dan. hög, prob. from the root of E. heave.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous species and genera of rapacious birds of the family Falconidæ. They differ from the true falcons in lacking the prominent tooth and notch of the bill, and in having shorter and less pointed wings. Many are of large size and grade into the eagles. Some, as the goshawk, were formerly trained like falcons. In a more general sense the word is not infrequently applied, also, to true falcons, as the sparrow hawk, pigeon hawk, duck hawk, and prairie hawk.

&fist; Among the common American species are the red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis); the red-shouldered (B. lineatus); the broad-winged (B. Pennsylvanicus); the rough-legged (Archibuteo lagopus); the sharp-shinned (Accipiter fuscus). See Fishhawk, Goshawk, Marsh hawk, under Marsh, Night hawk, under Night.

Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. — Eagle hawk. See under Eagle. — Hawk eagle (Zoöl.), an Asiatic bird of the genus Spizætus, or Limnætus, intermediate between the hawks and eagles. There are several species. — Hawk fly (Zoöl.), a voracious fly of the family Asilidæ. See Hornet fly, under Hornet. — Hawk moth. (Zoöl.) See Hawk moth, in the Vocabulary. — Hawk owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A northern owl (Surnia ulula) of Europe and America. It flies by day, and in some respects resembles the hawks. (b) An owl of India (Ninox scutellatus). — Hawk’s bill (Horology), the pawl for the rack, in the striking mechanism of a clock.

Hawk (h&add;k), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawked (h&add;kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hawking.] 1. To catch, or attempt to catch, birds by means of hawks trained for the purpose, and let loose on the prey; to practice falconry.

A falconer Henry is, when Emma hawks.

Prior.

2. To make an attack while on the wing; to soar and strike like a hawk; — generally with at; as, to hawk at flies. Dryden.

A falcon, towering in her pride of place,
Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.

Shak.

Hawk, v. i. [W. hochi.] To clear the throat with an audible sound by forcing an expiratory current of air through the narrow passage between the depressed soft palate and the root of the tongue, thus aiding in the removal of foreign substances.

Hawk, v. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm.

Hawk, n. [W. hoch.] An effort to force up phlegm from the throat, accompanied with noise.

Hawk, v. t. [Akin to D. hauker a hawker, G. höken, höcken, to higgle, to retail, höke, höker, a higgler, huckster. See Huckster.] To offer for sale by outcry in the street; to carry (merchandise) about from place to place for sale; to peddle; as, to hawk goods or pamphlets.

His works were hawked in every street.

Swift.

Hawk, n. (Masonry) A small board, with a handle on the under side, to hold mortar.

Hawk boy, an attendant on a plasterer to supply him with mortar.

Hawk”bill` (-b&ibreve;l`), n. (Zoöl.) A sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), which yields the best quality of tortoise shell; — called also caret.

Hawk”bit` (-b&ibreve;t`), n. (Bot.) The fall dandelion (Leontodon autumnale).

Hawked (h&add;kt), a. Curved like a hawk’s bill; crooked.

Hawk”er (h&add;k”&etilde;r), n. One who sells wares by crying them in the street; hence, a peddler or a packman. Swift.

Hawk”er, v. i. To sell goods by outcry in the street. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Hawk”er, n. [Cf. AS. hafecere. See 1st Hawk.] A falconer.

Hawk”ey (-&ybreve;), n. See Hockey. Holloway.

Hawk”-eyed` (-īd`), a. Having a keen eye; sharpsighted; discerning.

Hawk” moth` (m&obreve;th`; 115). (Zoöl.) Any moth of the family Sphingidæ, of which there are numerous genera and species. They are large, handsome moths, which fly mostly at twilight and hover about flowers like a humming bird, sucking the honey by means of a long, slender proboscis. The larvæ are large, hairless caterpillars ornamented with green and other bright colors, and often with a caudal spine. See Sphinx, also Tobacco worm, and Tomato worm.

Tobacco Hawk Moth (Macrosila Carolina), and its Larva, the Tobacco Worm.

&fist; The larvæ of several species of hawk moths feed on grapevines. The elm-tree hawk moth is Ceratomia Amyntor.

Hawk”weed` (-wēd`), n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Hieracium; — so called from the ancient belief that birds of prey used its juice to strengthen their vision. (b) A plant of the genus Senecio (S. hieracifolius). Loudon.

Hawm (h&add;m), n. See Haulm, straw.

Hawm, v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To lounge; to loiter. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Hawse (h&add;z or h&add;s; 277), n. [Orig. a hawse hole, or hole in the bow of the ship; cf. Icel. hals, hāls, neck, part of the bows of a ship, AS. heals neck. See Collar, and cf. Halse to embrace.] 1. A hawse hole. Harris.

2. (Naut.) (a) The situation of the cables when a vessel is moored with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on the port bow. (b) The distance ahead to which the cables usually extend; as, the ship has a clear or open hawse, or a foul hawse; to anchor in our hawse, or athwart hawse. (c) That part of a vessel’s bow in which are the hawse holes for the cables.

Athwart hawse. See under Athwart. — Foul hawse, a hawse in which the cables cross each other, or are twisted together. — Hawse block, a block used to stop up a hawse hole at sea; — called also hawse plug. — Hawse hole, a hole in the bow of a ship, through which a cable passes. — Hawse piece, one of the foremost timbers of a ship, through which the hawse hole is cut. — Hawse plug. Same as Hawse block (above). — To come in at the hawse holes, to enter the naval service at the lowest grade. [Cant] — To freshen the hawse, to veer out a little more cable and bring the chafe and strain on another part.

Haws”er (h&add;z”&etilde;r or h&add;s”&etilde;r), n. [From F. hausser to lift, raise (cf. OF. hausserée towpath, towing, F. haussière hawser), LL. altiare, fr. L. altus high. See Haughty.] A large rope made of three strands each containing many yarns.

&fist; Three hawsers twisted together make a cable; but it nautical usage the distinction between cable and hawser is often one of size rather than of manufacture.

Hawser iron, a calking iron.

Haws”er-laid` (-lād`), a. Made in the manner of a hawser. Cf. Cable-laid, and see Illust. of Cordage.

Haw”thorn` (h&add;“thôrn`), n. [AS. hagaþorn, hægþorn. See Haw a hedge, and Thorn.] (Bot.) A thorny shrub or tree (the Cratægus oxyacantha), having deeply lobed, shining leaves, small, roselike, fragrant flowers, and a fruit called haw. It is much used in Europe for hedges, and for standards in gardens. The American hawthorn is Cratægus cordata, which has the leaves but little lobed.

Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade
To shepherds?

Shak.

Hay (hā), n. [AS. hege: cf. F. haie, of German origin. See Haw a hedge, Hedge.] 1. A hedge. [Obs.]

2. A net set around the haunt of an animal, especially of a rabbit. Rowe.

To dance the hay, to dance in a ring. Shak.

Hay, v. i. To lay snares for rabbits. Huloet.

Hay, n. [OE. hei, AS. hēg; akin to D. hooi, OHG. hewi, houwi, G. heu, Dan. & Sw. hö, Icel. hey, ha, Goth. hawi grass, fr. the root of E. hew. See Hew to cut.] Grass cut and cured for fodder.

Make hay while the sun shines.

Camden.

Hay may be dried too much as well as too little.

C. L. Flint.

Hay cap, a canvas covering for a haycock. — Hay fever (Med.), nasal catarrh accompanied with fever, and sometimes with paroxysms of dyspnœa, to which some persons are subject in the spring and summer seasons. It has been attributed to the effluvium from hay, and to the pollen of certain plants. It is also called hay asthma, hay cold, rose cold, and rose fever. — Hay knife, a sharp instrument used in cutting hay out of a stack or mow. — Hay press, a press for baling loose hay. — Hay tea, the juice of hay extracted by boiling, used as food for cattle, etc. — Hay tedder, a machine for spreading and turning new-mown hay. See Tedder.

Hay, v. i. To cut and cure grass for hay.

Hay”bird` (hā“b&etilde;rd`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European spotted flycatcher. (b) The European blackcap.

Hay”bote` (hā“bōt`), n. [See Hay hedge, and Bote, and cf. Hedgebote.] (Eng. Law.) An allowance of wood to a tenant for repairing his hedges or fences; hedgebote. See Bote. Blackstone.

Hay”cock` (hā“k&obreve;k`), n. A conical pile or heap of hay in the field.

The tanned haycock in the mead.

Milton.

Hay”-cut`ter (hā“kŭt`t&etilde;r), n. A machine in which hay is chopped short, as fodder for cattle.

Hay”field` (hā“fēld`), n. A field where grass for hay has been cut; a meadow. Cowper.

Hay”fork` (hā“fôrk`), n. A fork for pitching and tedding hay.

Horse hayfork, a contrivance for unloading hay from the cart and depositing it in the loft, or on a mow, by horse power.

Hay”loft` (hā“l&obreve;ft`; 115), n. A loft or scaffold for hay.

Hay”mak`er (hā“māk`&etilde;r), n. 1. One who cuts and cures hay.

2. A machine for curing hay in rainy weather.

Hay”mak`ing, n. The operation or work of cutting grass and curing it for hay.

Hay”mow` (hā“mou`), n. 1. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a barn for preservation.

2. The place in a barn where hay is deposited.

Hay”rack` (hā“răk`), n. A frame mounted on the running gear of a wagon, and used in hauling hay, straw, sheaves, etc.; — called also hay rigging.

Hay”rake` (hā“rāk`), n. A rake for collecting hay; especially, a large rake drawn by a horse or horses.

Hay”rick` (-r&ibreve;k`), n. A heap or pile of hay, usually covered with thatch for preservation in the open air.

Hay”stack` (hā“stăk`), n. A stack or conical pile of hay in the open air.

Hay”stalk` (hā“st&add;k`), n. A stalk of hay.

Hay”thorn` (hā“thôrn`), n. Hawthorn. R. Scot.

Hay”ti*an (hā“t&ibreve;*an), a. Of pertaining to Hayti. — n. A native of Hayti. [Written also Haitian.]

Hay”ward (hā“w&etilde;rd), n. [Hay a hedge + ward.] An officer who is appointed to guard hedges, and to keep cattle from breaking or cropping them, and whose further duty it is to impound animals found running at large.

Haz”ard (hăz”&etilde;rd), n. [F. hasard, Sp. azar an unforeseen disaster or accident, an unfortunate card or throw at dice, prob. fr. Ar. zahr, zār, a die, which, with the article al the, would give azzahr, azzār.] 1. A game of chance played with dice. Chaucer.

2. The uncertain result of throwing a die; hence, a fortuitous event; chance; accident; casualty.

I will stand the hazard of the die.

Shak.

3. Risk; danger; peril; as, he encountered the enemy at the hazard of his reputation and life.

Men are led on from one stage of life to another in a condition of the utmost hazard.

Rogers.

4. (Billiards) Holing a ball, whether the object ball (winning hazard) or the player’s ball (losing hazard).

5. Anything that is hazarded or risked, as the stakes in gaming. “Your latter hazard.” Shak.

Hazard table, a table on which hazard is played, or any game of chance for stakes. — To run the hazard, to take the chance or risk.

Syn. — Danger; risk; chance. See Danger.

Haz”ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hazarding.] [Cf. F. hasarder. See Hazard, n.]

1. To expose to the operation of chance; to put in danger of loss or injury; to venture; to risk.

Men hazard nothing by a course of evangelical obedience.

John Clarke.

He hazards his neck to the halter.

Fuller.

2. To venture to incur, or bring on.

I hazarded the loss of whom I loved.

Shak.

They hazard to cut their feet.

Landor.

Syn. — To venture; risk; jeopard; peril; endanger.

Haz”ard (hăz”&etilde;rd), v. i. To try the chance; to encounter risk or danger. Shak.

Haz”ard*a*ble (-&adot;*b’l), a. 1. Liable to hazard or chance; uncertain; risky. Sir T. Browne.

2. Such as can be hazarded or risked.

Haz”ard*er (-&etilde;r), n. 1. A player at the game of hazard; a gamester. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. One who hazards or ventures.

Haz”ard*ize (-īz), n. A hazardous attempt or situation; hazard. [Obs.]

Herself had run into that hazardize.

Spenser.

Haz”ard*ous (-ŭs), a. [Cf. F. hasardeux.] Exposed to hazard; dangerous; risky.

To enterprise so hazardous and high!

Milton.

Syn. — Perilous; dangerous; bold; daring; adventurous; venturesome; precarious; uncertain.

— Haz”ard*ous*ly, adv. — Haz”ard*ous*ness, n.

Haz”ard*ry (-r&ybreve;), n. 1. Playing at hazard; gaming; gambling. [R.] Chaucer.

2. Rashness; temerity. [R.] Spenser.

Haze (hāz), n. [Cf. Icel. höss gray; akin to AS. hasu, heasu, gray; or Armor. aézen, ézen, warm vapor, exhalation, zephyr.] Light vapor or smoke in the air which more or less impedes vision, with little or no dampness; a lack of transparency in the air; hence, figuratively, obscurity; dimness.

O’er the sky
The silvery haze of summer drawn.

Tennyson.

Above the world’s uncertain haze.

Keble.

Haze, v. i. To be hazy, or thick with haze. Ray.

Haze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazed (hāzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hazing.] [Also hase.] [Cf. Sw. haza to hamstring, fr. has hough, OD. hæssen ham.] 1. To harass by exacting unnecessary, disagreeable, or difficult work.

2. To harass or annoy by playing abusive or shameful tricks upon; to humiliate by practical jokes; — used esp. of college students; as, the sophomores hazed a freshman.

Ha”zel (hā“z’l), n. [OE. hasel, AS. hæsel; akin to D. hazelaar, G. hazel, OHG. hasal, hasala, Icel. hasl, Dan & Sw. hassel, L. corylus, for cosylus.] 1. (Bot.) A shrub or small tree of the genus Corylus, as the C. avellana, bearing a nut containing a kernel of a mild, farinaceous taste; the filbert. The American species are C. Americana, which produces the common hazelnut, and C. rostrata. See Filbert. Gray.

2. A miner’s name for freestone. Raymond.

Hazel earth, soil suitable for the hazel; a fertile loam. — Hazel grouse (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Bonasa betulina), allied to the American ruffed grouse. — Hazel hoe, a kind of grub hoe. — Witch hazel. See Witch-hazel, and Hamamelis.

Ha”zel, a. 1. Consisting of hazels, or of the wood of the hazel; pertaining to, or derived from, the hazel; as, a hazel wand.

I sit me down beside the hazel grove.

Keble.

2. Of a light brown color, like the hazelnut. “Thou hast hazel eyes.” Shak.

Haze”less (hāz”l&ebreve;s), a. Destitute of haze. Tyndall.

Ha”zel*ly (hā“z’l*l&ybreve;), a. Of the color of the hazelnut; of a light brown. Mortimer.

Ha”zel*nut` (hā“z’l*nŭt`), n. [AS. hæselhnutu.] The nut of the hazel. Shak.

Ha”zel*wort` (-wŭrt), n. (Bot.) The asarabacca.

Ha”zi*ly (hā“z&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. In a hazy manner; mistily; obscurely; confusedly.

Ha”zi*ness, n. The quality or state of being hazy.

Ha”zle (hā“z’l), v. t. To make dry; to dry. [Obs.]

Ha”zy (hā“z&ybreve;), a. [From Haze, n.] 1. Thick with haze; somewhat obscured with haze; not clear or transparent. “A tender, hazy brightness.” Wordsworth.

2. Obscure; confused; not clear; as, a hazy argument; a hazy intellect. Mrs. Gore.

He (hē), pron. [nom. He; poss. His (h&ibreve;z); obj. Him (h&ibreve;m); pl. nom. They (&thlig;ā); poss. Their or Theirs (&thlig;ârz or &thlig;ārz); obj. Them (&thlig;&ebreve;m).] [AS. hē, masc., heó, fem., hit, neut.; pl. hī, or hie, hig; akin to OFries. hi, D. hij, OS. he, hi, G. heute to-day, Goth. himma, dat. masc., this, hina, accus. masc., and hita, accus. neut., and prob. to L. hic this. √183. Cf. It.] 1. The man or male being (or object personified to which the masculine gender is assigned), previously designated; a pronoun of the masculine gender, usually referring to a specified subject already indicated.

Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.

Gen. iii. 16.

Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God; him shalt thou serve.

Deut. x. 20.

2. Any one; the man or person; — used indefinitely, and usually followed by a relative pronoun.

He that walketh with wise men shall be wise.

Prov. xiii. 20.

3. Man; a male; any male person; — in this sense used substantively. Chaucer.

I stand to answer thee,
Or any he, the proudest of thy sort.

Shak.

&fist; When a collective noun or a class is referred to, he is of common gender. In early English, he referred to a feminine or neuter noun, or to one in the plural, as well as to noun in the masculine singular. In composition, he denotes a male animal; as, a he-goat.

-head (-h&ebreve;d), suffix. A variant of -hood.

Head (h&ebreve;d), n. [OE. hed, heved, heaved, AS. heáfod; akin to D. hoofd, OHG. houbit, G. haupt, Icel. höfuð, Sw. hufvud, Dan. hoved, Goth. haubiþ. The word does not correspond regularly to L. caput head (cf. E. Chief, Cadet, Capital), and its origin is unknown.] 1. The anterior or superior part of an animal, containing the brain, or chief ganglia of the nervous system, the mouth, and in the higher animals, the chief sensory organs; poll; cephalon.

2. The uppermost, foremost, or most important part of an inanimate object; such a part as may be considered to resemble the head of an animal; often, also, the larger, thicker, or heavier part or extremity, in distinction from the smaller or thinner part, or from the point or edge; as, the head of a cane, a nail, a spear, an ax, a mast, a sail, a ship; that which covers and closes the top or the end of a hollow vessel; as, the head of a cask or a steam boiler.

3. The place where the head should go; as, the head of a bed, of a grave, etc.; the head of a carriage, that is, the hood which covers the head.

4. The most prominent or important member of any organized body; the chief; the leader; as, the head of a college, a school, a church, a state, and the like. “Their princes and heads.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

The heads of the chief sects of philosophy.

Tillotson.

Your head I him appoint.

Milton.

5. The place or honor, or of command; the most important or foremost position; the front; as, the head of the table; the head of a column of soldiers.

An army of fourscore thousand troops, with the duke of Marlborough at the head of them.

Addison.

6. Each one among many; an individual; — often used in a plural sense; as, a thousand head of cattle.

It there be six millions of people, there are about four acres for every head.

Graunt.

7. The seat of the intellect; the brain; the understanding; the mental faculties; as, a good head, that is, a good mind; it never entered his head, it did not occur to him; of his own head, of his own thought or will.

Men who had lost both head and heart.

Macaulay.

8. The source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river; as, the head of the Nile; hence, the altitude of the source, or the height of the surface, as of water, above a given place, as above an orifice at which it issues, and the pressure resulting from the height or from motion; sometimes also, the quantity in reserve; as, a mill or reservoir has a good head of water, or ten feet head; also, that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet or the sea.

9. A headland; a promontory; as, Gay Head. Shak.

10. A separate part, or topic, of a discourse; a theme to be expanded; a subdivision; as, the heads of a sermon.

11. Culminating point or crisis; hence, strength; force; height.

Ere foul sin, gathering head, shall break into corruption.

Shak.

The indisposition which has long hung upon me, is at last grown to such a head, that it must quickly make an end of me or of itself.

Addison.

12. Power; armed force.

My lord, my lord, the French have gathered head.

Shak.

13. A headdress; a covering of the head; as, a laced head; a head of hair. Swift.

14. An ear of wheat, barley, or of one of the other small cereals.

15. (Bot.) (a) A dense cluster of flowers, as in clover, daisies, thistles; a capitulum. (b) A dense, compact mass of leaves, as in a cabbage or a lettuce plant.

16. The antlers of a deer.

17. A rounded mass of foam which rises on a pot of beer or other effervescing liquor. Mortimer.

18. pl. Tiles laid at the eaves of a house. Knight.

&fist; Head is often used adjectively or in self-explaining combinations; as, head gear or headgear, head rest. Cf. Head, a.

A buck of the first head, a male fallow deer in its fifth year, when it attains its complete set of antlers. Shak. — By the head. (Naut.) See under By. — Elevator head, Feed head, etc. See under Elevator, Feed, etc. — From head to foot, through the whole length of a man; completely; throughout. “Arm me, audacity, from head to foot.” Shak. — Head and ears, with the whole person; deeply; completely; as, he was head and ears in debt or in trouble. [Colloq.] — Head fast. (Naut.) See 5th Fast. — Head kidney (Anat.), the most anterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates; the pronephros. — Head money, a capitation tax; a poll tax. Milton. — Head pence, a poll tax. [Obs.] — Head sea, a sea that meets the head of a vessel or rolls against her course. — Head and shoulders. (a) By force; violently; as, to drag one, head and shoulders. “They bring in every figure of speech, head and shoulders.” Felton. (b) By the height of the head and shoulders; hence, by a great degree or space; by far; much; as, he is head and shoulders above them. — Head or tail, this side or that side; this thing or that; — a phrase used in throwing a coin to decide a choice, question, or stake, head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or principal figure (or, in case there is no head or face on either side, that side which has the date on it), and tail the other side. — Neither head nor tail, neither beginning nor end; neither this thing nor that; nothing distinct or definite; — a phrase used in speaking of what is indefinite or confused; as, they made neither head nor tail of the matter. [Colloq.] — Head wind, a wind that blows in a direction opposite the vessel’s course. — Out of one’s own head, according to one’s own idea; without advice or coöperation of another. Over the head of, beyond the comprehension of. M. Arnold. — To be out of one’s head, to be temporarily insane. — To come or draw to a head. See under Come, Draw. — To give (one) the head, or To give head, to let go, or to give up, control; to free from restraint; to give license. “He gave his able horse the head.” Shak. “He has so long given his unruly passions their head.” South. — To his head, before his face. “An uncivil answer from a son to a father, from an obliged person to a benefactor, is a greater indecency than if an enemy should storm his house or revile him to his head.” Jer. Taylor. — To lay heads together, to consult; to conspire. — To lose one’s head, to lose presence of mind. — To make head, or To make head against, to resist with success; to advance. — To show one’s head, to appear. Shak. — To turn head, to turn the face or front. “The ravishers turn head, the fight renews.” Dryden.

Head (h&ebreve;d), a. Principal; chief; leading; first; as, the head master of a school; the head man of a tribe; a head chorister; a head cook.

Head (h&ebreve;d), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Headed; p. pr. & vb. n. Heading.] 1. To be at the head of; to put one’s self at the head of; to lead; to direct; to act as leader to; as, to head an army, an expedition, or a riot. Dryden.

2. To form a head to; to fit or furnish with a head; as, to head a nail. Spenser.

3. To behead; to decapitate. [Obs.] Shak.

4. To cut off the top of; to lop off; as, to head trees.

5. To go in front of; to get in the front of, so as to hinder or stop; to oppose; hence, to check or restrain; as, to head a drove of cattle; to head a person; the wind heads a ship.

6. To set on the head; as, to head a cask.

To head off, to intercept; to get before; as, an officer heads off a thief who is escaping. — To head up, to close, as a cask or barrel, by fitting a head to.

Head, v. i. 1. To originate; to spring; to have its source, as a river.

A broad river, that heads in the great Blue Ridge.

Adair.

2. To go or point in a certain direction; to tend; as, how does the ship head?

3. To form a head; as, this kind of cabbage heads early.

Head”ache` (h&ebreve;d”āk`), n. Pain in the head; cephalalgia. “Headaches and shivering fits.” Macaulay.

Head”ach`y, a. Afflicted with headache. [Colloq.]

Head”band` (-bănd), n. 1. A fillet; a band for the head. “The headbands and the tablets.” Is. iii. 20.

2. The band at each end of the back of a book.

Head”board` (-bōrd`), n. A board or boarding which marks or forms the head of anything; as, the headboard of a bed; the headboard of a grave.

{ Head”bor*ough Head”bor*row } (h&ebreve;d”bŭr*&osl;), n. 1. The chief of a frankpledge, tithing, or decennary, consisting of ten families; — called also borsholder, boroughhead, boroughholder, and sometimes tithingman. See Borsholder. [Eng.] Blackstone.

2. (Modern Law) A petty constable. [Eng.]

Head”-cheese` (-chēz`), n. A dish made of portions of the head, or head and feet, of swine, cut up fine, seasoned, and pressed into a cheeselike mass.

Head”dress` (-dr&ebreve;s`), n. 1. A covering or ornament for the head; a headtire.

Among birds the males very often appear in a most beautiful headdress, whether it be a crest, a comb, a tuft of feathers, or a natural little plume.

Addison.

2. A manner of dressing the hair or of adorning it, whether with or without a veil, ribbons, combs, etc.

Head”ed, a. 1. Furnished with a head (commonly as denoting intellectual faculties); — used in composition; as, clear-headed, long- headed, thick-headed; a many-headed monster.

2. Formed into a head; as, a headed cabbage.

Head”er, (-&etilde;r), n. 1. One who, or that which, heads nails, rivets, etc., esp. a machine for heading.

2. One who heads a movement, a party, or a mob; head; chief; leader. [R.]

3. (Arch.) (a) A brick or stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface of the wall. (b) In framing, the piece of timber fitted between two trimmers, and supported by them, and carrying the ends of the tailpieces.

4. A reaper for wheat, that cuts off the heads only.

5. A fall or plunge headforemost, as while riding a bicycle, or in bathing; as, to take a header. [Colloq.]

{ Head`first” (h&ebreve;d”f&etilde;rst`), Head`fore”most` (-fōr”mōst`), } adv. With the head foremost.

Head”fish` (h&ebreve;d”f&ibreve;sh`), n. (Zoöl.) The sunfish (Mola).

Head” gear`, or Head”gear` (-gēr`), n. 1. Headdress.

2. Apparatus above ground at the mouth of a mine or deep well.

Head”-hunt`er (hŭnt`&etilde;r), n. A member of any tribe or race of savages who have the custom of decapitating human beings and preserving their heads as trophies. The Dyaks of Borneo are the most noted head hunters.

— Head”-hunt`ing, n.

Head”i*ly (-&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. In a heady or rash manner; hastily; rashly; obstinately.

Head”i*ness, n. The quality of being heady.

Head”ing, n. 1. The act or state of one who, or that which, heads; formation of a head.

2. That which stands at the head; title; as, the heading of a paper.

3. Material for the heads of casks, barrels, etc.

4. (Mining.) A gallery, drift, or adit in a mine; also, the end of a drift or gallery; the vein above a drift.

5. (Sewing) The extension of a line ruffling above the line of stitch.

6. (Masonry) That end of a stone or brick which is presented outward. Knight.

Heading course (Arch.), a course consisting only of headers. See Header, n. 3 (a). — Heading joint. (a) (Carp.) A joint, as of two or more boards, etc., at right angles to the grain of the wood. (b) (Masonry) A joint between two roussoirs in the same course.

Head”land (h&ebreve;d”lănd), n. 1. A cape; a promontory; a point of land projecting into the sea or other expanse of water. “Sow the headland with wheat.” Shak.

2. A ridge or strip of unplowed at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. Tusser.

Head”less, a. [AS. heáfodleás.] 1. Having no head; beheaded; as, a headless body, neck, or carcass.

2. Destitute of a chief or leader. Sir W. Raleigh.

3. Destitute of understanding or prudence; foolish; rash; obstinate. [Obs.]

Witless headiness in judging or headless hardiness in condemning.

Spenser.

Head”light` (h&ebreve;d”līt`), n. (Engin.) A light, with a powerful reflector, placed at the head of a locomotive, or in front of it, to throw light on the track at night, or in going through a dark tunnel.

Head”line` (-līn`), n. 1. (Print.) The line at the head or top of a page.

2. (Naut.) See Headrope.

Head”long` (-l&obreve;ng`; 115), adv. [OE. hedling, hevedlynge; prob. confused with E. long, a. & adv.]

1. With the head foremost; as, to fall headlong. Acts i. 18.

2. Rashly; precipitately; without deliberation.

3. Hastily; without delay or respite.

Head”long, a. 1. Rash; precipitate; as, headlong folly.

2. Steep; precipitous. [Poetic]

Like a tower upon a headlong rock.

Byron.

Head”-lugged` (lŭgd`), a. Lugged or dragged by the head. [R.] “The head lugged bear.” Shak.

Head”man` (h&ebreve;d”măn`), n.; pl. Headmen (-m&ebreve;n`). [AS. heáfodman.] A head or leading man, especially of a village community.

{ Head”mold` shot” Head”mould` shot” } (- mōld` sh&obreve;t`). (Med.) An old name for the condition of the skull, in which the bones ride, or are shot, over each other at the sutures. Dunglison.

Head”most` (-mōst`), a. Most advanced; most forward; as, the headmost ship in a fleet.

Head”note` (-nōt`), n. A note at the head of a page or chapter; in law reports, an abstract of a case, showing the principles involved and the opinion of the court.

Head”pan` (-păn`), n. [AS. heáfodpanne.] The brainpan. [Obs.]

Head”piece` (-pēs`), n. 1. Head.

In his headpiece he felt a sore pain.

Spenser.

2. A cap of defense; especially, an open one, as distinguished from the closed helmet of the Middle Ages.

3. Understanding; mental faculty.

Eumenes had the best headpiece of all Alexander’s captains.

Prideaux.

4. An engraved ornament at the head of a chapter, or of a page.

Head”quar`ters (-kw&add;r`t&etilde;rz), n. pl. [but sometimes used as a n. sing.] The quarters or place of residence of any chief officer, as the general in command of an army, or the head of a police force; the place from which orders or instructions are issued; hence, the center of authority or order.

The brain, which is the headquarters, or office, of intelligence.

Collier.

Head”race` (-rās`), n. See Race, a water course.

Head”room` (-r&oomac;m`), n. (Arch.) See Headway, 2.

Head”rope` (-rōp`), n. (Naut.) That part of a boltrope which is sewed to the upper edge or head of a sail.

Head”sail` (-sāl`), n. (Naut.) Any sail set forward of the foremast. Totten.

Head`shake` (-shāk`), n. A significant shake of the head, commonly as a signal of denial. Shak.

Head”ship, n. Authority or dignity; chief place.

Heads”man (h&ebreve;dz”man), n.; pl. Headsmen (-men). An executioner who cuts off heads. Dryden.

Head”spring` (h&ebreve;d”spr&ibreve;ng`), n. Fountain; source.

The headspring of our belief.

Stapleton.

Head”stall` (-st&add;l`), n. That part of a bridle or halter which encompasses the head. Shak.

Head”stock` (-st&obreve;k`), n. (Mach.) A part (usually separate from the bed or frame) for supporting some of the principal working parts of a machine; as: (a) The part of a lathe that holds the revolving spindle and its attachments; — also called poppet head, the opposite corresponding part being called a tailstock. (b) The part of a planing machine that supports the cutter, etc.

Head”stone` (-stōn`), n. 1. The principal stone in a foundation; the chief or corner stone. Ps. cxviii. 22.

2. The stone at the head of a grave.

Head”strong` (-str&obreve;ng`; 115), a. 1. Not easily restrained; ungovernable; obstinate; stubborn.

Now let the headstrong boy my will control.

Dryden.

2. Directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding from obstinacy; as, a headstrong course. Dryden.

Syn. — Violent; obstinate; ungovernable; untractable; stubborn; unruly; venturesome; heady.

Head”strong`ness, n. Obstinacy. [R.] Gayton.

Head”tire` (-tīr`), n. 1. A headdress. “A headtire of fine linen.” 1 Esdras iii. 6.

2. The manner of dressing the head, as at a particular time and place.

Head”way` (-wā`), n. 1. The progress made by a ship in motion; hence, progress or success of any kind.

2. (Arch.) Clear space under an arch, girder, and the like, sufficient to allow of easy passing underneath.

Head”work` (-wûrk`), n. Mental labor.

Head”y, (h&ebreve;d”&ybreve;), a. [From Head.] 1. Willful; rash; precipitate; hurried on by will or passion; ungovernable.

All the talent required is to be hot, to be heady, — to be violent on one side or the other.

Sir W. Temple.

2. Apt to affect the head; intoxicating; strong.

The liquor is too heady.

Dryden.

3. Violent; impetuous. “A heady currance.” Shak.

Heal, (hēl), v. t. [See Hele.] To cover, as a roof, with tiles, slate, lead, or the like. [Obs.]

Heal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Healed (hēld); p. pr. & vb. n. Healing.] [OE. helen, hælen, AS. h&aemacr;lan, fr. hāl hale, sound, whole; akin to OS. hēlian, D. heelen, G. heilen, Goth. hailjan. See Whole.] 1. To make hale, sound, or whole; to cure of a disease, wound, or other derangement; to restore to soundness or health.

Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed.

Matt. viii. 8.

2. To remove or subdue; to cause to pass away; to cure; — said of a disease or a wound.

I will heal their backsliding.

Hos. xiv. 4.

3. To restore to original purity or integrity.

Thus saith the Lord, I have healed these waters.

2 Kings ii. 21.

4. To reconcile, as a breach or difference; to make whole; to free from guilt; as, to heal dissensions.

Heal (hēl), v. i. To grow sound; to return to a sound state; as, the limb heals, or the wound heals; — sometimes with up or over; as, it will heal up, or over.

Those wounds heal ill that men do give themselves.

Shak.

Heal, n. [AS. h&aemacr;lu, h&aemacr;l. See Heal, v. t.] Health. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heal”a*ble (-&adot;*b’l), a. Capable of being healed.

Heal”all` (-&add;l`), n. (Bot.) A common herb of the Mint family (Brunella vulgaris), destitute of active properties, but anciently thought a panacea.

Heald (hēld), n. [CF. Heddle.] A heddle. Ure.

Heal”er (hēl”&etilde;r), n. One who, or that which, heals.

Heal”ful (-f&usdot;l), a. Tending or serving to heal; healing. [Obs.] Ecclus. xv. 3.

Heal”ing, a. Tending to cure; soothing; mollifying; as, the healing art; a healing salve; healing words.

Here healing dews and balms abound.

Keble.

Heal”ing*ly, adv. So as to heal or cure.

Health (h&ebreve;lth), n. [OE. helthe, AS. h&aemacr;lþ, fr. hāl hale, sound, whole. See Whole.] 1. The state of being hale, sound, or whole, in body, mind, or soul; especially, the state of being free from physical disease or pain.

There is no health in us.

Book of Common Prayer.

Though health may be enjoyed without gratitude, it can not be sported with without loss, or regained by courage.

Buckminster.

2. A wish of health and happiness, as in pledging a person in a toast. “Come, love and health to all.” Shak.

Bill of health. See under Bill. — Health lift, a machine for exercise, so arranged that a person lifts an increasing weight, or moves a spring of increasing tension, in such a manner that most of the muscles of the body are brought into gradual action; — also called lifting machine. — Health officer, one charged with the enforcement of the sanitary laws of a port or other place. — To drink a health. See under Drink.

Health”ful (-f&usdot;l), a. 1. Full of health; free from illness or disease; well; whole; sound; healthy; as, a healthful body or mind; a healthful plant.

2. Serving to promote health of body or mind; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as, a healthful air, diet.

The healthful Spirit of thy grace.

Book of Common Prayer.

3. Indicating, characterized by, or resulting from, health or soundness; as, a healthful condition.

A mind . . . healthful and so well- proportioned.

Macaulay.

4. Well-disposed; favorable. [R.]

Gave healthful welcome to their shipwrecked guests.

Shak.

Health”ful*ly, adv. In health; wholesomely.

Health”ful*ness, n. The state of being healthful.

Health”i*ly (-&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. In a healthy manner.

Health”i*ness, n. The state of being healthy or healthful; freedom from disease.

Health”less, a. 1. Without health, whether of body or mind; infirm. “A healthless or old age.” Jer. Taylor.

2. Not conducive to health; unwholesome. [R.]

Health”less*ness, n. The state of being healthless.

Health”some (-sŭm), a. Wholesome; salubrious. [R.] “Healthsome air.” Shak.

Health”ward (-w&etilde;rd), a. & adv. In the direction of health; as, a healthward tendency.

Health”y (&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Healthier (&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Healthiest.] 1. Being in a state of health; enjoying health; hale; sound; free from disease; as, a healthy child; a healthy plant.

His mind was now in a firm and healthy state.

Macaulay.

2. Evincing health; as, a healthy pulse; a healthy complexion.

3. Conducive to health; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as, a healthy exercise; a healthy climate.

Syn. — Vigorous; sound; hale; salubrious; healthful; wholesome; salutary.

Heam (hēm), n. [Cf. AS. cildhamma womb, OD. hamme afterbirth, LG. hamen.] The afterbirth or secundines of a beast.

Heap (hēp), n. [OE. heep, heap, heap, multitude, AS. heáp; akin to OS. hōp, D. hoop, OHG. houf, hūfo, G. haufe, haufen, Sw. hop, Dan. hob, Icel. hōpr troop, flock, Russ. kupa heap, crowd, Lith. kaupas. Cf. Hope, in Forlorn hope.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a multitude or great number of persons. [Now Low or Humorous]

The wisdom of a heap of learned men.

Chaucer.

A heap of vassals and slaves.

Bacon.

He had heaps of friends.

W. Black.

2. A great number or large quantity of things not placed in a pile. [Now Low or Humorous]

A vast heap, both of places of scripture and quotations.

Bp. Burnet.

I have noticed a heap of things in my life.

R. L. Stevenson.

3. A pile or mass; a collection of things laid in a body, or thrown together so as to form an elevation; as, a heap of earth or stones.

Huge heaps of slain around the body rise.

Dryden.

Heap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heaped (hēpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Heaping.] [AS. heápian.] 1. To collect in great quantity; to amass; to lay up; to accumulate; — usually with up; as, to heap up treasures.

Though he heap up silver as the dust.

Job. xxvii. 16.

2. To throw or lay in a heap; to make a heap of; to pile; as, to heap stones; — often with up; as, to heap up earth; or with on; as, to heap on wood or coal.

3. To form or round into a heap, as in measuring; to fill (a measure) more than even full.

Heap”er (hēp”&etilde;r), n. One who heaps, piles, or amasses.

Heap”y (-&ybreve;), a. Lying in heaps. Gay.

Hear (hēr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heard (h&etilde;rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hearing.] [OE. heren, AS,. hiéran, h&ymacr;ran, hēran; akin to OS. hōrian, OFries. hera, hora, D. hooren, OHG. hōren, G. hören, Icel. heyra, Sw. höra, Dan. hore, Goth. hausjan, and perh. to Gr. ‘akoy`ein, E. acoustic. Cf. Hark, Hearken.] 1. To perceive by the ear; to apprehend or take cognizance of by the ear; as, to hear sounds; to hear a voice; to hear one call.

Lay thine ear close to the ground, and list if thou canst hear the tread of travelers.

Shak.

He had been heard to utter an ominous growl.

Macaulay.

2. To give audience or attention to; to listen to; to heed; to accept the doctrines or advice of; to obey; to examine; to try in a judicial court; as, to hear a recitation; to hear a class; the case will be heard to- morrow.

3. To attend, or be present at, as hearer or worshiper; as, to hear a concert; to hear Mass.

4. To give attention to as a teacher or judge.

Thy matters are good and right, but there is no man deputed of the king to hear thee.

2 Sam. xv. 3.

I beseech your honor to hear me one single word.

Shak.

5. To accede to the demand or wishes of; to listen to and answer favorably; to favor.

I love the Lord, because he hath heard my voice.

Ps. cxvi. 1.

They think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.

Matt. vi. 7.

Hear him. See Remark, under Hear, v. i. — To hear a bird sing, to receive private communication. [Colloq.] Shak. — To hear say, to hear one say; to learn by common report; to receive by rumor. [Colloq.]

Hear, v. i. 1. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving sound. “The hearing ear.” Prov. xx. 12.

2. To use the power of perceiving sound; to perceive or apprehend by the ear; to attend; to listen.

So spake our mother Eve, and Adam heard,
Well pleased, but answered not.

Milton.

3. To be informed by oral communication; to be told; to receive information by report or by letter.

I have heard, sir, of such a man.

Shak.

I must hear from thee every day in the hour.

Shak.

To hear ill, to be blamed. [Obs.]

Not only within his own camp, but also now at Rome, he heard ill for his temporizing and slow proceedings.

Holland.

— To hear well, to be praised. [Obs.]

&fist; Hear, or Hear him, is often used in the imperative, especially in the course of a speech in English assemblies, to call attention to the words of the speaker.

Hear him, . . . a cry indicative, according to the tone, of admiration, acquiescence, indignation, or derision.

Macaulay.

Heard (h&etilde;rd), imp. & p. p. of Hear.

Hear”er (hēr”&etilde;r), n. One who hears; an auditor.

Hear”ing, n. 1. The act or power of perceiving sound; perception of sound; the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived; as, my hearing is good.

I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear.

Job xlii. 5.

&fist; Hearing in a special sensation, produced by stimulation of the auditory nerve; the stimulus (waves of sound) acting not directly on the nerve, but through the medium of the endolymph on the delicate epithelium cells, constituting the peripheral terminations of the nerve. See Ear.

2. Attention to what is delivered; opportunity to be heard; audience; as, I could not obtain a hearing.

3. A listening to facts and evidence, for the sake of adjudication; a session of a court for considering proofs and determining issues.

His last offenses to us
Shall have judicious hearing.

Shak.

Another hearing before some other court.

Dryden.

&fist; Hearing, as applied to equity cases, means the same thing that the word trial does at law. Abbot.

4. Extent within which sound may be heard; sound; earshot. “She’s not within hearing.” Shak.

They laid him by the pleasant shore,
And in the hearing of the wave.

Tennyson.

Heark”en (härk“‘n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hearkened (-‘nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hearkening.] [OE. hercnen, hercnien, AS. hercnian, heorcnian, fr. hiéran, h&ymacr;ran, to hear; akin to OD. harcken, horcken, LG. harken, horken, G. horchen. See Hear, and cf. Hark.] 1. To listen; to lend the ear; to attend to what is uttered; to give heed; to hear, in order to obey or comply.

The Furies hearken, and their snakes uncurl.

Dryden.

Hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you.

Deut. iv. 1.

2. To inquire; to seek information. [Obs.] “Hearken after their offense.” Shak.

Syn. — To attend; listen; hear; heed. See Attend, v. i.

Heark”en, v. t. 1. To hear by listening. [Archaic]

[She] hearkened now and then
Some little whispering and soft groaning sound.

Spenser.

2. To give heed to; to hear attentively. [Archaic]

The King of Naples . . . hearkens my brother’s suit.

Shak.

To hearken out, to search out. [Obs.]

If you find none, you must hearken out a vein and buy.

B. Johnson.

Heark”en*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who hearkens; a listener.

Hear”sal (h&etilde;r”sal), n. Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hear”say` (hēr”sā`), n. Report; rumor; fame; common talk; something heard from another.

Much of the obloquy that has so long rested on the memory of our great national poet originated in frivolous hearsays of his life and conversation.

Prof. Wilson.

Hearsay evidence (Law), that species of testimony which consists in a narration by one person of matters told him by another. It is, with a few exceptions, inadmissible as testimony. Abbott.

Hearse (h&etilde;rs), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A hind in the second year of its age. [Eng.] Wright.

Hearse (h&etilde;rs), n. [See Herse.] 1. A framework of wood or metal placed over the coffin or tomb of a deceased person, and covered with a pall; also, a temporary canopy bearing wax lights and set up in a church, under which the coffin was placed during the funeral ceremonies. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss.

2. A grave, coffin, tomb, or sepulchral monument. [Archaic] “Underneath this marble hearse.” B. Johnson.

Beside the hearse a fruitful palm tree grows.

Fairfax

Who lies beneath this sculptured hearse.

Longfellow.

3. A bier or handbarrow for conveying the dead to the grave. [Obs.]

Set down, set down your honorable load,
It honor may be shrouded in a hearse.

Shak.

4. A carriage specially adapted or used for conveying the dead to the grave.

Hearse, v. t. To inclose in a hearse; to entomb. [Obs.] “Would she were hearsed at my foot.” Shak.

Hearse”cloth` (-kl&obreve;th`; 115), n. A cloth for covering a coffin when on a bier; a pall. Bp. Sanderson.

Hearse”like` (-līk`), a. Suitable to a funeral.

If you listen to David’s harp, you shall hear as many hearselike airs as carols.

Bacon.

Heart (härt), n. [OE. harte, herte, heorte, AS. heorte; akin to OS. herta, OFies. hirte, D. hart, OHG. herza, G. herz, Icel. hjarta, Sw. hjerta, Goth. haírtō, Lith. szirdis, Russ. serdtse, Ir. cridhe, L. cor, Gr. kardi`a, kh^r √227. Cf. Accord, Discord, Cordial, 4th Core, Courage.] 1. (Anat.) A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

Why does my blood thus muster to my heart!

Shak.

&fist; In adult mammals and birds, the heart is four-chambered, the right auricle and ventricle being completely separated from the left auricle and ventricle; and the blood flows from the systemic veins to the right auricle, thence to the right ventricle, from which it is forced to the lungs, then returned to the left auricle, thence passes to the left ventricle, from which it is driven into the systemic arteries. See Illust. under Aorta. In fishes there are but one auricle and one ventricle, the blood being pumped from the ventricle through the gills to the system, and thence returned to the auricle. In most amphibians and reptiles, the separation of the auricles is partial or complete, and in reptiles the ventricles also are separated more or less completely. The so- called lymph hearts, found in many amphibians, reptiles, and birds, are contractile sacs, which pump the lymph into the veins.

2. The seat of the affections or sensibilities, collectively or separately, as love, hate, joy, grief, courage, and the like; rarely, the seat of the understanding or will; — usually in a good sense, when no epithet is expressed; the better or lovelier part of our nature; the spring of all our actions and purposes; the seat of moral life and character; the moral affections and character itself; the individual disposition and character; as, a good, tender, loving, bad, hard, or selfish heart.

Hearts are dust, hearts’ loves remain.

Emerson.

3. The nearest the middle or center; the part most hidden and within; the inmost or most essential part of any body or system; the source of life and motion in any organization; the chief or vital portion; the center of activity, or of energetic or efficient action; as, the heart of a country, of a tree, etc.

Exploits done in the heart of France.

Shak.

Peace subsisting at the heart
Of endless agitation.

Wordsworth.

4. Courage; courageous purpose; spirit.

Eve, recovering heart, replied.

Milton.

The expelled nations take heart, and when they fly from one country invade another.

Sir W. Temple.

5. Vigorous and efficient activity; power of fertile production; condition of the soil, whether good or bad.

That the spent earth may gather heart again.

Dryden.

6. That which resembles a heart in shape; especially, a roundish or oval figure or object having an obtuse point at one end, and at the other a corresponding indentation, — used as a symbol or representative of the heart.

7. One of a series of playing cards, distinguished by the figure or figures of a heart; as, hearts are trumps.

8. Vital part; secret meaning; real intention.

And then show you the heart of my message.

Shak.

9. A term of affectionate or kindly and familiar address. “I speak to thee, my heart.” Shak.

&fist; Heart is used in many compounds, the most of which need no special explanation; as, heart-appalling, heart-breaking, heart-cheering, heart-chilled, heart-expanding, heart-free, heart-hardened, heart-heavy, heart-purifying, heart-searching, heart-sickening, heart-sinking, heart-sore, heart-stirring, heart-touching, heart-wearing, heart-whole, heart-wounding, heart-wringing, etc.

After one’s own heart, conforming with one’s inmost approval and desire; as, a friend after my own heart.

The Lord hath sought him a man after his own heart.

1 Sam. xiii. 14.

— At heart, in the inmost character or disposition; at bottom; really; as, he is at heart a good man. — By heart, in the closest or most thorough manner; as, to know or learn by heart. “Composing songs, for fools to get by heart” (that is, to commit to memory, or to learn thoroughly). Pope. — For my heart, for my life; if my life were at stake. [Obs.] “I could not get him for my heart to do it.” Shak. — Heart bond (Masonry), a bond in which no header stone stretches across the wall, but two headers meet in the middle, and their joint is covered by another stone laid header fashion. Knight. — Heart and hand, with enthusiastic coöperation. — Heart hardness, hardness of heart; callousness of feeling; moral insensibility. Shak. — Heart heaviness, depression of spirits. Shak. — Heart point (Her.), the fess point. See Escutcheon. — Heart rising, a rising of the heart, as in opposition. — Heart shell (Zoöl.), any marine, bivalve shell of the genus Cardium and allied genera, having a heart-shaped shell; esp., the European Isocardia cor; — called also heart cockle. — Heart sickness, extreme depression of spirits. — Heart and soul, with the utmost earnestness. — Heart urchin (Zoöl.), any heartshaped, spatangoid sea urchin. See Spatangoid. — Heart wheel, a form of cam, shaped like a heart. See Cam. — In good heart, in good courage; in good hope. — Out of heart, discouraged. — Poor heart, an exclamation of pity. — To break the heart of. (a) To bring to despair or hopeless grief; to cause to be utterly cast down by sorrow. (b) To bring almost to completion; to finish very nearly; — said of anything undertaken; as, he has broken the heart of the task. — To find in the heart, to be willing or disposed. “I could find in my heart to ask your pardon.” Sir P. Sidney. — To have at heart, to desire (anything) earnestly. — To have in the heart, to purpose; to design or intend to do. — To have the heart in the mouth, to be much frightened. — To lose heart, to become discouraged. — To lose one’s heart, to fall in love. — To set the heart at rest, to put one’s self at ease. — To set the heart upon, to fix the desires on; to long for earnestly; to be very fond of. — To take heart of grace, to take courage. — To take to heart, to grieve over. — To wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve, to expose one’s feelings or intentions; to be frank or impulsive. – - With all one’s heart, With one’s whole heart, very earnestly; fully; completely; devotedly.

Heart (härt), v. t. To give heart to; to hearten; to encourage; to inspirit. [Obs.]

My cause is hearted; thine hath no less reason.

Shak.

Heart, v. i. To form a compact center or heart; as, a hearting cabbage.

Heart”ache` (-āk`), n. [Cf. AS. heortece.] Sorrow; anguish of mind; mental pang. Shak.

Heart”break` (-brāk`), n. Crushing sorrow or grief; a yielding to such grief. Shak.

Heart”break`ing, a. Causing overpowering sorrow.

Heart”bro`ken (-brō`k’n), a. Overcome by crushing sorrow; deeply grieved.

Heart”burn` (-bûrn`), n. (Med.) An uneasy, burning sensation in the stomach, often attended with an inclination to vomit. It is sometimes idiopathic, but is often a symptom of other complaints.

Heart”burned` (-bûrnd`), a. Having heartburn. Shak.

Heart”burn`ing (-bûrn`&ibreve;ng), a. Causing discontent.

Heart”burn`ing, n. 1. (Med.) Same as Heartburn.

2. Discontent; secret enmity. Swift.

The transaction did not fail to leave heartburnings.

Palfrey.

Heart”dear` (-dēr`), a. Sincerely beloved. [R.] Shak.

Heart”deep` (-dēp`), a. Rooted in the heart. Herbert.

Heart”-eat`ing (-ēt`&ibreve;ng), a. Preying on the heart.

Heart”ed, a. 1. Having a heart; having (such) a heart (regarded as the seat of the affections, disposition, or character).

2. Shaped like a heart; cordate. [R.] Landor.

3. Seated or laid up in the heart.

I hate the Moor: my cause is hearted.

Shak.

&fist; This word is chiefly used in composition; as, hard- hearted, faint-hearted, kind-hearted, lion- hearted, stout-hearted, etc. Hence the nouns hard- heartedness, faint-heartedness, etc.

Heart”ed*ness, n. Earnestness; sincerity; heartiness. [R.] Clarendon.

&fist; See also the Note under Hearted. The analysis of the compounds gives hard-hearted + – ness, rather than hard + heartedness, etc.

Heart”en (härt“‘n), v. t. [From Heart.] 1. To encourage; to animate; to incite or stimulate the courage of; to embolden.

Hearten those that fight in your defense.

Shak.

2. To restore fertility or strength to, as to land.

Heart”en*er (-&etilde;r), n. One who, or that which, heartens, animates, or stirs up. W. Browne.

Heart”felt` (-f&ebreve;lt`), a. Hearty; sincere.

Heart”grief` (-grēf`), n. Heartache; sorrow. Milton.

Hearth (härth), n. [OE. harthe, herth, herthe, AS. heorð; akin to D. haard, heerd, Sw. härd, G. herd; cf. Goth. haúri a coal, Icel. hyrr embers, and L. cremare to burn.] 1. The pavement or floor of brick, stone, or metal in a chimney, on which a fire is made; the floor of a fireplace; also, a corresponding part of a stove.

There was a fire on the hearth burning before him.

Jer. xxxvi. 22.

Where fires thou find’st unraked and hearths unswept.
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.

Shak.

2. The house itself, as the abode of comfort to its inmates and of hospitality to strangers; fireside.

Household talk and phrases of the hearth.

Tennyson.

3. (Metal. & Manuf.) The floor of a furnace, on which the material to be heated lies, or the lowest part of a melting furnace, into which the melted material settles.

Hearth ends (Metal.), fragments of lead ore ejected from the furnace by the blast. — Hearth money, Hearth penny [AS. heorðpening], a tax formerly laid in England on hearths, each hearth (in all houses paying the church and poor rates) being taxed at two shillings; — called also chimney money, etc.

He had been importuned by the common people to relieve them from the . . . burden of the hearth money.

Macaulay.

Hearth”stone` (-stōn`), n. Stone forming the hearth; hence, the fireside; home.

Chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone.

A. Lincoln.

Heart”i*ly (härt”&ibreve;*l&ybreve;), adv. [From Hearty.] 1. From the heart; with all the heart; with sincerity.

I heartily forgive them.

Shak.

2. With zeal; actively; vigorously; willingly; cordially; as, he heartily assisted the prince.

To eat heartily, to eat freely and with relish. Addison.

Syn. — Sincerely; cordially; zealously; vigorously; actively; warmly; eagerly; ardently; earnestly.

Heart”i*ness (härt”&ibreve;*n&ebreve;s), n. The quality of being hearty; as, the heartiness of a greeting.

Heart”less, a. 1. Without a heart.

You have left me heartless; mine is in your bosom.

J. Webster.

2. Destitute of courage; spiritless; despondent.

Heartless they fought, and quitted soon their ground.

Dryden.

Heartless and melancholy.

W. Irwing.

3. Destitute of feeling or affection; unsympathetic; cruel. “The heartless parasites.” Byron.

— Heart”less*ly, adv. — Heart”less*ness, n.

Heart”let (-l&ebreve;t), n. A little heart.

Heart”lings (-l&ibreve;ngz), interj. An exclamation used in addressing a familiar acquaintance. [Obs.] Shak.

Heart”pea` (-pē`), n. (Bot.) Same as Heartseed.

Heart”quake` (-kwāk`), n. Trembling of the heart; trepidation; fear.

In many an hour of danger and heartquake.

Hawthorne.

Heart”rend`ing (-r&ebreve;nd`&ibreve;ng), a. Causing intense grief; overpowering with anguish; very distressing.

Heart”-rob`bing (-r&obreve;b`b&ibreve;ng), a. 1. Depriving of thought; ecstatic. “Heart-robbing gladness.” Spenser.

2. Stealing the heart or affections; winning.

Heart’s”-ease` (härts”ēz`), n. 1. Ease of heart; peace or tranquillity of mind or feeling. Shak.

2. (Bot.) A species of violet (Viola tricolor); — called also pansy.

Heart”seed` (härt”sēd`), n. (Bot.) A climbing plant of the genus Cardiospermum, having round seeds which are marked with a spot like a heart. Loudon.

Heart”shaped` (-shāpt`), a. Having the shape of a heart; cordate.

Heart”sick` (-s&ibreve;k`), a. [AS. heortseóc.] Sick at heart; extremely depressed in spirits; very despondent.

Heart”some (-sŭm), a. Merry; cheerful; lively. [Scot.]

Heart”-spoon` (-sp&oomac;n`), n. A part of the breastbone. [Obs.]

He feeleth through the herte-spon the pricke.

Chaucer.

Heart”strick`en (-str&ibreve;k`‘n), a. Shocked; dismayed.

Heart”strike` (-strīk`), v. t. To affect at heart; to shock. [R.] “They seek to heartstrike us.” B. Jonson.

Heart”string` (-str&ibreve;ng`), n. A nerve or tendon, supposed to brace and sustain the heart. Shak.

Sobbing, as if a heartstring broke.

Moore.

Heart”struck` (-strŭk`), a. 1. Driven to the heart; infixed in the mind. “His heartstruck injuries.” Shak.

2. Shocked with pain, fear, or remorse; dismayed; heartstricken. Milton.

Heart”swell`ing (-sw&ebreve;l`&ibreve;ng), a. Rankling in, or swelling, the heart. “Heartswelling hate.” Spenser.

Heart”-whole` (-hōl`), a. [See Whole.] 1. Having the heart or affections free; not in love. Shak.

2. With unbroken courage; undismayed.

3. Of a single and sincere heart.

If he keeps heart-whole towards his Master.

Bunyan.

Heart”wood` (-w&oocr;d`), n. The hard, central part of the trunk of a tree, consisting of the old and matured wood, and usually differing in color from the outer layers. It is technically known as duramen, and distinguished from the softer sapwood or alburnum.

Heart”-wound`ed (härt”w&oomac;nd`&ebreve;d or – wound`&ebreve;d), a. Wounded to the heart with love or grief. Pope.

Heart”y (härt”&ybreve;), a. [Compar. Heartier (-&ibreve;*&etilde;r); superl. Heartiest.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the heart; warm; cordial; bold; zealous; sincere; willing; also, energetic; active; eager; as, a hearty welcome; hearty in supporting the government.

Full of hearty tears
For our good father’s loss.

Marston.

2. Exhibiting strength; sound; healthy; firm; not weak; as, a hearty man; hearty timber.

3. Promoting strength; nourishing; rich; abundant; as, hearty food; a hearty meal.

Syn. — Sincere; real; unfeigned; undissembled; cordial; earnest; warm; zealous; ardent; eager; active; vigorous. — Hearty, Cordial, Sincere. Hearty implies honesty and simplicity of feelings and manners; cordial refers to the warmth and liveliness with which the feelings are expressed; sincere implies that this expression corresponds to the real sentiments of the heart. A man should be hearty in his attachment to his friends, cordial in his reception of them to his house, and sincere in his offers to assist them.

Heart”y, n.; pl. Hearties (-&ibreve;z). Comrade; boon companion; good fellow; — a term of familiar address and fellowship among sailors. Dickens.

Heart”y*hale` (-hāl`), a. Good for the heart. [Obs.]

Heat (hēt), n. [OE. hete, hæte, AS. h&aemacr;tu, h&aemacr;to, fr. hāt hot; akin to OHG. heizi heat, Dan. hede, Sw. hetta. See Hot.] 1. A force in nature which is recognized in various effects, but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation, and which, as manifested in fire, the sun’s rays, mechanical action, chemical combination, etc., becomes directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its nature heat is a mode of motion, being in general a form of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was given the name caloric.

&fist; As affecting the human body, heat produces different sensations, which are called by different names, as heat or sensible heat, warmth, cold, etc., according to its degree or amount relatively to the normal temperature of the body.

2. The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire, the sun’s rays, etc.; the reverse of cold.

3. High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature, or cold; as, the heat of summer and the cold of winter; heat of the skin or body in fever, etc.

Else how had the world . . .
Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat!

Milton.

4. Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness; high color; flush; degree of temperature to which something is heated, as indicated by appearance, condition, or otherwise.

It has raised . . . heats in their faces.

Addison.

The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red heat, a white-flame heat, and a sparkling or welding heat.

Moxon.

5. A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or in a furnace; as, to make a horseshoe in a certain number of heats.

6. A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as, he won two heats out of three.

Many causes . . . for refreshment betwixt the heats.

Dryden.

[He] struck off at one heat the matchless tale of “Tam o’ Shanter.”

J. C. Shairp.

7. Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as, the heat of battle or party. “The heat of their division.” Shak.

8. Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement; exasperation. “The heat and hurry of his rage.” South.

9. Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency.

With all the strength and heat of eloquence.

Addison.

10. Sexual excitement in animals.

11. Fermentation.

Animal heat, Blood heat, Capacity for heat, etc. See under Animal, Blood, etc. — Atomic heat (Chem.), the product obtained by multiplying the atomic weight of any element by its specific heat. The atomic heat of all solid elements is nearly a constant, the mean value being 6.4. — Dynamical theory of heat, that theory of heat which assumes it to be, not a peculiar kind of matter, but a peculiar motion of the ultimate particles of matter. Heat engine, any apparatus by which a heated substance, as a heated fluid, is made to perform work by giving motion to mechanism, as a hot-air engine, or a steam engine. — Heat producers. (Physiol.) See under Food. — Heat rays, a term formerly applied to the rays near the red end of the spectrum, whether within or beyond the visible spectrum. — Heat weight (Mech.), the product of any quantity of heat by the mechanical equivalent of heat divided by the absolute temperature; — called also thermodynamic function, and entropy. — Mechanical equivalent of heat. See under Equivalent. — Specific heat of a substance (at any temperature), the number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance at that temperature one degree. — Unit of heat, the quantity of heat required to raise, by one degree, the temperature of a unit mass of water, initially at a certain standard temperature. The temperature usually employed is that of 0° Centigrade, or 32° Fahrenheit.

Heat (hēt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heated; p. pr. & vb. n. Heating.] [OE. heten, AS. h&aemacr;tan, fr. hāt hot. See Hot.] 1. To make hot; to communicate heat to, or cause to grow warm; as, to heat an oven or furnace, an iron, or the like.

Heat me these irons hot.

Shak.

2. To excite or make hot by action or emotion; to make feverish.

Pray, walk softly; do not heat your blood.

Shak.

3. To excite ardor in; to rouse to action; to excite to excess; to inflame, as the passions.

A noble emulation heats your breast.

Dryden.

Heat, v. i. 1. To grow warm or hot by the action of fire or friction, etc., or the communication of heat; as, the iron or the water heats slowly.

2. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, or the development of heat by chemical action; as, green hay heats in a mow, and manure in the dunghill.

Heat (h&ebreve;t), imp. & p. p. of Heat. Heated; as, the iron though heat red- hot. [Obs. or Archaic] Shak.

Heat”er (hēt”&etilde;r), n. 1. One who, or that which, heats.

2. Any contrivance or implement, as a furnace, stove, or other heated body or vessel, etc., used to impart heat to something, or to contain something to be heated.

Feed heater. See under Feed.

Heath (hēth), n. [OE. heth waste land, the plant heath, AS. h&aemacr;ð; akin to D. & G. heide, Icel. heiðr waste land, Dan. hede, Sw. hed, Goth. haiþi field, L. bucetum a cow pasture; cf. W. coed a wood, Skr. kshētra field. √20.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A low shrub (Erica, or Calluna, vulgaris), with minute evergreen leaves, and handsome clusters of pink flowers. It is used in Great Britain for brooms, thatch, beds for the poor, and for heating ovens. It is also called heather, and ling. (b) Also, any species of the genus Erica, of which several are European, and many more are South African, some of great beauty. See Illust. of Heather.

2. A place overgrown with heath; any cheerless tract of country overgrown with shrubs or coarse herbage.

Their stately growth, though bare,
Stands on the blasted heath.

Milton

Heath cock (Zoöl.), the blackcock. See Heath grouse (below). — Heath grass (Bot.), a kind of perennial grass, of the genus Triodia (T. decumbens), growing on dry heaths. — Heath grouse, or Heath game (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Tetrao tetrix), which inhabits heaths; — called also black game, black grouse, heath poult, heath fowl, moor fowl. The male is called heath cock, and blackcock; the female, heath hen, and gray hen. — Heath hen. (Zoöl.) See Heath grouse (above). — Heath pea (Bot.), a species of bitter vetch (Lathyrus macrorhizus), the tubers of which are eaten, and in Scotland are used to flavor whisky. — Heath throstle (Zoöl.), a European thrush which frequents heaths; the ring ouzel.

Heath”clad` (-klăd`), a. Clad or crowned with heath.

Hea”then (hē”&thlig;‘n; 277), n.; pl. Heathens (-&thlig;‘nz) or collectively Heathen. [OE. hethen, AS. h&aemacr;ðen, prop. an adj. fr. h&aemacr;ð heath, and orig., therefore, one who lives in the country or on the heaths and in the woods (cf. pagan, fr. pagus village); akin to OS. hēðin, adj., D. heiden a heathen, G. heide, OHG. heidan, Icel. heiðinn, adj., Sw. heden, Goth. haiþnō, n. fem. See Heath, and cf. Hoiden.] 1. An individual of the pagan or unbelieving nations, or those which worship idols and do not acknowledge the true God; a pagan; an idolater.

2. An irreligious person.

If it is no more than a moral discourse, he may preach it and they may hear it, and yet both continue unconverted heathens.

V. Knox.

The heathen, as the term is used in the Scriptures, all people except the Jews; now used of all people except Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans.

Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance.

Ps. ii. 8.

Syn. — Pagan; gentile. See Pagan.

Hea”then (hē”&thlig;‘n), a. 1. Gentile; pagan; as, a heathen author. “The heathen philosopher.” “All in gold, like heathen gods.” Shak.

2. Barbarous; unenlightened; heathenish.

3. Irreligious; scoffing.

Hea”then*dom (-dŭm), n. [AS. h&aemacr;ðendōm.] 1. That part of the world where heathenism prevails; the heathen nations, considered collectively.

2. Heathenism. C. Kingsley.

Hea”then*esse (-&ebreve;s), n. [AS. h&aemacr;ðennes, i. e., heathenness.] Heathendom. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir W. Scott.

Hea”then*ish, a. [AS. h&aemacr;ðenisc.] 1. Of or pertaining to the heathen; resembling or characteristic of heathens. “Worse than heathenish crimes.” Milton.

2. Rude; uncivilized; savage; cruel. South.

3. Irreligious; as, a heathenish way of living.

Hea”then*ish*ly, adv. In a heathenish manner.

Hea”then*ish*ness, n. The state or quality of being heathenish. “The . . . heathenishness and profaneness of most playbooks.” Prynne.

Hea”then*ism (-&ibreve;z’m), n. 1. The religious system or rites of a heathen nation; idolatry; paganism.

2. The manners or morals usually prevalent in a heathen country; ignorance; rudeness; barbarism.

Hea”then*ize (-īz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heathenized (īzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Heathenizing ( ī`z&ibreve;ng).] To render heathen or heathenish. Firmin.

Hea”then*ness, n. [Cf. Heathenesse.] State of being heathen or like the heathen.

Hea”then*ry (-r&ybreve;), n. 1. The state, quality, or character of the heathen.

Your heathenry and your laziness.

C. Kingsley.

2. Heathendom; heathen nations.

Heath”er (h&ebreve;&thlig;”&etilde;r; 277. This is the only pronunciation in Scotland), n. [See Heath.] Heath. [Scot.]

Gorse and grass
And heather, where his footsteps pass,
The brighter seem.

Longfellow.

Heather bell (Bot.), one of the pretty subglobose flowers of two European kinds of heather (Erica Tetralix, and E. cinerea).

Heath”er*y (-&ybreve;), a. Heathy; abounding in heather; of the nature of heath.

Heath”y (hēth”&ybreve;), a. Full of heath; abounding with heath; as, heathy land; heathy hills. Sir W. Scott.

Heat”ing (hēt”&ibreve;ng), a. That heats or imparts heat; promoting warmth or heat; exciting action; stimulating; as, heating medicines or applications.

Heating surface (Steam Boilers), the aggregate surface exposed to fire or to the heated products of combustion, esp. of all the plates or sheets that are exposed to water on their opposite surfaces; — called also fire surface.

Heat”ing*ly, adv. In a heating manner; so as to make or become hot or heated.

Heat”less, a. Destitute of heat; cold. Beau. & Fl.

Heave (hēv), v. t. [imp. Heaved (hēvd), or Hove (hōv); p. p. Heaved, Hove, formerly Hoven (hō“v’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Heaving.] [OE. heven, hebben, AS. hebban; akin to OS. hebbian, D. heffen, OHG. heffan, hevan, G. heben, Icel. hefja, Sw. häfva, Dan. hæve, Goth. hafjan, L. capere to take, seize; cf. Gr. kw`ph handle. Cf. Accept, Behoof, Capacious, Forceps, Haft, Receipt.] 1. To cause to move upward or onward by a lifting effort; to lift; to raise; to hoist; — often with up; as, the wave heaved the boat on land.

One heaved ahigh, to be hurled down below.

Shak.

&fist; Heave, as now used, implies that the thing raised is heavy or hard to move; but formerly it was used in a less restricted sense.

Here a little child I stand,
Heaving up my either hand.

Herrick.

2. To throw; to cast; — obsolete, provincial, or colloquial, except in certain nautical phrases; as, to heave the lead; to heave the log.

3. To force from, or into, any position; to cause to move; also, to throw off; — mostly used in certain nautical phrases; as, to heave the ship ahead.

4. To raise or force from the breast; to utter with effort; as, to heave a sigh.

The wretched animal heaved forth such groans.

Shak.

5. To cause to swell or rise, as the breast or bosom.

The glittering, finny swarms
That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores.

Thomson.

To heave a cable short (Naut.), to haul in cable till the ship is almost perpendicularly above the anchor. — To heave a ship ahead (Naut.), to warp her ahead when not under sail, as by means of cables. — To heave a ship down (Naut.), to throw or lay her down on one side; to careen her. — To heave a ship to (Naut.), to bring the ship’s head to the wind, and stop her motion. – - To heave about (Naut.), to put about suddenly. — To heave in (Naut.), to shorten (cable). — To heave in stays (Naut.), to put a vessel on the other tack. — To heave out a sail (Naut.), to unfurl it. — To heave taut (Naut.), to turn a capstan, etc., till the rope becomes strained. See Taut, and Tight. — To heave the lead (Naut.), to take soundings with lead and line. — To heave the log. (Naut.) See Log. — To heave up anchor (Naut.), to raise it from the bottom of the sea or elsewhere.

Heave (hēv), v. i. 1. To be thrown up or raised; to rise upward, as a tower or mound.

And the huge columns heave into the sky.

Pope.

Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap.

Gray.

The heaving sods of Bunker Hill.

E. Everett.

2. To rise and fall with alternate motions, as the lungs in heavy breathing, as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, as the earth when broken up by frost, etc.; to swell; to dilate; to expand; to distend; hence, to labor; to struggle.

Frequent for breath his panting bosom heaves.

Prior.

The heaving plain of ocean.

Byron.

3. To make an effort to raise, throw, or move anything; to strain to do something difficult.

The Church of England had struggled and heaved at a reformation ever since Wyclif’s days.

Atterbury.

4. To make an effort to vomit; to retch; to vomit.

To heave at. (a) To make an effort at. (b) To attack, to oppose. [Obs.] Fuller. — To heave in sight (as a ship at sea), to come in sight; to appear. — To heave up, to vomit. [Low]

Heave, n. 1. An effort to raise something, as a weight, or one’s self, or to move something heavy.

After many strains and heaves
He got up to his saddle eaves.

Hudibras.

2. An upward motion; a rising; a swell or distention, as of the breast in difficult breathing, of the waves, of the earth in an earthquake, and the like.

There’s matter in these sighs, these profound heaves,
You must translate.

Shak.

None could guess whether the next heave of the earthquake would settle . . . or swallow them.

Dryden.

3. (Geol.) A horizontal dislocation in a metallic lode, taking place at an intersection with another lode.

Heav”en (h&ebreve;v“‘n), n. [OE. heven, hefen, heofen, AS. heofon; akin to OS. hevan, LG. heben, heven, Icel. hifinn; of uncertain origin, cf. D. hemel, G. himmel, Icel. himmin, Goth. himins; perh. akin to, or influenced by, the root of E. heave, or from a root signifying to cover, cf. Goth. gahamōn to put on, clothe one’s self, G. hemd shirt, and perh. E. chemise.] 1. The expanse of space surrounding the earth; esp., that which seems to be over the earth like a great arch or dome; the firmament; the sky; the place where the sun, moon, and stars appear; — often used in the plural in this sense.

I never saw the heavens so dim by day.

Shak.

When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven.

D. Webster.

2. The dwelling place of the Deity; the abode of bliss; the place or state of the blessed after death.

Unto the God of love, high heaven’s King.

Spenser.

It is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or to hell.

Shak.

New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven.

Keble.

&fist; In this general sense heaven and its corresponding words in other languages have as various definite interpretations as there are phases of religious belief.

3. The sovereign of heaven; God; also, the assembly of the blessed, collectively; — used variously in this sense, as in No. 2.

Her prayers, whom Heaven delights to hear.

Shak.

The will
And high permission of all-ruling Heaven.

Milton.

4. Any place of supreme happiness or great comfort; perfect felicity; bliss; a sublime or exalted condition; as, a heaven of delight. “A heaven of beauty.” Shak. “The brightest heaven of invention.” Shak.

O bed! bed! delicious bed!
That heaven upon earth to the weary head!

Hood.

&fist; Heaven is very often used, esp. with participles, in forming compound words, most of which need no special explanation; as, heaven-appeasing, heavenaspiring, heaven begot, heaven-born, heavenbred, heaven conducted, heaven-descended, heaven-directed, heaven-exalted, heaven-given, heaven-guided, heaven-inflicted, heaveninspired, heaven instructed, heaven-kissing, heaven-loved, heaven-moving, heaven-protected, heaven-taught, heaven-warring, and the like.

Heav”en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heavened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Heavening.] To place in happiness or bliss, as if in heaven; to beatify. [R.]

We are happy as the bird whose nest
Is heavened in the hush of purple hills.

G. Massey.

Heav”en*ize (h&ebreve;v“‘n*īz), v. t. To render like heaven or fit for heaven. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Heav”en*li*ness (?), n. [From Heavenly.] The state or quality of being heavenly. Sir J. Davies.

Heav”en*ly, a. [AS. heofonic.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting heaven; celestial; not earthly; as, heavenly regions; heavenly music.

As is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly.

1 Cor. xv. 48.

2. Appropriate to heaven in character or happiness; perfect; pure; supremely blessed; as, a heavenly race; the heavenly, throng.

The love of heaven makes one heavenly.

Sir P. Sidney.

Heav”en*ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling that of heaven. “She was heavenly true.” Shak.

2. By the influence or agency of heaven.

Out heavenly guided soul shall climb.

Milton.

Heav”en*ly-mind`ed (?), a. Having the thoughts and affections placed on, or suitable for, heaven and heavenly objects; devout; godly; pious. Milner. — Heav”en*ly-mind`ed*ness, n.

Heav”en*ward (?), a & adv. Toward heaven.

Heave” of`fer*ing (?). (Jewish Antiq.) An offering or oblation heaved up or elevated before the altar, as the shoulder of the peace offering. See Wave offering. Ex. xxix. 27.

Heav”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, heaves or lifts; a laborer employed on docks in handling freight; as, a coal heaver.

2. (Naut.) A bar used as a lever. Totten.

Heaves (?), n. A disease of horses, characterized by difficult breathing, with heaving of the flank, wheezing, flatulency, and a peculiar cough; broken wind.

Heav”i*ly (?), adv. [From 2d Heavy.] 1. In a heavy manner; with great weight; as, to bear heavily on a thing; to be heavily loaded.

Heavily interested in those schemes of emigration.

The Century.

2. As if burdened with a great weight; slowly and laboriously; with difficulty; hence, in a slow, difficult, or suffering manner; sorrowfully.

And took off their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily.

Ex. xiv. 25.

Why looks your grace so heavily to- day?

Shak.

heavily-traveled, heavily traveled adj. subject to much traffic or travel; as, the region’s most heavily traveled highways.
Syn. — heavily traveled.
[WordNet 1.5]

Heav”i*ness, n. The state or quality of being heavy in its various senses; weight; sadness; sluggishness; oppression; thickness.

Heav”ing (?), n. A lifting or rising; a swell; a panting or deep sighing. Addison. Shak.

Heav”i*some (?), a. Heavy; dull. [Prov.]

Heav”y (?), a. Having the heaves.

Heav”y (?), a. [Compar. Heavier (?); superl. Heaviest.] [OE. hevi, AS. hefig, fr. hebban to lift, heave; akin to OHG. hebig, hevig, Icel. höfigr, höfugr. See Heave.] 1. Heaved or lifted with labor; not light; weighty; ponderous; as, a heavy stone; hence, sometimes, large in extent, quantity, or effects; as, a heavy fall of rain or snow; a heavy failure; heavy business transactions, etc.; often implying strength; as, a heavy barrier; also, difficult to move; as, a heavy draught.

2. Not easy to bear; burdensome; oppressive; hard to endure or accomplish; hence, grievous, afflictive; as, heavy yokes, expenses, undertakings, trials, news, etc.

The hand of the Lord was heavy upon them of Ashdod.

1 Sam. v. 6.

The king himself hath a heavy reckoning to make.

Shak.

Sent hither to impart the heavy news.

Wordsworth.

Trust him not in matter of heavy consequence.

Shak.

3. Laden with that which is weighty; encumbered; burdened; bowed down, either with an actual burden, or with care, grief, pain, disappointment.

The heavy [sorrowing] nobles all in council were.

Chapman.

A light wife doth make a heavy husband.

Shak.

4. Slow; sluggish; inactive; or lifeless, dull, inanimate, stupid; as, a heavy gait, looks, manners, style, and the like; a heavy writer or book.

Whilst the heavy plowman snores.

Shak.

Of a heavy, dull, degenerate mind.

Dryden.

Neither [is] his ear heavy, that it can not hear.

Is. lix. 1.

5. Strong; violent; forcible; as, a heavy sea, storm, cannonade, and the like.

6. Loud; deep; — said of sound; as, heavy thunder.

But, hark! that heavy sound breaks in once more.

Byron.

7. Dark with clouds, or ready to rain; gloomy; — said of the sky.

8. Impeding motion; cloggy; clayey; — said of earth; as, a heavy road, soil, and the like.

9. Not raised or made light; as, heavy bread.

10. Not agreeable to, or suitable for, the stomach; not easily digested; — said of food.

11. Having much body or strength; — said of wines, or other liquors.

12. With child; pregnant. [R.]

Heavy artillery. (Mil.) (a) Guns of great weight or large caliber, esp. siege, garrison, and seacoast guns. (b) Troops which serve heavy guns. — Heavy cavalry. See under Cavalry. — Heavy fire (Mil.), a continuous or destructive cannonading, or discharge of small arms. — Heavy metal (Mil.), large guns carrying balls of a large size; also, large balls for such guns. — Heavy metals. (Chem.) See under Metal. — Heavy weight, in wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the heaviest of the classes into which contestants are divided. Cf. Feather weight (c), under Feather.

&fist; Heavy is used in composition to form many words which need no special explanation; as, heavy-built, heavy-browed, heavy-gaited, etc.

Heav”y, adv. Heavily; — sometimes used in composition; as, heavy-laden.

Heav”y, v. t. To make heavy. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Heav”y-armed` (?), a. (Mil.) Wearing heavy or complete armor; carrying heavy arms.

Heav”y-had”ed (?), a. Clumsy; awkward.

Heav”y-head”ed (?), a. Dull; stupid. “Gross heavy-headed fellows.” Beau. & Fl.

Heav”y spar` (?). (Min.) Native barium sulphate or barite, — so called because of its high specific gravity as compared with other non-metallic minerals.

Heb”do*mad (?), n. [L. hebdomas, -adis, Gr. “ebdoma`s the number seven days, fr. &?; seventh, &?; seven. See Seven.] A week; a period of seven days. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

{ Heb*dom”a*dal (?), Heb*dom”a*da*ry (?), } a. [L. hebdomadalis, LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadaire.] Consisting of seven days, or occurring at intervals of seven days; weekly.

Heb*dom”a*dal*ly (?), adv. In periods of seven days; weekly. Lowell.

Heb*dom”a*da*ry (?), n. [LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadier.] (R. C. Ch.) A member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to officiate in the choir, and perform other services, which, on extraordinary occasions, are performed by the superiors.

Heb`do*mat”ic*al (?), a. [L. hebdomaticus, Gr. &?;.] Weekly; hebdomadal. [Obs.]

He”be (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. “h`bh youth, “H`bh Hebe.]

1. (Class. Myth.) The goddess of youth, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She was believed to have the power of restoring youth and beauty to those who had lost them.

2. (Zoöl.) An African ape; the hamadryas.

Heb”en (?), n. Ebony. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heb”e*non (?), n. See Henbane. [Obs.] Shak.

Heb”e*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hebetated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hebetating.] [L. hebetatus, p. p. of hebetare to dull. See Hebete.] To render obtuse; to dull; to blunt; to stupefy; as, to hebetate the intellectual faculties. Southey

Heb”e*tate (?), a. 1. Obtuse; dull.

2. (Bot.) Having a dull or blunt and soft point. Gray.

Heb`e*ta”tion (?), n. [L. hebetatio: cf. F. hébétation.] 1. The act of making blunt, dull, or stupid.

2. The state of being blunted or dulled.

He*bete” (?), a. [L. hebes, hebetis, dull, stupid, fr. hebere to be dull.] Dull; stupid. [Obs.]

Heb”e*tude (?), n. [L. hebetudo.] Dullness; stupidity. Harvey.

He”bra”ic (?), a. [L. Hebraicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hebraïque. See Hebrew.] Of or pertaining to the Hebrews, or to the language of the Hebrews.

He*bra”ic*al*ly (?), adv. After the manner of the Hebrews or of the Hebrew language.

He”bra*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. hébraïsme.]

1. A Hebrew idiom or custom; a peculiar expression or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. Addison.

2. The type of character of the Hebrews.

The governing idea of Hebraism is strictness of conscience.

M. Arnold.

He”bra*ist, n. [Cf. F. hébraïste.] One versed in the Hebrew language and learning.

He`bra*is”tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Hebrew language or idiom.

He`bra*is”tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a Hebraistic sense or form.

Which is Hebraistically used in the New Testament.

Kitto.

He”bra*ize (?), v. t. [Gr. &?; to speak Hebrew: cf. F. hébraïser.] To convert into the Hebrew idiom; to make Hebrew or Hebraistic. J. R. Smith.

He”bra*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hebraized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hebraizing.] To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrew idiom, or to Hebrew customs.

He”brew (?), n. [F. Hébreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr. &?;, fr. Heb. ‘ibhrī.] 1. An appellative of Abraham or of one of his descendants, esp. in the line of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew.

There came one that had escaped and told Abram the Hebrew.

Gen. xiv. 13.

2. The language of the Hebrews; — one of the Semitic family of languages.

He”brew, a. Of or pertaining to the Hebrews; as, the Hebrew language or rites.

He”brew*ess, n. An Israelitish woman.

He*bri”cian (?), n. A Hebraist. [R.]

{ He*brid”e*an (?), He*brid”i*an (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the islands called Hebrides, west of Scotland. — n. A native or inhabitant of the Hebrides.

Hec”a*tomb (?), n. [L. hecatombe, Gr. &?;; &?; hundred + &?; ox: cf. F. hécatombe.] (Antiq.) A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle at the same time; hence, the sacrifice or slaughter of any large number of victims.

Slaughtered hecatombs around them bleed.

Addison.

More than a human hecatomb.

Byron.

Hec`a*tom”pe*don (?), n. [Gr. &?; hundred feet long, &?; &?; the Parthenon; &?; hundred + &?; foot.] (Arch.) A name given to the old Parthenon at Athens, because measuring 100 Greek feet, probably in the width across the stylobate.

Hec”de*cane (?), n. [Gr. &?; six + &?; ten.] (Chem.) A white, semisolid, spermaceti-like hydrocarbon, C_16H_34, of the paraffin series, found dissolved as an important ingredient of kerosene, and so called because each molecule has sixteen atoms of carbon; — called also hexadecane.

Heck (?), n. [See Hatch a half door.] [Written also hack.] 1. The bolt or latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A rack for cattle to feed at. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A door, especially one partly of latticework; — called also heck door. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

4. A latticework contrivance for catching fish.

5. (Weaving) An apparatus for separating the threads of warps into sets, as they are wound upon the reel from the bobbins, in a warping machine.

6. A bend or winding of a stream. [Prov. Eng.]

Half heck, the lower half of a door. — Heck board, the loose board at the bottom or back of a cart. — Heck box or frame, that which carries the heck in warping.

Heck”i*mal (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus). [Written also heckimel, hackeymal, hackmall, hagmall, and hickmall.]

Hec”kle (?), n. & v. t. Same as Hackle.

Hec”tare` (?), n. [F., fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. are an are.] A measure of area, or superficies, containing a hundred ares, or 10,000 square meters, and equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hec”tic (?), a. [F. hectique, Gr. &?; habitual, consumptive, fr. &?; habit, a habit of body or mind, fr. &?; to have; akin to Skr. sah to overpower, endure; cf. AS. sige, sigor, victory, G. sieg, Goth. sigis. Cf. Scheme.] 1. Habitual; constitutional; pertaining especially to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption; as, a hectic type in disease; a hectic flush.

2. In a hectic condition; having hectic fever; consumptive; as, a hectic patient.

Hectic fever (Med.), a fever of irritation and debility, occurring usually at a advanced stage of exhausting disease, as a in pulmonary consumption.

Hec”tic, n. 1. (Med.) Hectic fever.

2. A hectic flush.

It is no living hue, but a strange hectic.

Byron.

Hec`to*cot”y*lized (?), a. (Zoöl.) Changed into a hectocotylus; having a hectocotylis.

||Hec`to*cot”y*lus (?), n.; pl. Hectocotyli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hundred + &?; a hollow vessel.] (Zoöl.) One of the arms of the male of most kinds of cephalopods, which is specially modified in various ways to effect the fertilization of the eggs. In a special sense, the greatly modified arm of Argonauta and allied genera, which, after receiving the spermatophores, becomes detached from the male, and attaches itself to the female for reproductive purposes.

Hec”to*gram (?), n. [F. hectogramme, fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. gramme a gram.] A measure of weight, containing a hundred grams, or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois.

Hec”to*gramme (?), n. [F.] The same as Hectogram.

Hec”to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; hundred + -graph.] A contrivance for multiple copying, by means of a surface of gelatin softened with glycerin. [Written also hectograph.]

{ Hec”to*li`ter, Hec”to*li`tre } (?), n. [F. hectolitre, fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. litre a liter.] A measure of liquids, containing a hundred liters; equal to a tenth of a cubic meter, nearly 26½ gallons of wine measure, or 22.0097 imperial gallons. As a dry measure, it contains ten decaliters, or about 2⅚ Winchester bushels.

{ Hec”to*me`ter, Hec”to*me`tre } (?), n. [F. &?; hectomètre, fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. mètre a meter.] A measure of length, equal to a hundred meters. It is equivalent to 328.09 feet.

Hec”tor (?), n. [From the Trojan warrior Hector, the son of Priam.] A bully; a blustering, turbulent, insolent, fellow; one who vexes or provokes.

Hec”tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hectored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hectoring.] To treat with insolence; to threaten; to bully; hence, to torment by words; to tease; to taunt; to worry or irritate by bullying. Dryden.

Hec”tor, v. i. To play the bully; to bluster; to be turbulent or insolent. Swift.

Hec”to*rism (?), n. The disposition or the practice of a hector; a bullying. [R.]

Hec”tor*ly, a. Resembling a hector; blustering; insolent; taunting. “Hectorly, ruffianlike swaggering or huffing.” Barrow.

Hec”to*stere (?), n. [F. hectostère; Gr. &?; hundred + F. stère.] A measure of solidity, containing one hundred cubic meters, and equivalent to 3531.66 English or 3531.05 United States cubic feet.

Hed”dle (?), n.; pl. Heddles (#). [Cf. Heald.] (Weaving) One of the sets of parallel doubled threads which, with mounting, compose the harness employed to guide the warp threads to the lathe or batten in a loom.

Hed”dle, v. t. To draw (the warp thread) through the heddle-eyes, in weaving.

Hed”dle-eye` (?), n. (Weaving) The eye or loop formed in each heddle to receive a warp thread.

Hed”dling (?), vb. n. The act of drawing the warp threads through the heddle-eyes of a weaver’s harness; the harness itself. Knight.

Hed`er*a”ceous (?), a. [L. hederaceus, fr. hedera ivy.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, ivy.

Hed”er*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to ivy.

He*der”ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the ivy (Hedera); as, hederic acid, an acid of the acetylene series.

Hed`er*if”er*ous (?), a. [L. hedera ivy + ferous.] Producing ivy; ivy bearing.

Hed”er*ose` (?), a. [L. hederosus, fr. hedera ivy.] Pertaining to, or of, ivy; full of ivy.

Hedge (?), n. [OE. hegge, AS. hecg; akin to haga an inclosure, E. haw, AS. hege hedge, E. haybote, D. hegge, OHG. hegga, G. hecke. √12. See Haw a hedge.] A thicket of bushes, usually thorn bushes; especially, such a thicket planted as a fence between any two portions of land; and also any sort of shrubbery, as evergreens, planted in a line or as a fence; particularly, such a thicket planted round a field to fence it, or in rows to separate the parts of a garden.

The roughest berry on the rudest hedge.

Shak.

Through the verdant maze
Of sweetbrier hedges I pursue my walk.

Thomson.

&fist; Hedge, when used adjectively or in composition, often means rustic, outlandish, illiterate, poor, or mean; as, hedge priest; hedgeborn, etc.

Hedge bells, Hedge bindweed (Bot.), a climbing plant related to the morning-glory (Convolvulus sepium). — Hedge bill, a long-handled billhook. — Hedge garlic (Bot.), a plant of the genus Alliaria. See Garlic mustard, under Garlic. — Hedge hyssop (Bot.), a bitter herb of the genus Gratiola, the leaves of which are emetic and purgative. – - Hedge marriage, a secret or clandestine marriage, especially one performed by a hedge priest. [Eng.] — Hedge mustard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sisymbrium, belonging to the Mustard family. — Hedge nettle (Bot.), an herb, or under shrub, of the genus Stachys, belonging to the Mint family. It has a nettlelike appearance, though quite harmless. — Hedge note. (a) The note of a hedge bird. (b) Low, contemptible writing. [Obs.] Dryden. — Hedge priest, a poor, illiterate priest. Shak. — Hedge school, an open-air school in the shelter of a hedge, in Ireland; a school for rustics. — Hedge sparrow (Zoöl.), a European warbler (Accentor modularis) which frequents hedges. Its color is reddish brown, and ash; the wing coverts are tipped with white. Called also chanter, hedge warbler, dunnock, and doney. — Hedge writer, an insignificant writer, or a writer of low, scurrilous stuff. [Obs.] Swift. — To breast up a hedge. See under Breast. — To hang in the hedge, to be at a standstill. “While the business of money hangs in the hedge.” Pepys.

Hedge (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hedged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hedging.] 1. To inclose or separate with a hedge; to fence with a thickly set line or thicket of shrubs or small trees; as, to hedge a field or garden.

2. To obstruct, as a road, with a barrier; to hinder from progress or success; — sometimes with up and out.

I will hedge up thy way with thorns.

Hos. ii. 6.

Lollius Urbius . . . drew another wall . . . to hedge out incursions from the north.

Milton.

3. To surround for defense; to guard; to protect; to hem (in). “England, hedged in with the main.” Shak.

4. To surround so as to prevent escape.

That is a law to hedge in the cuckoo.

Locke.

To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides; that is, after having bet on one side, to bet also on the other, thus guarding against loss.

Hedge, v. i. 1. To shelter one’s self from danger, risk, duty, responsibility, etc., as if by hiding in or behind a hedge; to skulk; to slink; to shirk obligations.

I myself sometimes, leaving the fear of God on the left hand and hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle, to hedge and to lurch.

Shak.

2. (Betting) To reduce the risk of a wager by making a bet against the side or chance one has bet on.

3. To use reservations and qualifications in one’s speech so as to avoid committing one’s self to anything definite.

The Heroic Stanzas read much more like an elaborate attempt to hedge between the parties than . . . to gain favor from the Roundheads.

Saintsbury.

Hedge”born` (?), a. Born under a hedge; of low birth. Shak.

Hedge”bote` (?), n. (Eng. Law) Same as Haybote.

Hedge”hog` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A small European insectivore (Erinaceus Europæus), and other allied species of Asia and Africa, having the hair on the upper part of its body mixed with prickles or spines. It is able to roll itself into a ball so as to present the spines outwardly in every direction. It is nocturnal in its habits, feeding chiefly upon insects.

2. (Zoöl.) The Canadian porcupine.[U.S]

3. (Bot.) A species of Medicago (M. intertexta), the pods of which are armed with short spines; — popularly so called. Loudon.

4. A form of dredging machine. Knight.

Hedgehog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larvæ of several species of bombycid moths, as of the Isabella moth. It curls up like a hedgehog when disturbed. See Woolly bear, and Isabella moth. — Hedgehog fish (Zoöl.), any spinose plectognath fish, esp. of the genus Diodon; the porcupine fish. — Hedgehog grass (Bot.), a grass with spiny involucres, growing on sandy shores; burgrass (Cenchrus tribuloides). — Hedgehog rat (Zoöl.), one of several West Indian rodents, allied to the porcupines, but with ratlike tails, and few quills, or only stiff bristles. The hedgehog rats belong to Capromys, Plagiodon, and allied genera. — Hedgehog shell (Zoöl.), any spinose, marine, univalve shell of the genus Murex. — Hedgehog thistle (Bot.), a plant of the Cactus family, globular in form, and covered with spines (Echinocactus). — Sea hedgehog. See Diodon.

Hedge”less, a. Having no hedge.

Hedge”pig` (?), n. A young hedgehog. Shak.

Hedg”er (?), n. One who makes or mends hedges; also, one who hedges, as, in betting.

Hedge”row` (?), n. A row of shrubs, or trees, planted for inclosure or separation of fields.

By hedgerow elms and hillocks green.

Milton.

Hedg”ing bill` (?). A hedge bill. See under Hedge.

He*don”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; pleasure, &?; sweet, pleasant.] 1. Pertaining to pleasure.

2. Of or relating to Hedonism or the Hedonic sect.

Hedonic sect a sect that placed the highest good in the gratification of the senses, — called also Cyrenaic sect, (which see), and School of Aristippus.

He*don”ics (?), n. (Philos.) That branch of moral philosophy which treats of the relation of duty to pleasure; the science of practical, positive enjoyment or pleasure. J. Grote.

Hed”on*ism (?), n. 1. The doctrine of the Hedonic sect.

2. The ethical theory which finds the explanation and authority of duty in its tendency to give pleasure.

Hed”on*ist (?), n. One who believes in hedonism.

Hed`o*nis”tic (?), a. Same as Hedonic, 2.

Heed (hēd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heeding.] [OE. heden, AS. hēdan; akin to OS. hōdian, D. hoeden, Fries. hoda, OHG. huoten, G. hüten, Dan. hytte. √13. Cf. Hood.] To mind; to regard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to observe.

With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.

Dryden.

Syn. — To notice; regard; mind. See Attend, v. t.

Heed, v. i. To mind; to consider.

Heed, n. 1. Attention; notice; observation; regard; — often with give or take.

With wanton heed and giddy cunning.

Milton.

Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab’s hand.

2 Sam. xx. 10.

Birds give more heed and mark words more than beasts.

Bacon.

2. Careful consideration; obedient regard.

Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard.

Heb. ii. 1.

3. A look or expression of heading. [R.]

He did it with a serious mind; a heed
Was in his countenance.

Shak.

Heed”ful (?), a. Full of heed; regarding with care; cautious; circumspect; attentive; vigilant. Shak.

— Heed”ful*ly, adv. — Heed”ful*ness, n.

Heed”less, a. Without heed or care; inattentive; careless; thoughtless; unobservant.

O, negligent and heedless discipline!

Shak.

The heedless lover does not know
Whose eyes they are that wound him so.

Waller.

— Heed”less*ly, adv. — Heed”less*ness, n.

Heed”y (?), a. Heedful. [Obs.] “Heedy shepherds.” Spenser. — Heed”i*ly (#), adv. [Obs.] — Heed”i*ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heel (hēl), v. i. [OE. helden to lean, incline, AS. heldan, hyldan; akin to Icel. halla, Dan. helde, Sw. hälla to tilt, pour, and perh. to E. hill.] (Naut.) To lean or tip to one side, as a ship; as, the ship heels aport; the boat heeled over when the squall struck it.

Heeling error (Naut.), a deviation of the compass caused by the heeling of an iron vessel to one side or the other.

Heel, n. [OE. hele, heele, AS. hēla, perh. for hōhila, fr. AS. hōh heel (cf. Hough); but cf. D. hiel, OFries. heila, hēla, Icel. hæll, Dan. hæl, Sw. häl, and L. calx. √12. Cf. Inculcate.] 1. The hinder part of the foot; sometimes, the whole foot; — in man or quadrupeds.

He [the stag] calls to mind his strength and then his speed,
His winged heels and then his armed head.

Denham.

2. The hinder part of any covering for the foot, as of a shoe, sock, etc.; specif., a solid part projecting downward from the hinder part of the sole of a boot or shoe.

3. The latter or remaining part of anything; the closing or concluding part. “The heel of a hunt.” A. Trollope. “The heel of the white loaf.” Sir W. Scott.

4. Anything regarded as like a human heel in shape; a protuberance; a knob.

5. The part of a thing corresponding in position to the human heel; the lower part, or part on which a thing rests; especially: (a) (Naut.) The after end of a ship’s keel. (b) (Naut.) The lower end of a mast, a boom, the bowsprit, the sternpost, etc. (c) (Mil.) In a small arm, the corner of the but which is upwards in the firing position. (d) (Mil.) The uppermost part of the blade of a sword, next to the hilt. (e) The part of any tool next the tang or handle; as, the heel of a scythe.

6. (Man.) Management by the heel, especially the spurred heel; as, the horse understands the heel well.

7. (Arch.) (a) The lower end of a timber in a frame, as a post or rafter. In the United States, specif., the obtuse angle of the lower end of a rafter set sloping. (b) A cyma reversa; — so called by workmen. Gwilt.

Heel chain (Naut.), a chain passing from the bowsprit cap around the heel of the jib boom. — Heel plate, the butt plate of a gun. — Heel of a rafter. (Arch.) See Heel, n., 7. — Heel ring, a ring for fastening a scythe blade to the snath. — Neck and heels, the whole body. (Colloq.) — To be at the heels of, to pursue closely; to follow hard; as, hungry want is at my heels. Otway. — To be down at the heel, to be slovenly or in a poor plight. — To be out at the heels, to have on stockings that are worn out; hence, to be shabby, or in a poor plight. Shak. — To cool the heels. See under Cool. — To go heels over head, to turn over so as to bring the heels uppermost; hence, to move in a inconsiderate, or rash, manner. — To have the heels of, to outrun. — To lay by the heels, to fetter; to shackle; to imprison. Shak. Addison. — To show the heels, to flee; to run from. — To take to the heels, to flee; to betake to flight. — To throw up another’s heels, to trip him. Bunyan. — To tread upon one’s heels, to follow closely. Shak.

Heel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Heeling.] 1. To perform by the use of the heels, as in dancing, running, and the like. [R.]

I cannot sing,
Nor heel the high lavolt.

Shak.

2. To add a heel to; as, to heel a shoe.

3. To arm with a gaff, as a cock for fighting.

Heel”ball` (?), n. A composition of wax and lampblack, used by shoemakers for polishing, and by antiquaries in copying inscriptions.

Heel”er (?), n. 1. A cock that strikes well with his heels or spurs.

2. A dependent and subservient hanger-on of a political patron. [Political Cant, U. S.]

The army of hungry heelers who do their bidding.

The Century.

Heel”less, a. Without a heel.

Heel”piece` (?), n. 1. A piece of armor to protect the heels. Chesterfield.

2. A piece of leather fixed on the heel of a shoe.

3. The end. “The heelpiece of his book.” Lloyd.

Heel”post` (?), n. 1. (Naut.) The post supporting the outer end of a propeller shaft.

2. (Carp.) The post to which a gate or door is hinged.

3. (Engineering) The quoin post of a lock gate.

Heel”spur` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A slender bony or cartilaginous process developed from the heel bone of bats. It helps to support the wing membranes. See Illust. of Cheiropter.

Heel”tap` (?), n. 1. One of the segments of leather in the heel of a shoe.

2. A small portion of liquor left in a glass after drinking. “Bumpers around and no heeltaps.” Sheridan.

Heel”tap`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeltapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Heeltapping.] To add a piece of leather to the heel of (a shoe, boot, etc.)

Heel”tool` (?), n. A tool used by turners in metal, having a bend forming a heel near the cutting end.

Heep (?), n. The hip of the dog- rose. [Obs.]

Heer (?), n.[Etymol. uncertain.] A yarn measure of six hundred yards or &frac1×24; of a spindle. See Spindle.

Heer, n. [See Hair.] Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heft (?), n. Same as Haft, n. [Obs.] Waller.

Heft, n. [From Heave: cf. hefe weight. Cf. Haft.] 1. The act or effort of heaving&?; violent strain or exertion. [Obs.]

He craks his gorge, his sides,
With violent hefts.

Shak.

2. Weight; ponderousness. [Colloq.]

A man of his age and heft.

T. Hughes.

3. The greater part or bulk of anything; as, the heft of the crop was spoiled. [Colloq. U. S.] J. Pickering.

Heft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hefted (Heft, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Hefting.] 1. To heave up; to raise aloft.

Inflamed with wrath, his raging blade he heft.

Spenser.

2. To prove or try the weight of by raising. [Colloq.]

Heft”y, a. Moderately heavy. [Colloq. U. S.]

He*ge”li*an (?; 106), a. Pertaining to Hegelianism. — n. A follower of Hegel.

{ He*ge”li*an*ism (?), He”gel*ism (?), } n. The system of logic and philosophy set forth by Hegel, a German writer (1770-1831).

{ Heg`e*mon”ic (?), Heg`e*mon”ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;. See Hegemony.] Leading; controlling; ruling; predominant. “Princelike and hegemonical.” Fotherby.

He*gem`o*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; guide, leader, fr. &?; to go before.] Leadership; preponderant influence or authority; — usually applied to the relation of a government or state to its neighbors or confederates. Lieber.

Heg”ge (?), n. A hedge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

He*gi”ra (?; 277), n. [Written also hejira.] [Ar. hijrah flight.] The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, September 13, A. D. 622 (subsequently established as the first year of the Moslem era); hence, any flight or exodus regarded as like that of Mohammed.

&fist; The starting point of the Era was made to begin, not from the date of the flight, but from the first day of the Arabic year, which corresponds to July 16, A. D. 622.

Heif”er (?), n. [OE. hayfare, AS. heáhfore, heáfore; the second part of this word seems akin to AS. fearr bull, ox; akin to OHG. farro, G. farre, D. vaars, heifer, G. färse, and perh. to Gr. &?;, &?;, calf, heifer.] (Zoöl.) A young cow.

Heigh”-ho (hī”-hō), interj. An exclamation of surprise, joy, dejection, uneasiness, weariness, etc. Shak.

Height (hīt), n. [Written also hight.] [OE. heighte, heght, heighthe, AS. heáhðu, hēhðu fr. heah high; akin to D. hoogte, Sw. höjd, Dan. höide, Icel. hæð, Goth. hauhiþa. See High.] 1. The condition of being high; elevated position.

Behold the height of the stars, how high they are!

Job xxii. 12.

2. The distance to which anything rises above its foot, above that on which in stands, above the earth, or above the level of the sea; altitude; the measure upward from a surface, as the floor or the ground, of an animal, especially of a man; stature. Bacon.

[Goliath’s] height was six cubits and a span.

1 Sam. xvii. 4.

3. Degree of latitude either north or south. [Obs.]

Guinea lieth to the north sea, in the same height as Peru to the south.

Abp. Abbot.

4. That which is elevated; an eminence; a hill or mountain; as, Alpine heights. Dryden.

5. Elevation in excellence of any kind, as in power, learning, arts; also, an advanced degree of social rank; preëminence or distinction in society; prominence.

Measure your mind’s height by the shade it casts.

R. Browning.

All would in his power hold, all make his subjects.

Chapman.

6. Progress toward eminence; grade; degree.

Social duties are carried to greater heights, and enforced with stronger motives by the principles of our religion.

Addison.

7. Utmost degree in extent; extreme limit of energy or condition; as, the height of a fever, of passion, of madness, of folly; the height of a tempest.

My grief was at the height before thou camest.

Shak.

On height, aloud. [Obs.]

[He] spake these same words, all on hight.

Chaucer.

Height”en (hīt“‘n), v. t. [Written also highten.] [imp. & p. p. Heightened (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Heightening.] 1. To make high; to raise higher; to elevate.

2. To carry forward; to advance; to increase; to augment; to aggravate; to intensify; to render more conspicuous; – - used of things, good or bad; as, to heighten beauty; to heighten a flavor or a tint. “To heighten our confusion.” Addison.

An aspect of mystery which was easily heightened to the miraculous.

Hawthorne.

Height”en*er (?), n. [Written also hightener.] One who, or that which, heightens.

Hei”nous (hā“nŭs), a. [OF. haïnos hateful, F. haineux, fr. OF. haïne hate, F. haine, fr. haïr to hate; of German origin. See Hate.] Hateful; hatefully bad; flagrant; odious; atrocious; giving great offense; — applied to deeds or to character.

It were most heinous and accursed sacrilege.

Hooker.

How heinous had the fact been, how deserving
Contempt!

Milton.

Syn. — Monstrous; flagrant; flagitious; atrocious.

— Hei”nous*ly, adv. — Hei”nous*ness, n.

Heir (?), n. [OE. heir, eir, hair, OF. heir, eir, F. hoir, L. heres; of uncertain origin. Cf. Hereditary, Heritage.] 1. One who inherits, or is entitled to succeed to the possession of, any property after the death of its owner; one on whom the law bestows the title or property of another at the death of the latter.

I am my father’s heir and only son.

Shak.

2. One who receives any endowment from an ancestor or relation; as, the heir of one’s reputation or virtues.

And I his heir in misery alone.

Pope.

Heir apparent. (Law.) See under Apparent. — Heir at law, one who, after his ancector’s death, has a right to inherit all his intestate estate. Wharton (Law Dict.). — Heir presumptive, one who, if the ancestor should die immediately, would be his heir, but whose right to the inheritance may be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or by some other contingency.

Heir (?), v. t. To inherit; to succeed to. [R.]

One only daughter heired the royal state.

Dryden.

Heir”dom (?), n. The state of an heir; succession by inheritance. Burke.

Heir”ess, n. A female heir.

Heir”less a. Destitute of an heir. Shak.

Heir”loom` (?), n. [Heir + loom, in its earlier sense of implement, tool. See Loom the frame.] Any furniture, movable, or personal chattel, which by law or special custom descends to the heir along with the inheritance; any piece of personal property that has been in a family for several generations.

Woe to him whose daring hand profanes
The honored heirlooms of his ancestors.

Moir.

Heir”ship (?), n. The state, character, or privileges of an heir; right of inheriting.

Heirship movables, certain kinds of movables which the heir is entitled to take, besides the heritable estate. [Scot.]

He*ji”ra (?), n. See Hegira.

Hek”tare`, Hek”to*gram, Hek”to*li`ter, ∧ Hek”to*me`ter, n. Same as Hectare, Hectogram, Hectoliter, and Hectometer.

Hek”to*graph (?), n. See Hectograph.

||Hel*a*mys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fawn + &?; mouse.] (Zoöl.) See Jumping hare, under Hare.

Hel”co*plas`ty (?), n. [Gr. &?; a wound + -plasty.] (Med.) The act or process of repairing lesions made by ulcers, especially by a plastic operation.

Held (?), imp. & p. p. of Hold.

Hele (?), n. [See Heal, n.] Health; welfare. [Obs.] “In joy and perfyt hele.” Chaucer.

Hele, v. t. [AS. helan, akin to D. helen, OHG. helan, G. hehlen, L. celare. √17. See Hell, and cf. Conceal.] To hide; to cover; to roof. [Obs.]

Hide and hele things.

Chaucer.

Hel”e*na (?), n. [L.: cf. Sp. helena.] See St. Elmo’s fire, under Saint.

Hel”e*nin (?), n. (Chem.) A neutral organic substance found in the root of the elecampane (Inula helenium), and extracted as a white crystalline or oily material, with a slightly bitter taste.

He”li*ac (?), a. Heliacal.

He*li”a*cal (?), a. [Gr. &?; belonging to the sun, fr. &?; the sun: cf. F. héliaque.] (Astron.) Emerging from the light of the sun, or passing into it; rising or setting at the same, or nearly the same, time as the sun. Sir T. Browne.

&fist; The heliacal rising of a star is when, after being in conjunction with the sun, and invisible, it emerges from the light so as to be visible in the morning before sunrising. On the contrary, the heliacal setting of a star is when the sun approaches conjunction so near as to render the star invisible.

He*li”a*cal*ly, adv. In a heliacal manner. De Quincey.

He`li*an”thin (?), n. [Prob. fr. L. helianthes, or NL. helianthus, sunflower, in allusion to its color.] (Chem.) An artificial, orange dyestuff, analogous to tropaolin, and like it used as an indicator in alkalimetry; — called also methyl orange.

He`li*an”thoid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Helianthoidea.

||He`li*an”thoi”de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. helianthes sunflower + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of Anthozoa; the Actinaria.

Hel”i*cal (?), a. [From Helix.] Of or pertaining to, or in the form of, a helix; spiral; as, a helical staircase; a helical spring. — Hel”i*cal*ly, adv.

||Hel`i*chry”sum (&?;), n. [L., the marigold, fr. Gr. &?; a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, with shining, commonly white or yellow, or sometimes reddish, radiated involucres, which are often called “everlasting flowers.”

He*lic”i*form (?), a. [Helix + -form.] Having the form of a helix; spiral.

Hel”i*cin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside obtained as a white crystalline substance by partial oxidation of salicin, from a willow (Salix Helix of Linnæus.)

Hel”i*cine (?), a. (Anat.) Curled; spiral; helicoid; — applied esp. to certain arteries of the penis.

Hel”i*co*graph` (?), n. [Helix + -graph.] An instrument for drawing spiral lines on a plane.

Hel”i*coid (?), a. [Gr. &?;; “e`lix, -ikos, spiral + &?; shape: cf. F. hélicoïde. See Helix.]

1. Spiral; curved, like the spire of a univalve shell.

2. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a snail shell; pertaining to the Helicidæ, or Snail family.

Helicoid parabola (Math.), the parabolic spiral.

Hel”i*coid, n. (Geom.) A warped surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner that every point of the line shall have a uniform motion in the direction of another fixed straight line, and at the same time a uniform angular motion about it.

Hel`i*coid”al (?), a. Same as Helicoid. — Hel`i*coid”al*ly, adv.

Hel”i*con (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] A mountain in Bœotia, in Greece, supposed by the Greeks to be the residence of Apollo and the Muses.

From Helicon’s harmonious springs
A thousand rills their mazy progress take.

Gray.

||Hel`i*co”ni*a (?), n. [NL. See Helicon.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of Heliconius, a genus of tropical American butterflies. The wings are usually black, marked with green, crimson, and white.

Hel`i*co”ni*an (?), a. [L. Heliconius.] 1. Of or pertaining to Helicon. “Heliconian honey.” Tennyson.

2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the butterflies of the genus Heliconius.

||Hel`i*co”tre”ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “e`lix, -ikos, a helix + &?; a hole.] (Anat.) The opening by which the two scalæ communicate at the top of the cochlea of the ear.

He”li*o- (?). A combining form from Gr. “h`lios the sun.

{ He`li*o*cen”tric (?), He`li*o*cen”tric”al (?), } a. [Helio- + centric, centrical: cf. F. héliocentrique.] (Astron.) pertaining to the sun’s center, or appearing to be seen from it; having, or relating to, the sun as a center; — opposed to geocentrical.

Heliocentric parallax. See under Parallax. — Heliocentric place, latitude, longitude, etc. (of a heavenly body), the direction, latitude, longitude, etc., of the body as viewed from the sun.

He”li*o*chrome (?), n. [Helio- + Gr. &?; color.] A photograph in colors. R. Hunt.

He`li*o*chro”mic (?), a. Pertaining to, or produced by, heliochromy.

He”li*o*chro`my (?), n. The art of producing photographs in color.

He”li*o*graph (?), n. [Helio- + -graph.]ets>

1. A picture taken by heliography; a photograph.

2. An instrument for taking photographs of the sun.

3. An apparatus for telegraphing by means of the sun’s rays. See Heliotrope, 3.

He`li*o*graph”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to heliography or a heliograph; made by heliography.

Heliographic chart. See under Chart.

He`li*og”ra*phy (?), n. [Helio- + -graphy.] Photography. R. Hunt.

He`li*o*grav”ure (?), n. [F. héliogravure.] The process of photographic engraving.

He`li*ol”a*ter (?), n. [Helio- + Gr. &?; servant, worshiper.] A worshiper of the sun.

He`li*ol”a*try (?), n. [Helio- + Gr. &?; service, worship.] Sun worship. See Sabianism.

He”li*o*lite (?), n. [Helio- + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil coral of the genus Heliolites, having twelve-rayed cells. It is found in the Silurian rocks.

He`li*om”e*ter (?), n. [Helio- + -meter: cf. F. héliomètre.] (Astron.) An instrument devised originally for measuring the diameter of the sun; now employed for delicate measurements of the distance and relative direction of two stars too far apart to be easily measured in the field of view of an ordinary telescope.

{ He`li*o*met”ric (?), He`li*o*met”ric*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the heliometer, or to heliometry.

He`li*om”e*try (?), n. The apart or practice of measuring the diameters of heavenly bodies, their relative distances, etc. See Heliometer.

||He`li*op”o*ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the sun + &?; a passage, pore.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian stony coral now known to belong to the Alcyonaria; — called also blue coral.

He”li*o*scope (?), n. [Helio- + -scope: cf. F. hélioscope.] (Astron.) A telescope or instrument for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes, as through colored glasses, or with mirrors which reflect but a small portion of light. — He`li*o*scop`ic (#), a.

He”li*o*stat (?), n. [Helio- + Gr. &?; placed, standing, fr. &?; to place, stand: cf. F. héliostate.] An instrument consisting of a mirror moved by clockwork, by which a sunbeam is made apparently stationary, by being steadily directed to one spot during the whole of its diurnal period; also, a geodetic heliotrope.

He”li*o*trope (?), n. [F. héliotrope, L. heliotropium, Gr. &?;; &?; the sun + &?; to turn, &?; turn. See Heliacal, Trope.] 1. (Anc. Astron.) An instrument or machine for showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and equinoctial line.

2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Heliotropium; — called also turnsole and girasole. H. Peruvianum is the commonly cultivated species with fragrant flowers.

3. (Geodesy & Signal Service) An instrument for making signals to an observer at a distance, by means of the sun’s rays thrown from a mirror.

4. (Min.) See Bloodstone (a).

Heliotrope purple, a grayish purple color.

He”li*o*tro`per (?), n. The person at a geodetic station who has charge of the heliotrope.

He`li*o*trop”ic (?), a. (Bot.) Manifesting heliotropism; turning toward the sun.

He`li*ot”ro*pism (?), n. [Helio- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Bot.) The phenomenon of turning toward the light, seen in many leaves and flowers.

He”li*o*type (?), n. [Helio- + -type.] A picture obtained by the process of heliotypy.

He`li*o*typ”ic (?), a. Relating to, or obtained by, heliotypy.

He”li*o*ty`py (?), n. A method of transferring pictures from photographic negatives to hardened gelatin plates from which impressions are produced on paper as by lithography.

||He`li*o*zo”a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the sun + &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water rhizopods having a more or less globular form, with slender radiating pseudopodia; the sun animalcule.

Hel`i*spher”ic (?), Hel`i*spher”ic*al (&?;), a. [Helix + spheric, spherical.] Spiral.

Helispherical line (Math.). the rhomb line in navigation. [R.]

He”li*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the sun.] (Chem.) A gaseous element found in the atmospheres of the sun and earth and in some rare minerals.

He”lix (?), n.; pl. L. Helices (#), E. Helixes (#). [L. helix, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to turn round; cf. L. volvere, and E. volute, voluble.] 1. (Geom.) A nonplane curve whose tangents are all equally inclined to a given plane. The common helix is the curve formed by the thread of the ordinary screw. It is distinguished from the spiral, all the convolutions of which are in the plane.

2. (Arch.) A caulicule or little volute under the abacus of the Corinthian capital.

3. (Anat.) The incurved margin or rim of the external ear. See Illust. of Ear.

4. (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails, including a large number of species.

&fist; The genus originally included nearly all shells, but is now greatly restricted. See Snail, Pulmonifera.

Hell (?), n. [AS. hell; akin to D. hel, OHG. hella, G. hölle, Icel. hal, Sw. helfvete, Dan. helvede, Goth. halja, and to AS. helan to conceal. &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Hele, v. t., Conceal, Cell, Helmet, Hole, Occult.]

1. The place of the dead, or of souls after death; the grave; — called in Hebrew sheol, and by the Greeks hades.

He descended into hell.

Book of Common Prayer.

Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell.

Ps. xvi. 10.

2. The place or state of punishment for the wicked after death; the abode of evil spirits. Hence, any mental torment; anguish. “Within him hell.” Milton.

It is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or to hell.

Shak.

3. A place where outcast persons or things are gathered; as: (a) A dungeon or prison; also, in certain running games, a place to which those who are caught are carried for detention. (b) A gambling house. “A convenient little gambling hell for those who had grown reckless.” W. Black. (c) A place into which a tailor throws his shreds, or a printer his broken type. Hudibras.

Gates of hell. (Script.) See Gate, n., 4.

Hell, v. t. To overwhelm. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hel`la*nod”ic (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, a Greek + &?; right, judgment.] (Gr. Antiq.) A judge or umpire in games or combats.

Hell”bend`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large North American aquatic salamander (Protonopsis horrida or Menopoma Alleghaniensis). It is very voracious and very tenacious of life. Also called alligator, and water dog.

Hell”born` (?), a. Born in or of hell. Shak.

Hell”bred` (?), a. Produced in hell. Spenser.

Hell”brewed` (?), a. Prepared in hell. Milton.

Hell”broth` (?), n. A composition for infernal purposes; a magical preparation. Shak.

Hell”-cat ` (?), n. A witch; a hag. Middleton.

Hell”-div`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dabchick.

Hell”doomed` (?), a. Doomed to hell. Milton.

Hel”le*bore (?), n. [L. helleborus, elleborus, Gr. &?;, &?;; cf. F. hellébore, ellébore.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Helleborus) of the Crowfoot family, mostly having powerfully cathartic and even poisonous qualities. H. niger is the European black hellebore, or Christmas rose, blossoming in winter or earliest spring. H. officinalis was the officinal hellebore of the ancients.

2. (Bot.) Any plant of several species of the poisonous liliaceous genus Veratrum, especially V. album and V. viride, both called white hellebore.

Hel`le*bo”re*in (?), n. (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside accompanying helleborin in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a bittersweet taste. It has a strong action on the heart, resembling digitalin.

Hel*leb”o*rin (? or ?), n. (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a sharp tingling taste. It possesses the essential virtues of the plant; — called also elleborin.

Hel”le*bo*rism (?), n. The practice or theory of using hellebore as a medicine.

Hel”lene (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] A native of either ancient or modern Greece; a Greek. Brewer.

Hel*le”ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or Greeks.

Hel*len”ic (?; 277), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; the Greeks.] Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or inhabitants of Greece; Greek; Grecian. “The Hellenic forces.” Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Hel*len”ic, n. The dialect, formed with slight variations from the Attic, which prevailed among Greek writers after the time of Alexander.

Hel”len*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. Hellénisme.] 1. A phrase or form of speech in accordance with genius and construction or idioms of the Greek language; a Grecism. Addison.

2. The type of character of the ancient Greeks, who aimed at culture, grace, and amenity, as the chief elements in human well-being and perfection.

Hel”len*ist (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. Helléniste.] 1. One who affiliates with Greeks, or imitates Greek manners; esp., a person of Jewish extraction who used the Greek language as his mother tongue, as did the Jews of Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, and Egypt; distinguished from the Hebraists, or native Jews (Acts vi. 1).

2. One skilled in the Greek language and literature; as, the critical Hellenist.

{ Hel`le*nis”tic (?), Hel`le*nis”tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. Hellénistique.] Pertaining to the Hellenists.

Hellenistic language, dialect, or idiom, the Greek spoken or used by the Jews who lived in countries where the Greek language prevailed; the Jewish-Greek dialect or idiom of the Septuagint.

Hel`le*nis”tic*al*ly, adv. According to the Hellenistic manner or dialect. J. Gregory.

Hel”len*ize (?), v. i. [Gr. &?;.] To use the Greek language; to play the Greek; to Grecize.

Hel”len*ize (?), v. t. [Gr. &?;.] To give a Greek form or character to; to Grecize; as, to Hellenize a word.

Hel*len”o*type (?), n. See Ivorytype.

Hel”les*pont (?), n. [L. Hellespontus, Gr. &?;; &?; the mythological Helle, daughter of Athamas + &?; sea.] A narrow strait between Europe and Asia, now called the Daradanelles. It connects the Ægean Sea and the sea of Marmora.

Hel`les*pon”tine (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Hellespont. Mitford.

{ Hell”ga*mite (?), Hell”gra*mite (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a large American winged insect (Corydalus cornutus), much used a fish bait by anglers; the dobson. It belongs to the Neuroptera.

Hell”hag` (?), n. A hag of or fit for hell. Bp. Richardson.

Hell”-haunt`ed (&?;), a. Haunted by devils; hellish. Dryden.

Hell”hound` (?), n. [AS. hellehund.] A dog of hell; an agent of hell.

A hellhound, that doth hunt us all to death.

Shak.

Hel”li*er (?), n. [See Hele, v. t.] One who heles or covers; hence, a tiler, slater, or thatcher. [Obs.] [Written also heler.] Usher.

Hell”ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to hell; like hell; infernal; malignant; wicked; detestable; diabolical. “Hellish hate.” Milton. — Hell”ish*ly, adv. — Hell”ish*ness, n.

Hell”kite` (?), n. A kite of infernal breed. Shak.

Hel*lo” (?), interj. & n. See Halloo.

Hell”ward (?), adv. Toward hell. Pope.

Hell”y, a. [AS. hellīc.] Hellish. Anderson (1573).

Helm (?), n. See Haulm, straw.

Helm (?), n. [OE. helme, AS. helma rudder; akin to D. & G. helm, Icel. hjālm, and perh. to E. helve.]

1. (Naut.) The apparatus by which a ship is steered, comprising rudder, tiller, wheel, etc.; — commonly used of the tiller or wheel alone.

2. The place or office of direction or administration. “The helm of the Commonwealth.” Melmoth.

3. One at the place of direction or control; a steersman; hence, a guide; a director.

The helms o’ the State, who care for you like fathers.

Shak.

4. [Cf. Helve.] A helve. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Helm amidships, when the tiller, rudder, and keel are in the same plane. — Helm aport, when the tiller is borne over to the port side of the ship. — Helm astarboard, when the tiller is borne to the starboard side. — Helm alee, Helm aweather, when the tiller is borne over to the lee or to the weather side. — Helm hard alee or hard aport, hard astarboard, etc., when the tiller is borne over to the extreme limit. — Helm port, the round hole in a vessel’s counter through which the rudderstock passes. — Helm down, helm alee. — Helm up, helm aweather. — To ease the helm, to let the tiller come more amidships, so as to lessen the strain on the rudder. — To feel the helm, to obey it. — To right the helm, to put it amidships. — To shift the helm, to bear the tiller over to the corresponding position on the opposite side of the vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Helm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Helming.] To steer; to guide; to direct. [R.]

The business he hath helmed.

Shak.

A wild wave . . . overbears the bark,
And him that helms it.

Tennyson.

Helm, n. [AS. See Helmet.] 1. A helmet. [Poetic]

2. A heavy cloud lying on the brow of a mountain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Helm, v. t. To cover or furnish with a helm or helmet. [Perh. used only as a past part. or part. adj.]

She that helmed was in starke stours.

Chaucer.

Helm”age (?), n. Guidance; direction. [R.]

Helm”ed (?), a. Covered with a helmet.

The helmed cherubim
Are seen in glittering ranks.

Milton.

Hel”met (?), n. [OF. helmet, a dim of helme, F. heaume; of Teutonic origin; cf. G. helm, akin to AS. & OS. helm, D. helm, helmet, Icel. hjālmr, Sw. hjelm, Dan. hielm, Goth. hilms; and prob. from the root of AS. helan to hide, to hele; cf. also Lith. szalmas, Russ. shleme, Skr. çarman protection. √17. Cf. Hele, Hell, Helm a helmet.] 1. (Armor) A defensive covering for the head. See Casque, Headpiece, Morion, Sallet, and Illust. of Beaver.

2. (Her.) The representation of a helmet over shields or coats of arms, denoting gradations of rank by modifications of form.

3. A helmet-shaped hat, made of cork, felt, metal, or other suitable material, worn as part of the uniform of soldiers, firemen, etc., also worn in hot countries as a protection from the heat of the sun.

4. That which resembles a helmet in form, position, etc.; as: (a) (Chem.) The upper part of a retort. Boyle. (b) (Bot.) The hood-formed upper sepal or petal of some flowers, as of the monkshood or the snapdragon. (c) (Zoöl.) A naked shield or protuberance on the top or fore part of the head of a bird.

Helmet beetle (Zoöl.), a leaf- eating beetle of the family Chrysomelidæ, having a short, broad, and flattened body. Many species are known. — Helmet shell (Zoöl.), one of many species of tropical marine univalve shells belonging to Cassis and allied genera. Many of them are large and handsome; several are used for cutting as cameos, and hence are called cameo shells. See King conch. — Helmet shrike (Zoöl.), an African wood shrike of the genus Prionodon, having a large crest.

Hel`met*ed (?), a. Wearing a helmet; furnished with or having a helmet or helmet-shaped part; galeate.

Hel”met-shaped` (&?;), a. Shaped like a helmet; galeate. See Illust. of Galeate.

Hel”minth (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a worm.] (Zoöl.) An intestinal worm, or wormlike intestinal parasite; one of the Helminthes.

Hel*min”tha*gogue (?), n. [Gr. &?; a worm + &?; to drive.] (Med.) A vermifuge.

||Hel*min”thes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a worm.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions or branches of the animal kingdom. It is a large group including a vast number of species, most of which are parasitic. Called also Enthelminthes, Enthelmintha.

&fist; The following classes are included, with others of less importance: Cestoidea (tapeworms), Trematodea (flukes, etc.), Turbellaria (planarians), Acanthocephala (thornheads), Nematoidea (roundworms, trichina, gordius), Nemertina (nemerteans). See Plathelminthes, and Nemathelminthes.

||Hel`min*thi”a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to suffer from worms, fr. &?;, &?;, a worm.] (Med.) A disease in which worms are present in some part of the body.

Hel*min”thic (?), a. [Cf. F. helminthique.] Of or relating to worms, or Helminthes; expelling worms. — n. A vermifuge; an anthelmintic.

Hel*min”thite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a worm.] (Geol.) One of the sinuous tracks on the surfaces of many stones, and popularly considered as worm trails.

Hel*min”thoid (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a worm + -oid.] Wormlike; vermiform.

{ Hel*min`tho*log”ic (?), Hel*min`tho*log”ic*al, } a. [Cf. F. helminthologique.] Of or pertaining to helminthology.

Hel`min*thol”o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. helminthologiste.] One versed in helminthology.

Hel`min*thol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a worm + -logy: cf. F. helminthologie.] The natural history, or study, of worms, esp. parasitic worms.

Helm”less (?), a. 1. Destitute of a helmet.

2. Without a helm or rudder. Carlyle.

Helms”man (?), n.; pl. Helmsmen (&?;). The man at the helm; a steersman.

Helm”wind` (?), n. A wind attending or presaged by the cloud called helm. [Prov. Eng.]

He”lot (?; 277), n. [L. Helotes, Hilotae, pl., fr. Gr. E’e`lws and E’elw`ths a bondman or serf of the Spartans; so named from ‘Elos, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants were enslaved; or perh. akin to e`lei^n to take, conquer, used as 2d aor. of &?;.] A slave in ancient Sparta; a Spartan serf; hence, a slave or serf.

Those unfortunates, the Helots of mankind, more or less numerous in every community.

I. Taylor.

He”lot*ism (?), n. The condition of the Helots or slaves in Sparta; slavery.

He”lot*ry (?), n. The Helots, collectively; slaves; bondsmen. “The Helotry of Mammon.” Macaulay.

Help (h&ebreve;lp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helped (h&ebreve;lpt) (Obs. imp. Holp (hōlp), p. p. Holpen (hōl”p’n)); p. pr. & vb. n. Helping.] [AS. helpan; akin to OS. helpan, D. helpen, G. helfen, OHG. helfan, Icel. hjālpa, Sw. hjelpa, Dan. hielpe, Goth. hilpan; cf. Lith. szelpti, and Skr. klp to be fitting.] 1. To furnish with strength or means for the successful performance of any action or the attainment of any object; to aid; to assist; as, to help a man in his work; to help one to remember; — the following infinitive is commonly used without to; as, “Help me scale yon balcony.” Longfellow.

2. To furnish with the means of deliverance from trouble; as, to help one in distress; to help one out of prison. “God help, poor souls, how idly do they talk!” Shak.

3. To furnish with relief, as in pain or disease; to be of avail against; — sometimes with of before a word designating the pain or disease, and sometimes having such a word for the direct object. “To help him of his blindness.” Shak.

The true calamus helps coughs.

Gerarde.

4. To change for the better; to remedy.

Cease to lament for what thou canst not help.

Shak.

5. To prevent; to hinder; as, the evil approaches, and who can help it? Swift.

6. To forbear; to avoid.

I can not help remarking the resemblance betwixt him and our author.

Pope.

7. To wait upon, as the guests at table, by carving and passing food.

To help forward, to assist in advancing. — To help off, to help to go or pass away, as time; to assist in removing. Locke. — To help on, to forward; to promote by aid. — To help out, to aid, as in delivering from a difficulty, or to aid in completing a design or task.

The god of learning and of light
Would want a god himself to help him out.

Swift.

— To help over, to enable to surmount; as, to help one over an obstacle. — To help to, to supply with; to furnish with; as, to help one to soup. — To help up, to help (one) to get up; to assist in rising, as after a fall, and the like. “A man is well holp up that trusts to you.” Shak.

Syn. — To aid; assist; succor; relieve; serve; support; sustain; befriend. — To Help, Aid, Assist. These words all agree in the idea of affording relief or support to a person under difficulties. Help turns attention especially to the source of relief. If I fall into a pit, I call for help; and he who helps me out does it by an act of his own. Aid turns attention to the other side, and supposes coöperation on the part of him who is relieved; as, he aided me in getting out of the pit; I got out by the aid of a ladder which he brought. Assist has a primary reference to relief afforded by a person who “stands by” in order to relieve. It denotes both help and aid. Thus, we say of a person who is weak, I assisted him upstairs, or, he mounted the stairs by my assistance. When help is used as a noun, it points less distinctively and exclusively to the source of relief, or, in other words, agrees more closely with aid. Thus we say, I got out of a pit by the help of my friend.

Help (?), v. i. To lend aid or assistance; to contribute strength or means; to avail or be of use; to assist.

A generous present helps to persuade, as well as an agreeable person.

Garth.

To help out, to lend aid; to bring a supply.

Help, n. [AS. help; akin to D. hulp, G. hülfe, hilfe, Icel. hjālp, Sw. hjelp, Dan. hielp. See Help, v. t.]

1. Strength or means furnished toward promoting an object, or deliverance from difficulty or distress; aid; ^; also, the person or thing furnishing the aid; as, he gave me a help of fifty dollars.

Give us help from trouble, for vain is the help of man.

Ps. lx. 11.

God is . . . a very present help in trouble.

Ps. xlvi. 1.

Virtue is a friend and a help to nature.

South.

2. Remedy; relief; as, there is no help for it.

3. A helper; one hired to help another; also, thew hole force of hired helpers in any business.

4. Specifically, a domestic servant, man or woman. [Local, U. S.]

Help”er (?), n. One who, or that which, helps, aids, assists, or relieves; as, a lay helper in a parish.

Thou art the helper of the fatherless.

Ps. x. 14.

Compassion . . . oftentimes a helper of evils.

Dr. H. More.

Help”ful (?), a. Furnishing help; giving aid; assistant; useful; salutary.

Heavens make our presence and our practices
Pleasant and helpful to him!

Shak.

— Help”ful*ly, adv. — Help”ful*ness, n. Milton.

Help”less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength; unable to help or defend one’s self; needing help; feeble; weak; as, a helpless infant.

How shall I then your helpless fame defend?

Pope.

2. Beyond help; irremediable.

Some helpless disagreement or dislike, either of mind or body.

Milton.

3. Bringing no help; unaiding. [Obs.]

Yet since the gods have been
Helpless foreseers of my plagues.

Chapman.

4. Unsupplied; destitute; — with of. [R.]

Helpless of all that human wants require.

Dryden.

— Help”less*ly, adv. — Help”less*ness, n.

Help”mate` (?), n. [A corruption of the “help meet for him” of Genesis ii. 18.Fitzedward Hall.] A helper; a companion; specifically, a wife.

In Minorca the ass and the hog are common helpmates, and are yoked together in order to turn up the land.

Pennant.

A waiting woman was generally considered as the most suitable helpmate for a parson.

Macaulay.

Help”meet` (?), n. [See Helpmate.] A wife; a helpmate.

The Lord God created Adam, . . . and afterwards, on his finding the want of a helpmeet, caused him to sleep, and took one of his ribs and thence made woman.

J. H. Newman.

Hel”ter-skel”ter (?), adv. [An onomat&?;poetic word. Cf. G. holter-polter, D. holder de bolder.] In hurry and confusion; without definite purpose; irregularly. [Colloq.]

Helter-skelter have I rode to thee.

Shak.

A wistaria vine running helter-skelter across the roof.

J. C. Harris.

Helve (?), n. [OE. helve, helfe, AS. hielf, helf, hylf, cf. OHG. halb; and also E. halter, helm of a rudder.] 1. The handle of an ax, hatchet, or adze.

2. (Iron Working) (a) The lever at the end of which is the hammer head, in a forge hammer. (b) A forge hammer which is lifted by a cam acting on the helve between the fulcrum and the head.

Helve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Helving.] To furnish with a helve, as an ax.

Hel*ve”tian (?), a. Same as Helvetic. — n. A Swiss; a Switzer.

Hel*ve”tic (?), a. [L. Helveticus, fr. Helvetii the Helvetii.] Of or pertaining to the Helvetii, the ancient inhabitant of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and inhabitant of the Alpine regions; as, the Helvetic confederacy; Helvetic states.

{ Hel”vine (?), Hel”vite (?), } n. [L. helvus of a light bay color.] (Min.) A mineral of a yellowish color, consisting chiefly of silica, glucina, manganese, and iron, with a little sulphur.

Hem (h&ebreve;m), pron. [OE., fr. AS. him, heom, dative pl. of. hē he. See He, They.] Them [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hem, interj. An onomatopoetic word used as an expression of hesitation, doubt, etc. It is often a sort of voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, and would perhaps be better expressed by hm.

Cough or cry hem, if anybody come.

Shak.

Hem, n. An utterance or sound of the voice, hem or hm, often indicative of hesitation or doubt, sometimes used to call attention. “His morning hems.” Spectator.

Hem, v. i. [√15. See Hem, interj.] To make the sound expressed by the word hem; hence, to hesitate in speaking. “Hem, and stroke thy beard.” Shak.

Hem, n. [AS. hem, border, margin; cf. Fries. hämel, Prov. G. hammel hem of mire or dirt.] 1. The edge or border of a garment or cloth, doubled over and sewed, to strengthen it and prevent raveling.

2. Border; edge; margin. “Hem of the sea.” Shak.

3. A border made on sheet-metal ware by doubling over the edge of the sheet, to stiffen it and remove the sharp edge.

Hem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hemming.] 1. To form a hem or border to; to fold and sew down the edge of. Wordsworth.

2. To border; to edge

All the skirt about
Was hemmed with golden fringe.

Spenser.

To hem about, around, or in, to inclose and confine; to surround; to environ. “With valiant squadrons round about to hem.” Fairfax. “Hemmed in to be a spoil to tyranny.” Daniel. — To hem out, to shut out. “You can not hem me out of London.” J. Webster.

Hem”a- (?). Same as Hæma-.

Hem”a*chate (?), n. [L. haemachates; Gr. a”i^ma blood + &?; agate.] (Min.) A species of agate, sprinkled with spots of red jasper.

Hem”a*chrome (?), n. Same as Hæmachrome.

Hem”a*cite (?), n. [Gr. a”i^ma blood.] A composition made from blood, mixed with mineral or vegetable substances, used for making buttons, door knobs, etc.

{ Hem`a*drom”e*ter (?), Hem`a*dro*mom”e*ter (?), } n. [Hema- + Gr. &?; course + - meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the velocity with which the blood moves in the arteries.

{ Hem`a*drom`e*try (?), Hem`a*dro*mom”e*try (?), } n. (Physiol.) The act of measuring the velocity with which the blood circulates in the arteries; hæmotachometry.

He`ma*dy*nam”ics (?), n. [Hema- + dynamics.] (Physiol.) The principles of dynamics in their application to the blood; that part of science which treats of the motion of the blood.

He`ma*dy”na*mom”e*ter (?), n. [Hema- + dynamometr.] (Physiol.) An instrument by which the pressure of the blood in the arteries, or veins, is measured by the height to which it will raise a column of mercury; — called also a hæmomanometer.

He”mal (?), a. [Gr. a”i^ma blood.] Relating to the blood or blood vessels; pertaining to, situated in the region of, or on the side with, the heart and great blood vessels; — opposed to neural.

&fist; As applied to vertebrates, hemal is the same as ventral, the heart and great blood vessels being on the ventral, and the central nervous system on the dorsal, side of the vertebral column.

Hemal arch (Anat.), the ventral arch in a segment of the spinal skeleton, formed by vertebral processes or ribs.

Hem`a*phæ“in (?), n. Same as Hæmaphæin.

||Hem`a*poph”y*sis (?), n.; pl. Hemapophyses . [NL. See Hæma-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) The second element in each half of a hemal arch, corresponding to the sternal part of a rib. Owen. — Hem`a*po*phys”i*al (#), a.

{ Hem`a*stat”ic (?), Hem`a*stat”ic*al (?), } a. & n. Same as Hemostatic.

Hem`a*stat”ics (?), n. (Physiol.) Laws relating to the equilibrium of the blood in the blood vessels.

Hem`a*ta*chom”e*ter (?), n. Same as Hæmatachometer.

Hem`a*te”in (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, blood.] (Chem.) A reddish brown or violet crystalline substance, C_16H_12O_6, got from hematoxylin by partial oxidation, and regarded as analogous to the phthaleins.

||Hem`a*tem”e*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood + &?; a vomiting, fr. &?; to vomit.] (Med.) A vomiting of blood.

Hem”a*therm (?), n. [Gr. a”i^ma blood + &?; warm.] (Zoöl.) A warm- blooded animal. [R.]

Hem`a*ther”mal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Warm-blooded; hematothermal. [R]

He*mat”ic (?), a. Same as Hæmatic.

He*mat”ic, n. (Med.) A medicine designed to improve the condition of the blood.

Hem”a*tin (?), n. [Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood.] 1. Hematoxylin.

2. (Physiol. Chem.) A bluish black, amorphous substance containing iron and obtained from blood. It exists the red blood corpuscles united with globulin, and the form of hemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin gives to the blood its red color.

Hem`a*ti*nom”e*ter (?), n. [Hematin + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) A form of hemoglobinometer.

Hem`a*tin`o*met”ric (?), a. (Physiol.) Relating to the measurement of the amount of hematin or hemoglobin contained in blood, or other fluids.

He*mat”i*non (?), n. [Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood.] A red consisting of silica, borax, and soda, fused with oxide of copper and iron, and used in enamels, mosaics, etc.

Hem”a*tite (?), n. [L. haematites, Gr. &?; bloodlike, fr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood.] (Min.) An important ore of iron, the sesquioxide, so called because of the red color of the powder. It occurs in splendent rhombohedral crystals, and in massive and earthy forms; — the last called red ocher. Called also specular iron, oligist iron, rhombohedral iron ore, and bloodstone. See Brown hematite, under Brown.

Hem`a*tit”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to hematite, or resembling it.

Hem”a*to (?). See Hæma-.

He*mat”o*cele (?), n. [Hemato- + Gr. &?; tumor: cf. F. hématocèle.] (Med.) A tumor filled with blood.

||Hem`a*toc”ry*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood + kry`os cold.] (Zoöl.) The cold-blooded vertebrates, that is, all but the mammals and birds; — the antithesis to Hematotherma.

Hem`a*to*crys”tal*lin (?), n. [Hemato + crystalline.] (Physiol.) See Hemoglobin.

Hem”a*toid (?), a. [Hemato- + -oid.] (Physiol.) Resembling blood.

Hem`a*toid”in (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline or amorphous pigment, free from iron, formed from hematin in old blood stains, and in old hemorrhages in the body. It resembles bilirubin. When present in the corpora lutea it is called hæmolutein.

Hem`a*tol”o*gy (?), n. [Hemato- + -logy.] The science which treats of the blood.

||Hem`a*to”ma (?), n. [NL. See Hema- , and -oma.] (Med.) A circumscribed swelling produced by an effusion of blood beneath the skin.

||Hem`a*to*phil”i*a (-t&osl;f&ibreve;l”&ibreve;&adot;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood + filei^n to love.] (Med.) A condition characterized by a tendency to profuse and uncontrollable hemorrhage from the slightest wounds.

Hem`a*to”sin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) The hematin of blood. [R.]

||Hem`a*to”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a”ima`twsis.] (Physiol.) (a) Sanguification; the conversion of chyle into blood. (b) The arterialization of the blood in the lungs; the formation of blood in general; hæmatogenesis.

||Hem`a*to*ther”ma (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a”i^ma, a”i`matos, blood + thermo`s warm.] (Zoöl.) The warm-blooded vertebrates, comprising the mammals and birds; — the antithesis to hematocrya.

Hem”a*to*ther”mal (?), a. Warm- blooded.

Hem`a*tox”y*lin (?), n. Hæmatoxylin.

||Hem`a*tu”ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Hema-, and Urine.] (Med.) Passage of urine mingled with blood.

Hem`au*tog”ra*phy (?), n. (Physiol.) The obtaining of a curve similar to a pulse curve or sphygmogram by allowing the blood from a divided artery to strike against a piece of paper.

{ ||Hem*el”y*tron (? or ?), ||Hem*el”y*trum (- trŭm cf. Elytron, 277), }, n.; pl. Hemelytra (&?;). [NL. See Hemi, and Elytron.] (Zoöl.) One of the partially thickened anterior wings of certain insects, as of many Hemiptera, the earwigs, etc.

||Hem`e*ra*lo”pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, the opposite of &?;; &?; day + &?; of &?;. See Nyctalopia.] (Med.) A disease of the eyes, in consequence of which a person can see clearly or without pain only by daylight or a strong artificial light; day sight.

&fist; Some writers (as Quain) use the word in the opposite sense, i. e., day blindness. See Nyctalopia.

Hem`er*o”bi*an (?), n. [Gr. &?; day + &?; life.] (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect of the genus Hemerobius, and allied genera.

He*mer”o*bid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of relating to the hemerobians.

||Hem`e*ro*cal”lis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; day + &?; beauty.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some species of which are cultivated for their beautiful flowers; day lily.

Hem”i- (?). [Gr. “hmi-. See Semi-.] A prefix signifying half.

Hem`i*al*bu”min (?), n. [Hemi- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hemialbumose.

Hem`i*al”bu”mose` (?), n. [Hemi- + albumose.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance formed in gastric digestion, and by the action of boiling dilute acids on albumin. It is readily convertible into hemipeptone. Called also hemialbumin.

||Hem`i*an`æs*the”si*a (?), n. [Hemi- + anæsthesia.] (Med.) Anæsthesia upon one side of the body.

||Hem`i*bran”chi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hemi-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes having an incomplete or reduced branchial apparatus. It includes the sticklebacks, the flutemouths, and Fistularia.

||Hem`i*car”di*a (?), n. [NL. See Hemi-, and Cardia.] (Anat.) A lateral half of the heart, either the right or left. B. G. Wilder.

Hem`i*carp (?), n. [Hemi- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.) One portion of a fruit that spontaneously divides into halves.

||Hem`i*cer”e*brum (?), n. [Hemi- + cerebrum.] (Anat.) A lateral half of the cerebrum. Wilder.

Hem`i*col”lin (?), n. [Hemi- + collin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Semiglutin.

||Hem`i*cra”ni*a (?), n. [L.: cf. F. hémicrânie. See Cranium, and Megrim.] (Med.) A pain that affects only one side of the head.

Hem”i*cra`ny (?), n. (Med.) Hemicranis.

Hem”i*cy`cle (?), n. [L. hemicyclus, Gr. &?;; &?; + &?;.] 1. A half circle; a semicircle.

2. A semicircular place, as a semicircular arena, or room, or part of a room.

The collections will be displayed in the hemicycle of the central pavilion.

London Academy.

Hem`i*dac”tyl (?), n. [See Hemi- , and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Old World geckoes of the genus Hemidactylus. The hemidactyls have dilated toes, with two rows of plates beneath.

Hem`i-dem`i-sem”i*quaver (?), n. [Hemi- + demi-semiquaver.] (Mus.) A short note, equal to one fourth of a semiquaver, or the sixty-fourth part of a whole note.

Hem`i*di”tone (?), n. [Hemi- + ditone.] (Gr. Mus.) The lesser third. Busby.

He*mig”a*mous (?), a. [Hemi- + Gr. &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Having one of the two florets in the same spikelet neuter, and the other unisexual, whether male or female; — said of grasses.

Hem”i*glyph (?), n. [Hemi- + Gr. &?; a carving.] (Arch.) The half channel or groove in the edge of the triglyph in the Doric order.

Hem`i*he”dral (?), a. [Hemi- + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit.] (Crystallog.) Having half of the similar parts of a crystals, instead of all; consisting of half the planes which full symmetry would require, as when a cube has planes only on half of its eight solid angles, or one plane out of a pair on each of its edges; or as in the case of a tetrahedron, which is hemihedral to an octahedron, it being contained under four of the planes of an octahedron. — Hem`i*he”dral*ly, adv.

Hem`i*he”drism (?), n. (Crystallog.) The property of crystallizing hemihedrally.

Hem`i*he”dron (?), n. (Crystallog.) A solid hemihedrally derived. The tetrahedron is a hemihedron.

Hem`i*hol`o*he”dral (?), a. [Hemi- + holohedral.] (Crystallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in which half the sectants have the full number of planes.

Hem`i*mel*lit”ic (?), a. [Hemi- + mellitic.] (Chem.) Having half as many (three) carboxyl radicals as mellitic acid; — said of an organic acid.

||Hem`i*me*tab”o*la (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hemi-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Those insects which have an incomplete metamorphosis.

Hem`i*met`a*bol”ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having an incomplete metamorphosis, the larvæ differing from the adults chiefly in laking wings, as in the grasshoppers and cockroaches.

Hem`i*mor”phic (?), a. [Hemi- + Gr. &?; form.] (Crystallog.) Having the two ends modified with unlike planes; — said of a crystal.

He”min (?), n. [Gr. a”i^ma blood.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance, in the form of reddish brown, microscopic, prismatic crystals, formed from dried blood by the action of strong acetic acid and common salt; — called also Teichmann’s crystals. Chemically, it is a hydrochloride of hematin.

&fist; The obtaining of these small crystals, from old blood clots or suspected blood stains, constitutes one of the best evidences of the presence of blood.

||He*mi”na (?), n.; pl. Heminæ (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A measure of half a sextary. Arbuthnot.

2. (Med.) A measure equal to about ten fluid ounces.

||He*mi”o*nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a half ass, a mule.] (Zoöl.) A wild ass found in Thibet; the kiang. Darwin.

{ ||Hem`i*o”pi*a (?), Hem`i*op”si*a (?), } n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; half + Gr. &?; sight.] (Med.) A defect of vision in consequence of which a person sees but half of an object looked at.

Hem`i*or”tho*type (?), a. [Hemi- + Gr. &?; straight + -type.] Same as Monoclinic.

Hem`i*pep”tone (?), n. [Hemi- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) A product of the gastric and pancreatic digestion of albuminous matter.

&fist; Unlike antipeptone it is convertible into leucin and tyrosin, by the continued action of pancreatic juice. See Peptone. It is also formed from hemialbumose and albumin by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid.

||Hem`i*ple”gi*a (?), n.[NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; half + &?; a stroke; cf. F. hémiplagie.] (Med.) A palsy that affects one side only of the body. — Hem`i”pleg”ic (#), a.

Hem”i*ple`gy (?), n. (Med.) Hemiplegia.

Hem”i*pode (?), n. [Hemi- + Gr. &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Turnix. Various species inhabit Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Hem`i*pro”te*in (?), n. [Hemi- + protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) An insoluble, proteid substance, described by Schützenberger, formed when albumin is heated for some time with dilute sulphuric acid. It is apparently identical with antialbumid and dyspeptone.

He*mip”ter (?), n. [Cf. F. hémiptères, pl.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hemiptera.

||He*mip”te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; half + &?; wing, fr. &?; to fly.] (Zoöl.) An order of hexapod insects having a jointed proboscis, including four sharp stylets (mandibles and maxillæ), for piercing. In many of the species (Heteroptera) the front wings are partially coriaceous, and different from the others.

&fist; They are divided into the Heteroptera, including the squash bug, soldier bug, bedbug, etc.; the Homoptera, including the cicadas, cuckoo spits, plant lice, scale insects, etc.; the Thysanoptera, including the thrips, and, according to most recent writers, the Pediculina or true lice.

{ He*mip”ter*al (?), He*mip”ter*ous (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hemiptera.

He*mip”ter*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Hemiptera; an hemipter.

Hem`i*sect” (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Hemisecting.] [Hemi- + L. secare to cut.] (Anat.) To divide along the mesial plane.

Hem`i*sec”tion (?), n. (Anat.) A division along the mesial plane; also, one of the parts so divided.

Hem”i*sphere (?), n. [L. hemisphaerium, Gr. &?;; &?; half = &?; sphere: cf. F. hémisphère. See Hemi-, and Sphere.] 1. A half sphere; one half of a sphere or globe, when divided by a plane passing through its center.

2. Half of the terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same in a map or picture.

3. The people who inhabit a hemisphere.

He died . . . mourned by a hemisphere.

J. P. Peters.

Cerebral hemispheres. (Anat.) See Brain. — Magdeburg hemispheres (Physics), two hemispherical cups forming, when placed together, a cavity from which the air can be withdrawn by an air pump; — used to illustrate the pressure of the air. So called because invented by Otto von Guericke at Magdeburg.

{ Hem`i*spher”ic (?), Hem`i*spher”ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. hémisphérique.] Containing, or pertaining to, a hemisphere; as, a hemispheric figure or form; a hemispherical body.

Hem`i*sphe”roid (?), n. [Hemi- + spheroid.] A half of a spheroid.

Hem`i*sphe*roid”al (?), a. Resembling, or approximating to, a hemisphere in form.

Hem`i*spher”ule (?), n. A half spherule.

Hem”i*stich (?; 277), n. [L. hemistichium, Gr. “hmisti`chion; “hmi- half + sti`chos row, line, verse: cf. F. hémistiche.] Half a poetic verse or line, or a verse or line not completed.

He*mis”ti*chal (?), a. Pertaining to, or written in, hemistichs; also, by, or according to, hemistichs; as, a hemistichal division of a verse.

Hem`i*sys”to*le (?), n. (Physiol.) Contraction of only one ventricle of the heart.

&fist; Hemisystole is noticed in rare cases of insufficiency of the mitral valve, in which both ventricles at times contract simultaneously, as in a normal heart, this condition alternating with contraction of the right ventricle alone; hence, intermittent hemisystole.

Hem”i*tone (?), n. [L. hemitonium, Gr. &?;.] See Semitone.

{ He*mit”ro*pal (?), He*mit”ro*pous (?), } a. [See Hemitrope.] 1. Turned half round; half inverted.

2. (Bot.) Having the raphe terminating about half way between the chalaza and the orifice; amphitropous; — said of an ovule. Gray.

Hem”i*trope (?), a. [Hemi- + Gr. &?; to turn: cf. F. hémitrope.] Half turned round; half inverted; (Crystallog.) having a twinned structure.

Hem”i*trope, n. That which is hemitropal in construction; (Crystallog.) a twin crystal having a hemitropal structure.

He*mit”ro*py (?), n. (Crystallog.) Twin composition in crystals.

Hem”lock (?), n. [OE. hemeluc, humloc, AS. hemlic, hymlic.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several poisonous umbelliferous herbs having finely cut leaves and small white flowers, as the Cicuta maculata, bulbifera, and virosa, and the Conium maculatum. See Conium.

&fist; The potion of hemlock administered to Socrates is by some thought to have been a decoction of Cicuta virosa, or water hemlock, by others, of Conium maculatum.

2. (Bot.) An evergreen tree common in North America (Abies, or Tsuga, Canadensis); hemlock spruce.

The murmuring pines and the hemlocks.

Longfellow.

3. The wood or timber of the hemlock tree.

Ground hemlock, or Dwarf hemlock. See under Ground.

Hem”mel (?), n. [Scot. hemmel, hammel, Prov. E. hemble hovel, stable, shed, perh. allied to D. hemel heaven, canopy, G. himmel; cf. E. heaven. √14.] A shed or hovel for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hem”mer (?), n. One who, or that which, hems with a needle. Specifically: (a) An attachment to a sewing machine, for turning under the edge of a piece of fabric, preparatory to stitching it down. (b) A tool for turning over the edge of sheet metal to make a hem.

Hem”o- (?). Same as Hæma-, Hæmo-.

Hem”o*glo”bin (?), n. [Hemo- + globe.] (Physiol.) The normal coloring matter of the red blood corpuscles of vertebrate animals. It is composed of hematin and globulin, and is also called hæmatoglobulin. In arterial blood, it is always combined with oxygen, and is then called oxyhemoglobin. It crystallizes under different forms from different animals, and when crystallized, is called hæmatocrystallin. See Blood crystal, under Blood.

Hem`o*glo”bin*om”e*ter (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hæmochromometer.

||Hem`o*phil”i*a (?), n. See Hematophilia.

He*mop”ty*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a”i^ma blood + &?; to spit: cf. F. hémoptysie.] (Med.) The expectoration of blood, due usually to hemorrhage from the mucous membrane of the lungs.

Hem”or*rhage (?), n. [L. haemorrhagia, Gr. a”imorragi`a; a”i^ma blood + “rhgny`nai to break, burst: cf. F. hémorragie, hémorrhagie.] (Med.) Any discharge of blood from the blood vessels.

&fist; The blood circulates in a system of closed tubes, the rupture of which gives rise to hemorrhage.

Hem`or*rhag”ic (?), a. [Gr. a”imorragiko`s: cf. F. hémorrhagique.] Pertaining or tending to a flux of blood; consisting in, or accompanied by, hemorrhage.

Hem`or*rhoid”al (?), a. [Cf. F. hémorroïdal, hémorrhoïdal.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, hemorrhoids.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rectum; rectal; as, the hemorrhoidal arteries, veins, and nerves.

Hem”or*rhoids (?), n. pl. [L. haemorrhoidae, pl., Gr. &?;, sing., &?; (sc. &?;), pl., veins liable to discharge blood, hemorrhoids, fr. &?; flowing with blood; a”i^ma blood + &?; to flow: cf. F. hémorroïdes, hémorrhoïdes. See Rheum.] (Med.) Livid and painful swellings formed by the dilation of the blood vessels around the margin of, or within, the anus, from which blood or mucus is occasionally discharged; piles; emerods. [The sing. hemorrhoid is rarely used.]

Hem`o*stat”ic (?), a. [Hemo- + Gr. statiko`s causing to stand, fr. &?; to stand.] 1. (Med.) Of or relating to stagnation of the blood.

2. Serving to arrest hemorrhage; styptic.

Hem`o*stat”ic, n. A medicine or application to arrest hemorrhage.

Hem`o*tho”rax (?), n. [NL. See Hemo- , and Thorax.] (Med.) An effusion of blood into the cavity of the pleura.

Hemp (h&ebreve;mp), n. [OE. hemp, AS. henep, hænep; akin to D. hennep, OHG. hanaf, G. hanf, Icel. hampr, Dan. hamp, Sw. hampa, L. cannabis, cannabum, Gr. ka`nnabis, ka`nnabos; cf. Russ. konoplia, Skr. ça&nsdot;a; all prob. borrowed from some other language at an early time. Cf. Cannabine, Canvas.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cannabis (C. sativa), the fibrous skin or bark of which is used for making cloth and cordage. The name is also applied to various other plants yielding fiber.

2. The fiber of the skin or rind of the plant, prepared for spinning. The name has also been extended to various fibers resembling the true hemp.

African hemp, Bowstring hemp. See under African, and Bowstring. — Bastard hemp, the Asiatic herb Datisca cannabina. — Canada hemp, a species of dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), the fiber of which was used by the Indians. — Hemp agrimony, a coarse, composite herb of Europe (Eupatorium cannabinum), much like the American boneset. — Hemp nettle, a plant of the genus Galeopsis (G. Tetrahit), belonging to the Mint family. — Indian hemp. See under Indian, a. — Manila hemp, the fiber of Musa textilis. — Sisal hemp, the fiber of Agave sisalana, of Mexico and Yucatan. — Sunn hemp, a fiber obtained from a leguminous plant (Crotalaria juncea). — Water hemp, an annual American weed (Acnida cannabina), related to the amaranth.

Hemp”en (-‘n), a. 1. Made of hemp; as, a hempen cord.

2. Like hemp. “Beat into a hempen state.” Cook.

Hemp”y (?), a. Like hemp. [R.] Howell.

Hem*self” (?), Hem*selve” (&?;), Hem*selv”en (&?;), pron. pl. [See Hem, pron.] Themselves; — used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hem”stitch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemstitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hemstitching.] [Hem + stitch.] To ornament at the head of a broad hem by drawing out a few parallel threads, and fastening the cross threads in successive small clusters; as, to hemstitch a handkerchief.

Hem”stitched (?), a. Having a broad hem separated from the body of the article by a line of open work; as, a hemistitched handkerchief.

He”muse (?), n. (Zoöl.) The roebuck in its third year. [Prov. Eng.]

Hen (?), n. [AS. henn, hen, hæn; akin to D. hen, OHG. henna, G. henne, Icel. h&?;na, Dan. höna; the fem. corresponding to AS. hana cock, D. haan, OHG. hano, G. hahn, Icel. hani, Dan. & Sw. hane. Prob. akin to L. canere to sing, and orig. meaning, a singer. Cf. Chanticleer.] (Zoöl.) The female of the domestic fowl; also, the female of grouse, pheasants, or any kind of birds; as, the heath hen; the gray hen.

&fist; Used adjectively or in combination to indicate the female; as, hen canary, hen eagle, hen turkey, peahen.

Hen clam. (Zoöl.) (a) A clam of the Mactra, and allied genera; the sea clam or surf clam. See Surf clam. (b) A California clam of the genus Pachydesma. — Hen driver. See Hen harrier (below). — Hen harrier (Zoöl.), a hawk (Circus cyaneus), found in Europe and America; — called also dove hawk, henharm, henharrow, hen driver, and usually, in America, marsh hawk. See Marsh hawk. — Hen hawk (Zoöl.), one of several species of large hawks which capture hens; esp., the American red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis), the red-shouldered hawk (B. lineatus), and the goshawk.

Hen”bane` (?), n. [Hen + bane.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Hyoscyamus (H. niger). All parts of the plant are poisonous, and the leaves are used for the same purposes as belladonna. It is poisonous to domestic fowls; whence the name. Called also, stinking nightshade, from the fetid odor of the plant. See Hyoscyamus.

Hen”bit` (?), n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Lamium (L. amplexicaule) with deeply crenate leaves.

Hence (?), adv. [OE. hennes, hens (the s is prop. a genitive ending; cf. - wards), also hen, henne, hennen, heonnen, heonene, AS. heonan, heonon, heona, hine; akin to OHG. hinnān, G. hinnen, OHG. hina, G. hin; all from the root of E. he. See He.] 1. From this place; away. “Or that we hence wend.” Chaucer.

Arise, let us go hence.

John xiv. 31.

I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles.

Acts xxii. 21.

2. From this time; in the future; as, a week hence. “Half an hour hence.” Shak.

3. From this reason; as an inference or deduction.

Hence, perhaps, it is, that Solomon calls the fear of the Lord the beginning of wisdom.

Tillotson.

4. From this source or origin.

All other faces borrowed hence
Their light and grace.

Suckling.

Whence come wars and fightings among you? Come they not hence, even of your lusts?

James. iv. 1.

&fist; Hence is used, elliptically and imperatively, for go hence; depart hence; away; be gone. “Hence with your little ones.” Shak. — From hence, though a pleonasm, is fully authorized by the usage of good writers.

An ancient author prophesied from hence.

Dryden.

Expelled from hence into a world
Of woe and sorrow.

Milton.

Hence (?), v. t. To send away. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Hence`forth” (?), adv. From this time forward; henceforward.

I never from thy side henceforth to stray.

Milton.

Hence`for”ward (?), adv. From this time forward; henceforth.

Hench”boy` (h&ebreve;nch”boi`), n. A page; a servant. [Obs.]

Hench”man (-man), n.; pl. -men (#). [OE. hencheman, henxman; prob. fr. OE. & AS. hengest horse + E. man, and meaning, a groom. AS. hengest is akin to D. & G. hengst stallion, OHG. hengist horse, gelding.] An attendant; a servant; a follower. Now chiefly used as a political cant term.

Hen”coop` (?), n. A coop or cage for hens.

Hende (?), a. [OE., near, handy, kind, fr. AS. gehende near, fr. hand hand. See Handy.] 1. Skillful; dexterous; clever. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Friendly; civil; gentle; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen*dec”a*gon (?), n. [Gr. &?; eleven + &?; angle: cf. F. hendécagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and eleven angles. [Written also endecagon.]

Hen”de*cane (?), n. [Gr. “e`ndeka eleven.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C_11H_24, of the paraffin series; — so called because it has eleven atoms of carbon in each molecule. Called also endecane, undecane.

Hen*dec`a*syl*lab”ic (?), a. Pertaining to a line of eleven syllables.

Hen*dec”a*syl`la*ble (?), n. [L. hendecasyllabus, Gr. &?; eleven-syllabled; &?; eleven + &?; syllable: cf. F. hendécasyllabe.] A metrical line of eleven syllables. J. Warton.

Hen*dec`a*to”ic (?), a. [See Hendecane.] (Chem.) Undecylic; pertaining to, or derived from, hendecane; as, hendecatoic acid.

Hen*di”a*dys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; &?; &?; one by two.] (Gram.) A figure in which the idea is expressed by two nouns connected by and, instead of by a noun and limiting adjective; as, we drink from cups and gold, for golden cups.

Hen”dy (?), a. [Obs.] See Hende.

Hen”en (?), adv. Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish; the sea bream. (b) A young bib. See Bib, n., 2.

Heng (?), obs. imp. of Hang. Hung. Chaucer.

Hen”-heart`ed (?), a. Cowardly; timid; chicken-hearted. Udall.

Hen”house` (?), n.; pl. Henhouses. A house or shelter for fowls.

Hen”hus`sy (?), n. A cotquean; a man who intermeddles with women’s concerns.

He*ni”quen (?), n. See Jeniquen.

Hen”na (?), n. [Ar. hinnā alcanna (Lawsonia inermis or alba). Cf. Alcanna, Alkanet, Orchanet.]

1. (Bot.) A thorny tree or shrub of the genus Lawsonia (L. alba). The fragrant white blossoms are used by the Buddhists in religious ceremonies. The powdered leaves furnish a red coloring matter used in the East to stain the nails and fingers, the manes of horses, etc.

2. (Com.) The leaves of the henna plant, or a preparation or dyestuff made from them.

Hen”ner*y (?), n. An inclosed place for keeping hens. [U. S.]

Hen”nes (?), adv. Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen`no*tan”nic (?), a. [Henna + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a brown resinous substance resembling tannin, and extracted from the henna plant; as, hennotannic acid.

{ He*nog”e* ny (?), Hen`o*gen”e*sis (?), } n. [Gr. e”i`s, masc., “e`n, neut., one + root of &?; to be born.] (Biol.) Same as Ontogeny.

Hen”o*the*ism (?), n. [Gr. e”i`s, “enos`, one + E. theism.] Primitive religion in which each of several divinities is regarded as independent, and is worshiped without reference to the rest. [R.]

He*not”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to unite, fr. e”i`s one.] Harmonizing; irenic. Gladstone.

Hen”peck` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Henpecked (?); p. pr. & vb. Henpecking.] To subject to petty authority; — said of a wife who thus treats her husband. Commonly used in the past participle (often adjectively).

Hen”roost` (?), n. A place where hens roost.

Hen”ry (?), n.; pl. Henrys. [From Joseph Henry, an American physicist.] The unit of electric induction; the induction in a circuit when the electro-motive force induced in this circuit is one volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampère a second.

Hen’s-foot` (&?;), n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Caucalis daucoides).

Hent (h&ebreve;nt), v. t. [imp. Hente; p. p. Hent.] [OE. hente, henten, fr. AS. hentan, gehentan, to pursue, take, seize; cf. Icel. henda, Goth. hinpan (in compos.), and E. hunt.] To seize; to lay hold on; to catch; to get. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Spenser.

This cursed Jew him hente and held him fast.

Chaucer.

But all that he might of his friendes hente
On bookes and on learning he it spente.

Chaucer.

Hen”ware` (?), n. (Bot.) A coarse, blackish seaweed. See Badderlocks.

Henx”man (?), n. Henchman. [Obs.]

Hep (?), n. See Hip, the fruit of the dog-rose.

||He”par (?), n. [L. hepar, hepatis, the liver, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Old Chem.) Liver of sulphur; a substance of a liver-brown color, sometimes used in medicine. It is formed by fusing sulphur with carbonates of the alkalies (esp. potassium), and consists essentially of alkaline sulphides. Called also hepar sulphuris (&?;).

2. Any substance resembling hepar proper, in appearance; specifically, in homeopathy, calcium sulphide, called also hepar sulphuris calcareum (&?;).

Hepar antimonii (&?;) (Old Chem.), a substance, of a liver-brown color, obtained by fusing together antimony sulphide with alkaline sulphides, and consisting of sulphantimonites of the alkalies; — called also liver of antimony.

He*pat”ic (?), a. [L. hepaticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; the liver; akin to L. jecur, Skr. yak&?;t: cf. F. hépatique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the liver; as, hepatic artery; hepatic diseases.

2. Resembling the liver in color or in form; as, hepatic cinnabar.

3. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the plants called Hepaticæ, or scale mosses and liverworts.

Hepatic duct (Anat.), any biliary duct; esp., the duct, or one of the ducts, which carries the bile from the liver to the cystic and common bile ducts. See Illust., under Digestive. — Hepatic gas (Old Chem.), sulphureted hydrogen gas. — Hepatic mercurial ore, or Hepatic cinnabar. See under Cinnabar.

||He*pat”i*ca (?), n.; pl. Hepaticæ (#). [NL. See Hepatic. So called in allusion to the shape of the lobed leaves or fronds.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of pretty spring flowers closely related to Anemone; squirrel cup.

2. (bot.) Any plant, usually procumbent and mosslike, of the cryptogamous class Hepaticæ; — called also scale moss and liverwort. See Hepaticæ, in the Supplement.

He*pat”ic*al, a. Hepatic. [R.]

Hep”a*tite (?; 277), n. [L. hepatitis an unknown precious stone, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, the liver: cf. F. hépatite.] (Min.) A variety of barite emitting a fetid odor when rubbed or heated.

||Hep`a*ti”tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, liver + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the liver.

Hep`a*ti*za”tion (?), n. 1. (Chem.) Impregnating with sulphureted hydrogen gas. [Obs.]

2. [Cf. F. hépatisation.] (Med.) Conversion into a substance resembling the liver; a state of the lungs when gorged with effused matter, so that they are no longer pervious to the air.

Hep”a*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hepatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hepatizing (?).] [Gr. &?; to be like the liver, to be liver-colored, fr. &?;, &?;, the liver: cf. E. hepatite, and (for sense 2) F. hépatiser.] 1. To impregnate with sulphureted hydrogen gas, formerly called hepatic gas.

On the right . . . were two wells of hepatized water.

Barrow.

2. To gorge with effused matter, as the lungs.

He*pat”o*cele (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, the liver + &?; tumor.] (Med.) Hernia of the liver.

Hep`a*to*cys”tic (?), a. [Hepatic + cystic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the liver and gall bladder; as, the hepatocystic ducts.

Hep`a*to*gas”tric (?), a. [Hepatic + gastric.] (Anat.) See Gastrohepatic.

{ Hep`a*to*gen”ic (?), Hep`a*tog”e*nous (?), } a. [Gr. “h^par, “h`patos, the liver + root of gi`gnesthai to be born] (Med.) Arising from the liver; due to a condition of the liver; as, hepatogenic jaundice.

Hep`a*tol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. “h^par, “h`patos, the liver + -logy.] The science which treats of the liver; a treatise on the liver.

Hep”a*to-pan”cre*as (?), n. [Gr. “h^par, “h`patos, the liver + E. pancreas.] (Zoöl.) A digestive gland in Crustacea, Mollusca, etc., usually called the liver, but different from the liver of vertebrates.

Hep`a*to*re”nal (?), a. [Hepatic + renal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the liver and kidneys; as, the hepatorenal ligament.

Hep`a*tos”co*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;; fr. “h^par, “h`patos, the liver + &?; to view: cf. F. hépatoscopie.] Divination by inspecting the liver of animals.

Hep”pen (?), a. [Cf. AS. gehæp fit, Icel. heppinn lucky, E. happy.] Neat; fit; comfortable. [Obs.]

Hep”per (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon; a parr.

Hep”ta (?). [See Seven.] A combining form from Gr. “epta`, seven.

Hep”ta*chord (?), n. [Gr. “epta`xordos seven-stringed; “epta` seven + xordh` chord: cf. F. heptacorde. See Seven, and Chord.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) (a) A system of seven sounds. (b) A lyre with seven chords.

2. (Anc. Poet.) A composition sung to the sound of seven chords or tones. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Hep”tad (?), n. [L. heptas the number seven. Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. “epta` seven.] (Chem.) An atom which has a valence of seven, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, seven monad atoms or radicals; as, iodine is a heptad in iodic acid. Also used as an adjective.

Hep”tade (?), n. [Cf. F. heptade. See Heptad.] The sum or number of seven.

Hep”ta*glot (?), n. [Gr. &?;; “epta` seven + 3, &?;, tongue, language.] A book in seven languages.

Hep”ta*gon (?), n. [Gr. &?; sevencornered; “epta` seven + &?; angle: cf. F. heptagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure consisting of seven sides and having seven angles.

Hep*tag”o*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. heptagonal.] Having seven angles or sides.

Heptagonal numbers (Arith.), the numbers of the series 1, 7, 18, 34, 55, etc., being figurate numbers formed by adding successively the terms of the arithmetical series 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, etc.

||Hep`ta*gyn”i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “epta` seven + &?; woman, female: cf. F. heptagunie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan order of plants having seven pistils.

{ Hep`ta*gyn”i*an (?), Hep*tag”y*nous (?), } a. [Cf. F. heptagyne.] (Bot.) Having seven pistils.

Hep`ta*he”dron (?), n. [Hepta- + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit: cf. F. heptaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid figure with seven sides.

Hep*tam”er*ous (?), a. [Hepta- + Gr. &?; part.] (Bot.) Consisting of seven parts, or having the parts in sets of sevens. Gray.

||Hep*tan”dri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “epta` seven + &?;, &?;, man, male: cf. F. heptandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants having seven stamens.

{ Hep*tan”dri*an (?), Hep*tan”drous (?), } a. [Cf. F. heptandre.] (Bot.) Having seven stamens.

Hep”tane (?), n. [Gr. “epta` seven.] (Chem.) Any one of several isometric hydrocarbons, C_7H_16, of the paraffin series (nine are possible, four are known); — so called because the molecule has seven carbon atoms. Specifically, a colorless liquid, found as a constituent of petroleum, in the tar oil of cannel coal, etc.

Hep*tan”gu*lar (?), a. [Hepta- + angular: cf. F. heptangulaire. Cf. Septangular.] Having seven angles.

Hep*taph”yl*lous (?), a. [Hepta- + Gr. &?; leaf: cf. F. heptaphylle.] (Bot.) Having seven leaves.

Hep”tarch (?), n. Same as Heptarchist.

Hep*tar”chic (?), a. [Cf. F. heptarchique.] Of or pertaining to a heptarchy; constituting or consisting of a heptarchy. T. Warton.

Hep”tarch*ist (?), n. A ruler of one division of a heptarchy. [Written also heptarch.]

Hep”tarch*y (?), n. [Hepta- + -archy: cf. F. heptarchie.] A government by seven persons; also, a country under seven rulers.

&fist; The word is most commonly applied to England, when it was divided into seven kingdoms; as, the Saxon heptachy, which consisted of Kent, the South Saxons (Sussex), West Saxons (Wessex), East Saxons (Essex), the East Angles, Mercia, and Northumberland.

Hep`ta*sper”mous (?), a. [Hepta- + Gr. &?; a seed.] (Bot.) Having seven seeds.

Hep”ta*stich (?), n. [Hepta- + Gr. sti`chos line, verse.] (Pros.) A composition consisting of seven lines or verses.

Hep”ta*teuch (?), n. [L. heptateuchos, Gr. “epta` seven + &?; tool, book; &?; to prepare, make, work: cf. F. heptateuque.] The first seven books of the Testament.

Hep*tav”a*lent (?), a. [Hepta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having seven units of attractive force or affinity; — said of heptad elements or radicals.

Hep”tene (?), n. [Gr. “epta` seven.] (Chem.) Same as Heptylene.

Hep”tine (?), n. [Heptane + - ine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of unsaturated metameric hydrocarbons, C_7H_12, of the acetylene series.

Hep*to”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, heptane; as, heptoic acid.

Hep”tone (?), n. [Gr. “epta` seven.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_7H_10, of the valylene series.

Hep” tree` (?). [See Hep.] The wild dog- rose.

Hep”tyl (?), n. [Hepta- + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C_7H_15, regarded as the essential radical of heptane and a related series of compounds.

Hep”tyl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless liquid hydrocarbon, C_7H_14, of the ethylene series; also, any one of its isomers. Called also heptene.

Hep*tyl”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, heptyl or heptane; as, heptylic alcohol. Cf. Œnanthylic.

Her (?), pron. & a. [OE. hire, here, hir, hure, gen. and dat. sing., AS. hire, gen. and dat. sing. of héo she. from the same root as E. he. See He.] The form of the objective and the possessive case of the personal pronoun she; as, I saw her with her purse out.

&fist; The possessive her takes the form hers when the noun with which in agrees is not given, but implied. “And what his fortune wanted, hers could mend.” Dryden.

Her, Here (&?;), pron. pl. [OE. here, hire, AS. heora, hyra, gen. pl. of hē. See He.] Of them; their. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

On here bare knees adown they fall.

Chaucer.

He*rac”le*on*ite (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Heracleon of Alexandria, a Judaizing Gnostic, in the early history of the Christian church.

He*rak”line (?), n. [Gr. &?; Hercules.] A picrate compound, used as an explosive in blasting.

Her”ald (?), n. [OE. herald, heraud, OF. heralt, heraut, herault, F. héraut, LL. heraldus, haraldus, fr. (assumed) OHG. heriwalto, hariwaldo, a (civil) officer who serves the army; hari, heri, army + waltan to manage, govern, G. walten; akin to E. wield. See Harry, Wield.] 1. (Antiq.) An officer whose business was to denounce or proclaim war, to challenge to battle, to proclaim peace, and to bear messages from the commander of an army. He was invested with a sacred and inviolable character.

2. In the Middle Ages, the officer charged with the above duties, and also with the care of genealogies, of the rights and privileges of noble families, and especially of armorial bearings. In modern times, some vestiges of this office remain, especially in England. See Heralds’ College (below), and King-at-Arms.

3. A proclaimer; one who, or that which, publishes or announces; as, the herald of another’s fame. Shak.

4. A forerunner; a a precursor; a harbinger.

It was the lark, the herald of the morn.

Shak.

5. Any messenger. “My herald is returned.” Shak.

Heralds’ College, in England, an ancient corporation, dependent upon the crown, instituted or perhaps recognized by Richard III. in 1483, consisting of the three Kings-at- Arms and the Chester, Lancaster, Richmond, Somerset, Windsor, and York Heralds, together with the Earl Marshal. This retains from the Middle Ages the charge of the armorial bearings of persons privileged to bear them, as well as of genealogies and kindred subjects; — called also College of Arms.

Her”ald (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heralded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heralding.] [Cf. OF. herauder, heraulder.] To introduce, or give tidings of, as by a herald; to proclaim; to announce; to foretell; to usher in. Shak.

He*ral”dic (?), a. [Cf. F. héraldique.] Of or pertaining to heralds or heraldry; as, heraldic blazoning; heraldic language. T. Warton.

He*ral”dic*al*ly (?), adv. In an heraldic manner; according to the rules of heraldry.

Her”ald*ry (?), n. The art or office of a herald; the art, practice, or science of recording genealogies, and blazoning arms or ensigns armorial; also, of marshaling cavalcades, processions, and public ceremonies.

Her”ald*ship, n. The office of a herald. Selden.

Her”a*path*ite (?), n. [Named after Dr. Herapath, the discoverer.] (Chem.) The sulphate of iodoquinine, a substance crystallizing in thin plates remarkable for their effects in polarizing light.

Her”aud (?), n. A herald. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Herb (?; 277), n. [OE. herbe, erbe, OF. herbe, erbe, F. herbe, L. herba; perh. akin to Gr. forbh` food, pasture, fe`rbein to feed.] 1. A plant whose stem does not become woody and permanent, but dies, at least down to the ground, after flowering.

&fist; Annual herbs live but one season; biennial herbs flower the second season, and then die; perennial herbs produce new stems year after year.

2. Grass; herbage.

And flocks
Grazing the tender herb.

Milton.

Herb bennet. (Bot.) See Bennet. — Herb Christopher (Bot.), an herb (Actæa spicata), whose root is used in nervous diseases; the baneberry. The name is occasionally given to other plants, as the royal fern, the wood betony, etc. — Herb Gerard (Bot.), the goutweed; — so called in honor of St. Gerard, who used to be invoked against the gout. Dr. Prior. — Herb grace, or Herb of grace. (Bot.) See Rue. — Herb Margaret (Bot.), the daisy. See Marguerite. — Herb Paris (Bot.), an Old World plant related to the trillium (Paris quadrifolia), commonly reputed poisonous. — Herb Robert (Bot.), a species of Geranium (G. Robertianum.)

Her*ba”ceous (?), a. [L. herbaceus grassy. See Herb.] Of or pertaining to herbs; having the nature, texture, or characteristics, of an herb; as, herbaceous plants; an herbaceous stem.

Herb”age (?; 48), n. [F. See Herb.]

1. Herbs collectively; green food beasts; grass; pasture. “Thin herbage in the plaims.” Dryden.

2. (Law.) The liberty or right of pasture in the forest or in the grounds of another man. Blount.

Herb”aged (?), a. Covered with grass. Thomson.

Herb”al (?), a. Of or pertaining to herbs. Quarles.

Herb”al (?), n. 1. A book containing the names and descriptions of plants. Bacon.

2. A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved; a hortus siccus; an herbarium. Steele.

Herb”al*ism (?), n. The knowledge of herbs.

Herb”al*ist, n. One skilled in the knowledge of plants; a collector of, or dealer in, herbs, especially medicinal herbs.

Herb”ar (?), n. An herb. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her*ba”ri*an (?), n. A herbalist.

Herb”a*rist (?), n. A herbalist. [Obs.]

Her*ba”ri*um (?), n.; pl. E. Herbariums (#), L. Herbaria (#). [LL., fr. L. herba. See Herb, and cf. Arbor, Herbary.] 1. A collection of dried specimens of plants, systematically arranged. Gray.

2. A book or case for preserving dried plants.

Herb”a*rize (?), v. t. See Herborize.

Herb”a*ry (?), n. [See Herbarium.] A garden of herbs; a cottage garden. T. Warton.

Herb”er (?), n. [OF. herbier, LL. herbarium. See Herbarium.] A garden; a pleasure garden. [Obs.] “Into an herber green.” Chaucer.

Her”berg*age (?), n. [See Harborage.] Harborage; lodging; shelter; harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her”ber*geour (?), n. [See Harbinger.] A harbinger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her”bergh (?), Her”ber*we (&?;), n. [See Harbor.] A harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her*bes”cent (?), a. [L. herbescens, p. pr. of herbescere.] Growing into herbs.

Herb”id (?), a. [L. herbidus.] Covered with herbs. [Obs.] Bailey.

Her*bif”er*ous (?), a. [Herb + -ferous: cf. F. herbifére.] Bearing herbs or vegetation.

Herb”ist (?), n. A herbalist.

||Her*biv”o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. herba herb + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Mammalia. It formerly included the Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla, but by later writers it is generally restricted to the two latter groups (Ungulata). They feed almost exclusively upon vegetation.

Her”bi*vore (?), n. [Cf. F. herbivore.] (Zoöl.) One of the Herbivora. P. H. Gosse.

Her*biv”o*rous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Eating plants; of or pertaining to the Herbivora.

Herb”less (?), a. Destitute of herbs or of vegetation. J. Warton.

Herb”let (?), n. A small herb. Shak.

Her”bo*rist (?), n. [F. herboriste.] A herbalist. Ray.

Her`bo*ri*za”tion (?), n. [F. herborisation.] 1. The act of herborizing.

2. The figure of plants in minerals or fossils.

Her”bo*rize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herborized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Herborizing (?).] [F. herboriser, for herbariser, fr. L. herbarium. See Hebrarium.] To search for plants, or new species of plants, with a view to classifying them.

He herborized as he traveled.

W. Tooke.

Her”bo*rize, v. t. To form the figures of plants in; — said in reference to minerals. See Arborized.

Herborized stones contain fine mosses.

Fourcroy (Trans.)

Her”bor*ough (?), n. [See Harborough, and Harbor.] A harbor. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

{ Her*bose” (?), Herb”ous (?), } a. [L. herbosus: cf. F. herbeux.] Abounding with herbs. “Fields poetically called herbose.” Byrom.

Herb”-wom`an (?), n.; pl. Herb-women (&?;). A woman that sells herbs.

Herb”y (?), a. Having the nature of, pertaining to, or covered with, herbs or herbage. “Herby valleys.” Chapman.

Her*cog”a*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a fence + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Not capable of self- fertilization; — said of hermaphrodite flowers in which some structural obstacle forbids autogamy.

Her*cu”le*an (?), a. [L. herculeus, fr. Hercules: cf. F. herculéen. See Hercules.]

1. Requiring the strength of Hercules; hence, very great, difficult, or dangerous; as, an Herculean task.

2. Having extraordinary strength or size; as, Herculean limbs. “Herculean Samson.” Milton.

Her”cu*les (?), n. 1. (Gr. Myth.) A hero, fabled to have been the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and celebrated for great strength, esp. for the accomplishment of his twelve great tasks or “labors.”

2. (Astron.) A constellation in the northern hemisphere, near Lyra.

Hercules’ beetle (Zoöl.), any species of Dynastes, an American genus of very large lamellicorn beetles, esp. D. hercules of South America, which grows to a length of six inches. — Hercules’ club. (Bot.) (a) An ornamental tree of the West Indies (Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis), of the same genus with the prickly ash. (b) A variety of the common gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris). Its fruit sometimes exceeds five feet in length. (c) The Angelica tree. See under Angelica. — Hercules powder, an explosive containing nitroglycerin; — used for blasting.

Her*cyn”i*an (?), a. [L. Hercynia silva, Hercynius saltus, the Hercynian forest; cf. Gr. &?; &?;.] Of or pertaining to an extensive forest in Germany, of which there are still portions in Swabia and the Hartz mountains.

Herd (?), a. Haired. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Herd (?), n. [OE. herd, heord, AS. heord; akin to OHG. herta,G. herde, Icel. hjör&?;, Sw. hjord, Dan. hiord, Goth. haírda; cf. Skr. çardha troop, host.]

1. A number of beasts assembled together; as, a herd of horses, oxen, cattle, camels, elephants, deer, or swine; a particular stock or family of cattle.

The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.

Gray.

&fist; Herd is distinguished from flock, as being chiefly applied to the larger animals. A number of cattle, when driven to market, is called a drove.

2. A crowd of low people; a rabble.

But far more numerous was the herd of such
Who think too little and who talk too much.

Dryden.

You can never interest the common herd in the abstract question.

Coleridge.

Herd’s grass (Bot.), one of several species of grass, highly esteemed for hay. See under Grass.

Herd, n. [OE. hirde, herde, heorde, AS. hirde, hyrde, heorde; akin to G. hirt, hirte, OHG. hirti, Icel. hir&?;ir, Sw. herde, Dan. hyrde, Goth. haírdeis. See 2d Herd.] One who herds or assembles domestic animals; a herdsman; — much used in composition; as, a shepherd; a goatherd, and the like. Chaucer.

Herd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herded; p. pr. & vb. n. Herding.] [See 2d Herd.] 1. To unite or associate in a herd; to feed or run together, or in company; as, sheep herd on many hills.

2. To associate; to ally one’s self with, or place one’s self among, a group or company.

I’ll herd among his friends, and seem
One of the number.

Addison.

3. To act as a herdsman or a shepherd. [Scot.]

Herd, v. t. To form or put into a herd.

Herd”book` (?), n. A book containing the list and pedigrees of one or more herds of choice breeds of cattle; — also called herd record, or herd register.

Herd”er (?), n. A herdsman. [R.]

Her”der*ite (?), n. [Named after Baron von Herder, who discovered it.] (Min.) A rare fluophosphate of glucina, in small white crystals.

Herd”ess (?), n. A shepherdess; a female herder. Sir P. Sidney. Chaucer.

Herd”groom` (?), n. A herdsman. [Obs.]

Her”dic (?), n. [Named from Peter Herdic, the inventor.] A kind of low-hung cab.

{ Herd”man (?), Herds”man (?), } n.; pl. -men (&?;). The owner or keeper of a herd or of herds; one employed in tending a herd of cattle.

Herds”wom`an (?), n.; pl. – women (&?;). A woman who tends a herd. Sir W. Scott.

Here (?), n. Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here (?), pron. 1. See Her, their. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Her; hers. See Her. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here (?), adv. [OE. her, AS. h&?;r; akin to OS. h&?;r, D. hier, OHG. hiar, G. hier, Icel. & Goth. h&?;r, Dan. her, Sw. här; fr. root of E. he. See He.] 1. In this place; in the place where the speaker is; — opposed to there.

He is not here, for he is risen.

Matt. xxviii. 6.

2. In the present life or state.

Happy here, and more happy hereafter.

Bacon.

3. To or into this place; hither. [Colloq.] See Thither.

Here comes Virgil.

B. Jonson.

Thou led’st me here.

Byron.

4. At this point of time, or of an argument; now.

The prisoner here made violent efforts to rise.

Warren.

&fist; Here, in the last sense, is sometimes used before a verb without subject; as, Here goes, for Now (something or somebody) goes; — especially occurring thus in drinking healths. “Here’s [a health] to thee, Dick.” Cowley.

Here and there, in one place and another; in a dispersed manner; irregularly. “Footsteps here and there.” Longfellow. — It is neither, here nor there, it is neither in this place nor in that, neither in one place nor in another; hence, it is to no purpose, irrelevant, nonsense. Shak.

{ Here”a-bout` (?), Here”a*bouts` (?), } adv. 1. About this place; in this vicinity.

2. Concerning this. [Obs.]

Here*aft”er (?), adv. [AS. hēræfter.] In time to come; in some future time or state.

Hereafter he from war shall come.

Dryden.

Here*aft”er, n. A future existence or state.

‘Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter.

Addison.

Here*aft”er*ward (?), adv. Hereafter. [Obs.]

Thou shalt hereafterward . . . come.

Chaucer.

Here-at” (?), adv. At, or by reason of, this; as, he was offended hereat. Hooker.

Here*by” (?), adv. 1. By means of this.

And hereby we do know that we know him.

1 John ii. 3.

2. Close by; very near. [Obs.] Shak.

He*red`i*ta*bil”i*ty (?), n. State of being hereditable. Brydges.

He*red”i*ta*ble (?), a. [LL. hereditabilis, fr. hereditare to inherit, fr. L. hereditas heirship inheritance, heres heir: cf. OF. hereditable. See Heir, and cf. Heritable.] 1. Capable of being inherited. See Inheritable. Locke.

2. Qualified to inherit; capable of inheriting.

He*red”i*ta*bly, adv. By inheritance. W. Tooke.

Her`e*dit”a*ment (?), n. [LL. hereditamentum. See Hereditable.] (Law) Any species of property that may be inherited; lands, tenements, anything corporeal or incorporeal, real, personal, or mixed, that may descend to an heir. Blackstone.

&fist; A corporeal hereditament is visible and tangible; an incorporeal hereditament is not in itself visible or tangible, being an hereditary right, interest, or obligation, as duty to pay rent, or a right of way.

He*red”i*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. By inheritance; in an hereditary manner. Pope.

He*red”i*ta*ry (?), a. [L. hereditarius, fr. hereditas heirship, inheritance, fr. heres heir: cf. F. héréditaire. See Heir.] 1. Descended, or capable of descending, from an ancestor to an heir at law; received or passing by inheritance, or that must pass by inheritance; as, an hereditary estate or crown.

2. Transmitted, or capable of being transmitted, as a constitutional quality or condition from a parent to a child; as, hereditary pride, bravery, disease.

Syn. — Ancestral; patrimonial; inheritable.

He*red”i*ty (?), n. [L. hereditas heirship.] (Biol.) Hereditary transmission of the physical and psychical qualities of parents to their offspring; the biological law by which living beings tend to repeat their characteristics in their descendants. See Pangenesis.

Her”e*ford (?), n. One of a breed of cattle originating in Herefordshire, England. The Herefords are good working animals, and their beef-producing quality is excellent.

Here”hence` (?), adv. From hence. [Obs.]

Here*in” (?), adv. [AS. h&?;rinne.] In this.

Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit.

John xv. 8.

Here`in*aft”er (?), adv. In the following part of this (writing, document, speech, and the like).

Here`in*be*fore”, adv. In the preceding part of this (writing, document, book, etc.).

Here`in*to” (?; 277), adv. Into this. Hooker.

{ Her”e*mit (?), Her”e*mite (?), } n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Her`e*mit”ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a hermit; solitary; secluded from society. Pope.

Her”en (?), a. Made of hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here*of” (?), adv. Of this; concerning this; from this; hence.

Hereof comes it that Prince Harry is valiant.

Shak.

Here*on” (?), adv. On or upon this; hereupon.

Here*out” (?), adv. Out of this. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her”e*si*arch (?; 277), n. [L. haeresiarcha, Gr. &?;; &?; heresy + &?; leader, &?; to lead: cf. F. hérésiarque.] A leader in heresy; the chief of a sect of heretics. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Her”e*si*arch`y (?), n. A chief or great heresy. [R.]

The book itself [the Alcoran] consists of heresiarchies against our blessed Savior.

Sir T. Herbert.

Her`e*si*og”ra*pher (?), n. [See Heresiography.] One who writes on heresies.

Her`e*si*og”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; heresy + -graphy: cf. F. hérésiographie.] A treatise on heresy.

Her”e*sy (?), n.; pl. Heresies (#). [OE. heresie, eresie, OF. heresie, iresie, F. hérésie, L. haeresis, Gr. &?; a taking, a taking for one’s self, choosing, a choice, a sect, a heresy, fr. &?; to take, choose.]

1. An opinion held in opposition to the established or commonly received doctrine, and tending to promote a division or party, as in politics, literature, philosophy, etc.; — usually, but not necessarily, said in reproach.

New opinions
Divers and dangerous, which are heresies,
And, not reformed, may prove pernicious.

Shak.

After the study of philosophy began in Greece, and the philosophers, disagreeing amongst themselves, had started many questions . . . because every man took what opinion he pleased, each several opinion was called a heresy; which signified no more than a private opinion, without reference to truth or falsehood.

Hobbes.

2. (Theol.) Religious opinion opposed to the authorized doctrinal standards of any particular church, especially when tending to promote schism or separation; lack of orthodox or sound belief; rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some fundamental religious doctrine or truth; heterodoxy.

Doubts ‘mongst divines, and difference of texts,
From whence arise diversity of sects,
And hateful heresies by God abhor’d.

Spenser.

Deluded people! that do not consider that the greatest heresy in the world is a wicked life.

Tillotson.

3. (Law) An offense against Christianity, consisting in a denial of some essential doctrine, which denial is publicly avowed, and obstinately maintained.

A second offense is that of heresy, which consists not in a total denial of Christianity, but of some its essential doctrines, publicly and obstinately avowed.

Blackstone.

&fist; “When I call dueling, and similar aberrations of honor, a moral heresy, I refer to the force of the Greek &?;, as signifying a principle or opinion taken up by the will for the will’s sake, as a proof or pledge to itself of its own power of self- determination, independent of all other motives.” Coleridge.

Her”e*tic (?), n. [L. haereticus, Gr. &?; able to choose, heretical, fr. &?; to take, choose: cf. F. hérétique. See Heresy.] 1. One who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the established faith or prevailing religion.

A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject.

Titus iii. 10.

2. (R. C. Ch.) One who having made a profession of Christian belief, deliberately and pertinaciously refuses to believe one or more of the articles of faith “determined by the authority of the universal church.” Addis & Arnold.

Syn. — Heretic, Schismatic, Sectarian. A heretic is one whose errors are doctrinal, and usually of a malignant character, tending to subvert the true faith. A schismatic is one who creates a schism, or division in the church, on points of faith, discipline, practice, etc., usually for the sake of personal aggrandizement. A sectarian is one who originates or is an ardent adherent and advocate of a sect, or distinct organization, which separates from the main body of believers.

He*ret”i*cal (?), a. Containing heresy; of the nature of, or characterized by, heresy.

He*ret”i*cal*ly, adv. In an heretical manner.

He*ret”i*cate (?), v. t. [LL. haereticatus, p. p. of haereticare.] To decide to be heresy or a heretic; to denounce as a heretic or heretical. Bp. Hall.

And let no one be minded, on the score of my neoterism, to hereticate me.

Fitzed. Hall.

He*ret`i*fi*ca”tion (?), n. The act of hereticating or pronouncing heretical. London Times.

Here*to” (?), adv. To this; hereunto. Hooker.

{ Her”e*toch (?), Her”e*tog (?), } n. [AS. heretoga, heretoha; here army + teón to draw, lead; akin to OS. heritogo, OHG. herizogo, G. herzog duke.] (AS. Antiq.) The leader or commander of an army; also, a marshal. Blackstone.

Here`to*fore” (?), adv. Up to this time; hitherto; before; in time past. Shak.

Here`un*to” (?), adv. Unto this; up to this time; hereto.

Here`up*on” (?), adv. On this; hereon.

Here*with” (?), adv. With this.

Her”ie (?), v. t. [See Hery.] To praise; to worship. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her”i*ot (?), n. [AS. heregeatu military equipment, heriot; here army + geatwe, pl., arms, equipments.] (Eng. Law) Formerly, a payment or tribute of arms or military accouterments, or the best beast, or chattel, due to the lord on the death of a tenant; in modern use, a customary tribute of goods or chattels to the lord of the fee, paid on the decease of a tenant. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Heriot custom, a heriot depending on usage. — Heriot service (Law), a heriot due by reservation in a grant or lease of lands. Spelman. Blackstone.

Her”i*ot*a*ble (?), a. Subject to the payment of a heriot. Burn.

Her”is*son (?), n. [F. hérisson, prop., hedgehog.] (fort.) A beam or bar armed with iron spikes, and turning on a pivot; — used to block up a passage.

Her`it*a*bil”i*ty (?), n. The state of being heritable.

Her”it*a*ble (?), a. [OF. héritable. See Heritage, Hereditable.] 1. Capable of being inherited or of passing by inheritance; inheritable.

2. Capable of inheriting or receiving by inheritance.

This son shall be legitimate and heritable.

Sir M. Hale.

Heritable rights (Scots Law), rights of the heir; rights to land or whatever may be intimately connected with land; realty. Jacob (Law Dict.).

Her”it*age (?), a. [OE. heritage, eritage, OF. heritage, eritage, F. héritage, fr. hériter to inherit, LL. heriditare. See Hereditable.] 1. That which is inherited, or passes from heir to heir; inheritance.

Part of my heritage,
Which my dead father did bequeath to me.

Shak.

2. (Script.) A possession; the Israelites, as God’s chosen people; also, a flock under pastoral charge. Joel iii. 2. 1 Peter v. 3.

Her”it*ance (?), n. [OF. heritance.] Heritage; inheritance. [R.]

Robbing their children of the heritance
Their fathers handed down

Southey.

Her”it*or (?), n. [Cf. LL. her&?;ator, fr. L. heres an heir.] A proprietor or landholder in a parish. [Scot.]

Herl (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Harl, 2.

Her”ling, Hir”ling (&?;), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The young of the sea trout. [Prov. Eng.]

||Her”ma (?), n.; pl. Hermæ (#). [L.] See Hermes, 2.

Her*maph`ro*de”i*ty (?), n. Hermaphrodism. B. Jonson.

Her*maph”ro*dism (?), n. [Cf. F. hermaphrodisme.] (Biol.) See Hermaphroditism.

Her*maph”ro*dite (?), n. [L. hermaphroditus, Gr. &?;, so called from the mythical story that Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, when bathing, became joined in one body with Salmacis, the nymph of a fountain in Caria: cf. F. hermaphrodite.] (Biol.) An individual which has the attributes of both male and female, or which unites in itself the two sexes; an animal or plant having the parts of generation of both sexes, as when a flower contains both the stamens and pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. In some cases reproduction may take place without the union of the distinct individuals. In the animal kingdom true hermaphrodites are found only among the invertebrates. See Illust. in Appendix, under Helminths.

Her*maph”ro*dite, a. Including, or being of, both sexes; as, an hermaphrodite animal or flower.

Hermaphrodite brig. (Naut.) See under Brig. Totten.

{ Her*maph`ro*dit”ic (?), Her*maph`ro*dit”ic*al (?), } a. (Biol.) Partaking of the characteristics of both sexes; characterized by hermaphroditism. — Her*maph`ro*dit”ic*al*ly, adv.

Her*maph”ro*dit*ism (?), n. (Biol.) The union of the two sexes in the same individual, or the combination of some of their characteristics or organs in one individual.

{ Her`me*neu”tic (?), Her`me*neu”tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to interpret: cf. F. herméneutique.] Unfolding the signification; of or pertaining to interpretation; exegetical; explanatory; as, hermeneutic theology, or the art of expounding the Scriptures; a hermeneutic phrase.

Her`me*neu”tic*al*ly, adv. According to the principles of interpretation; as, a verse of Scripture was examined hermeneutically.

Her`me*neu”tics (?), n. [Gr. &?; (sc. &?;).] The science of interpretation and explanation; exegesis; esp., that branch of theology which defines the laws whereby the meaning of the Scriptures is to be ascertained. Schaff- Herzog Encyc.

Her”mes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth.) See Mercury.

&fist; Hermes Trismegistus [Gr. ‘Ermh^s trisme`gistos, lit., Hermes thrice greatest] was a late name of Hermes, especially as identified with the Egyptian god Thoth. He was the fabled inventor of astrology and alchemy.

2. (Archæology) Originally, a boundary stone dedicated to Hermes as the god of boundaries, and therefore bearing in some cases a head, or head and shoulders, placed upon a quadrangular pillar whose height is that of the body belonging to the head, sometimes having feet or other parts of the body sculptured upon it. These figures, though often representing Hermes, were used for other divinities, and even, in later times, for portraits of human beings. Called also herma. See Terminal statue, under Terminal.

{ Her*met”ic (?), Her*met”ic*al (?), } a. [F. hermétique. See Note under Hermes, 1.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or taught by, Hermes Trismegistus; as, hermetic philosophy. Hence: Alchemical; chemic. “Delusions of the hermetic art.” Burke.

The alchemists, as the people were called who tried to make gold, considered themselves followers of Hermes, and often called themselves Hermetic philosophers.

A. B. Buckley.

2. Of or pertaining to the system which explains the causes of diseases and the operations of medicine on the principles of the hermetic philosophy, and which made much use, as a remedy, of an alkali and an acid; as, hermetic medicine.

3. Made perfectly close or air-tight by fusion, so that no gas or spirit can enter or escape; as, an hermetic seal. See Note under Hermetically.

Hermetic art, alchemy. — Hermetic books. (a) Books of the Egyptians, which treat of astrology. (b) Books which treat of universal principles, of the nature and orders of celestial beings, of medicine, and other topics.

Her*met”ic*al*ly, adv. 1. In an hermetical manner; chemically. Boyle.

2. By fusion, so as to form an air-tight closure.

&fist; A vessel or tube is hermetically sealed when it is closed completely against the passage of air or other fluid by fusing the extremity; — sometimes less properly applied to any air-tight closure.

Her”mit (?), n. [OE. ermite, eremite, heremit, heremite, F. hermite, ermite, L. eremita, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; lonely, solitary. Cf. Eremite.] 1. A person who retires from society and lives in solitude; a recluse; an anchoret; especially, one who so lives from religious motives.

He had been Duke of Savoy, and after a very glorious reign, took on him the habit of a hermit, and retired into this solitary spot.

Addison.

2. A beadsman; one bound to pray for another. [Obs.] “We rest your hermits.” Shak.

Hermit crab (Zoöl.), a marine decapod crustacean of the family Paguridæ. The species are numerous, and belong to many genera. Called also soldier crab. The hermit crabs usually occupy the dead shells of various univalve mollusks. See Illust. of Commensal. — Hermit thrush (Zoöl.), an American thrush (Turdus Pallasii), with retiring habits, but having a sweet song. — Hermit warbler (Zoöl.), a California wood warbler (Dendroica occidentalis), having the head yellow, the throat black, and the back gray, with black streaks.

Her”mit*age (?; 48), n. [OE. hermitage, ermitage, F. hermitage, ermitage. See Hermit.] 1. The habitation of a hermit; a secluded residence.

Some forlorn and naked hermitage,
Remote from all the pleasures of the world.

Shak.

2. [F. Vin de l’Hermitage.] A celebrated French wine, both white and red, of the Department of Drôme.

Her”mit*a*ry (?), n. [Cf. LL. hermitorium, eremitorium.] A cell annexed to an abbey, for the use of a hermit. Howell.

Her”mit*ess, n. A female hermit. Coleridge.

Her*mit”i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to, or suited for, a hermit. Coventry.

Her`mo*dac”tyl (?), n. [NL. hermodactylus, lit., Hermes’ finger; fr. Gr. &?; Hermes + &?; finger.] (med.) A heart-shaped bulbous root, about the size of a finger, brought from Turkey, formerly used as a cathartic.

Her`mo*ge”ni*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A disciple of Hermogenes, an heretical teacher who lived in Africa near the close of the second century. He held matter to be the fountain of all evil, and that souls and spirits are formed of corrupt matter.

Hern (?), n. (Zoöl.) A heron; esp., the common European heron. “A stately hern.” Trench.

Her*na”ni (?), n. A thin silk or woolen goods, for women’s dresses, woven in various styles and colors.

Herne (?), n. [AS. hyrne.] A corner. [Obs.]

Lurking in hernes and in lanes blind.

Chaucer.

Her”ni*a (?), n.; pl. E. Hernias (#), L. Herniæ (#). [L.] (Med.) A protrusion, consisting of an organ or part which has escaped from its natural cavity, and projects through some natural or accidental opening in the walls of the latter; as, hernia of the brain, of the lung, or of the bowels. Hernia of the abdominal viscera in most common. Called also rupture.

Strangulated hernia, a hernia so tightly compressed in some part of the channel through which it has been protruded as to arrest its circulation, and produce swelling of the protruded part. It may occur in recent or chronic hernia, but is more common in the latter.

Her”ni*al (?), a. Of, or connected with, hernia.

Her`ni*ot”o*my (?), n. [Hernia + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Med.) A cutting for the cure or relief of hernia; celotomy.

Hern”shaw (?), n. Heronshaw. [Obs.] Spenser.

He”ro (?), n.; pl. Heroes (#). [F. héros, L. heros, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth.) An illustrious man, supposed to be exalted, after death, to a place among the gods; a demigod, as Hercules.

2. A man of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering; a prominent or central personage in any remarkable action or event; hence, a great or illustrious person.

Each man is a hero and oracle to somebody.

Emerson.

3. The principal personage in a poem, story, and the like, or the person who has the principal share in the transactions related; as Achilles in the Iliad, Ulysses in the Odyssey, and Æneas in the Æneid.

The shining quality of an epic hero.

Dryden.

Hero worship, extravagant admiration for great men, likened to the ancient worship of heroes.

Hero worship exists, has existed, and will forever exist, universally among mankind.

Carlyle.

He*ro”di*an (?), n. (Jewish Hist.) One of a party among the Jews, composed of partisans of Herod of Galilee. They joined with the Pharisees against Christ.

||He*ro`di*o”nes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a heron.] (Zoöl.) A division of wading birds, including the herons, storks, and allied forms. Called also Herodii. — He*ro`di*o”nine (#), a.

He”ro*ess (?), n. A heroine. [Obs.] Dryden.

He*ro”ic (?), a. [F. héroïque, L. heroïcus, Gr. &?;.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or like, a hero; of the nature of heroes; distinguished by the existence of heroes; as, the heroic age; an heroic people; heroic valor.

2. Worthy of a hero; bold; daring; brave; illustrious; as, heroic action; heroic enterprises.

3. (Sculpture & Painting) Larger than life size, but smaller than colossal; — said of the representation of a human figure.

Heroic Age, the age when the heroes, or those called the children of the gods, are supposed to have lived. — Heroic poetry, that which celebrates the deeds of a hero; epic poetry. — Heroic treatment or remedies (Med.), treatment or remedies of a severe character, suited to a desperate case. — Heroic verse (Pros.), the verse of heroic or epic poetry, being in English, German, and Italian the iambic of ten syllables; in French the iambic of twelve syllables; and in classic poetry the hexameter.

Syn. — Brave; intrepid; courageous; daring; valiant; bold; gallant; fearless; enterprising; noble; magnanimous; illustrious.

He*ro”ic*al (?), a. Heroic. [R.] Spectator. — He*ro”ic*al*ly, adv. — He*ro”ic*al*ness, n.

He*ro”ic*ness (?), n. Heroism. [R.] W. Montagu.

{ He`ro*i*com”ic (?), He`ro*i*com”ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. héroïcomigue. See Heroic, and Comic.] Combining the heroic and the ludicrous; denoting high burlesque; as, a heroicomic poem.

Her”o*ine (?), n. [F. héroïne, L. heroina, Gr. &?;, fem. of &?;. See Hero.] 1. A woman of an heroic spirit.

The heroine assumed the woman’s place.

Dryden.

2. The principal female person who figures in a remarkable action, or as the subject of a poem or story.

Her”o*ism (?; 277), n. [F. héroïsme.] The qualities characteristic of a hero, as courage, bravery, fortitude, unselfishness, etc.; the display of such qualities.

Heroism is the self-devotion of genius manifesting itself in action.

Hare.

Syn. — Heroism, Courage, Fortitude, Bravery, Valor, Intrepidity, Gallantry. Courage is generic, denoting fearlessness or defiance of danger; fortitude is passive courage, the habit of bearing up nobly under trials, danger, and sufferings; bravery is courage displayed in daring acts; valor is courage in battle or other conflicts with living opponents; intrepidity is firm courage, which shrinks not amid the most appalling dangers; gallantry is adventurous courage, dashing into the thickest of the fight. Heroism may call into exercise all these modifications of courage. It is a contempt of danger, not from ignorance or inconsiderate levity, but from a noble devotion to some great cause, and a just confidence of being able to meet danger in the spirit of such a cause. Cf. Courage.

Her”on (?), n. [OE. heiroun, heroun, heron, hern, OF. hairon, F. héron, OHG. heigir; cf. Icel. hegri, Dan. heire, Sw. häger, and also G. häher jay, jackdaw, OHG. hehara, higere, woodpecker, magpie, D. reiger heron, G. reiher, AS. hrāgra. Cf. Aigret, Egret.] (Zoöl.) Any wading bird of the genus Ardea and allied genera, of the family Ardeidæ. The herons have a long, sharp bill, and long legs and toes, with the claw of the middle toe toothed. The common European heron (Ardea cinerea) is remarkable for its directly ascending flight, and was formerly hunted with the larger falcons.

&fist; There are several common American species; as, the great blue heron (Ardea herodias); the little blue (A. cœrulea); the green (A. virescens); the snowy (A. candidissima); the night heron or qua-bird (Nycticorax nycticorax). The plumed herons are called egrets.

Heron’s bill (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erodium; — so called from the fancied resemblance of the fruit to the head and beak of the heron.

Her”on*er (?), n. A hawk used in hunting the heron. “Heroner and falcon.” Chaucer.

Her”on*ry (?), n. A place where herons breed.

Her”on*sew (?), n. A heronshaw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her”on*shaw (?), n. [OF. heroncel, dim. of héron. See Heron.] (Zoöl.) A heron. [Written variously hernshaw, harnsey, etc.]

He`ro*öl”o*gist (?), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; discourse.] One who treats of heroes. [R.] T. Warton.

He”ro*ship (?), n. The character or personality of a hero. “Three years of heroship.” Cowper.

Her”pes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. “e`rphs, fr. “e`rpein to creep.] (Med.) An eruption of the skin, taking various names, according to its form, or the part affected; especially, an eruption of vesicles in small distinct clusters, accompanied with itching or tingling, including shingles, ringworm, and the like; — so called from its tendency to creep or spread from one part of the skin to another.

Her*pet”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. herpétique.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the herpes; partaking of the nature of herpes; as, herpetic eruptions.

Her”pe*tism (?), n. [See Herpes.] (Med.) See Dartrous diathesis, under Dartrous.

{ Her*pet`o*log”ic (?), Her*pet`o*log”ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to herpetology.

Her`pe*tol”o*gist (?), n. One versed in herpetology, or the natural history of reptiles.

Her`pe*tol”o*gy (?), n. [Written also, but less properly, erpetology.] [Gr. &?; a creeping thing, reptile (fr. &?; to creep) + -logy: cf. F. herpétologie.] The natural history of reptiles; that branch of zoölogy which relates to reptiles, including their structure, classification, and habits.

Her`pe*tot”o*mist (?), n. One who dissects, or studies the anatomy of, reptiles.

Her`pe*tot”o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; a reptile + &?; to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of reptiles.

||Herr (?), n. A title of respect given to gentlemen in Germany, equivalent to the English Mister.

Her”ring (?), n. [OE. hering, AS. hæring; akin to D. haring, G. häring, hering, OHG. haring, hering, and prob. to AS. here army, and so called because they commonly move in large numbers. Cf. Harry.] (Zoöl.) One of various species of fishes of the genus Clupea, and allied genera, esp. the common round or English herring (C. harengus) of the North Atlantic. Herrings move in vast schools, coming in spring to the shores of Europe and America, where they are salted and smoked in great quantities.

Herring gull (Zoöl.), a large gull which feeds in part upon herrings; esp., Larus argentatus in America, and L. cachinnans in England. See Gull. — Herring hog (Zoöl.), the common porpoise. — King of the herrings. (Zoöl.) (a) The chimæra (C. monstrosa) which follows the schools of herring. See Chimæra. (b) The opah.

Her”ring*bone` (h&ebreve;r”r&ibreve;ng*bōn`), a. Pertaining to, or like, the spine of a herring; especially, characterized by an arrangement of work in rows of parallel lines, which in the alternate rows slope in different directions.

Herringbone stitch, a kind of cross-stitch in needlework, chiefly used in flannel. Simmonds.

Herrn”hut*er (h&etilde;rn”hŭ*&etilde;r; G. h&ebreve;rn”h&oomac;*&etilde;r), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the Moravians; — so called from the settlement of Herrnhut (the Lord’s watch) made, about 1722, by the Moravians at the invitation of Nicholas Lewis, count of Zinzendorf, upon his estate in the circle of Bautzen.

Hers (h&etilde;rz), pron. See the Note under Her, pron.

Her”sal (?), n. Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her”schel (?), n. (Astron.) See Uranus.

Her*sche”li*an (?), a. Of or relating to Sir William Herschel; as, the Herschelian telescope.

Herse (h&etilde;rs), n. [F. herse harrow, portcullis, OF. herce, LL. hercia, L. hirpex, gen. hirpicis, and irpex, gen. irpicis, harrow. The LL. hercia signifies also a kind of candlestick in the form of a harrow, having branches filled with lights, and placed at the head of graves or cenotaphs; whence herse came to be used for the grave, coffin, or chest containing the dead. Cf. Hearse.] 1. (Fort.) A kind of gate or portcullis, having iron bars, like a harrow, studded with iron spikes. It is hung above gateways so that it may be quickly lowered, to impede the advance of an enemy. Farrow.

2. See Hearse, a carriage for the dead.

3. A funeral ceremonial. [Obs.] Spenser.

Herse, v. t. Same as Hearse, v. t. Chapman.

Her*self” (?), pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person feminine pronoun; — used as a subject with she; as, she herself will bear the blame; also used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as, it is herself; she blames herself.

2. Her own proper, true, or real character; hence, her right, or sane, mind; as, the woman was deranged, but she is now herself again; she has come to herself.

By herself, alone; apart; unaccompanied.

Her”sil*lon (?), n. [F., fr. herse a harrow. See Herse, n.] (Fort.) A beam with projecting spikes, used to make a breach impassable.

Hert (?), n. A hart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her”te (?), n. A heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her”te*ly, a. & adv. Hearty; heartily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her”y (?), v. t. [AS. herian.] To worship; to glorify; to praise. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Hes”i*tan*cy (?), n. [L. haesitantia a stammering.] 1. The act of hesitating, or pausing to consider; slowness in deciding; vacillation; also, the manner of one who hesitates.

2. A stammering; a faltering in speech.

Hes”i*tant (?), a. [L. haesitans, p. pr. of haesitare: cf. F. hésitant. See Hesitate.] 1. Not prompt in deciding or acting; hesitating.

2. Unready in speech. Baxter.

Hes”i*tant*ly, adv. With hesitancy or doubt.

Hes”i*tate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hesitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hesitating.] [L. haesitatus, p. p. of haesitare, intens. fr. haerere to hesitate, stick fast; to hang or hold fast. Cf. Aghast, Gaze, Adhere.]

1. To stop or pause respecting decision or action; to be in suspense or uncertainty as to a determination; as, he hesitated whether to accept the offer or not; men often hesitate in forming a judgment. Pope.

2. To stammer; to falter in speaking.

Syn. — To doubt; waver; scruple; deliberate; demur; falter; stammer.

Hes”i*tate, v. t. To utter with hesitation or to intimate by a reluctant manner. [Poetic & R.]

Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.

Pope.

Hes”i*ta`ting*ly, adv. With hesitation or doubt.

Hes`i*ta”tion (?), n. [L. haesitatio: cf. F. hésitation.] 1. The act of hesitating; suspension of opinion or action; doubt; vacillation.

2. A faltering in speech; stammering. Swift.

Hes”i*ta*tive (?), a. Showing, or characterized by, hesitation.

[He said] in his mild, hesitative way.

R. D. Blackmore.

Hes”i*ta*to*ry (?), a. Hesitating. R. North.

Hesp (?), n. [Cf. Icel. hespa a hasp, a wisp or skein. See Hasp.] A measure of two hanks of linen thread. [Scot.] [Written also hasp.] Knight.

Hes”per (?), n. [See Hesperian.] The evening; Hesperus.

Hes*per”e*tin (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance having a sweetish taste, obtained by the decomposition of hesperidin, and regarded as a complex derivative of caffeic acid.

Hes*pe”ri*an (?), a. [L. hesperius, fr. hesperus the evening star, Gr. &?; evening, &?; &?; the evening star. Cf. Vesper.] Western; being in the west; occidental. [Poetic] Milton.

Hes*pe”ri*an, n. A native or an inhabitant of a western country. [Poetic] J. Barlow.

Hes*pe”ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a family of butterflies called Hesperidæ, or skippers. — n. Any one of the numerous species of Hesperidæ; a skipper.

Hes”per*id (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as 3d Hesperian.

Hes*per”i*dene (?), n. [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) An isomeric variety of terpene from orange oil.

||Hes*per”i*des (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.]

1. (Class. Myth.) The daughters of Hesperus, or Night (brother of Atlas), and fabled possessors of a garden producing golden apples, in Africa, at the western extremity of the known world. To slay the guarding dragon and get some of these apples was one of the labors of Hercules. Called also Atlantides.

2. The garden producing the golden apples.

It not love a Hercules,
Still climbing trees in the Hesperides?

Shak.

Hes*per”i*din (?), n. [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in ripe and unripe fruit (as the orange), and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

||Hes`pe*rid”i*um (?), n. [NL. So called in allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides. See Hesperides.] (Bot.) A large berry with a thick rind, as a lemon or an orange.

||Hes`pe*ror”nis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; western + &?;, &?;, a bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of large, extinct, wingless birds from the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas, belonging to the Odontornithes. They had teeth, and were essentially carnivorous swimming ostriches. Several species are known. See Illust. in Append.

||Hes”pe*rus (?), n. [L. See Hesper.] 1. Venus when she is the evening star; Hesper.

2. Evening. [Poetic]

The Sun was sunk, and after him the Star
Of Hesperus.

Milton.

Hes”sian (?), a. Of or relating to Hesse, in Germany, or to the Hessians.

Hessian boots, or Hessians, boot of a kind worn in England, in the early part of the nineteenth century, tasseled in front. Thackeray. — Hessian cloth, or Hessians, a coarse hempen cloth for sacking. — Hessian crucible. See under Crucible. — Hessian fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous fly or midge (Cecidomyia destructor). Its larvæ live between the base of the lower leaves and the stalk of wheat, and are very destructive to young wheat; — so called from the erroneous idea that it was brought into America by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution.

Hes”sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Hesse.

2. A mercenary or venal person. [U. S.]

&fist; This use is a relic of the patriot hatred of the Hessian mercenaries who served with the British troops in the Revolutionary War.

3. pl. See Hessian boots and cloth, under Hessian, a.

Hess”ite (?), n. [After H. Hess.] (Min.) A lead-gray sectile mineral. It is a telluride of silver.

Hest (?), n. [AS. h&?;s, fr. h&?;tan to call, bid. See Hight, and cf. Behest.] Command; precept; injunction. [Archaic] See Behest. “At thy hest.” Shak.

Let him that yields obey the victor’s hest.

Fairfax.

Yet I thy hest will all perform, at full.

Tennyson.

{ Hes”tern (?), Hes*ter”nal (?), } a. [L. hesternus; akin to heri yesterday.] Pertaining to yesterday. [Obs.] See Yester, a. Ld. Lytton.

Hes”y*chast (?), n. [Gr. &?; hermit, fr. &?; to be still or quiet, fr. &?; still, calm.] One of a mystical sect of the Greek Church in the fourteenth century; a quietist. Brande & C.

{ He*tair”ism (?), Het”a*rism (?), } n. [Gr. &?; a companion, a concubine, fem. of &?; a comrade.] A supposed primitive state of society, in which all the women of a tribe were held in common. H. Spencer. — Het`a*ris”tic (#), a.

Hetch”el (?), v. t. Same as Hatchel.

Hete (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hete, later Het.] Variant of Hote. [Obs.]

But one avow to greate God I hete.

Chaucer.

Het”er*a*canth (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; a spine.] (Zoöl.) Having the spines of the dorsal fin unsymmetrical, or thickened alternately on the right and left sides.

Het”er*arch`y (?), n. [Hetero- + -archy.] The government of an alien. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

||Het`e*raux*e”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the other + &?; growth.] (Bot.) Unequal growth of a cell, or of a part of a plant.

Het”er*o- (?). [Gr. “e`teros other.] A combining form signifying other, other than usual, different; as, heteroclite, heterodox, heterogamous.

Het`er*o*car”pism (?), n. [Hetero- + Gr.&?; fruit.] (Bot.) The power of producing two kinds of reproductive bodies, as in Amphicarpæa, in which besides the usual pods, there are others underground.

Het`er*o*car”pous (?), a. (Bot.) Characterized by heterocarpism.

Het`er*o*ceph”a*lous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr.&?; head.] (Bot.) Bearing two kinds of heads or capitula; — said of certain composite plants.

||Het`e*roc”e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + &?; horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of Lepidoptera, including the moths, and hawk moths, which have the antennæ variable in form.

Het`er*o*cer”cal (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; tail.] (Anat.) Having the vertebral column evidently continued into the upper lobe of the tail, which is usually longer than the lower one, as in sharks.

Het”er*o*cer`cy (?), n. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; a tail.] (Anat.) Unequal development of the tail lobes of fishes; the possession of a heterocercal tail.

Het`er*o*chro”mous (?; 277), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; color.] (Bot.) Having the central florets of a flower head of a different color from those of the circumference.

{ Het`er*och”ro*nism (?), Het`er*och”ro*ny (?), } n. [Gr. &?; of different times; &?; other + &?; time.] (Biol.) In evolution, a deviation from the typical sequence in the formation of organs or parts.

Het”er*o*clite, a. [L. heteroclitus, Gr. &?;; &?; other + &?; to lean, incline, inflect: cf. F. hétéroclite.] Deviating from ordinary forms or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal.

Het”er*o*clite, n. 1. (Gram.) A word which is irregular or anomalous either in declension or conjugation, or which deviates from ordinary forms of inflection in words of a like kind; especially, a noun which is irregular in declension.

2. Any thing or person deviating from the common rule, or from common forms. Howell.

{ Het`er*o*clit”ic (?), Het`er*o*clit”ic*al (?), } a. [See Heteroclite.] Deviating from ordinary forms or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal.

Het`er*oc”li*tous (?), a. Heteroclitic. [Obs.]

Het”er*o*cyst (?), n. [Hetero- + cyst.] (Bot.) A cell larger than the others, and of different appearance, occurring in certain algæ related to nostoc.

Het`er*o*dac”tyl (?), a. (Zoöl.) Heterodactylous. — n. One of the Heterodactylæ.

||Het`e*ro*dac”ty*læ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + &?; a finger.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds including the trogons.

Het`er*o*dac”tyl*ous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; a toe.] (Zoöl.) Having the first and second toes turned backward, as in the trogons.

Het”er*o*dont (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?;, &?; a tooth.] (Anat.) Having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molars, as in man; — opposed to homodont.

Het”er*o*dont, n. (Zoöl.) Any animal with heterodont dentition.

Het”er*o*dox (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; other + &?; opinion; cf. F. hétérodoxe.] 1. Contrary to, or differing from, some acknowledged standard, as the Bible, the creed of a church, the decree of a council, and the like; not orthodox; heretical; — said of opinions, doctrines, books, etc., esp. upon theological subjects.

Raw and indigested, heterodox, preaching.

Strype.

2. Holding heterodox opinions, or doctrines not orthodox; heretical; — said of persons. Macaulay.

— Het”er*o*dox`ly, adv. — Het”er*o*dox`ness, n.

Het”er*o*dox, n. An opinion opposed to some accepted standard. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Het”er*o*dox`al (?), a. Not orthodox. Howell.

Het”er*o*dox`y (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. hétérodoxie.] An opinion or doctrine, or a system of doctrines, contrary to some established standard of faith, as the Scriptures, the creed or standards of a church, etc.; heresy. Bp. Bull.

Het`er*od”ro*mous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; to run.] 1. (Bot.) Having spirals of changing direction. Gray.

2. (Mech.) Moving in opposite directions; — said of a lever, pulley, etc., in which the resistance and the actuating force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum or axis.

Het`er*og”a*mous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. ga`mos marriage: cf. F. hétérogame.] (Bot. & Biol.) (a) The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers which differ in regard to stamens and pistils, as in the aster. (b) Characterized by heterogamy.

Het`er*og”a*my (?), n. [See Heterogamous.]

1. (Bot.) The process of fertilization in plants by an indirect or circuitous method; — opposed to orthogamy.

2. (Biol.) That form of alternate generation in which two kinds of sexual generation, or a sexual and a parthenogenetic generation, alternate; — in distinction from metagenesis, where sexual and asexual generations alternate. Claus & Sedgwick.

Het`er*o*gan”gli*ate (?), a. [Hetero- + gangliate.] (Physiol.) Having the ganglia of the nervous system unsymmetrically arranged; — said of certain invertebrate animals.

Het”er*o*gene (?), a. Heterogenous. [Obs.]

Het`er*o*ge”ne*al (?), a. Heterogeneous.

Het`er*o*ge*ne”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. hétérogénéité.] The state of being heterogeneous; contrariety.

The difference, indeed the heterogeneity, of the two may be felt.

Coleridge.

Het`er*o*ge”ne*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; race, kind; akin to E. kin: cf. F. hétérogène.] Differing in kind; having unlike qualities; possessed of different characteristics; dissimilar; — opposed to homogeneous, and said of two or more connected objects, or of a conglomerate mass, considered in respect to the parts of which it is made up. — Het`er*o*ge”ne*ous*ly, adv. — Het`er*o*ge”ne*ous*ness, n.

Heterogeneous nouns (Gram.), nouns having different genders in the singular and plural numbers; as, hic locus, of the masculine gender in the singular, and hi loci and hæc loca, both masculine and neuter in the plural; hoc cælum, neuter in the singular; hi cæli, masculine in the plural. — Heterogeneous quantities (Math.), such quantities as are incapable of being compared together in respect to magnitude, and surfaces and solids. — Heterogeneous surds (Math.), surds having different radical signs.

Het`er*o*gen”e*sis (?), n. [Hetero- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) Spontaneous generation, so called.

2. (Biol.) That method of reproduction in which the successive generations differ from each other, the parent organism producing offspring different in habit and structure from itself, the original form, however, reappearing after one or more generations; — opposed to homogenesis, or gamogenesis.

Het`er*o*ge*net”ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to heterogenesis; as, heterogenetic transformations.

Het`er*og”e*nist (?), n. (Biol.) One who believes in the theory of spontaneous generation, or heterogenesis. Bastian.

Het`er*og”e*nous (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to heterogenesis; heterogenetic.

Het`er*og”e*ny (?), n. (Biol.) Heterogenesis.

Het`er*og”o*nous (?), a. (Bot.) Characterized by heterogony. — Het`er*og”o*nous*ly, adv.

Het`er*og”o*ny (?), n. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; offspring.] (Bot.) The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers, different as to the length of their stamens and pistils.

Het`er*o*graph”ic (?), a. [See Heterography.] Employing the same letters to represent different sounds in different words or syllables; — said of methods of spelling; as, the ordinary English orthography is heterographic.

Het`er*og”ra*phy (?), n. [Hetero- + -graphy.] That method of spelling in which the same letters represent different sounds in different words, as in the ordinary English orthography; e. g., g in get and in ginger.

Het`er*og”y*nous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; a woman, female.] (Zoöl.) Having females very unlike the males in form and structure; — as certain insects, the males of which are winged, and the females wingless.

Het`er*ol”o*gous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; proportion.] Characterized by heterology; consisting of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; different; — opposed to homologous; as, heterologous organs.

Heterologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus. — Heterologous tumor (Med.), a tumor differing in structure from the normal tissues of the body.

Het`er*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Hetero- + -logy.] 1. (Biol.) The absence of correspondence, or relation, in type of structure; lack of analogy between parts, owing to their being composed of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; variation in structure from the normal form; — opposed to homology.

2. (Chem.) The connection or relation of bodies which have partial identity of composition, but different characteristics and properties; the relation existing between derivatives of the same substance, or of the analogous members of different series; as, ethane, ethyl alcohol, acetic aldehyde, and acetic acid are in heterology with each other, though each in at the same time a member of a distinct homologous series. Cf. Homology.

||Het`e*rom”e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + &?; part.] (Zoöl.) A division of Coleoptera, having heteromerous tarsi.

Het`er*om”er*ous (?), a. [See Heteromera.] 1. (Chem & Crystallog.) Unrelated in chemical composition, though similar or indentical in certain other respects; as, borax and augite are homœmorphous, but heteromerous.

2. (Bot.) With the parts not corresponding in number.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the femoral artery developed as the principal artery of the leg; — said of certain birds, as the cotingas and pipras. (b) Having five tarsal joints in the anterior and middle legs, but only four in the posterior pair, as the blister beetles and oil beetles.

Het`er*o*mor”phic (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; form.] (Biol.) Deviating from the normal, perfect, or mature form; having different forms at different stages of existence, or in different individuals of the same species; — applied especially to insects in which there is a wide difference of form between the larva and the adult, and to plants having more than one form of flower.

{ Het`er*o*mor”phism (?), Het`er*o*mor”phy (?), } n. (Biol.) The state or quality of being heteromorphic.

Het`er*o*mor”phous (?), a. (Biol.) Heteromorphic.

||Het`e*ro*my*a”ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + &?; a muscle.] (Zoöl.) A division of bivalve shells, including the marine mussels, in which the two adductor muscles are very unequal. See Dreissena, and Illust. under Byssus.

||Het`e*ro*ne*re”is (?), n. [NL. See Hetero-, and Nereis.] (Zoöl.) A free- swimming, dimorphic, sexual form of certain species of Nereis.

&fist; In this state the head and its appendages are changed in form, the eyes become very large; more or less of the parapodia are highly modified by the development of finlike lobes, and branchial lamellæ, and their setæ become longer and bladelike.

Het`er*on”o*mous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. no`mos law.] Subject to the law of another. Krauth-Fleming.

Het`er*on”o*my (?), n. 1. Subordination or subjection to the law of another; political subjection of a community or state; — opposed to autonomy.

2. (Metaph.) A term applied by Kant to those laws which are imposed on us from without, or the violence done to us by our passions, wants, or desires. Krauth- Fleming.

Het”er*o*nym (?), n. That which is heteronymous; a thing having a different name or designation from some other thing; — opposed to homonym.

Het`er*on”y*mous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. “o`nyma, for “o`noma a name.] Having different names or designations; standing in opposite relations. J. Le Conte.

— Het”er*on”y*mous*ly, adv.

Het`er*o*ou`si*an (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; being, essence.] Having different essential qualities; of a different nature.

Het`er*o*ou”si*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of those Arians who held that the Son was of a different substance from the Father.

Het`er*o*ou”si*ous (?), a. See Heteroousian.

Het`er*o*path”ic (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; suffering, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer.] Of or pertaining to the method of heteropathy; allopathic.

Het`er*op”a*thy (?), n. [See Heteropathic.] (Med.) That mode of treating diseases, by which a morbid condition is removed by inducing an opposite morbid condition to supplant it; allopathy.

Het`er*o*pel”mous (?), a. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Having each of the two flexor tendons of the toes bifid, the branches of one going to the first and second toes; those of the other, to the third and fourth toes. See Illust. in Append.

||Het`e*roph”a*gi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) Altrices.

Het`er*oph”e*mist (?), n. One liable to the fault of heterophemy.

Het`er*oph”e*my (?), n. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; voice, speech, fr. &?; to speak.] The unconscious saying, in speech or in writing, of that which one does not intend to say; — frequently the very reverse of the thought which is present to consciousness. R. G. White.

Het`er*oph”o*ny (?), n. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; voice.] (Med.) An abnormal state of the voice. Mayne.

Het`er*oph”yl*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?; other + &?; leaf: cf. F. hétérophylle.] (Bot.) Having leaves of more than one shape on the same plant.

Het”er*o*plasm (?), n. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; anything formed or molded.] An abnormal formation foreign to the economy, and composed of elements different from those are found in it in its normal condition. Dunglison.

Het`er*o*plas”tic (?), a. [Hetero- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Producing a different type of organism; developing into a different form of tissue, as cartilage which develops into bone. Haeckel.

Het`er*o*pod (?), n. [Cf. F. hétéropode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Heteropoda. — a. Heteropodous.

||Het`e*rop”o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of pelagic Gastropoda, having the foot developed into a median fin. Some of the species are naked; others, as Carinaria and Atlanta, have thin glassy shells.

Het`er*op”o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Heteropoda.

Het`er*op”ter (?), n. One of the Heteroptera.

||Het`e*rop”te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; other + &?; a wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Hemiptera, in which the base of the anterior wings is thickened. See Hemiptera.

Het`er*op”tics (?), n. [Hetero- + optics.] False optics. Spectator.

Het`er*os”cian (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; other + &?; shadow: cf. F. hétéroscien.] One who lives either north or south of the tropics, as contrasted with one who lives on the other side of them; — so called because at noon the shadows always fall in opposite directions (the one northward, the other southward).

||Het`e*ro”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; alteration, fr. &?; other, different.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which one form of a noun, verb, or pronoun, and the like, is used for another, as in the sentence: “What is life to such as me?” Aytoun.

||Het`e*ro*so”ma*ti (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + &?;, &?;, body.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, comprising the flounders, halibut, sole, etc., having the body and head asymmetrical, with both eyes on one side. Called also Heterosomata, Heterosomi.

{ Het`er*o*spor”ic (?), Het`er*o*spor”ous (?), } a. [Hetero- + spore.] (Bot.) Producing two kinds of spores unlike each other.

Het”er*o*styled (?), a. (Bot.) Having styles of two or more distinct forms or lengths. Darwin.

Het`er*o*sty”lism (?), n. (Bot.) The condition of being heterostyled.

Het`er*o*tac”tous (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to, or characterized by, heterotaxy.

Het”er*o*tax`y (?), n. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; an arrangement, fr. &?; to arrange.] (Biol.) Variation in arrangement from that existing in a normal form; heterogenous arrangement or structure, as, in botany, the deviation in position of the organs of a plant, from the ordinary or typical arrangement.

{ Het`er*ot”o*pism (?), Het`er*ot”o*py (?), } n. [Hetero- + Gr. &?; place: cf. F. hétérotopie.] 1. (Med.) A deviation from the natural position; — a term applied in the case of organs or growths which are abnormal in situation.

2. (Biol.) A deviation from the natural position of parts, supposed to be effected in thousands of years, by the gradual displacement of germ cells.

||Het`e*rot”ri*cha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; other + &?;, gen. &?;, a hair.] (Zoöl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria, having fine cilia all over the body, and a circle of larger ones around the anterior end.

Het`er*ot”ro*pal (?), Het`er*ot”ro*pous (&?;), a. [Gr. “etero`tropos turning another way; &?; other + &?; to turn: cf. F. hétérotrope.] (Bot.) Having the embryo or ovule oblique or transverse to the funiculus; amphitropous. Gray.

He”thing (?), n. Contempt; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Het”man (?), n.; pl. Hetmans (#). [Pol. hetman. Cf. Ataman.] A Cossack headman or general. The title of chief hetman is now held by the heir to the throne of Russia.

Heugh (?), n. [Cf. Hogh.] 1. A crag; a cliff; a glen with overhanging sides. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

2. A shaft in a coal pit; a hollow in a quarry. [Scot.]

Heuk (?), n. Variant of Huke. [Obs.]

Heu”land*ite (?), n. [After Heuland, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of the Zeolite family, often occurring in amygdaloid, in foliated masses, and also in monoclinic crystals with pearly luster on the cleavage face. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime.

Heu*ris”tic (h&usl;*r&ibreve;s”t&ibreve;k), a. [Gr. e”yri`skein to discover.] Serving to discover or find out.

Hev”ed (?), n. The head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hew (hū), v. t. [imp. Hewed (hūd); p. p. Hewed or Hewn (hūn); p. pr. & vb. n. Hewing.] [AS. heáwan; akin to D. houwen, OHG. houwan, G. hauen, Icel. höggva, Sw. hugga, Dan. hugge, Lith. kova battle, Russ. kovate to hammer, forge. Cf. Hay cut grass, Hoe.] 1. To cut with an ax; to fell with a sharp instrument; — often with down, or off. Shak.

2. To form or shape with a sharp instrument; to cut; hence, to form laboriously; — often with out; as, to hew out a sepulcher.

Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn.

Is. li. 1.

Rather polishing old works than hewing out new.

Pope.

3. To cut in pieces; to chop; to hack.

Hew them to pieces; hack their bones asunder.

Shak.

Hew, n. Destruction by cutting down. [Obs.]

Of whom he makes such havoc and such hew.

Spenser.

Hew, n. 1. Hue; color. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Shape; form. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hewe (?), n. [Cf. Hind a peasant.] A domestic servant; a retainer. [Obs.] “False homely hewe.” Chaucer.

Hew”er (?), n. One who hews.

Hew”hole` (?), n. [Cf. Hickwall.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker. See Yaffle.

Hewn (?), a. 1. Felled, cut, or shaped as with an ax; roughly squared; as, a house built of hewn logs.

2. Roughly dressed as with a hammer; as, hewn stone.

Hex- (?), Hex”a (#). [Gr. “e`x six. See Six.] A prefix or combining form, used to denote six, sixth, etc.; as, hexatomic, hexabasic.

Hex`a*ba”sic (?), a. [Hexa- + basic.] (Chem.) Having six hydrogen atoms or six radicals capable of being replaced or saturated by bases; — said of acids; as, mellitic acid is hexabasic.

Hex`a*cap”su*lar (?), a. [Hexa- + capsular.] (Bot.) Having six capsules or seed vessels.

Hex”a*chord (?), n. [Hexa- + Gr. &?; string, chord: cf. F. hexacorde.] (Mus.) A series of six notes, with a semitone between the third and fourth, the other intervals being whole tones.

Hex`ac”id (?), a. [Hex- + acid.] (Chem.) Having six atoms or radicals capable of being replaced by acids; hexatomic; hexavalent; — said of bases; as, mannite is a hexacid base.

Hex*ac`ti*nel”lid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having six-rayed spicules; belonging to the Hexactinellinæ.

Hex*ac`ti*nel”line (?), a. [From NL. Hexactinellinæ, fr. Gr. “e`x six + a dim. of &?;, &?;, a ray.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Hexactinellinæ, a group of sponges, having six-rayed siliceous spicules.

||Hex`ac*tin”i*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hex-, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) The Anthozoa.

Hex”ad (?), n. [L. hexas, hexadis, the number six, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. “e`x six.] (chem.) An atom whose valence is six, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, six monad atoms or radicals; as, sulphur is a hexad in sulphuric acid. Also used as an adjective.

Hex`a*dac”tyl*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; “e`x six + &?; finger: cf. F. hexadactyle.] (Zoöl.) Having six fingers or toes.

Hex”ade (?), n. [See Hexad.] A series of six numbers.

Hex”a*dec`ane (?), n. (Chem.) See Hecdecane.

Hex”a*gon (?), n. [L. hexagonum, Gr. &?; six-cornered; “e`x six (akin to E. six) + &?; angle.] (Geom.) A plane figure of six angles.

Regular hexagon, a hexagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides are also all equal.

Hex*ag”o*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. hexagonal.] Having six sides and six angles; six- sided.

Hexagonal system. (Crystal.) See under Crystallization.

Hex*ag”o*nal*ly, adv. In an hexagonal manner.

Hex*ag”o*ny (?), n. A hexagon. [Obs.] Bramhall.

||Hex`a*gyn”i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “e`x six + gynh^ a woman, female: cf. F. hexagynie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan order of plants having six pistils.

Hex`a*gyn”i*an (?), Hex*ag”y*nous (&?;), a. [Cf. F. hexagyne.] (Bot.) Having six pistils.

Hex`a*he”dral (?), a. In the form of a hexahedron; having six sides or faces.

Hex`a*he”dron (?), n.; pl. E. Hexahedrons (#), L. Hexahedra (#). [Hexa- + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit: cf. F. hexaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid body of six sides or faces.

Regular hexahedron, a hexagon having six equal squares for its sides; a cube.

Hex`a*hem”er*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “e`x six + &?; day; cf. L. hexaëmeron, Gr. &?;.]

1. A term of six days. Good.

2. The history of the six day’s work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis.

Hex*am”er*ous (?), a. [Hexa- + Gr.&?; part.] (Bot.) In six parts; in sixes.

Hex*am”e*ter (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; of six meters; (sc. &?;) hexameter verse; “e`x six + &?; measure: cf. F. hexamètre. See Six, and Meter.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth must regularly be a dactyl, and the sixth always a spondee. In this species of verse are composed the Iliad of Homer and the Æneid of Virgil. In English hexameters accent takes the place of quantity.

Leaped like the | roe when he | hears in the | woodland the | voice of the | huntsman.

Longfellow.

Strongly it | bears us a- | long on | swelling and | limitless | billows,
Nothing be- | fore and | nothing be- | hind but the | sky and the | ocean.

Coleridge.

Hex*am”e*ter, a. Having six metrical feet, especially dactyls and spondees. Holland.

{ Hex`a*met”ric (?), Hex`a*met”ric*al (?), } a. Consisting of six metrical feet.

Hex*am”e*trist (?), n. One who writes in hexameters. “The Christian hexametrists.” Milman.

||Hex*an”dri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “e`x six + &?;, &?;, a man, male: cf. F. hexandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants having six stamens.

{ Hex*an”dri*an (?), Hex-an”drous (?), } a. [Cf. F. hexandre.] (Bot.) Having six stamens.

Hex”ane (?), n. [Gr. “e`x six.] (Chem.) Any one of five hydrocarbons, C_6H_14, of the paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, and are so called because the molecule has six carbon atoms.

Hex*an”gu*lar (?), a. [Hex- + angular. Cf. Sexangular.] Having six angles or corners.

Hex`a*pet”al*ous (?), a. [Hexa- + petal: cf. F. hexapétale.] (Bot.) Having six petals.

Hex*aph”yl*lous (?), a. [Hexa- + Gr. &?; a leaf: cf. F. hexaphylle.] (Bot.) Having six leaves or leaflets.

||Hex”a*pla (?), n. Etym. pl., but syntactically sing. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, contr. &?;, sixfold.] A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns; particularly, the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, in the 3d century.

Hex”a*pod (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, sixfooted; “e`x six + &?;, &?;, foot: cf. F. hexapode.] Having six feet. — n. (Zoöl.) An animal having six feet; one of the Hexapoda.

||Hex*ap”o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “e`x six + -poda.] (Zoöl.) The true, or six-legged, insects; insects other than myriapods and arachnids.

&fist; The Hexapoda have the head, thorax, and abdomen differentiated, and are mostly winged. They have three pairs of mouth organs, viz., mandibles, maxillæ, and the second maxillæ or labial palpi; three pairs of thoracic legs; and abdominal legs, which are present only in some of the lowest forms, and in the larval state of some of the higher ones. Many (the Metabola) undergo a complete metamorphosis, having larvæ (known as maggots, grubs, caterpillars) very unlike the adult, and pass through a quiescent pupa state in which no food is taken; others (the Hemimetabola) have larvæ much like the adult, expert in lacking wings, and an active pupa, in which rudimentary wings appear. See Insecta. The Hexapoda are divided into several orders.

Hex*ap”o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having six feet; belonging to the Hexapoda.

Hex*ap”ter*ous (?), a. [Hexa- + Gr. &?; wing.] (Bot.) Having six processes. Gray.

{ Hex”a*stich (?), ||Hex*as”ti*chon (?), } n. [L. hexastichus of six rows, lines, or verses, Gr. &?;; “e`x six + sti`chos row, line, verse.] A poem consisting of six verses or lines.

Hex”a*style (?), a. [Gr. &?; with six columns; “e`x six + column: cf. F. hexastyle.] (Arch.) Having six columns in front; — said of a portico or temple. — n. A hexastyle portico or temple.

Hex”a*teuch` (?), n. [Hexa- + &?; a tool, a book.] The first six books of the Old Testament.

Hex`a*tom”ic (?), a. [Hex- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having six atoms in the molecule. [R.] (b) Having six replaceable radicals.

Hex*av”a*lent (?), a. [Hexa- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of six; — said of hexads.

Hex”de*cyl (?), n. [Hex- + decyl.] (Chem.) The essential radical, C_16H_33, of hecdecane.

Hex`de*cyl”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexdecyl or hecdecane; as, hexdecylic alcohol.

Hex*ei”ko*sane (?), n. [Hex- + eikosane.] (chem.) A hydrocarbon, C_26H_54, resembling paraffine; — so called because each molecule has twenty-six atoms of carbon. [Written also hexacosane.]

Hex”ene (?), n. [Gr. “e`x six.] (Chem.) Same as Hexylene.

Hex`i*col”ogy (?), n. [Gr. &?; state or habit + -logy.] The science which treats of the complex relations of living creatures to other organisms, and to their surrounding conditions generally. St. George Mivart.

Hex”ine (?), n. [Gr. “e`x six.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C_6H_10, of the acetylene series, obtained artificially as a colorless, volatile, pungent liquid; — called also hexoylene.

Hex*oc`ta*he”dron (?), n. [Hex- + octahedron.] (Geom.) A solid having forty-eight equal triangular faces.

Hex*o”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexane; as, hexoic acid.

Hex”one (?), n. [Hex- + - one.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_6H_8, of the valylene series, obtained from distillation products of certain fats and gums.

Hex”yl (?), n. [Hex- + - yl.] (chem.) A compound radical, C_6H_13, regarded as the essential residue of hexane, and a related series of compounds.

Hex”yl*ene (?), n. [Hex- + - yl + ethlene.] (Chem.) A colorless, liquid hydrocarbon, C_6H_12, of the ethylene series, produced artificially, and found as a natural product of distillation of certain coals; also, any one several isomers of hexylene proper. Called also hexene.

Hex*yl”ic (?), a. (chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexyl or hexane; as, hexylic alcohol.

Hey (?), a. [See High.] High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hey (?), interj. [OE. hei; cf. D. & G. hei.] 1. An exclamation of joy, surprise, or encouragement. Shak.

2. A cry to set dogs on. Shak.

Hey”day` (?), interj. [Cf. G. heida, or hei da, D. hei daar. Cf. Hey, and There.] An expression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of wonder. B. Jonson.

Hey”day` (?), n. [Prob. for. high day. See High, and Day.] The time of triumph and exultation; hence, joy, high spirits, frolicsomeness; wildness.

The heyday in the blood is tame.

Shak.

In the heyday of their victories.

J. H. Newman.

Hey”de*guy (?), n. [Perh. fr. heyday + guise.] A kind of country-dance or round. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heyh, Heygh (&?;), a. High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heyne (?), n. [AS. heán low, mean.] A wretch; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hey”ten (?), adv. [Icel. h&?;&?;an.] Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hi*a”tion (?), n. [See Hiatus.] Act of gaping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Hi*a”tus (?), n.; pl. L. Hiatus, E. Hiatuses (#). [L., fr. hiare, hiatum, to gape; akin to E. yawn. See Yawn.] 1. An opening; an aperture; a gap; a chasm; esp., a defect in a manuscript, where some part is lost or effaced; a space where something is wanting; a break.

2. (Gram.) The concurrence of two vowels in two successive words or syllables. Pope.

Hi*ber”na*cle (?), n. [L. hibernaculum a winter residence, pl. hibernacula winter quarters: cf. F. hibernacle. See Hibernate.] That which serves for protection or shelter in winter; winter quarters; as, the hibernacle of an animal or a plant. Martyn.

||Hi`ber*nac”u*lum (?), n. [See Hibernacle.] 1. (Bot.) A winter bud, in which the rudimentary foliage or flower, as of most trees and shrubs in the temperate zone, is protected by closely overlapping scales.

2. (Zoöl.) A little case in which certain insects pass the winter.

3. Winter home or abiding place. J. Burroughs.

Hi*ber”nal (?), a. [L. hibernalis, from the root of hiems winter; akin to Gr. &?; snow, Skr. hima cold, winter, snow: cf. F. hibernal.] Belonging or relating to winter; wintry; winterish. Sir T. Browne.

Hi”ber*nate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hibernated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hibernating (?).] [L. hibernare, hibernatum, fr. hibernus wintry. See Hibernal.] To winter; to pass the season of winter in close quarters, in a torpid or lethargic state, as certain mammals, reptiles, and insects.

Inclination would lead me to hibernate, during half the year, in this uncomfortable climate of Great Britain.

Southey.

Hi`ber*na”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. hibernation.] The act or state of hibernating. Evelyn.

Hi*ber”ni*an (?), a. [L. Hibernia, Ireland.] Of or pertaining to Hibernia, now Ireland; Irish. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Ireland.

{ Hi*ber”ni*cism (?), Hi*ber”ni*an*ism (?), } n. An idiom or mode of speech peculiar to the Irish. Todd.

Hi*ber”no-Celt”ic (?), n. The native language of the Irish; that branch of the Celtic languages spoken by the natives of Ireland. Also adj.

Hi*bis”cus (?), n. [L., marsh mallow; cf. Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees), some species of which have large, showy flowers. Some species are cultivated in India for their fiber, which is used as a substitute for hemp. See Althea, Hollyhock, and Manoe.

Hic”ci*us doc”ti*us (?). [Corrupted fr. L. hic est doctus this is a learned man.] A juggler. [Cant] Hudibras.

Hic”cough (?; 277), n. [OE. hickup, hicket, hickock; prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. & Dan. hik, Sw. hicka, Armor. hak, hik, W. ig, F. hoquet.] (Physiol.) A modified respiratory movement; a spasmodic inspiration, consisting of a sudden contraction of the diaphragm, accompanied with closure of the glottis, so that further entrance of air is prevented, while the impulse of the column of air entering and striking upon the closed glottis produces a sound, or hiccough. [Written also hickup or hiccup.]

Hic”cough (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hiccoughed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hiccoughing.] To have a hiccough or hiccoughs.

Hick”o*ry (?), n. [North American Indian pawcohiccora (Capt. J. Smith) a kind of milk or oily liquor pressed from pounded hickory nuts. “Pohickory” is named in a list of Virginia trees, in 1653, and this was finally shortened to “hickory.” J. H. Trumbull.] (Bot.) An American tree of the genus Carya, of which there are several species. The shagbark is the C. alba, and has a very rough bark; it affords the hickory nut of the markets. The pignut, or brown hickory, is the C. glabra. The swamp hickory is C. amara, having a nut whose shell is very thin and the kernel bitter.

Hickory shad. (Zoöl.) (a) The mattowacca, or fall herring. (b) The gizzard shad.

Hicks”ite (?), n. A member or follower of the “liberal” party, headed by Elias Hicks, which, because of a change of views respecting the divinity of Christ and the Atonement, seceded from the conservative portion of the Society of Friends in the United States, in 1827.

Hick”up (?), n. & v. i. See Hiccough.

{ Hick”wall` (?), Hick”way` (?), } n. [OE., also hyghwhele, highawe.] The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus minor) of Europe. [Prov. Eng.]

Hid (?), imp. & p. p. of Hide. See Hidden.

Hid”age (?), n. [From hide a quantity of land.] (O. Eng. Law.) A tax formerly paid to the kings of England for every hide of land. [Written also hydage.]

Hi*dal”go (?), n. [Sp., contr. fr. hijo de algo, i. e., son of something; hijo son (fr. LL. filius) + algo something, fr. L. aliquod. Cf. Fidalgo.] A title, denoting a Spanish nobleman of the lower class.

Hid”den (?), p. p. & a. from Hide. Concealed; put out of view; secret; not known; mysterious.

Hidden fifths or octaves (Mus.), consecutive fifths or octaves, not sounded, but suggested or implied in the parallel motion of two parts towards a fifth or an octave.

Syn. — Hidden, Secret, Covert. Hidden may denote either known to on one; as, a hidden disease; or intentionally concealed; as, a hidden purpose of revenge. Secret denotes that the thing is known only to the party or parties concerned; as, a secret conspiracy. Covert literally denotes what is not open or avowed; as, a covert plan; but is often applied to what we mean shall be understood, without openly expressing it; as, a covert allusion. Secret is opposed to known, and hidden to revealed.

Bring to light the hidden things of darkness.

1 Cor. iv. 5.

My heart, which by a secret harmony
Still moves with thine, joined in connection sweet.

Milton.

By what best way,
Whether of open war, or covert guile,
We now debate.

Milton.

Hid”den*ite (?), n. [After W. E. Hidden.] (Min.) An emerald-green variety of spodumene found in North Carolina; lithia emerald, — used as a gem.

Hid”den*ly (?), adv. In a hidden manner.

Hide (hīd), v. t. [imp. Hid (h&ibreve;d); p. p. Hidden (h&ibreve;d”d’n), Hid; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding (hīd”&ibreve;ng).] [OE. hiden, huden, AS. h&ymacr;dan; akin to Gr. key`qein, and prob. to E. house, hut, and perh. to E. hide of an animal, and to hoard. Cf. Hoard.] 1. To conceal, or withdraw from sight; to put out of view; to secrete.

A city that is set on an hill can not be hid.

Matt. v. 15.

If circumstances lead me, I will find
Where truth is hid.

Shak.

2. To withhold from knowledge; to keep secret; to refrain from avowing or confessing.

Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate.

Pope.

3. To remove from danger; to shelter.

In the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion.

Ps. xxvi. 5.

To hide one’s self, to put one’s self in a condition to be safe; to secure protection. “A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself.” Prov. xxii. 3. — To hide the face, to withdraw favor. “Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled.” Ps. xxx. 7. — To hide the face from. (a) To overlook; to pardon. “Hide thy face from my sins.” Ps. li. 9. (b) To withdraw favor from; to be displeased with.

Syn. — To conceal; secrete; disguise; dissemble; screen; cloak; mask; veil. See Conceal.

Hide, v. i. To lie concealed; to keep one’s self out of view; to be withdrawn from sight or observation.

Bred to disguise, in public ‘tis you hide.

Pope.

Hide and seek, a play of children, in which some hide themselves, and others seek them. Swift.

Hide, n. [AS. hīd, earlier hīged; prob. orig., land enough to support a family; cf. AS. hīwan, hīgan, members of a household, and E. hind a peasant.] (O. Eng. Law.) (a) An abode or dwelling. (b) A measure of land, common in Domesday Book and old English charters, the quantity of which is not well ascertained, but has been differently estimated at 80, 100, and 120 acres. [Written also hyde.]

Hide, n. [OE. hide, hude, AS. h&ymacr;d; akin to D. huid, OHG. hūt, G. haut, Icel. hūð, Dan. & Sw. hud, L. cutis, Gr. ky`tos; and cf. Gr. sky`tos skin, hide, L. scutum shield, and E. sky. √13.] 1. The skin of an animal, either raw or dressed; — generally applied to the undressed skins of the larger domestic animals, as oxen, horses, etc.

2. The human skin; — so called in contempt.

O tiger’s heart, wrapped in a woman’s hide!

Shak.

Hide (hīd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hided; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding.] To flog; to whip. [Prov. Eng. & Low, U. S.]

Hide”bound` (?), a. 1. Having the skin adhering so closely to the ribs and back as not to be easily loosened or raised; — said of an animal.

2. (Hort.) Having the bark so close and constricting that it impedes the growth; — said of trees. Bacon.

3. Untractable; bigoted; obstinately and blindly or stupidly conservative. Milton. Carlyle.

4. Niggardly; penurious. [Obs.] Quarles.

Hid”e*ous (h&ibreve;d”&esl;*ŭs; 277), a. [OE. hidous, OF. hidous, hidos, hidus, hisdos, hisdous, F. hideux: cf. OF. hide, hisde, fright; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. egidī horror, or L. hispidosus, for hispidus rough, bristly, E. hispid.] 1. Frightful, shocking, or offensive to the eyes; dreadful to behold; as, a hideous monster; hideous looks. “A piteous and hideous spectacle.” Macaulay.

2. Distressing or offensive to the ear; exciting terror or dismay; as, a hideous noise. “Hideous cries.” Shak.

3. Hateful; shocking. “Sure, you have some hideous matter to deliver.” Shak.

Syn. — Frightful; ghastly; grim; grisly; horrid; dreadful; terrible.

— Hid”e*ous*ly, adv. — Hid”e*ous*ness, n.

Hid”er (?), n. One who hides or conceals.

Hid”ing, n. The act of hiding or concealing, or of withholding from view or knowledge; concealment.

There was the hiding of his power.

Hab. iii. 4.

Hid”ing, n. A flogging. [Colloq.] Charles Reade.

Hie (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hying.] [OE. hien, hihen, highen, AS. higian to hasten, strive; cf. L. ciere to put in motion, call upon, rouse, Gr. &?; to go, E. cite.] To hasten; to go in haste; — also often with the reciprocal pronoun. [Rare, except in poetry] “My husband hies him home.” Shak.

The youth, returning to his mistress, hies.

Dryden.

Hie, n. Haste; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hi”ems (?), n. [L.] Winter. Shak.

||Hi”e*ra*pi”cra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; sacred + &?; bitter.] (med.) A warming cathartic medicine, made of aloes and canella bark. Dunglison.

Hi”er*arch (?), n. [LL. hierarcha, Gr. &?;; “iero`s sacred (akin to Skr. ishiras vigorous, fresh, blooming) + &?; leader, ruler, fr. &?; to lead, rule: cf. F. hiérarque.] One who has high and controlling authority in sacred things; the chief of a sacred order; as, princely hierarchs. Milton.

{ Hi”er*arch`al (?), Hi`er*arch”ic (?), } a. Pertaining to a hierarch. “The great hierarchal standard.” Milton.

Hi`er*arch”ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. hiérarchique.] Pertaining to a hierarchy. — Hi`er*arch`ic*al*ly, adv.

Hi”er*arch`ism (?), n. The principles or authority of a hierarchy.

The more dominant hierarchism of the West.

Milman.

Hi”er*arch`y (&ybreve;), n.; pl. Hierarchies (&ibreve;z). [Gr. ‘ierarchi`a: cf. F. hiérarchie.] 1. Dominion or authority in sacred things.

2. A body of officials disposed organically in ranks and orders each subordinate to the one above it; a body of ecclesiastical rulers.

3. A form of government administered in the church by patriarchs, metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, and, in an inferior degree, by priests. Shipley.

4. A rank or order of holy beings.

Standards and gonfalons . . . for distinction serve
Of hierarchies, of orders, and degrees.

Milton.

Hi`er*at”ic (?), a. [L. hieraticus, Gr. &?;; akin to “iero`s sacred: cf. F. hiératique.] Consecrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pertaining to priests.

Hieratic character, a mode of ancient Egyptian writing; a modified form of hieroglyphics, tending toward a cursive hand and formerly supposed to be the sacerdotal character, as the demotic was supposed to be that of the people.

It was a false notion of the Greeks that of the three kinds of writing used by the Egyptians, two — for that reason called hieroglyphic and hieratic — were employed only for sacred, while the third, the demotic, was employed for secular, purposes. No such distinction is discoverable on the more ancient Egyptian monuments; bur we retain the old names founded on misapprehension.

W. H. Ward (Johnson’s Cyc.).

Hi`er*oc”ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. “iero`s sacred + &?; to be strong, rule.] Government by ecclesiastics; a hierarchy. Jefferson.

{ Hi”er*o*glyph (?), Hi`er*o*glyph”ic (?), } n. [Cf. F. hiéroglyphe. See Hieroglyphic, a.]

1. A sacred character; a character in picture writing, as of the ancient Egyptians, Mexicans, etc. Specifically, in the plural, the picture writing of the ancient Egyptian priests. It is made up of three, or, as some say, four classes of characters: first, the hieroglyphic proper, or figurative, in which the representation of the object conveys the idea of the object itself; second, the ideographic, consisting of symbols representing ideas, not sounds, as an ostrich feather is a symbol of truth; third, the phonetic, consisting of symbols employed as syllables of a word, or as letters of the alphabet, having a certain sound, as a hawk represented the vowel a.

2. Any character or figure which has, or is supposed to have, a hidden or mysterious significance; hence, any unintelligible or illegible character or mark. [Colloq.]

{ Hi`er*o*glyph”ic (?), Hi`er*o*glyph”ic*al (?), } a. [L. hieroglyphicus, Gr. &?;; “iero`s sacred + gly`fein to carve: cf. F. hiéroglyphique.]

1. Emblematic; expressive of some meaning by characters, pictures, or figures; as, hieroglyphic writing; a hieroglyphic obelisk.

Pages no better than blanks to common minds, to his, hieroglyphical of wisest secrets.

Prof. Wilson.

2. Resembling hieroglyphics; not decipherable. “An hieroglyphical scrawl.” Sir W. Scott.

Hi`er*o*glyph`ic*ally (?), adv. In hieroglyphics.

Hi`er*og”ly*phist (?; 277), n. One versed in hieroglyphics. Gliddon.

Hi”er*o*gram (?), n. [Gr. “iero`s sacred + -gram.] A form of sacred or hieratic writing.

Hi`er*o*gram”mat”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. hiérogrammatique.] Written in, or pertaining to, hierograms; expressive of sacred writing. Bp. Warburton.

Hi`er*o*gram”ma*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. hiérogrammatiste.] A writer of hierograms; also, one skilled in hieroglyphics. Greenhill.

{ Hi`er*o*graph”ic (?), Hi`er*o*graph”ic*al (?), } a. [L. hierographicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hiérographique.] Of or pertaining to sacred writing.

Hi`er*og”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; “iero`s sacred + gra`fein to write: cf. F. hiérographie.] Sacred writing. [R.] Bailey.

Hi`er*ol”a*try (?), n. [Gr. “iero`s sacred + &?; worship, &?; to worship.] The worship of saints or sacred things. [R.] Coleridge.

{ Hi`er*o*log”ic (?), Hi`er*o*log”ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. hiérologique.] Pertaining to hierology.

Hi`er*ol”o*gist (?), n. One versed in, or whostudies, hierology.

Hi`er*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; “iero`s sacred + &?; discourse: cf. F. hiérologie.] A treatise on sacred things; especially, the science which treats of the ancient writings and inscriptions of the Egyptians, or a treatise on that science.

Hi”er*o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. “iero`s sacred + &?; divination: cf. F. hiéromantie.] Divination by observing the objects offered in sacrifice.

Hi”er*o*mar`tyr (?), n. [Gr. “iero`s sacred + E. martyr.] A priest who becomes a martyr.

||Hi`e*rom*ne”mon (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;; “iero`s sacred + &?; mindful, fr. &?; to think on, remember.] (Gr. Antiq.) 1. The sacred secretary or recorder sent by each state belonging to the Amphictyonic Council, along with the deputy or minister. Liddel & Scott.

2. A magistrate who had charge of religious matters, as at Byzantium. Liddel & Scott.

||Hi”er*on (?), n. [Gr. “iero`n.] A consecrated place; esp., a temple.

Hi`er*on”y*mite (?), n. [From St. Hieronymus, or Jerome.] (Eccl.) See Jeronymite.

Hi*er”o*phant (h&isl;*&ebreve;r”&osl;*fant or hī”&etilde;r; 277), n. [L. hierophanta, hierophantes, Gr. “ierofa`nths; “iero`s sacred + fai`nein to show, make known: cf. F. hiérophante.] The presiding priest who initiated candidates at the Eleusinian mysteries; hence, one who teaches the mysteries and duties of religion. Abp Potter.

Hi`er*o*phan”tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or relating to hierophants or their teachings.

Hi`er*os”co*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; divination; “iero`s sacred + &?; to view.] Divination by inspection of entrails of victims offered in sacrifice.

||Hi`er*o*the”ca (?), n.; pl. -cæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; “iero`s sacred + &?; chest.] A receptacle for sacred objects.

Hi”er*our`gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; “iero`s sacred + &?; work.] A sacred or holy work or worship. [Obs.] Waterland.

Hi`fa*lu”tin (?), n. See Highfaluting.

Hig”gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Higgled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Higgling (?).] [Cf. Haggle, or Huckster.] 1. To hawk or peddle provisions.

2. To chaffer; to stickle for small advantages in buying and selling; to haggle.

A person accustomed to higgle about taps.

Jeffry.

To truck and higgle for a private good.

Emerson.

Hig`gle*dy-pig”gle*dy (?), adv. In confusion; topsy-turvy. [Colloq.] Johnson.

Hig”gler (?), n. One who higgles.

High (?), v. i. [See Hie.] To hie. [Obs.]

Men must high them apace, and make haste.

Holland.

High (?), a. [Compar. Higher (?); superl. Highest.] [OE. high, hegh, hey, heh, AS. heáh, h&?;h; akin to OS. h&?;h, OFries. hag, hach, D. hoog, OHG. h&?;h, G. hoch, Icel. h&?;r, Sw. hög, Dan. höi, Goth. hauhs, and to Icel. haugr mound, G. hügel hill, Lith. kaukaras.] 1. Elevated above any starting point of measurement, as a line, or surface; having altitude; lifted up; raised or extended in the direction of the zenith; lofty; tall; as, a high mountain, tower, tree; the sun is high.

2. Regarded as raised up or elevated; distinguished; remarkable; conspicuous; superior; — used indefinitely or relatively, and often in figurative senses, which are understood from the connection; as —

(a) Elevated in character or quality, whether moral or intellectual; preëminent; honorable; as, high aims, or motives. “The highest faculty of the soul.” Baxter.

(b) Exalted in social standing or general estimation, or in rank, reputation, office, and the like; dignified; as, she was welcomed in the highest circles.

He was a wight of high renown.

Shak.

(c) Of noble birth; illustrious; as, of high family.

(d) Of great strength, force, importance, and the like; strong; mighty; powerful; violent; sometimes, triumphant; victorious; majestic, etc.; as, a high wind; high passions. “With rather a high manner.” Thackeray.

Strong is thy hand, and high is thy right hand.

Ps. lxxxix. 13.

Can heavenly minds such high resentment show?

Dryden.

(e) Very abstract; difficult to comprehend or surmount; grand; noble.

Both meet to hear and answer such high things.

Shak.

Plain living and high thinking are no more.

Wordsworth.

(f) Costly; dear in price; extravagant; as, to hold goods at a high price.

If they must be good at so high a rate, they know they may be safe at a cheaper.

South.

(g) Arrogant; lofty; boastful; proud; ostentatious; — used in a bad sense.

An high look and a proud heart . . . is sin.

Prov. xxi. 4.

His forces, after all the high discourses, amounted really but to eighteen hundred foot.

Clarendon.

3. Possessing a characteristic quality in a supreme or superior degree; as, high (i. e., intense) heat; high (i. e., full or quite) noon; high (i. e., rich or spicy) seasoning; high (i. e., complete) pleasure; high (i. e., deep or vivid) color; high (i. e., extensive, thorough) scholarship, etc.

High time it is this war now ended were.

Spenser.

High sauces and spices are fetched from the Indies.

Baker.

4. (Cookery) Strong-scented; slightly tainted; as, epicures do not cook game before it is high.

5. (Mus.) Acute or sharp; — opposed to grave or low; as, a high note.

6. (Phon.) Made with a high position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate, as ē (ēve), &oomac; (f&oomac;d). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11.

High admiral, the chief admiral. — High altar, the principal altar in a church. — High and dry, out of water; out of reach of the current or tide; — said of a vessel, aground or beached. — High and mighty arrogant; overbearing. [Colloq.] — High art, art which deals with lofty and dignified subjects and is characterized by an elevated style avoiding all meretricious display. — High bailiff, the chief bailiff. — High Church, ∧ Low Church, two ecclesiastical parties in the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church. The high-churchmen emphasize the doctrine of the apostolic succession, and hold, in general, to a sacramental presence in the Eucharist, to baptismal regeneration, and to the sole validity of Episcopal ordination. They attach much importance to ceremonies and symbols in worship. Low-churchmen lay less stress on these points, and, in many instances, reject altogether the peculiar tenets of the high-church school. See Broad Church. — High constable (Law), a chief of constabulary. See Constable, n., 2. — High commission court,a court of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in England erected and united to the regal power by Queen Elizabeth in 1559. On account of the abuse of its powers it was abolished in 1641. — High day (Script.), a holy or feast day. John xix. 31. — High festival (Eccl.), a festival to be observed with full ceremonial. — High German, or High Dutch. See under German. — High jinks, an old Scottish pastime; hence, noisy revelry; wild sport. [Colloq.] “All the high jinks of the county, when the lad comes of age.” F. Harrison. — High latitude (Geog.), one designated by the higher figures; consequently, a latitude remote from the equator. — High life, life among the aristocracy or the rich. — High liver, one who indulges in a rich diet. — High living, a feeding upon rich, pampering food. — High Mass. (R. C. Ch.) See under Mass. — High milling, a process of making flour from grain by several successive grindings and intermediate sorting, instead of by a single grinding. — High noon, the time when the sun is in the meridian. — High place (Script.), an eminence or mound on which sacrifices were offered. — High priest. See in the Vocabulary. — High relief. (Fine Arts) See Alto-rilievo. — High school. See under School. High seas (Law), the open sea; the part of the ocean not in the territorial waters of any particular sovereignty, usually distant three miles or more from the coast line. Wharton. — High steam, steam having a high pressure. — High steward, the chief steward. — High tea, tea with meats and extra relishes. — High tide, the greatest flow of the tide; high water. — High time. (a) Quite time; full time for the occasion. (b) A time of great excitement or enjoyment; a carousal. [Slang] — High treason, treason against the sovereign or the state, the highest civil offense. See Treason.

&fist; It is now sufficient to speak of high treason as treason simply, seeing that petty treason, as a distinct offense, has been abolished. Mozley & W.

— High water, the utmost flow or greatest elevation of the tide; also, the time of such elevation. — High-water mark. (a) That line of the seashore to which the waters ordinarily reach at high water. (b) A mark showing the highest level reached by water in a river or other body of fresh water, as in time of freshet. — High-water shrub (Bot.), a composite shrub (Iva frutescens), growing in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States. — High wine, distilled spirits containing a high percentage of alcohol; — usually in the plural. — To be on a high horse, to be on one’s dignity; to bear one’s self loftily. [Colloq.] — With a high hand. (a) With power; in force; triumphantly. “The children of Israel went out with a high hand.” Ex. xiv. 8. (b) In an overbearing manner, arbitrarily. “They governed the city with a high hand.” Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Syn. — Tall; lofty; elevated; noble; exalted; supercilious; proud; violent; full; dear. See Tall.

High (?), adv. In a high manner; in a high place; to a great altitude; to a great degree; largely; in a superior manner; eminently; powerfully. “And reasoned high.” Milton. “I can not reach so high.” Shak.

&fist; High is extensively used in the formation of compound words, most of which are of very obvious signification; as, high-aimed, high-arched, high-aspiring, high-bearing, high-boasting, high-browed, high-crested, high-crowned, high-designing, high-engendered, high-feeding, high-flaming, high-flavored, high-gazing, high-heaped, high-heeled, high-priced, high-reared, high-resolved, high-rigged, high-seated, high-shouldered, high-soaring, high-towering, high-voiced, and the like.

High and low, everywhere; in all supposable places; as, I hunted high and low. [Colloq.]

High, n. 1. An elevated place; a superior region; a height; the sky; heaven.

2. People of rank or high station; as, high and low.

3. (Card Playing) The highest card dealt or drawn.

High, low, jack, and the game, a game at cards; — also called all fours, old sledge, and seven up. — In high and low, utterly; completely; in every respect. [Obs.] Chaucer. — On high, aloft; above.

The dayspring from on high hath visited us.

Luke i. 78.

— The Most High, the Supreme Being; God.

High (?), v. i. To rise; as, the sun higheth. [Obs.]

High”bind`er (?), n. A ruffian; one who hounds, or spies upon, another; app. esp. to the members of certain alleged societies among the Chinese. [U. S.]

High”-blown` (?), a. Inflated, as with conceit.

High”born` (?), a. Of noble birth. Shak.

High”-bred` (?), a. Bred in high life; of pure blood. Byron.

High”-built` (?), a. Of lofty structure; tall. “High-built organs.” Tennyson.

The high-built elephant his castle rears.

Creech.

High”-church` (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or favoring, the party called the High Church, or their doctrines or policy. See High Church, under High, a.

High”-church`ism (?), n. The principles of the high-church party.

High”-church`man (?), n.; pl. -men (&?;). One who holds high-church principles.

High”-church`man-ship, n. The state of being a high-churchman. J. H. Newman.

High”-col`ored (?), a. 1. Having a strong, deep, or glaring color; flushed. Shak.

2. Vivid; strong or forcible in representation; hence, exaggerated; as, high-colored description.

High”-em*bowed ` (?), a. Having lofty arches. “The high-embowed roof.” Milton.

High”er*ing (?), a. Rising higher; ascending.

In ever highering eagle circles.

Tennyson.

High`fa*lu”ting (?), n. [Perh. a corruption of highflighting.] High-flown, bombastic language. [Written also hifalutin.] [Jocular, U. S.] Lowell.

High”-fed` (?), a. Pampered; fed luxuriously.

High”-fin`ished (?), a. Finished with great care; polished.

High”fli`er (?), n. One who is extravagant in pretensions, opinions, or manners. Swift.

High”-flown` (?), a. 1. Elevated; proud. “High-flown hopes.” Denham.

2. Turgid; extravagant; bombastic; inflated; as, high-flown language. M. Arnold.

High”-flushed` (?), a. Elated. Young.

High”fly`ing (?), a. Extravagant in opinions or ambition. “Highflying, arbitrary kings.” Dryden.

High”-go` (?), n. A spree; a revel. [Low]

High”-hand`ed (?), a. Overbearing; oppressive; arbitrary; violent; as, a high-handed act.

High”-heart`ed (?), a. Full of courage or nobleness; high-souled. — High”- heart`ed*ness, n.

High”-hoe` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker or yaffle. [Written also high-hoo.]

High”-hold`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The flicker; — called also high- hole. [Local, U. S.]

High”land (?), n. Elevated or mountainous land; (often in the pl.) an elevated region or country; as, the Highlands of Scotland.

Highland fling, a dance peculiar to the Scottish Highlanders; a sort of hornpipe.

High”land*er (?), n. An inhabitant of highlands, especially of the Highlands of Scotland.

High”land*ry (?), n. Highlanders, collectively.

High”-low` (?), n. A laced boot, ankle high.

High”ly, adv. In a high manner, or to a high degree; very much; as, highly esteemed.

High”men (?), n. pl. Loaded dice so contrived as to turn up high numbers. [Obs] Sir J. Harrington.

High”-met`tled (?), a. Having abundance of mettle; ardent; full of fire; as, a high-mettled steed.

High”-mind”ed (?), a. 1. Proud; arrogant. [Obs.]

Be not high-minded, but fear.

Rom. xi. 20.

2. Having, or characterized by, honorable pride; of or pertaining to elevated principles and feelings; magnanimous; — opposed to mean.

High-minded, manly recognition of those truths.

A. Norton.

High”-mind`ed*ness, n. The quality of being highminded; nobleness; magnanimity.

High”most` (?), a. Highest. [Obs.] Shak.

High”ness, n. [AS. heáhnes.] 1. The state of being high; elevation; loftiness.

2. A title of honor given to kings, princes, or other persons of rank; as, His Royal Highness. Shak.

High”-palmed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having high antlers; bearing full-grown antlers aloft.

High”-pres`sure (?; 135), a. 1. Having or involving a pressure greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere; — said of steam, air, water, etc., and of steam, air, or hydraulic engines, water wheels, etc.

2. Fig.: Urgent; intense; as, a high- pressure business or social life.

High-pressure engine, an engine in which steam at high pressure is used. It may be either a condensing or a noncondensing engine. Formerly the term was used only of the latter. See Steam engine.

High” priest` (?). (Eccl.) A chief priest; esp., the head of the Jewish priesthood.

High”-priest`hood (?), n. The office, dignity, or position of a high priest.

High”priest`ship, n. High priesthood.

High”-prin`ci*pled (?), a. Possessed of noble or honorable principles.

High”-proof` (?), a. 1. Highly rectified; very strongly alcoholic; as, high-proof spirits.

2. So as to stand any test. “We are high-proof melancholy.” Shak.

High”-raised` (?), a. 1. Elevated; raised aloft; upreared.

2. Elated with great ideas or hopes. Milton.

High”-reach`ing (?), a. Reaching high or upward; hence, ambitious; aspiring. Shak.

High”-red` (?), a. Of a strong red color.

High”road` (?), n. A highway; a much traveled or main road.

High”-sea`soned (?), a. Enriched with spice and condiments; hence, exciting; piquant.

High”-sight`ed (?), a. Looking upward; supercilious. Shak.

High”-souled` (?), a. Having a high or noble spirit; honorable. E. Everett.

High”-sound`ing (?), a. Pompous; noisy; ostentatious; as, high-sounding words or titles.

High”-spir`it*ed (?), a. Full of spirit or natural fire; haughty; courageous; impetuous; not brooking restraint or opposition.

High”-step`per (?), n. A horse that moves with a high step or proud gait; hence, a person having a proud bearing. [Colloq.]

High”-stom`ached (?), a. Having a lofty spirit; haughty. [Obs.] Shak.

High”-strung` (?), a. Strung to a high pitch; spirited; sensitive; as, a high-strung horse.

High”-swell`ing (?), a. Inflated; boastful.

Hight (?), n. A variant of Height.

Hight (?), v. t. & i. [imp. Hight, Hot (&?;), p. p. Hight, Hote (&?;), Hoten (&?;). See Hote.] [OE. heiten, highten, haten, hoten; also hight, hatte, hette, is called, was called, AS. hātan to call, name, be called, to command, promise; also hātte is called, was called; akin to G. heissen to call, be called, bid, Goth. haitan to call, in the passive, to be called.] 1. To be called or named. [Archaic & Poetic.]

&fist; In the form hight, it is used in a passive sense as a present, meaning is called or named, also as a preterite, was called or named. This form has also been used as a past participle. See Hote.

The great poet of Italy,
That highte Dante.

Chaucer.

Bright was her hue, and Geraldine she hight.

Surrey.

Entered then into the church the Reverend Teacher.
Father he hight, and he was, in the parish.

Longfellow.

Childe Harold was he hight.

Byron.

2. To command; to direct; to impel. [Obs.]

But the sad steel seized not where it was hight
Upon the child, but somewhat short did fall.

Spenser.

3. To commit; to intrust. [Obs.]

Yet charge of them was to a porter hight.

Spenser.

4. To promise. [Obs.]

He had hold his day, as he had hight.

Chaucer.

Hight”en*er (?), n. That which heightens.

Highth (hīth or hītth), n. Variant of Height. [Obs.]

High”-toned` (?), a. 1. High in tone or sound.

2. Elevated; high-principled; honorable.

In whose high-toned impartial mind
Degrees of mortal rank and state
Seem objects of indifferent weight.

Sir W. Scott.

High”-top` (?), n. A ship’s masthead. Shak.

High”ty-tigh”ty (?), a. Hoity- toity.

High”way` (?), n. A road or way open to the use of the public; a main road or thoroughfare.

Syn. — Way; road; path; course.

High”way`man (?), n.; pl. Highwaymen (&?;). One who robs on the public road; a highway robber.

High”-wrought` (?), a. 1. Wrought with fine art or skill; elaborate. [Obs.] Pope.

2. Worked up, or swollen, to a high degree; as, a highwrought passion. “A high-wrought flood.” Shak.

Hi”gre (?), n. See Eagre. [Obs.] Drayton.

Hig”ta`per (?), n. [Cf. Hag taper.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Verbascum (V. Thapsus); the common mullein. [Also high-taper and hag-taper.]

Hij”e*ra (?), Hij”ra (&?;), n. See Hegira.

Hi”lal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a hilum.

Hi”lar (?), a. (Bot.) Belonging to the hilum.

Hi*la”ri*ous (?), a. [L. hilaris, hilarus, Gr. &?;; cf. &?; gracious, kindly.] Mirthful; noisy; merry.

Hi*lar”i*ty (?; 277), n. [L. hilaritas: cf. F. hilarité. See Hilarious.] Boisterous mirth; merriment; jollity. Goldsmith.

&fist; Hilarity differs from joy: the latter, excited by good news or prosperity, is an affection of the mind; the former, produced by social pleasure, drinking, etc., which rouse the animal spirits, is more demonstrative.

Syn. — Glee; cheerfulness; mirth; merriment; gayety; joyousness; exhilaration; joviality; jollity.

Hil”a*ry term` (?). Formerly, one of the four terms of the courts of common law in England, beginning on the eleventh of January and ending on the thirty-first of the same month, in each year; — so called from the festival of St. Hilary, January 13th.

&fist; The Hilary term is superseded by the Hilary sittings, which commence on the eleventh of January and end on the Wednesday before Easter. Mozley & W.

Hil”ding (?), n. [Prob. a corruption of hindling, dim. of hind, adj. Cf. Prov. E. hilderling, hinderling. See Hinderling.] A base, menial wretch. — a. Base; spiritless. [Obs.] Shak.

Hile (?), v. t. To hide. See Hele. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hile (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Hilum.

Hill (?), n. [OE. hil, hul, AS. hyll; akin to OD. hille, hil, L. collis, and prob. to E. haulm, holm, and column. Cf. 2d Holm.] 1. A natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth rising above the common level of the surrounding land; an eminence less than a mountain.

Every mountain and hill shall be made low.

Is. xl. 4.

2. The earth raised about the roots of a plant or cluster of plants. [U. S.] See Hill, v. t.

3. A single cluster or group of plants growing close together, and having the earth heaped up about them; as, a hill of corn or potatoes. [U. S.]

Hill ant (Zoöl.), a common ant (Formica rufa), of Europe and America, which makes mounds or ant-hills over its nests. — Hill myna (Zoöl.), one of several species of birds of India, of the genus Gracula, and allied to the starlings. They are easily taught to speak many words. [Written also hill mynah.] See Myna. — Hill partridge (Zoöl.), a partridge of the genus Aborophila, of which numerous species in habit Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Hill tit (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small Asiatic singing birds of the family Leiotrichidæ. Many are beautifully colored.

Hill (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hilling.] To surround with earth; to heap or draw earth around or upon; as, to hill corn.

Showing them how to plant and hill it.

Palfrey.

Hill”i*ness (?), n. The state of being hilly.

Hill”ing, n. The act or process of heaping or drawing earth around plants.

Hill”ock (?), n. A small hill. Shak.

Hill”side` (?), n. The side or declivity of a hill.

Hill”top` (?), n. The top of a hill.

Hill”y (?), a. 1. Abounding with hills; uneven in surface; as, a hilly country. “Hilly steep.” Dryden.

2. Lofty; as, hilly empire. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Hilt (?), n. [AS. hilt, hilte; akin to OHG. helza, Prov. G. hilze, Icel. hjalt.] 1. A handle; especially, the handle of a sword, dagger, or the like.

Hilt”ed, a. Having a hilt; — used in composition; as, basket-hilted, cross- hilted.

Hi”lum (?), n. [L., a little thing, trifle.] 1. (Bot.) The eye of a bean or other seed; the mark or scar at the point of attachment of an ovule or seed to its base or support; — called also hile.

2. (Anat.) The part of a gland, or similar organ, where the blood vessels and nerves enter; the hilus; as, the hilum of the kidney.

||Hi”lus (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Hilum, 2.

Him (?), pron. Them. See Hem. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him, pron. [AS. him, dat. of hē. √183. See He.] The objective case of he. See He.

Him that is weak in the faith receive.

Rom. xiv. 1.

Friends who have given him the most sympathy.

Thackeray.

&fist; In old English his and him were respectively the genitive and dative forms of it as well as of he. This use is now obsolete. Poetically, him is sometimes used with the reflexive sense of himself.

I never saw but Humphrey, duke of Gloster,
Did bear him like a noble gentleman.

Shak.

Hi*ma”la*yan (?), a. [Skr. himālaya, prop., the abode of snow.] Of or pertaining to the Himalayas, the great mountain chain in Hindostan.

Himp”ne (?), n. A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him*self” (?), pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person masculine pronoun; — used as a subject usually with he; as, he himself will bear the blame; used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as, it is himself who saved himself.

But he himself returned from the quarries.

Judges iii. 19.

David hid himself in the field.

1 Sam. xx. 24.

The Lord himself shall give you a sign.

Is. vii. 14.

Who gave himself for us, that he might . . . purify unto himself a peculiar people.

Titus ii. 14.

With shame remembers, while himself was one
Of the same herd, himself the same had done.

Denham.

&fist; Himself was formerly used instead of itself. See Note under Him.

It comprehendeth in himself all good.

Chaucer.

2. One’s true or real character; one’s natural temper and disposition; the state of being in one’s right or sane mind (after unconsciousness, passion, delirium, or abasement); as, the man has come to himself.

By himself, alone; unaccompanied; apart; sequestered; as, he sits or studies by himself. — To leave one to himself, to withdraw from him; to let him take his own course.

Him*self” (?), Him*selve” (&?;), Him*selv”en (&?;), pron. pl. Themselves. See Hemself. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him*selve” (?), pron. See 1st Himself. [Obs.]

{ Him*yar”ic (?), Him`ya*rit”ic (?), } a. Pertaining to Himyar, an ancient king of Yemen, in Arabia, or to his successors or people; as, the Himjaritic characters, language, etc.; applied esp. to certain ancient inscriptions showing the primitive type of the oldest form of the Arabic, still spoken in Southern Arabia. Brande & C.

Hin (?), n. [Heb. hīn.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing three quarts, one pint, one gill, English measure. W. H. Ward.

Hind (?), n. [AS. hind; akin to D. hinde, OHG. hinta, G. hinde, hindin, Icel., Sw., & Dan. hind, and perh. to Goth. hinpan to seize (in comp.), E. hunt, or cf. Gr. &?; a young deer.] 1. (Zoöl.) The female of the red deer, of which the male is the stag.

2. (Zoöl.) A spotted food fish of the genus Epinephelus, as E. apua of Bermuda, and E. Drummond-hayi of Florida; — called also coney, John Paw, spotted hind.

Hind, n. [OE. hine, AS. hīne, hīna, orig. gen. pl. of hīwan domestics; akin to Icel. hjū man and wife, domestics, family, Goth. heiwafrauja master of the house, G. heirath marriage; cf. L. civis citizen, E. city or E. home. Cf. Hide a measure of land.] 1. A domestic; a servant. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A peasant; a rustic; a farm servant. [Eng.]

The hind, that homeward driving the slow steer
Tells how man’s daily work goes forward here.

Trench.

Hind, a. [Compar. Hinder (?); superl. Hindmost (?), or Hindermost (&?;).] [OE. hind, adv., back, AS. hindan behind. See Hinder, a.] In the rear; — opposed to front; of or pertaining to the part or end which follows or is behind, in opposition to the part which leads or is before; as, the hind legs or hind feet of a quadruped; the hind man in a procession.

Hind”ber*ry (?), n. [AS. hindberie; akin to OHG. hintberi, G. himbeere. So called because hinds or stags are fond of them. See 1st Hind, and Berry.] The raspberry. [Prov. Eng.]

Hind”brain` (?), n. [Hind, adj. + brain.] (Anat.) The posterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the epencephalon and metencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the epencephalon only.

Hind”er (?), a. [OE. hindere, AS. hinder, adv., behind; akin to OHG. hintar, prep., behind, G. hinter, Goth. hindar; orig. a comparative, and akin to AS. hine hence. See Hence, He, and cf. Hind, a., Hindmost.] Of or belonging to that part or end which is in the rear, or which follows; as, the hinder part of a wagon; the hinder parts of a horse.

He was in the hinder part of the ship.

Mark iv. 38.

Hin”der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hindered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hindering.] [OE. hindren, hinderen, AS. hindrian, fr. hinder behind; akin to D. hinderen, G. hindern, OHG. hintar&?;n, Icel. & Sw. hindra, Dan. hindre. See Hinder, a.] 1. To keep back or behind; to prevent from starting or moving forward; to check; to retard; to obstruct; to bring to a full stop; — often followed by from; as, an accident hindered the coach; drought hinders the growth of plants; to hinder me from going.

Them that were entering in ye hindered.

Luke xi. 52.

I hinder you too long.

Shak.

2. To prevent or embarrass; to debar; to shut out.

What hinders younger brothers, being fathers of families, from having the same right?

Locke.

Syn. — To check; retard; impede; delay; block; clog; prevent; stop; interrupt; counteract; thwart; oppose; obstruct; debar; embarrass.

Hin”der, v. i. To interpose obstacles or impediments; to be a hindrance.

This objection hinders not but that the heroic action of some commander . . . may be written.

Dryden.

Hin”der*ance (?). n. Same as Hindrance.

Hin”der*er (?), n. One who, or that which, hinders.

Hind”er*est (?), a. Hindermost; — superl. of Hind, a. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hind”er*ling (?), n. [AS. hinderling one who comes behind his ancestors, fr. AS. hinder behind. See Hinder, a., and cf. Hilding.] A worthless, base, degenerate person or animal. [Obs.] Callander.

{ Hind”er*most`, Hind”most` } (?), a. [The superlative of hind. See Hind, a.] [Cf. AS. hindema (akin to Goth. hindumists), a superlative from the same source as the comparative hinder. See Hinder, a., and cf. Aftermost.] Furthest in or toward the rear; last. “Rachel and Joseph hindermost.” Gen. xxxiii. 2.

Hind”gut` (?), n. [Hind, a. + gut.] (Anat.) The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and sometimes the large intestine also.

Hin”di (?), n. [Prop. a Per. adj. meaning, Indian, Hindoo.] The name given by Europeans to that form of the Hindustani language which is chiefly spoken by native Hindoos. In employs the Devanagari character, in which Sanskrit is written. Whitworth.

Hind”ley”s screw` (?). (Mech.) A screw cut on a solid whose sides are arcs of the periphery of a wheel into the teeth of which the screw is intended to work. It is named from the person who first used the form.

{ Hin”doo, Hin”du } (?; 277), n.; pl. Hindoos (#) or Hindus. [Per. Hindū, fr. Hind, Hindūstān, India. Cf. Indian.] A native inhabitant of Hindostan. As an ethnical term it is confined to the Dravidian and Aryan races; as a religious name it is restricted to followers of the Veda.

{ Hin”doo*ism, Hin”du*ism } (?), n. The religious doctrines and rites of the Hindoos; Brahmanism.

{ Hin”doo*sta”nee, Hin”du*sta”ni } (?), a. [Hind. Hindūstānī an Indian, fr. Hind. and Per. Hindūstān India.] Of or pertaining to the Hindoos or their language. — n. The language of Hindostan; the name given by Europeans to the most generally spoken of the modern Aryan languages of India. It is Hindi with the addition of Persian and Arabic words.

Hin”drance (?), n. [See Hinder, v. t.] 1. The act of hindering, or the state of being hindered.

2. That which hinders; an impediment.

What various hindrances we meet.

Cowper.

Something between a hindrance and a help.

Wordsworth.

Syn. — Impediment; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; interruption; check; delay; restraint.

Hin”du (?), n. Same as Hindoo.

Hine (?), n. [See Hind a servant.] A servant; a farm laborer; a peasant; a hind. [Obs.]

Bailiff, herd, nor other hine.

Chaucer.

Hinge (?), n. [OE. henge, heeng; akin to D. heng, LG. henge, Prov. E. hingle a small hinge; connected with hang, v., and Icel. hengja to hang. See Hang.]

1. The hook with its eye, or the joint, on which a door, gate, lid, etc., turns or swings; a flexible piece, as a strip of leather, which serves as a joint to turn on.

The gate self-opened wide,
On golden hinges turning.

Milton.

2. That on which anything turns or depends; a governing principle; a cardinal point or rule; as, this argument was the hinge on which the question turned.

3. One of the four cardinal points, east, west, north, or south. [R.]

When the moon is in the hinge at East.

Creech.

Nor slept the winds . . . but rushed abroad.

Milton.

Hinge joint. (a) (Anat.) See Ginglymus. (b) (Mech.) Any joint resembling a hinge, by which two pieces are connected so as to permit relative turning in one plane. — To be off the hinges, to be in a state of disorder or irregularity; to have lost proper adjustment. Tillotson.

Hinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hinging (?).] 1. To attach by, or furnish with, hinges.

2. To bend. [Obs.] Shak.

Hinge (?), v. i. To stand, depend, hang, or turn, as on a hinge; to depend chiefly for a result or decision or for force and validity; — usually with on or upon; as, the argument hinges on this point. I. Taylor

Hinged (?), a. Furnished with hinges.

Hinge”less (?), a. Without a hinge or joint.

Hink (?), n. A reaping hook. Knight.

{ Hin”ni*ate (?), Hin”ny (?) } v. i. [L. hinnire.] To neigh; to whinny. [Obs.]

Hin”ny, n.; pl. Hinnies (#). [L. hinnus, cf. Gr. &?;.] A hybrid between a stallion and an ass.

Hin”ny, n. A term of endearment; darling; — corrupted from honey. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hint (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hinting.] [OE. henten, hinten, to seize, to catch, AS. hentan to pursue, take, seize; or Icel. ymta to mutter, ymtr a muttering, Dan. ymte to whisper. √36. Cf. Hent.] To bring to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion; to suggest in an indirect manner; as, to hint a suspicion.

Just hint a fault and hesitate dislike.

Pope.

Syn. — To suggest; intimate; insinuate; imply.

Hint, v. i. To make an indirect reference, suggestion, or allusion; to allude vaguely to something.

We whisper, and hint, and chuckle.

Tennyson.

To hint at, to allude to lightly, indirectly, or cautiously.

Syn. — To allude; refer; glance; touch.

Hint, n. A remote allusion; slight mention; intimation; insinuation; a suggestion or reminder, without a full declaration or explanation; also, an occasion or motive.

Our hint of woe
Is common.

Shak.

The hint malevolent, the look oblique.

Hannah More.

Syn. — Suggestion; allusion. See Suggestion.

Hint”ing*ly (?), adv. In a hinting manner.

Hip (?), n. [OE. hipe, huppe, AS. hype; akin to D. heup, OHG. huf, G. hüfte, Dan. hofte, Sw. höft, Goth. hups; cf. Icel. huppr, and also Gr. &?; the hollow above the hips of cattle, and Lith. kumpis ham.]

1. The projecting region of the lateral parts of one side of the pelvis and the hip joint; the haunch; the huckle.

2. (Arch.) The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides or skirts of a roof, which have their wall plates running in different directions.

3. (Engin) In a bridge truss, the place where an inclined end post meets the top chord. Waddell.

Hip bone (Anat.), the innominate bone; — called also haunch bone and huckle bone. — Hip girdle (Anat.), the pelvic girdle. — Hip joint (Anat.), the articulation between the thigh bone and hip bone. — Hip knob (Arch.), a finial, ball, or other ornament at the intersection of the hip rafters and the ridge. — Hip molding (Arch.), a molding on the hip of a roof, covering the hip joint of the slating or other roofing. — Hip rafter (Arch.), the rafter extending from the wall plate to the ridge in the angle of a hip roof. — Hip roof, Hipped roof (Arch.), a roof having sloping ends and sloping sides. See Hip, n., 2., and Hip, v. t., 3. — Hip tile, a tile made to cover the hip of a roof. — To catch upon the hip, or To have on the hip, to have or get the advantage of; — a figure probably derived from wresting. Shak. — To smite hip and thigh, to overthrow completely; to defeat utterly. Judg. xv. 8.

Hip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hipping.] 1. To dislocate or sprain the hip of, to fracture or injure the hip bone of (a quadruped) in such a manner as to produce a permanent depression of that side.

2. To throw (one’s adversary) over one’s hip in wrestling (technically called cross buttock).

3. To make with a hip or hips, as a roof.

Hipped roof. See Hip roof, under Hip.

Hip (?), n. [OE. hepe, AS. heópe; cf. OHG. hiufo a bramble bush.] (Bot.) The fruit of a rosebush, especially of the English dog-rose (Rosa canina). [Written also hop, hep.]

Hip tree (Bot.), the dog- rose.

Hip, interj. Used to excite attention or as a signal; as, hip, hip, hurra!

Hip, or Hipps (&?;), n. See Hyp, n. [Colloq.]

Hip”halt` (?), a. Lame in the hip. [R.] Gower.

{ Hip”pa (?), Hip”pe (?), } n. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine decapod crustaceans, which burrow rapidly in the sand by pushing themselves backward; — called also bait bug. See Illust. under Anomura.

||Hip*pa”ri*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a pony, dim. of &?; a horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Tertiary mammals allied to the horse, but three-toed, having on each foot a small lateral hoof on each side of the main central one. It is believed to be one of the ancestral genera of the Horse family.

{ Hipped (?), Hip”pish (?), } a. [From 5th Hip.] Somewhat hypochondriac; melancholy. See Hyppish. [Colloq.]

When we are hipped or in high spirits.

R. L. Stevenson.

||Hip`po*bos”ca (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “i`ppos horse + &?; to feed.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects including the horsefly or horse tick. — Hip`po*bos”can (#), a.

Hip”po*camp (?), n. See Hippocampus.

Hip`po*cam”pal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hippocampus.

Hip`po*cam”pus (?), n. [L., the sea horse, Gr. &?; a hippocampus (in senses 1 and 2); “i`ppos horse + &?; to bend.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A fabulous monster, with the head and fore quarters of a horse joined to the tail of a dolphin or other fish (Hippocampus brevirostris), — seen in Pompeian paintings, attached to the chariot of Neptune. Fairholt.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of lophobranch fishes of several species in which the head and neck have some resemblance to those of a horse; — called also sea horse.

&fist; They swim slowly, in an erect position, and often cling to seaweeds by means of the incurved prehensile tail. The male has a ventral pouch, in which it carries the eggs till hatched.

3. (Zoöl.) A name applied to either of two ridges of white matter in each lateral ventricle of the brain. The larger is called hippocampus major or simply hippocampus. The smaller, hippocampus minor, is called also ergot and calcar.

Hip`po*cen”taur (?), n. [L. hippocentaurus, Gr. &?;; “i`ppos horse + &?; centaur.] (Myth.) Same as Centaur.

Hip”po*cras (?), n. [F. hippocras, hypocras, NL. vinum hippocraticum, lit., wine of Hippocrates.] A cordial made of spiced wine, etc.

Hip*poc”ra*tes (?), n. A famous Greek physician and medical writer, born in Cos, about 460 B. C.

Hippocrates’ sleeve, a conical strainer, made by stitching together two adjacent sides of a square piece of cloth, esp. flannel of linen.

Hip”po*crat”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Hippocrates, or to his teachings.

Hippocratic face [L. facies Hippocratica], the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. The nose is pinched, the eyes are sunk, the temples hollow, the ears cold and retracted, the skin of the forehead tense and dry, the complexion livid, the lips pendent, relaxed, and cold; — so called, as having been described by Hippocrates. Dunglison. — Hippocratic oath, an oath said to have been dictated by Hippocrates to his disciples. Such an oath is still administered to candidates for graduation in medicine.

Hip*poc”ra*tism (?), n. The medical philosophy or system of Hippocrates.

Hip”po*crene (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; “i`ppos horse + &?; a fountain.] A fountain on Mount Helicon in Bœotia, fabled to have burst forth when the ground was struck by the hoof of Pegasus. Also, its waters, which were supposed to impart poetic inspiration. Keats.

Nor maddening draughts of Hippocrene.

Longfellow.

Hip”po*crep”i*an (?), n. [See Hippocrepiform.] (Zoöl.) One of an order of fresh-water Bryozoa, in which the tentacles are on a lophophore, shaped like a horseshoe. See Phylactolæma.

Hip`po*crep`i*form (?), a. [Gr. “i`ppos horse + &?; shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a horseshoe.

Hip”po*dame (?), n. [Cf. F. hippopotame.] A fabulous sea monster. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hip”po*drome (?), n. [L. hippodromos, Gr. &?;; “i`ppos horse + &?; course, fr. &?; to run: cf. F. hippodrome.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A place set apart for equestrian and chariot races.

2. An arena for equestrian performances; a circus.

Hip”po*griff (?), n. [F. hippogriffe; cf. It. ippogrifo. See Hippopotamus, Griffon.] (Myth.) A fabulous winged animal, half horse and half griffin. Milton.

Hip”po*lith (?), n. [Gr. “i`ppos horse + -lith.] A concretion, or kind of bezoar, from the intestines of the horse.

Hip`po*pa*thol`o*gy (?), n. [Gr. “i`ppos horse + E. pathology: cf. F. hippopathologie.] The science of veterinary medicine; the pathology of the horse.

Hip*poph”a*gi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hippophagous.] Eaters of horseflesh.

Hip*poph”a*gism (?), n. Hippophagy. Lowell.

Hip*poph”a*gist (?), n. One who eats horseflesh.

Hip*poph”a*gous (?), a. [Gr. “i`ppos horse + &?; to eat: cf. F. hippophage.] Feeding on horseflesh; — said of certain nomadic tribes, as the Tartars.

Hip*poph”a*gy (?), n. [Cf. F. hippophagie.] The act or practice of feeding on horseflesh.

Hip”po*phile (?), n. [Gr. “i`ppos horse + &?; to love.] One who loves horses. Holmes.

Hip`po*pot”a*mus (?), n.; pl. E. Hippopotamuses (#), L. Hippopotami (#). [L., from Gr.&?;; “i`ppos horse + &?; river. Cf. Equine.] (Zoöl.) A large, amphibious, herbivorous mammal (Hippopotamus amphibius), common in the rivers of Africa. It is allied to the hogs, and has a very thick, naked skin, a thick and square head, a very large muzzle, small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, and short legs. It is supposed to be the behemoth of the Bible. Called also zeekoe, and river horse. A smaller species (H. Liberiencis) inhabits Western Africa.

Hip*pot”o*my (?), n. [Gr. “i`ppos horse + &?; to cut: cf. F. hippotomie.] Anatomy of the horse.

Hip*pu”ric (?), a. [Gr. “i`ppos horse + o”y`ron urine: cf. F. hippurique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Obtained from the urine of horses; as, hippuric acid.

Hippuric acid, a white crystalline substance, containing nitrogen, present in the urine of herbivorous animals, and in small quantity in human urine. By the action of acids, it is decomposed into benzoic acid and glycocoll.

Hip”pu*rite (?), n. [Gr. &?; decked with a horse’s tail; “i`ppos horse + &?; tail: cf. F. hippurite.] (Paleon.) A fossil bivalve mollusk of the genus Hippurites, of many species, having a conical, cup- shaped under valve, with a flattish upper valve or lid. Hippurites are found only in the Cretaceous rocks.

Hip”-roofed` (?), a. Having a hip roof.

Hip”shot` (?), a. [Hip + shot.] Having the hip dislocated; hence, having one hip lower than the other. L’Estrange.

Hip” tree` (?). (Bot.) The dog- rose.

Hir (?), pron. [Obs.] See Here, pron. Chaucer.

Hir”cic (?), a. [Cf. F. hircique. See Hircin.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mutton suet; — applied by Chevreul to an oily acid which was obtained from mutton suet, and to which he attributed the peculiar taste and smell of that substance. The substance has also been called hircin. Watts.

Hir”cin (?), n. [L. hircus, he- goat, buck: cf. F. hircine.] (Chem.) Hircic acid. See Hircic. [R.]

{ Hir”cine (?), Hir”ci*nous (?), } a. [L. hircinus, fr. hircus hegoat: cf. F. hircin.] 1. Goatlike; of or pertaining to a goat or the goats.

2. Of a strong goatish smell.

Hire (h&etilde;r), pron. [Obs.] See Here, pron. Chaucer.

Hire (hīr), n. [OE. hire, hure, AS. h&ymacr;r; akin to D. huur, G. heuer, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra.] 1. The price, reward, or compensation paid, or contracted to be paid, for the temporary use of a thing or a place, for personal service, or for labor; wages; rent; pay.

The laborer is worthy of his hire.

Luke x. 7.

2. (Law.) A bailment by which the use of a thing, or the services and labor of a person, are contracted for at a certain price or reward. Story.

Syn. — Wages; salary; stipend; allowance; pay.

Hire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hired (hīrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hiring.] [OE. hiren, huren, AS. h&ymacr;rian; akin to D. huren, G. heuern, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra. See Hire, n.]

1. To procure (any chattel or estate) from another person, for temporary use, for a compensation or equivalent; to purchase the use or enjoyment of for a limited time; as, to hire a farm for a year; to hire money.

2. To engage or purchase the service, labor, or interest of (any one) for a specific purpose, by payment of wages; as, to hire a servant, an agent, or an advocate.

3. To grant the temporary use of, for compensation; to engage to give the service of, for a price; to let; to lease; — now usually with out, and often reflexively; as, he has hired out his horse, or his time.

They . . . have hired out themselves for bread.

1 Sam. ii. 5.

Hire”less, a. Without hire. Davenant.

Hire”ling (-l&ibreve;ng), n. [AS. h&ymacr;reling. See Hire, n., and -ling.] One who is hired, or who serves for wages; esp., one whose motive and interest in serving another are wholly gainful; a mercenary. “Lewd hirelings.” Milton.

Hire”ling, a. Serving for hire or wages; venal; mercenary. “Hireling mourners.” Dryden.

Hir”er (?), n. One who hires.

Hires (?), Hirs, pron. Hers; theirs. See Here, pron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hir*sute” (?), a. [L. hirsutus; prob. akin to horridus horrid. Cf. Horrid.] 1. Rough with hair; set with bristles; shaggy.

2. Rough and coarse; boorish. [R.]

Cynical and hirsute in his behavior.

Life of A. Wood.

3. (Bot.) Pubescent with coarse or stiff hairs. Gray.

4. (Zoöl.) Covered with hairlike feathers, as the feet of certain birds.

Hir*sute”ness, n. Hairiness. Burton.

Hir*tel”lous (?), a. [Dim., fr. L. hirtus hairy.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Pubescent with minute and somewhat rigid hairs.

Hi*ru”dine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the leeches.

||Hir`u*din”e*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. hirudo, hirudinis, a leech.] (Zoöl.) An order of Annelida, including the leeches; — called also Hirudinei.

||Hi*ru”do (?), n. [L., a leech.] (Zoöl.) A genus of leeches, including the common medicinal leech. See Leech.

Hi*run”dine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the swallows.

||Hi*run”do (?), n. [L., swallow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the swallows and martins.

His (?), pron. [AS. his of him, his, gen. masc. & neut. of h&?;, neut. hit. See He.] 1. Belonging or pertaining to him; — used as a pronominal adjective or adjective pronoun; as, tell John his papers are ready; formerly used also for its, but this use is now obsolete.

No comfortable star did lend his light.

Shak.

Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root?

Shak.

&fist; Also formerly used in connection with a noun simply as a sign of the possessive. “The king his son.” Shak. “By young Telemachus his blooming years.” Pope. This his is probably a corruption of the old possessive ending – is or – es, which, being written as a separate word, was at length confounded with the pronoun his.

2. The possessive of he; as, the book is his. “The sea is his, and he made it.” Ps. xcv. 5.

His”ing*er*ite (?), n. [Named after W. Hisinger, a Swedish mineralogist.] (Min.) A soft black, iron ore, nearly earthy, a hydrous silicate of iron.

His*pan”ic (?), a. [L. Hispanicus.] Of or pertaining to Spain or its language; as, Hispanic words.

His*pan”i*cism, n. A Spanish idiom or mode of speech. Keightley.

His*pan”i*cize (?), v. t. To give a Spanish form or character to; as, to Hispanicize Latin words.

His”pid (?), a. [L. hispidus: cf. F. hispide.]

1. Rough with bristles or minute spines.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Beset with stiff hairs or bristles.

His*pid”u*lous (?), a. [Dim. of hispid.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Minutely hispid.

Hiss (?). v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hissed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Hissing.] [AS. hysian; prob. of imitative origin&?;; cf. LG. hissen, OD. hisschen.] 1. To make with the mouth a prolonged sound like that of the letter s, by driving the breath between the tongue and the teeth; to make with the mouth a sound like that made by a goose or a snake when angered; esp., to make such a sound as an expression of hatred, passion, or disapproval.

The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee.

Ezek. xxvii. 36.

2. To make a similar noise by any means; to pass with a sibilant sound; as, the arrow hissed as it flew.

Shod with steel,
We hissed along the polished ice.

Wordsworth.

Hiss, v. t. 1. To condemn or express contempt for by hissing.

If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, according as he pleased and displeased them.

Shak.

Malcolm. What is the newest grief?
Ros. That of an hour’s age doth hiss the speaker.

Shak.

2. To utter with a hissing sound.

The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise.

Tennyson.

Hiss, n. 1. A prolonged sound like that letter s, made by forcing out the breath between the tongue and teeth, esp. as a token of disapprobation or contempt.

“Hiss” implies audible friction of breath consonants.

H. Sweet.

A dismal, universal hiss, the sound
Of public scorn.

Milton.

2. Any sound resembling that above described; as: (a) The noise made by a serpent.

But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue.

Milton.

(b) The note of a goose when irritated. (c) The noise made by steam escaping through a narrow orifice, or by water falling on a hot stove.

Hiss”ing, n. 1. The act of emitting a hiss or hisses.

2. The occasion of contempt; the object of scorn and derision. [Archaic]

I will make this city desolate, and a hissing.

Jer. xix. 8.

Hiss”ing*ly, adv. With a hissing sound.

Hist (?), interj. [Cf. Dan. hys. &?;. Cf. Hush, Whist.] Hush; be silent; — a signal for silence. Milton.

His`ti*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + -logy.] Same as Histology.

His`to*gen”e*sis (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + E. genesis.] (Biol.) (a) The formation and development of organic tissues; histogeny; — the opposite of histolysis. (b) Germ history of cells, and of the tissues composed of cells. Haeckel.

His`to*ge*net”ic (?), a. [See Histogeny.] (Biol.) Tissue-producing; connected with the formation and development of the organic tissues.

His*tog”e*ny (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + root of &?; to be born.] (Biol.) Same as Histogenesis. Dunglison.

His*tog”ra*pher (?), n. One who describes organic tissues; an histologist.

His”to*graph”ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to histography.

His*tog”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + -graphy.] A description of, or treatise on, organic tissues.

His`to*hæm”a*tin (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + E. hæmatin.] (Physiol.) One of a class of respiratory pigments, widely distributed in the animal kingdom, capable of ready oxidation and reduction.

His”toid (?), a. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + -oid.] Resembling the normal tissues; as, histoid tumors.

{ His`to*log”ic (?), His`to*log”ic*al } a. (Biol.) Pertaining to histology, or to the microscopic structure of the tissues of living organisms. — His`to*log”ic*al*ly, adv.

His*tol”o*gist (?), n. One versed in histology.

His*tol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + -logy.] That branch of biological science, which treats of the minute (microscopic) structure of animal and vegetable tissues; — called also histiology.

||His*tol”y*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “isto`s tissue + &?; to loosen, dissolve.] (Biol.) The decay and dissolution of the organic tissues and of the blood.

His`to*lyt”ic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to histolysis, or the degeneration of tissues.

His*ton”o*my (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + &?; to distribute, regulate.] The science which treats of the laws relating to organic tissues, their formation, development, functions, etc.

His*toph”y*ly (?), n. [Gr. “isto`s tissue + Gr. &?; clan.] (Biol.) The tribal history of cells, a division of morphophyly. Haeckel.

His*to”ri*al (?), a. [L. historialis: cf. F. historial.] Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

His*to”ri*an (?), n. [F. historien.] 1. A writer of history; a chronicler; an annalist.

Even the historian takes great liberties with facts.

Sir J. Reynolds.

2. One versed or well informed in history.

Great captains should be good historians.

South.

{ His*tor”ic (h&ibreve;s*t&obreve;r”&ibreve;k), his*tor”ic*al (h&ibreve;s*t&obreve;r”&ibreve;*kal), } a. [L. historicus, Gr. “istoriko`s: cf. F. historique. See History.] Of or pertaining to history, or the record of past events; as, an historical poem; the historic page. — His*tor”ic*al*ness, n. — His*to*ric”i*ty (#), n.

There warriors frowning in historic brass.

Pope.

Historical painting, that branch of painting which represents the events of history. — Historical sense, that meaning of a passage which is deduced from the circumstances of time, place, etc., under which it was written. — The historic sense, the capacity to conceive and represent the unity and significance of a past era or age.

His*tor”ic*al*ly (?), adv. In the manner of, or in accordance with, history.

His*tor”i*cize (?), v. t. To record or narrate in the manner of a history; to chronicle. [R.]

His”to*ried (?), a. Related in history.

His*to”ri*er (?), n. An historian. [Obs.]

||His`to*ri*ette” (?), n. [F., dim. of histoire a history.] Historical narration on a small scale; a brief recital; a story. Emerson.

His*tor”i*fy (?), v. t. [History + -fy.] To record in or as history. [R.] Lamb.

Thy conquest meet to be historified.

Sir P. Sidney.

His*to`ri*og”ra*pher (h&ibreve;s*tō`r&ibreve;*&obreve;g”r&adot;*f&etilde;r), n. [L. historiographus, Gr. “istoriogra`fos; “istori`a history + gra`fein to write: cf. F. historiographe.] An historian; a writer of history; especially, one appointed or designated to write a history; also, a title bestowed by some governments upon historians of distinction.

His*to`ri*og”ra*pher*ship, n. The office of an historiographer. Saintsbury.

His*to`ri*og”ra*phy (?), n. The art of employment of an historiographer.

His*to`ri*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; history + -logy.] A discourse on history. Cockeram.

His*to`ri*on”o*mer (?), n. [Gr. &?; history + &?; to distribute.] One versed in the phenomena of history and the laws controlling them.

And historionomers will have measured accurately the sidereal years of races.

Lowell.

His”to*rize (?), v. t. To relate as history; to chronicle; to historicize. [R.] Evelyn.

His”to*ry (?), n.; pl. Histories (#). [L. historia, Gr. ‘istori`a history, information, inquiry, fr. ‘istwr, “istwr, knowing, learned, from the root of &?; to know; akin to E. wit. See Wit, and cf. Story.]

1. A learning or knowing by inquiry; the knowledge of facts and events, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as, the history of a patient’s case; the history of a legislative bill.

2. A systematic, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; — distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual’s life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory.

Histories are as perfect as the historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul.

Carlyle.

For aught that I could ever read,
Could ever hear by tale or history.

Shak.

What histories of toil could I declare!

Pope.

History piece, a representation in painting, drawing, etc., of any real event, including the actors and the action. — Natural history, a description and classification of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the phenomena which they exhibit to the senses.

Syn. — Chronicle; annals; relation; narration. — History, Chronicle, Annals. History is a methodical record of important events which concern a community of men, usually so arranged as to show the connection of causes and effects, to give an analysis of motive and action etc. A chronicle is a record of such events, conforming to the order of time as its distinctive feature. Annals are a chronicle divided up into separate years. By poetic license annals is sometimes used for history.

Justly Cæsar scorns the poet’s lays;
It is to history he trusts for praise.

Pope.

No more yet of this;
For ‘t is a chronicle of day by day,
Not a relation for a breakfast.

Shak.

Many glorious examples in the annals of our religion.

Rogers.

His”to*ry, v. t. To narrate or record. [Obs.] Shak.

His*tot”o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; tissue + &?; to cut.] The dissection of organic tissues.

His”to*zyme (?), n. [Gr. &?; tissue + &?; leaven.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble ferment occurring in the animal body, to the presence of which many normal decompositions and synthetical processes are supposed to be due.

His”tri*on (?), n. [L. histrio: cf. F. histrion.] A player. [R.] Pope.

{ His`tri*on”ic (?), His`tri*on”ic*al (?) }, a. [L. histrionicus: cf. F. histrionique. See Histrion.] Of or relating to the stage or a stageplayer; befitting a theatre; theatrical; — sometimes in a bad sense. — His`tri*on”ic*al*ly, adv.

Tainted with false and histrionic feeling.

De Quincey.

His`tri*on”i*cism (?), n. The histrionic art; stageplaying. W. Black.

His”tri*o*nism (?), n. Theatrical representation; acting; affectation. Sir T. Browne.

His”tri*o*nize (?), v. t. To act; to represent on the stage, or theatrically. Urquhart.

Hit (?), pron. It. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hit, 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hide, contracted from hideth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hit (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hit; p. pr. & vb. n. Hitting.] [OE. hitten, hutten, of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hitte to hit, find, Sw. & Icel. hitta.] 1. To reach with a stroke or blow; to strike or touch, usually with force; especially, to reach or touch (an object aimed at).

I think you have hit the mark.

Shak.

2. To reach or attain exactly; to meet according to the occasion; to perform successfully; to attain to; to accord with; to be conformable to; to suit.

Birds learning tunes, and their endeavors to hit the notes right.

Locke.

There you hit him; . . . that argument never fails with him.

Dryden.

Whose saintly visage is too bright
To hit the sense of human sight.

Milton.

He scarcely hit my humor.

Tennyson.

3. To guess; to light upon or discover. “Thou hast hit it.” Shak.

4. (Backgammon) To take up, or replace by a piece belonging to the opposing player; — said of a single unprotected piece on a point.

To hit off, to describe with quick characteristic strokes; as, to hit off a speaker. Sir W. Temple. — To hit out, to perform by good luck. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hit (?), v. i. 1. To meet or come in contact; to strike; to clash; — followed by against or on.

If bodies be extension alone, how can they move and hit one against another?

Locke.

Corpuscles, meeting with or hitting on those bodies, become conjoined with them.

Woodward.

2. To meet or reach what was aimed at or desired; to succeed, — often with implied chance, or luck.

And oft it hits
Where hope is coldest and despair most fits.

Shak.

And millions miss for one that hits.

Swift.

To hit on or upon, to light upon; to come to by chance. “None of them hit upon the art.” Addison.

Hit, n. 1. A striking against; the collision of one body against another; the stroke that touches anything.

So he the famed Cilician fencer praised,
And, at each hit, with wonder seems amazed.

Dryden.

2. A stroke of success in an enterprise, as by a fortunate chance; as, he made a hit.

What late he called a blessing, now was wit,
And God’s good providence, a lucky hit.

Pope.

3. A peculiarly apt expression or turn of thought; a phrase which hits the mark; as, a happy hit.

4. A game won at backgammon after the adversary has removed some of his men. It counts less than a gammon.

5. (Baseball) A striking of the ball; as, a safe hit; a foul hit; — sometimes used specifically for a base hit.

Base hit, Safe hit, Sacrifice hit. (Baseball) See under Base, Safe, etc.

Hitch (h&ibreve;ch), v. t. [Cf. Scot. hitch a motion by a jerk, and hatch, hotch, to move by jerks, also Prov. G. hiksen, G. hinken, to limp, hobble; or E. hiccough; or possibly akin to E. hook.] 1. To become entangled or caught; to be linked or yoked; to unite; to cling.

Atoms . . . which at length hitched together.

South.

2. To move interruptedly or with halts, jerks, or steps; — said of something obstructed or impeded.

Slides into verse, and hitches in a rhyme.

Pope.

To ease themselves . . . by hitching into another place.

Fuller.

3. To hit the legs together in going, as horses; to interfere. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Hitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hitching.] 1. To hook; to catch or fasten as by a hook or a knot; to make fast, unite, or yoke; as, to hitch a horse, or a halter.

2. To move with hitches; as, he hitched his chair nearer.

To hitch up. (a) To fasten up. (b) To pull or raise with a jerk; as, a sailor hitches up his trousers. (c) To attach, as a horse, to a vehicle; as, hitch up the gray mare. [Colloq.]

Hitch, n. 1. A catch; anything that holds, as a hook; an impediment; an obstacle; an entanglement.

2. The act of catching, as on a hook, etc.

3. A stop or sudden halt; a stoppage; an impediment; a temporary obstruction; an obstacle; as, a hitch in one’s progress or utterance; a hitch in the performance.

4. A sudden movement or pull; a pull up; as, the sailor gave his trousers a hitch.

5. (Naut.) A knot or noose in a rope which can be readily undone; — intended for a temporary fastening; as, a half hitch; a clove hitch; a timber hitch, etc.

6. (Geol.) A small dislocation of a bed or vein.

Hitch”el (?), n. & v. t. See Hatchel.

Hithe (hī&thlig;), n. [AS. h&ymacr;ð. Cf. Hide to conceal.] A port or small haven; — used in composition; as, Lambhithe, now Lambeth. Pennant.

Hith”er (?), adv. [OE. hider, AS. hider; akin to Icel. hēðra, Dan. hid, Sw. hit, Goth. hidrē; cf. L. citra on this side, or E. here, he. √183. Cf. He.]

1. To this place; — used with verbs signifying motion, and implying motion toward the speaker; correlate of hence and thither; as, to come or bring hither.

2. To this point, source, conclusion, design, etc.; — in a sense not physical.

Hither we refer whatsoever belongeth unto the highest perfection of man.

Hooker.

Hither and thither, to and fro; backward and forward; in various directions. “Victory is like a traveller, and goeth hither and thither.” Knolles.

Hith”er, a. 1. Being on the side next or toward the person speaking; nearer; — correlate of thither and farther; as, on the hither side of a hill. Milton.

2. Applied to time: On the hither side of, younger than; of fewer years than.

And on the hither side, or so she looked,
Of twenty summers.

Tennyson.

To the present generation, that is to say, the people a few years on the hither and thither side of thirty, the name of Charles Darwin stands alongside of those of Isaac Newton and Michael Faraday.

Huxley.

Hith”er*most` (?), a. Nearest on this side. Sir M. Hale.

Hith”er*to` (?), adv. 1. To this place; to a prescribed limit.

Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further.

Job xxxviii. 11.

2. Up to this time; as yet; until now.

The Lord hath blessed me hitherto.

Josh. xvii. 14.

Hith”er*ward (?), adv. [AS. hiderweard.] Toward this place; hither.

Marching hitherward in proud array.

Shak.

Hit”ter (?), n. One who hits or strikes; as, a hard hitter.

Hive (?), n. [OE. hive, huve, AS. h&?;fe.] 1. A box, basket, or other structure, for the reception and habitation of a swarm of honeybees. Dryden.

2. The bees of one hive; a swarm of bees. Shak.

3. A place swarming with busy occupants; a crowd.

The hive of Roman liars.

Tennyson.

Hive bee (Zoöl.), the honeybee.

Hive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hiving.] 1. To collect into a hive; to place in, or cause to enter, a hive; as, to hive a swarm of bees.

2. To store up in a hive, as honey; hence, to gather and accumulate for future need; to lay up in store.

Hiving wisdom with each studious year.

Byron.

Hive, v. i. To take shelter or lodgings together; to reside in a collective body. Pope.

Hive”less, a. Destitute of a hive. Gascoigne.

Hiv”er (?), n. One who collects bees into a hive.

Hives (?), n. [Scot.; perh. akin to E. heave.] (Med.) (a) The croup. (b) An eruptive disease (Varicella globularis), allied to the chicken pox.

Hizz (?), v. i. To hiss. [Obs.] Shak.

Ho (?), pron. Who. [Obs.] In some Chaucer MSS.

{ Ho, Hoa } (?), n. [See Ho, interj., 2.] A stop; a halt; a moderation of pace.

There is no ho with them.

Decker.

{ Ho, Hoa } (hō), interj. [Cf. F. & G. ho.] 1. Halloo! attend! — a call to excite attention, or to give notice of approach. “What noise there, ho?” Shak. “Ho! who’s within?” Shak.

2. [Perhaps corrupted fr. hold; but cf. F. hau stop! and E. whoa.] Stop! stand still! hold! – - a word now used by teamsters, but formerly to order the cessation of anything. [Written also whoa, and, formerly, hoo.]

The duke . . . pulled out his sword and cried “Hoo!”

Chaucer.

An herald on a scaffold made an hoo.

Chaucer.

Hoar (?), a. [OE. hor, har, AS. hār; akin to Icel. hārr, and to OHG. hēr illustrious, magnificent; cf. Icel. Heið brightness of the sky, Goth. hais torch, Skr. kētus light, torch. Cf. Hoary.] 1. White, or grayish white; as, hoar frost; hoar cliffs. “Hoar waters.” Spenser.

2. Gray or white with age; hoary.

Whose beard with age is hoar.

Coleridge.

Old trees with trunks all hoar.

Byron.

3. Musty; moldy; stale. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoar, n. Hoariness; antiquity. [R.]

Covered with the awful hoar of innumerable ages.

Burke.

Hoar, v. t. [AS. hārian to grow gray.] To become moldy or musty. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoard (?), n. See Hoarding, 2. Smart.

Hoard, n. [OE. hord, AS. hord; akin to OS. hord, G. hort, Icel. hodd, Goth. huzd; prob. from the root of E. hide to conceal, and of L. custos guard, E. custody. See Hide to conceal.] A store, stock, or quantity of anything accumulated or laid up; a hidden supply; a treasure; as, a hoard of provisions; a hoard of money.

Hoard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarding.] [AS. hordian.] To collect and lay up; to amass and deposit in secret; to store secretly, or for the sake of keeping and accumulating; as, to hoard grain.

Hoard, v. i. To lay up a store or hoard, as of money.

To hoard for those whom he did breed.

Spenser.

Hoard”er (?), n. One who hoards.

Hoard”ing (?), n. [From OF. hourd, hourt, barrier, palisade, of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. horde hurdle, fence, G. horde, hürde; akin to E. hurdle. √16. See Hurdle.] 1. (Arch.) A screen of boards inclosing a house and materials while builders are at work. [Eng.]

Posted on every dead wall and hoarding.

London Graphic.

2. A fence, barrier, or cover, inclosing, surrounding, or concealing something.

The whole arrangement was surrounded by a hoarding, the space within which was divided into compartments by sheets of tin.

Tyndall.

Hoared (?), a. Moldy; musty. [Obs.] Granmer.

Hoar”frost` (?), n. The white particles formed by the congelation of dew; white frost. [Written also horefrost. See Hoar, a.]

He scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes.

Ps. cxlvii. 16.

Hoar”hound` (?), n. Same as Horehound.

Hoar”i*ness (?), n. [From Hoary.] The state of being hoary. Dryden.

Hoarse (?), a. [Compar. Hoarser (?), superl. Hoarsest.] [OE. hors, also hos, has, AS. hās; akin to D. heesch, G. heiser, Icel. hāss, Dan. hæs, Sw. hes. Cf. Prov. E. heazy.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, grating voice or sound, as when affected with a cold; making a rough, harsh cry or sound; as, the hoarse raven.

The hoarse resounding shore.

Dryden.

2. Harsh; grating; discordant; — said of any sound.

Hoarse”ly, adv. With a harsh, grating sound or voice.

Hoars”en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarsened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarsening.] To make hoarse.

I shall be obliged to hoarsen my voice.

Richardson.

Hoarse”ness (?), n. Harshness or roughness of voice or sound, due to mucus collected on the vocal cords, or to swelling or looseness of the cords.

Hoar”stone` (hōr”stōn`), n. A stone designating the bounds of an estate; a landmark. Halliwell.

Hoar”y (?), a. 1. White or whitish. “The hoary willows.” Addison.

2. White or gray with age; hoar; as, hoary hairs.

Reverence the hoary head.

Dr. T. Dwight.

3. Hence, remote in time past; as, hoary antiquity.

4. Moldy; mossy; musty. [Obs.] Knolles.

5. (Zoöl.) Of a pale silvery gray.

6. (Bot.) Covered with short, dense, grayish white hairs; canescent.

Hoary bat (Zoöl.), an American bat (Atalapha cinerea), having the hair yellowish, or brown, tipped with white.

Ho”at*zin (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Hoazin.

Hoax (?), n. [Prob. contr. fr. hocus, in hocus-pocus.] A deception for mockery or mischief; a deceptive trick or story; a practical joke. Macaulay.

Hoax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoaxed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hoaxing.] To deceive by a story or a trick, for sport or mischief; to impose upon sportively. Lamb.

Hoax”er (?), n. One who hoaxes.

Hoa”zin (?), n. (Zoöl.) A remarkable South American bird (Opisthocomus cristatus); the crested touraco. By some zoölogists it is made the type of a distinct order (Opisthocomi).

Hob (?), n. [Prob. akin to hump. Cf. Hub. ]

1. The hub of a wheel. See Hub. Washington.

2. The flat projection or iron shelf at the side of a fire grate, where things are put to be kept warm. Smart.

3. (Mech.) A threaded and fluted hardened steel cutter, resembling a tap, used in a lathe for forming the teeth of screw chasers, worm wheels, etc.

Hob, n. [Orig. an abbrev. of Robin, Robert; Robin Goodfellow a celebrated fairy, or domestic spirit. Cf. Hobgoblin, and see Robin. ] 1. A fairy; a sprite; an elf. [Obs.]

From elves, hobs, and fairies, . . .
Defend us, good Heaven !

Beau. & FL.

2. A countryman; a rustic; a clown. [Obs.] Nares.

{ Hob”a*nob` (?), Hob”and*nob`, } v. i. Same as Hobnob. Tennyson.

Hob”bism (?), n. The philosophical system of Thomas Hobbes, an English materialist (1588-1679); esp., his political theory that the most perfect form of civil government is an absolute monarchy with despotic control over everything relating to law, morals, and religion.

Hob”bist (?), n. One who accepts the doctrines of Thomas Hobbes.

Hob”ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hobbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hobbling (?).] [OE. hobelen, hoblen, freq. of hoppen to hop; akin to D. hobbelen, hoblen, hoppeln. See Hop to jump, and cf. Hopple ] 1. To walk lame, bearing chiefly on one leg; to walk with a hitch or hop, or with crutches.

The friar was hobbling the same way too.

Dryden.

2. To move roughly or irregularly; — said of style in writing. Prior.

The hobbling versification, the mean diction.

Jeffreys.

Hob”ble, v. t. 1. To fetter by tying the legs; to hopple; to clog. ” They hobbled their horses.” Dickens

2. To perplex; to embarrass.

Hob”ble, n. 1. An unequal gait; a limp; a halt; as, he has a hobble in his gait. Swift.

2. Same as Hopple.

3. Difficulty; perplexity; embarrassment. Waterton.

Hob”ble*bush` (?), n. (Bot.) A low bush (Viburnum lantanoides) having long, straggling branches and handsome flowers. It is found in the Northern United States. Called also shinhopple.

{ Hob”ble*de*hoy` (?), Hob”ble*te*hoy` (?), } n. [Written also hobbetyhoy, hobbarddehoy, hobbedehoy, hobdehoy.] [ Cf. Prob. E. hobbledygee with a limping movement; also F. hobereau, a country squire, E. hobby, and OF. hoi to-day; perh. the orig. sense was, an upstart of to-day.] A youth between boy and man; an awkward, gawky young fellow . [Colloq.]

All the men, boys, and hobbledehoys attached to the farm.

Dickens. .

Hob”bler (?), n. One who hobbles.

Hob”bler, n. [OE. also hobeler, OF. hobelier, LL. hobellarius. See Hobby a horse.] (Eng. Hist.) One who by his tenure was to maintain a horse for military service; a kind of light horseman in the Middle Ages who was mounted on a hobby. Hallam. Sir J. Davies.

Hob”bling*ly (?), adv. With a limping step.

Hob”bly (?), a. Rough; uneven; causing one to hobble; as a hobbly road.

Hob”by (?), n.; pl. Hobbies (#). [OE. hobi; cf. OF. hobe, hobé, F. hobereau a hobby, a species of falcon. OF. hober to move, stir. Cf. Hobby a horse.] (Zoöl.) A small, strong-winged European falcon (Falco subbuteo), formerly trained for hawking.

{ Hob”by (?), Hob”by*horse` (?), } n. [OE. hobin a nag, OF. hobin hobby; cf. hober to stir, move; prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hoppe a mare, dial. Sw. hoppa; perh. akin to E. hop to jump.] 1. A strong, active horse, of a middle size, said to have been originally from Ireland; an ambling nag. Johnson.

2. A stick, often with the head or figure of a horse, on which boys make believe to ride. [ Usually under the form hobbyhorse.]

3. A subject or plan upon which one is constantly setting off; a favorite and ever-recurring theme of discourse, thought, or effort; that which occupies one’s attention unduly, or to the weariness of others; a ruling passion. [Usually under the form hobby.]

Not one of them has any hobbyhorse, to use the phrase of Sterne.

Macaulay.

Hob`by*hors”ic*al (?), n. Pertaining to, or having, a hobby or whim; eccentric; whimsical.[Colloq.] Sterne.

Hob”gob`lin (?), n. [See 2d Hob, and Goblin.] A frightful goblin; an imp; a bugaboo; also, a name formerly given to the household spirit, Robin Goodfellow. Macaulay.

Hob”i*ler (?), n.[See 2d Hobbler.] A light horseman. See 2d Hobbler. [Obs.] Brande & C.

Ho”bit (?), n. [See Howitzer.] (Mil.) A small mortar on a gun carriage, in use before the howitzer.

Hob”nail` (?), n. [1st hob + nail.] 1. A short, sharp-pointed, large- headed nail, — used in shoeing houses and for studding the soles of heavy shoes.

2. A clownish person; a rustic. Milton.

Hobnail liver (Med.), a disease in which the liver is shrunken, hard, and covered with projections like hobnails; one of the forms of cirrhosis of the liver.

Hob”nail`, v. t. To tread down roughly, as with hobnailed shoes.

Your rights and charters hobnailed into slush.

Tennyson.

Hob”nailed` (?), a. See with hobnails, as a shoe.

Hob”nob` (?), adv. [AS. habban to have + habban to have not; ne not + habban to have. See Have, and cf. Habnab.] 1. Have or have not; — a familiar invitation to reciprocal drinking. Shak.

2. At random; hit or miss. (Obs.) Holinshed.

Hob”nob`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hornobbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hornobbing.] 1. To drink familiarly (with another). [ Written also hob-a-nob.]

2. To associate familiarly; to be on intimate terms.

Hob”nob`, n. Familiar, social intercourse. W. Black.

Hob”or*nob` (?), adv. See Hobnob.

Ho”boy (?), n. A hautboy or oboe. [Obs.]

Hob”son’s choice” (?). A choice without an alternative; the thing offered or nothing.

&fist; It is said to have had its origin in the name of one Hobson, at Cambridge, England, who let horses, and required every customer to take in his turn the horse which stood next the stable door.

Hoc”co (?), n. (Zoöl.) The crested curassow; — called also royal pheasant. See Curassow.

Hoche”pot (?), n. Hotchpot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hock (?), n. [So called from Hochheim, in Germany.] A Rhenish wine, of a light yellow color, either sparkling or still. The name is also given indiscriminately to all Rhenish wines.

Hock, Hough (&?;), n. [ AS. h&?;h the heel; prob. akin to Icel. hāsinn hock sinew, Dan. hasc, G. hechse, hächse, LG. hacke, D. hak; also to L. coxa hip (cf. Cuisses), Skr. kaksha armpit. √12. Cf. Heel.] 1. (a) The joint in the hind limb of quadrupeds between the leg and shank, or tibia and tarsus, and corresponding to the ankle in man. (b) A piece cut by butchers, esp. in pork, from either the front or hind leg, just above the foot.

2. The popliteal space; the ham.

Hock, v. t. To disable by cutting the tendons of the hock; to hamstring; to hough.

Hock”a*more (?), n. [See 1st Hock.] A Rhenish wine. [Obs.] See Hock. Hudibras.

Hock”day` (?), n. [Cf. AS. hōcor mockery, scorn.] A holiday commemorating the expulsion of the Danes, formerly observed on the second Tuesday after Easter; — called also hocktide. [Eng.] [Written also hokeday.]

Hock”ey (?), n. [From Hook, n.] 1. A game in which two parties of players, armed with sticks curved or hooked at the end, attempt to drive any small object (as a ball or a bit of wood) toward opposite goals.

2. The stick used by the players. [Written also hookey and hawkey.]

Hock”herb` (?), n. (Bot.) The mallow.

Hoc”kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hockled(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hockling (?).] [From 2d Hock.] 1. To hamstring; to hock; to hough. Hanmer.

2. To mow, as stubble. Mason.

Ho”cus (?), v. t. [See Hocus- pocus.] 1. To deceive or cheat. Halliwell.

2. To adulterate; to drug; as, liquor is said to be hocused for the purpose of stupefying the drinker. Dickens.

3. To stupefy with drugged liquor. Thackeray.

Ho”cus, n. 1. One who cheats or deceives. South.

2. Drugged liquor.

Ho”cus-po”cus (?), n. [Prob. invented by jugglers in imitation of Latin. Cf. Hoax, Hocus.] 1. A term used by jugglers in pretended incantations.

2. A juggler or trickster. Sir T. Herbert.

3. A juggler’s trick; a cheat; nonsense. Hudibras.

Ho”cus-po”cus, v. t. To cheat. [Colloq.] L’Estrange.

Hod (?), n. [Prov. E. for hold, i. e., that which holds. See Hold.] 1. A kind of wooden tray with a handle, borne on the shoulder, for carrying mortar, brick, etc.

2. A utensil for holding coal; a coal scuttle.

Hod”den*gray` (?), a. [Perh. akin to E. hoiden rustic, clownish.] Applied to coarse cloth made of undyed wool, formerly worn by Scotch peasants. [Scot.]

Hod”dy (?), n. [Prob. for hooded.] (Zoöl.) See Dun crow, under Dun, a.

Hod”dy*dod`dy (?), n. [Prob. E. also hoddypeke, hoddypoule, hoddymandoddy.] An awkward or foolish person. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Hodge”podge` (?), n. A mixed mass; a medley. See Hotchpot. Johnson.

Hodg`kin’s dis*ease” (?). (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by progressive anæmia and enlargement of the lymphatic glands; — first described by Dr. Hodgkin, an English physician.

{ Ho”di*ern (?), Ho`di*er”nal (?), } a. [L. hodiernus, fr. hodie today.] Of this day; belonging to the present day. [R.] Boyle. Quart. Rev.

Hod”man (?), n.; pl. Hodmen(&?;). A man who carries a hod; a mason’s tender.

Hod”man*dod (?), n. [Obs.] See Dodman. Bacon.

Hod”o*graph (?), n. [Gr.&?; path + graph.] (Math.) A curve described by the moving extremity of a line the other end of which is fixed, this line being constantly parallel to the direction of motion of, and having its length constantly proportional to the velocity of, a point moving in any path; -used in investigations respecting central forces.

Ho*dom”e*ter (?), n. See Odometer.

Hoe (?), n. [OF. hoe, F. houe; of German origin, cf. OHG. houwa, howa, G. haue, fr. OHG. houwan to hew. See Hew to cut.] 1. A tool chiefly for digging up weeds, and arranging the earth about plants in fields and gardens. It is made of a flat blade of iron or steel having an eye or tang by which it is attached to a wooden handle at an acute angle.

2. (Zoöl.) The horned or piked dogfish. See Dogfish.

Dutch hoe, one having the blade set for use in the manner of a spade. — Horse hoe, a kind of cultivator.

Hoe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hoeing.] [Cf. F. houer.] To cut, dig, scrape, turn, arrange, or clean, with a hoe; as, to hoe the earth in a garden; also, to clear from weeds, or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe; as, to hoe corn.

To hoe one’s row, to do one’s share of a job. [Colloq.]

Hoe, v. i. To use a hoe; to labor with a hoe.

Hoe”cake` (?), n. A cake of Indian meal, water, and salt, baked before the fire or in the ashes; — so called because often cooked on a hoe. [Southern U.S.]

Hoe”moth`er (?), n. [A local Orkney name; cf. Icel. hār.] (Zoöl.) The basking or liver shark; — called also homer. See Liver shark, under Liver.

Ho”ful (?), a. [AS. hogful, hohful, fr. hogu care, anxiety.] Careful; wary. [Obs.] Stapleton.

Hog (?), n. [Prob. akin to E. hack to cut, and meaning orig., a castrated boar; cf. also W. hwch swine, sow, Armor. houc’h, hoc’h. Cf. Haggis, Hogget, and Hoggerel.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Sus, and allied genera of Suidæ; esp., the domesticated varieties of S. scrofa, kept for their fat and meat, called, respectively, lard and pork; swine; porker; specifically, a castrated boar; a barrow.

&fist; The domestic hogs of Siam, China, and parts of Southern Europe, are thought to have been derived from Sus Indicus.

2. A mean, filthy, or gluttonous fellow. [Low.]

3. A young sheep that has not been shorn. [Eng.]

4. (Naut.) A rough, flat scrubbing broom for scrubbing a ship’s bottom under water. Totten.

5. (Paper Manuf.) A device for mixing and stirring the pulp of which paper is made.

Bush hog, Ground hog, etc.. See under Bush, Ground, etc. — Hog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of the green grapevine sphinx; — so called because the head and first three segments are much smaller than those behind them, so as to make a resemblance to a hog’s snout. See Hawk moth. — Hog cholera, an epidemic contagious fever of swine, attended by liquid, fetid, diarrhea, and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membrane of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a slow, uncertain recovery. Law (Farmer’s Veter. Adviser.) — Hog deer (Zoöl.), the axis deer. — Hog gum (Bot.), West Indian tree (Symphonia globulifera), yielding an aromatic gum. — Hog of wool, the trade name for the fleece or wool of sheep of the second year. — Hog peanut (Bot.), a kind of earth pea. — Hog plum (Bot.), a tropical tree, of the genus Spondias (S. lutea), with fruit somewhat resembling plums, but chiefly eaten by hogs. It is found in the West Indies. — Hog’s bean (Bot.), the plant henbane. — Hog’s bread.(Bot.) See Sow bread. — Hog’s fennel. (Bot.) See under Fennel. — Mexican hog (Zoöl.), the peccary. — Water hog. (Zoöl.) See Capybara.

Hog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hogged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hogging.] 1. To cut short like bristles; as, to hog the mane of a horse. Smart.

2. (Naut.) To scrub with a hog, or scrubbing broom.

Hog, v. i. (Naut.) To become bent upward in the middle, like a hog’s back; — said of a ship broken or strained so as to have this form.

Hog”back` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) An upward curve or very obtuse angle in the upper surface of any member, as of a timber laid horizontally; — the opposite of camber.

2. (Naut.) See Hogframe.

3. (Geol.) A ridge formed by tilted strata; hence, any ridge with a sharp summit, and steeply sloping sides.

Hog”chain` (?), n. A chain or tie rod, in a boat or barge, to prevent the vessel from hogging.

Hog”chok`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American sole (Achirus lineatus, or A. achirus), related to the European sole, but of no market value.

Hog”cote` (?), n. A shed for swine; a sty.

Hog”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large West Indian and Florida food fish (Lachnolæmus). (b) The pigfish or sailor’s choice. (c) An American fresh-water fish; the log perch. (d) A large, red, spiny-headed, European marine fish (Scorpæna scrofa).

Hog”frame` (?), n. (Steam Vessels) A trussed frame extending fore and aft, usually above deck, and intended to increase the longitudinal strength and stiffness. Used chiefly in American river and lake steamers. Called also hogging frame, and hogback.

Hogged (?), a. (Naut.) Broken or strained so as to have an upward curve between the ends. See Hog, v. i.

Hog”ger (?), n. A stocking without a foot, worn by coal miners at work.

Hog”ger*el (?), n. [From the same source as hog; prob. orig., a sheep clipped the first year. See Hog.] A sheep of the second year. [Written also hogrel.] Ash.

Hog”ger-pipe` (-pīp`), n. (Mining) The upper terminal pipe of a mining pump. Raymond.

Hog”ger-pump” (h&obreve;g”g&etilde;r-pŭmp`), n. (Mining) The top pump in the pit. Raymond.

Hog”ger*y (?), n. Hoggish character or manners; selfishness; greed; beastliness.

Crime and shame
And all their hoggery.

Mrs. Browning.

Hog”get (?), n. [See Hog, and Hoggerel.] 1. A young boar of the second year.

2. A sheep or colt alter it has passed its first year.

Hog”ging (?), n. (Naut.) Drooping at the ends; arching; — in distinction from sagging.

Hogging frame. See Hogframe.

Hog”gish (?), a. Swinish; gluttonous; filthy; selfish. — Hog”gish*ly, adv. — Hog”gish*ness, n.

Is not a hoggish life the height of some men’s wishes?

Shaftesbury.

Hogh (hō), n. [Icel. haugr hill, mound; akin to E. high. See High.] A hill; a cliff. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hog”herd (?), n. A swineherd. W. Browne.

Hog`ma*nay” (&?;), n. The old name, in Scotland, for the last day of the year, on which children go about singing, and receive a dole of bread or cakes; also, the entertainment given on that day to a visitor, or the gift given to an applicant. [Scot.]

Hog”nose`snake” (?). (Zoöl.) A harmless North American snake of the genus Heterodon, esp. H. platyrhynos; — called also puffing adder, blowing adder, and sand viper.

Hog”nut` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The pignut. See Hickory. (b) In England, the Bunium flexuosum, a tuberous plant.

Ho”go (?), n. [Corrupted from F. haut goût.] High flavor; strong scent. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Hog”pen` (?), n. A pen or sty for hogs.

Hog”reeve` (?), n. [See Reeve.] A civil officer charged with the duty of impounding hogs running at large. [New Eng.] Bartlett.

Hog”ring`er (?), n. One who puts rings into the snouts of hogs.

Hog’s”-back` (?), n. (Geol.) A hogback.

Hog”score` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Curling) A distance line drawn across the rink or course between the middle line and the tee. [Scot.]

Hogs”head (?), n. [D. okshoofd; akin to Sw. oxhufvud, Dan. oxehoved, G. oxhoft; apparently meaning orig., ox head, but it is not known why this name was given. Cf. Ox, Head.] 1. An English measure of capacity, containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52½ imperial gallons; a half pipe.

&fist; The London hogshead of beer was 54 beer gallons, the London hogshead of ale was 48 ale gallons. Elsewhere in England the ale and beer hogsheads held 51 gallons. These measures are no longer in use, except for cider.

2. A large cask or barrel, of indefinite contents; esp. one containing from 100 to 140 gallons. [U. S.]

Hog”skin` (?), n. Leather tanned from a hog’s skin. Also used adjectively.

Hog”sty` (?), n.; pl. Hogsties (&?;). A pen, house, or inclosure, for hogs.

Hog”wash` (?), n. Swill. Arbuthnot.

Hog”weed` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A common weed (Ambrosia artemisiæge). See Ambrosia, 3. (b) In England, the Heracleum Sphondylium.

Hoi”den (?), n. [OE. hoydon a lout, rustic, OD. heyden a heathen, gypsy, vagabond, D. heiden, fr. OD. heyde heath, D. heide. See Heathen, Heath.] [Written also hoyden.] 1. A rude, clownish youth. [Obs.] Milton.

2. A rude, bold girl; a romp. H. Kingsley.

Hoi”den, a. Rustic; rude; bold. Younq.

Hoi”den, v. i. To romp rudely or indecently. Swift.

Hoi”den*hood (?), n. State of being a hoiden.

Hoi”den*ish, a. Like, or appropriate to, a hoiden.

Hoise (?), v. t. [See Hoist.] To hoist. [Obs.]

They . . . hoised up the mainsail to the wind.

Acts xxvii. 40.

Hoist (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoisting.] [OE. hoise, hyse, OD. hyssen, D. hijshen; akin to LG. hissen, Dan. hisse, Sw. hissa.] To raise; to lift; to elevate; esp., to raise or lift to a desired elevation, by means of tackle, as a sail, a flag, a heavy package or weight.

They land my goods, and hoist my flying sails.

Pope.

Hoisting him into his father’s throne.

South.

Hoisting engine, a steam engine for operating a hoist.

Hoist, n. 1. That by which anything is hoisted; the apparatus for lifting goods.

2. The act of hoisting; a lift. [Collog.]

3. (Naut.) (a) The perpendicular height of a flag, as opposed to the fly, or horizontal length when flying from a staff. (b) The height of a fore-and-aft sail next the mast or stay. Totten.

Hoist bridge, a drawbridge that is lifted instead of being swung or drawn aside.

Hoist, p. p. Hoisted. [Obs.]

‘T is the sport to have the enginer
Hoist with his own petar.

Shak.

Hoist”a*way` (?), n. A mechanical lift. See Elevator.

Hoist”way` (?), n. An opening for the hoist, or elevator, in the floor of a wareroom.

Hoit (?), v. i. [Gf. W. hoetian to dally, dandle.] To leap; to caper; to romp noisily. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Hoi”ty-toi`ty (?), a. [From Hoit.] Thoughtless; giddy; flighty; also, haughty; patronizing; as, to be in hoity-toity spirits, or to assume hoity-toity airs; used also as an exclamation, denoting surprise or disapprobation, with some degree of contempt.

Hoity-toity! What have I to do with dreams?

Congreve.

Hoke”day` (?), n. Same as Hockday.

Ho”ker (?), n. [AS. hōcor.] Scorn; derision; abusive talk. [Obs.] — Ho”ker*ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol (?), a. [See Whole.] Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol`as*pid”e*an (?), a. [Holo- + Gr.&?;, &?;, shield.] (Zoöl.) Having a single series of large scutes on the posterior side of the tarsus; — said of certain birds.

Hol”cad (?), n. [Gr. ‘olka`s, -a`dos, a ship which is towed, a ship of burden, fr. ‘e`lkein to draw. Gf. Hulk.] A large ship of burden, in ancient Greece. Mitford.

Hold (?), n. [D. hol hole, hollow. See Hole.] (Naut.) The whole interior portion of a vessel below the lower deck, in which the cargo is stowed.

Hold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Held (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Holding. Holden (&?;), p. p., is obs. in elegant writing, though still used in legal language.] [OE. haldan, D. houden, OHG. hoten, Icel. halda, Dan. holde, Sw. hålla, Goth. haldan to feed, tend (the cattle); of unknown origin. Gf. Avast, Halt, Hod.]

1. To cause to remain in a given situation, position, or relation, within certain limits, or the like; to prevent from falling or escaping; to sustain; to restrain; to keep in the grasp; to retain.

The loops held one curtain to another.

Ex. xxxvi. 12.

Thy right hand shall hold me.

Ps. cxxxix. 10.

They all hold swords, being expert in war.

Cant. iii. 8.

In vain he seeks, that having can not hold.

Spenser.

France, thou mayst hold a serpent by the tongue, . . .
A fasting tiger safer by the tooth,
Than keep in peace that hand which thou dost hold.

Shak.

2. To retain in one’s keeping; to maintain possession of, or authority over; not to give up or relinquish; to keep; to defend.

We mean to hold what anciently we claim
Of deity or empire.

Milton.

3. To have; to possess; to be in possession of; to occupy; to derive title to; as, to hold office.

This noble merchant held a noble house.

Chaucer.

Of him to hold his seigniory for a yearly tribute.

Knolles.

And now the strand, and now the plain, they held.

Dryden.

4. To impose restraint upon; to limit in motion or action; to bind legally or morally; to confine; to restrain.

We can not hold mortality’s strong hand.

Shak.

Death! what do’st? O, hold thy blow.

Grashaw.

He had not sufficient judgment and self-command to hold his tongue.

Macaulay.

5. To maintain in being or action; to carry on; to prosecute, as a course of conduct or an argument; to continue; to sustain.

Hold not thy peace, and be not still.

Ps. lxxxiii. 1.

Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost,
Shall hold their course.

Milton.

6. To prosecute, have, take, or join in, as something which is the result of united action; as to, hold a meeting, a festival, a session, etc.; hence, to direct and bring about officially; to conduct or preside at; as, the general held a council of war; a judge holds a court; a clergyman holds a service.

I would hold more talk with thee.

Shak.

7. To receive and retain; to contain as a vessel; as, this pail holds milk; hence, to be able to receive and retain; to have capacity or containing power for.

Broken cisterns that can hold no water.

Jer. ii. 13.

One sees more devils than vast hell can hold.

Shak.

8. To accept, as an opinion; to be the adherent of, openly or privately; to persist in, as a purpose; to maintain; to sustain.

Stand fast and hold the traditions which ye have been taught.

2 Thes. ii.15.

But still he held his purpose to depart.

Dryden.

9. To consider; to regard; to esteem; to account; to think; to judge.

I hold him but a fool.

Shak.

I shall never hold that man my friend.

Shak.

The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.

Ex. xx. 7.

10. To bear, carry, or manage; as he holds himself erect; he holds his head high.

Let him hold his fingers thus.

Shak.

To hold a wager, to lay or hazard a wager. Swift. — To hold forth, to offer; to exhibit; to propose; to put forward. “The propositions which books hold forth and pretend to teach.” Locke. — To held in, to restrain; to curd. — To hold in hand, to toy with; to keep in expectation; to have in one’s power. [Obs.]

O, fie! to receive favors, return falsehoods,
And hold a lady in hand.

Beaw. & Fl.

— To hold in play, to keep under control; to dally with. Macaulay. — To hold off, to keep at a distance. — To hold on, to hold in being, continuance or position; as, to hold a rider on. — To hold one’s day, to keep one’s appointment. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To hold one’s own. (a) To keep good one’s present condition absolutely or relatively; not to fall off, or to lose ground; as, a ship holds her own when she does not lose ground in a race or chase; a man holds his own when he does not lose strength or weight. — To hold one’s peace, to keep silence.- To hold out. (a) To extend; to offer. “Fortune holds out these to you as rewards.” B. Jonson. (b) To continue to do or to suffer; to endure. “He can not long hold out these pangs.” Shak. — To hold up. (a) To raise; to lift; as, hold up your head. (b) To support; to sustain. “He holds himself up in virtue.”Sir P. Sidney. (c) To exhibit; to display; as, he was held up as an example. (d) To rein in; to check; to halt; as, hold up your horses. — To hold water. (a) Literally, to retain water without leaking; hence (Fig.), to be whole, sound, consistent, without gaps or holes; — commonly used in a negative sense; as, his statements will not hold water. [Collog.] (b) (Naut.) To hold the oars steady in the water, thus checking the headway of a boat.

Hold, v. i. In general, to keep one’s self in a given position or condition; to remain fixed. Hence:

1. Not to move; to halt; to stop; — mostly in the imperative.

And damned be him that first cries, “Hold, enough!”

Shak.

2. Not to give way; not to part or become separated; to remain unbroken or unsubdued.

Our force by land hath nobly held.

Shak.

3. Not to fail or be found wanting; to continue; to last; to endure a test or trial; to abide; to persist.

While our obedience holds.

Milton.

The rule holds in land as all other commodities.

Locke.

4. Not to fall away, desert, or prove recreant; to remain attached; to cleave; — often with with, to, or for.

He will hold to the one and despise the other.

Matt. vi. 24

5. To restrain one’s self; to refrain.

His dauntless heart would fain have held
From weeping, but his eyes rebelled.

Dryden.

6. To derive right or title; — generally with of.

My crown is absolute, and holds of none.

Dryden.

His imagination holds immediately from nature.

Hazlitt.

Hold on! Hold up! wait; stop; forbear. [Collog] — To hold forth, to speak in public; to harangue; to preach. L’Estrange. — To hold in, to restrain one’s self; as, he wanted to laugh and could hardly hold in. — To hold off, to keep at a distance. — To hold on, to keep fast hold; to continue; to go on. “The trade held on for many years,” Swift. — To hold out, to last; to endure; to continue; to maintain one’s self; not to yield or give way. — To hold over, to remain in office, possession, etc., beyond a certain date. — To hold to or with, to take sides with, as a person or opinion. — To hold together, to be joined; not to separate; to remain in union. Dryden. Locke. — To hold up. (a) To support one’s self; to remain unbent or unbroken; as, to hold up under misfortunes. (b) To cease raining; to cease to stop; as, it holds up. Hudibras. (c) To keep up; not to fall behind; not to lose ground. Collier.

Hold (?), n. 1. The act of holding, as in or with the hands or arms; the manner of holding, whether firm or loose; seizure; grasp; clasp; gripe; possession; — often used with the verbs take and lay.

Ne have I not twelve pence within mine hold.

Chaucer.

Thou should’st lay hold upon him.

B. Jonson.

My soul took hold on thee.

Addison.

Take fast hold of instruction.

Pror. iv. 13.

2. The authority or ground to take or keep; claim.

The law hath yet another hold on you.

Shak.

3. Binding power and influence.

Fear . . . by which God and his laws take the surest hold of.

Tillotson.

4. Something that may be grasped; means of support.

If a man be upon an high place without rails or good hold, he is ready to fall.

Bacon.

5. A place of confinement; a prison; confinement; custody; guard.

They . . . put them in hold unto the next day.

Acts. iv. 3.

King Richard, he is in the mighty hold
Of Bolingbroke.

Shak.

6. A place of security; a fortified place; a fort; a castle; — often called a stronghold. Chaucer.

New comers in an ancient hold

Tennyson.

7. (Mus.) A character [thus &?;] placed over or under a note or rest, and indicating that it is to be prolonged; — called also pause, and corona.

Hold”back` (?), n. 1. Check; hindrance; restraint; obstacle.

The only holdback is the affection . . . that we bear to our wealth.

Hammond.

2. The projection or loop on the thill of a vehicle. to which a strap of the harness is attached, to hold back a carriage when going down hill, or in backing; also, the strap or part of the harness so used.

Hold”er, (&?;) n. One who is employed in the hold of a vessel.

Hold”er, n. 1. One who, or that which, holds.

2. One who holds land, etc., under another; a tenant.

3. (Com.) The payee of a bill of exchange or a promissory note, or the one who owns or holds it.

&fist; Holder is much used as the second part of a compound; as, shareholder, officeholder, stockholder,etc.

Hold”er-forth` (?), n. One who speaks in public; an haranguer; a preacher. Addison.

Hold”fast` (?), n. 1. Something used to secure and hold in place something else, as a long flat-headed nail, a catch a hook, a clinch, a clamp, etc.; hence, a support. “His holdfast was gone.” Bp. Montagu.

2. (Bot.) A conical or branching body, by which a seaweed is attached to its support, and differing from a root in that it is not specially absorbent of moisture.

Hold”ing, n. 1. The act or state of sustaining, grasping, or retaining.

2. A tenure; a farm or other estate held of another.

3. That which holds, binds, or influences. Burke.

4. The burden or chorus of a song. [Obs.] Shak.

Holding note (Mus.), a note sustained in one part, while the other parts move.

Hole (hōl), a. Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hole, n. [OE. hol, hole, AS. hol, hole, cavern, from hol, a., hollow; akin to D. hol, OHG. hol, G. hohl, Dan. huul hollow, hul hole, Sw. hål, Icel. hola; prob. from the root of AS. helan to conceal. See Hele, Hell, and cf. Hold of a ship.] 1. A hollow place or cavity; an excavation; a pit; an opening in or through a solid body, a fabric, etc.; a perforation; a rent; a fissure.

The holes where eyes should be.

Shak.

The blind walls
Were full of chinks and holes.

Tennyson.

The priest took a chest, and bored a hole in the lid.

2 Kings xii. 9.

2. An excavation in the ground, made by an animal to live in, or a natural cavity inhabited by an animal; hence, a low, narrow, or dark lodging or place; a mean habitation. Dryden.

The foxes have holes, . . . but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head.

Luke ix. 58.

Syn. — Hollow; concavity; aperture; rent; fissure; crevice; orifice; interstice; perforation; excavation; pit; cave; den; cell.

Hole and corner, clandestine, underhand. [Colloq.] “The wretched trickery of hole and corner buffery.” Dickens. — Hole board (Fancy Weaving), a board having holes through which cords pass which lift certain warp threads; — called also compass board.

Hole (?), v. t. [AS. holian. See Hole, n.] 1. To cut, dig, or bore a hole or holes in; as, to hole a post for the insertion of rails or bars. Chapman.

2. To drive into a hole, as an animal, or a billiard ball.

Hole, v. i. To go or get into a hole. B. Jonson.

Hol*eth”nic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a holethnos or parent race.

The holethnic history of the Arians.

London Academy.

Hol*eth”nos (?), n. [Holo + Gr. &?; race.] A parent stock or race of people, not yet divided into separate branches or tribes.

Hol”i*but (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Halibut.

Hol”i*dam (?), n. [Obs.] See Halidom.

Hol”i*day (?), n. [Holy + day.] 1. A consecrated day; religious anniversary; a day set apart in honor of some person, or in commemoration of some event. See Holyday.

2. A day of exemption from labor; a day of amusement and gayety; a festival day.

And young and old come forth to play
On a sunshine holiday.

Milton.

3. (Law) A day fixed by law for suspension of business; a legal holiday.

&fist; In the United States legal holidays, so called, are determined by law, commonly by the statutes of the several States. The holidays most generally observed are: the 22d day of February (Washington’s birthday), the 30th day of May (Memorial day), the 4th day of July (Independence day), the 25th day of December (Christmas day). In most of the States the 1st day of January is a holiday. When any of these days falls on Sunday, usually the Monday following is observed as the holiday. In many of the States a day in the spring (as Good Friday, or the first Thursday in April), and a day in the fall (as the last Thursday in November) are now regularly appointed by Executive proclamation to be observed, the former as a day of fasting and prayer, the latter as a day of thanksgiving and are kept as holidays. In England, the days of the greater church feasts (designated in the calendar by a red letter, and commonly called red-letter days) are observed as general holidays. Bank holidays are those on which, by act of Parliament, banks may suspend business. Although Sunday is a holiday in the sense of a day when business is legally suspended, it is not usually included in the general term, the phrase “Sundays and holidays” being more common.

The holidays, any fixed or usual period for relaxation or festivity; especially, Christmas and New Year’s day with the intervening time.

Hol`i*day, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a festival; cheerful; joyous; gay. Shak.

2. Occurring rarely; adapted for a special occasion.

Courage is but a holiday kind of virtue, to be seldom exercised.

Dryden.

Ho”li*ly (?), adv. [From Holy.] 1. Piously; with sanctity; in a holy manner.

2. Sacredly; inviolably. [R.] Shak.

Ho”li*ness, n. [AS. hālignes.] 1. The state or quality of being holy; perfect moral integrity or purity; freedom from sin; sanctity; innocence.

Who is like thee, glorious in holiness!

Ex. xv. 11.

2. The state of being hallowed, or consecrated to God or to his worship; sacredness.

Israel was holiness unto the Lord.

Jer.ii.3.

His holiness, a title of the pope; — formerly given also to Greek bishops and Greek emperors.

Syn. — Piety; devotion; godliness; sanctity; sacredness; righteousness.

Hol”ing (?), n. [See Hole a hollow.] (Mining) Undercutting in a bed of coal, in order to bring down the upper mass. Raymond.

Hol”la (?), interj. [F. hola; ho ho + là there, fr. L. illac that way, there. Cf. Hollo.] Hollo.

Hol”la, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hollaed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hollaing.] See Hollo, v. i.

Hol”land (?), n. A kind of linen first manufactured in Holland; a linen fabric used for window shades, children’s garments, etc.; as, brown or unbleached hollands.

Hol”land*er (?), n. 1. A native or one of the people of Holland; a Dutchman.

2. A very hard, semi-glazed, green or dark brown brick, which will not absorb water; — called also, Dutch clinker. Wagner.

Hol”land*ish, a. Relating to Holland; Dutch.

Hol”lands (?), n. 1. Gin made in Holland.

2. pl. See Holland.

Hol*lo” (?), interj. & n. [See Halloo, and cf. Holla.] Ho there; stop; attend; hence, a loud cry or a call to attract attention; a halloo.

And every day, for food or play,
Came to the mariner’s hollo.

Coleridge.

Hol”lo (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Holloed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Holloing.] [See Hollo, interj., and cf. Halloo.] To call out or exclaim; to halloo. This form is now mostly replaced by hello.

Hol*loa” (?), interj., n. & v. i. Same as Hollo.

Hol”low (?), a. [OE. holow, holgh, holf, AS. holh a hollow, hole. Cf. Hole.] 1. Having an empty space or cavity, natural or artificial, within a solid substance; not solid; excavated in the interior; as, a hollow tree; a hollow sphere.

Hollow with boards shalt thou make it.

Ex. xxvii. 8.

2. Depressed; concave; gaunt; sunken.

With hollow eye and wrinkled brow.

Shak.

3. Reverberated from a cavity, or resembling such a sound; deep; muffled; as, a hollow roar. Dryden.

4. Not sincere or faithful; false; deceitful; not sound; as, a hollow heart; a hollow friend. Milton.

Hollow newel (Arch.), an opening in the center of a winding staircase in place of a newel post, the stairs being supported by the wall; an open newel; also, the stringpiece or rail winding around the well of such a staircase. — Hollow quoin (Engin.), a pier of stone or brick made behind the lock gates of a canal, and containing a hollow or recess to receive the ends of the gates. — Hollow root. (Bot.) See Moschatel. — Hollow square. See Square. — Hollow ware, hollow vessels; — a trade name for cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, etc.

Syn.- Concave; sunken; low; vacant; empty; void; false; faithless; deceitful; treacherous.

Hol”low (?), n. 1. A cavity, natural or artificial; an unfilled space within anything; a hole, a cavern; an excavation; as the hollow of the hand or of a tree.

2. A low spot surrounded by elevations; a depressed part of a surface; a concavity; a channel.

Forests grew
Upon the barren hollows.

Prior.

I hate the dreadful hollow behind the little wood.

Tennyson.

Hol”low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hollowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hollowing.] To make hollow, as by digging, cutting, or engraving; to excavate. “Trees rudely hollowed.” Dryden.

Hol”low, adv. Wholly; completely; utterly; — chiefly after the verb to beat, and often with all; as, this story beats the other all hollow. See All, adv. [Collog.]

The more civilized so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turks hollow in the struggle for existence.

Darwin.

Hol*low” (?), interj. [See Hollo.] Hollo.

Hol”low (?), v. i. To shout; to hollo.

Whisperings and hollowings are alike to a deaf ear.

Fuller.

Hol”low, v. t. To urge or call by shouting.

He has hollowed the hounds.

Sir W. Scott.

Hol”low-heart`ed (?), a. Insincere; deceitful; not sound and true; having a cavity or decayed spot within.

Syn. — Faithless; dishonest; false; treacherous.

Hol”low-horned` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having permanent horns with a bony core, as cattle.

Hol”low*ly, adv. Insincerely; deceitfully. Shak.

Hol”low*ness, n. 1. State of being hollow. Bacon.

2. Insincerity; unsoundness; treachery. South.

Hol”ly (?), adv. Wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol”ly (h&obreve;l”l&ybreve;), n. [OE holi, holin, AS. holen, holegn; akin to D. & G. hulst, OHG. huls hulis, W. celyn, Armor. kelen, Gael. cuilionn, Ir. cuileann. Cf. 1st Holm, Hulver.] 1. (Bot.) A tree or shrub of the genus Ilex. The European species (Ilex Aquifolium) is best known, having glossy green leaves, with a spiny, waved edge, and bearing berries that turn red or yellow about Michaelmas.

&fist; The holly is much used to adorn churches and houses, at Christmas time, and hence is associated with scenes of good will and rejoicing. It is an evergreen tree, and has a finegrained, heavy, white wood. Its bark is used as a febrifuge, and the berries are violently purgative and emetic. The American holly is the Ilex opaca, and is found along the coast of the United States, from Maine southward. Gray.

2. (Bot.) The holm oak. See 1st Holm.

Holly-leaved oak (Bot.), the black scrub oak. See Scrub oak. — Holly rose (Bot.), a West Indian shrub, with showy, yellow flowers (Turnera ulmifolia). — Sea holly (Bot.), a species of Eryngium. See Eryngium.

Hol”ly*hock (?), n. [OE. holihoc; holi holy + hoc mallow, AS. hoc; cf. W. hocys mallows, hocys bendigaid hollyhock, lit., blessed mallow. Prob. so named because brought from the Holy Land. See Holy.] (Bot.) A species of Althæa (A. rosea), bearing flowers of various colors; — called also rose mallow.

Holm (?), n. [OE., prob. from AS. holen holly; as the holly is also called holm. See Holly.] (Bot.) A common evergreen oak, of Europe (Quercus Ilex); — called also ilex, and holly.

Holm (?), n. [AS. holm, usually meaning, sea, water; akin to Icel. hōlmr, holmr, an island, Dan. holm, Sw. holme, G. holm, and prob. to E. hill. Cf. Hill.]

1. An islet in a river. J. Brand.

2. Low, flat land. Wordsworth.

The soft wind blowing over meadowy holms.

Tennyson.

Holm thrush (Zoöl.), the missel thrush.

||Hol”mi*a (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) An oxide of holmium.

||Hol”mi*um (?), n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Chem.) A rare element said to be contained in gadolinite. — Hol”mic (#), a.

||Hol”mos (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.&?;.] (Greek & Etrus. Antiq.) A name given to a vase having a rounded body; esp.: (a) A closed vessel of nearly spherical form on a high stem or pedestal. Fairholt. (b) A drinking cup having a foot and stem.

Hol”o- (?). A combining form fr. Gr. “o`los whole.

Hol”o*blast (?), n. [Holo + - blast.] (Biol.) an ovum composed entirely of germinal matter. See Meroblast.

Hol`o*blas”tic (?), a. (Biol.) Undergoing complete segmentation; composed entirely of germinal matter, the whole of the yolk undergoing fission; — opposed to meroblastic.

Hol”o*caust (?), n. [L. holocaustum, Gr. &?;, neut. of &?;, &?;, burnt whole; “o’los whole + kaysto`s burnt, fr. kai`ein to burn (cf. Caustic): cf. F. holocauste.] 1. A burnt sacrifice; an offering, the whole of which was consumed by fire, among the Jews and some pagan nations. Milton.

2. Sacrifice or loss of many lives, as by the burning of a theater or a ship. [An extended use not authorized by careful writers.]

||Hol`o*ceph”a*li (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. “o`los whole + kefalh` head.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranch fishes, including, among living species, only the chimæras; — called also Holocephala. See Chimæra; also Illustration in Appendix.

Hol`o*cryp”tic (?), a. [Holo- + Gr. kry`ptein to conceal.] Wholly or completely concealing; incapable of being deciphered.

Holocryptic cipher, a cipher so constructed as to afford no clew to its meaning to one ignorant of the key.

Hol`o*crys”tal*line (?), a. [Holo + crystalline.] (Min.) Completely crystalline; — said of a rock like granite, all the constituents of which are crystalline.

Hol”o*graph (?), n. [L. holographus entirely autograph, Gr. “olo`grafos; “o`los whole + gra`fein to write: cf. F. holographe, olographe.] A document, as a letter, deed, or will, wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds and whose act it purports to be.

Hol`o*graph”ic (?), a. Of the nature of a holograph; pertaining to holographs.

Hol`o*he”dral (?), a. [Holo- + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit.] (Crystallog.) Having all the planes required by complete symmetry, — in opposition to hemihedral.

Hol`o*hem`i*he”dral (?), a. [Holo- + hemihedral.] (Crystallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in which all the sectants have halt the whole number of planes. Dana.

||Hol`o*me*tab”o*la (?), n. pl. [NL. See Holo-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Those insects which have a complete metamorphosis; metabola.

Hol`o*met`a*bol”ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a complete metamorphosis; — said of certain insects, as the butterflies and bees.

Ho*lom”e*ter (?), n. [Holo + -meter: cf. F. holometre.] An instrument for making all kinds of angular measurements.

Hol`o*phan”er*ous (?), a. [Holo + Gr. &?; visible, fr. &?; to appear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Holometabolic.

Hol`o*pho”tal (?), a. [Holo + Gr. &?;, &?;, light.] (Opt.) Causing no loss of light; — applied to reflectors which throw back the rays of light without perceptible loss.

Hol”o*phote (?), n. A lamp with lenses or reflectors to collect the rays of light and throw them in a given direction; — used in lighthouses.

Hol`o*phras”tic (?), a. [Holo + Gr. &?; to speak: cf. F. holophrastique.] Expressing a phrase or sentence in a single word, — as is the case in the aboriginal languages of America.

Hol`o*phyt”ic (?), a. [Holo + Gr.&?; a plant.] Wholly or distinctively vegetable.

Holophytic nutrition (&?;), that form of nutrition, characteristic of vegetable organisms, in which carbonic acid, ammonia, and nitrates are absorbed as food, in distinction from the animal mode of nutrition, by the ingestion of albuminous matter.

Hol`o*rhi”nal (?), a. [Holo + Gr.&?;, nose.] (Anat.) Having the nasal bones contiguous.

Hol`o*sid”er*ite (?), n. [Holo + siderite.] (Min.) Meteoric iron; a meteorite consisting of metallic iron without stony matter.

Ho*los”te*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Holostei.

||Ho*los”te*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “o`los whole + &?; a bone.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of ganoids, including the gar pike, bowfin, etc.; the bony ganoids. See Illustration in Appendix.

Hol`o*ster”ic (?), a. [Holo + Gr.stereo`s solid.] Wholly solid; — said of a barometer constructed of solid materials to show the variations of atmospheric pressure without the use of liquids, as the aneroid.

||Hol`o*stom”a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “o`los whole + sto`ma, -atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of gastropods, including those that have an entire aperture.

Ho*los”to*mate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Holostomatous.

Hol`o*stom”a*tous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having an entire aperture; — said of many univalve shells.

Hol”o*stome (?), n. [Holo + Gr. sto`ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Holostomata.

||Ho*los”tra*ca (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “o`los whole + &?; shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A division of phyllopod Crustacea, including those that are entirely covered by a bivalve shell.

Hol”o*thure (?), n. [L. holothuria, pl., a sort of water polyp, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A holothurian.

Hol`o*thu”ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Holothurioidea. — n. One of the Holothurioidea.

&fist; Some of the species of Holothurians are called sea cucumbers, sea slugs, trepang, and bêche de mèr. Many are used as food, esp. by the Chinese. See Trepang.

||Hol`o*thu`ri*oi”de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Holothure, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of echinoderms. They have a more or less elongated body, often flattened beneath, and a circle of tentacles, which are usually much branched, surrounding the mouth; the skin is more or less flexible, and usually contains calcareous plates of various characteristic forms, sometimes becoming large and scalelike. Most of the species have five bands (ambulacra) of sucker-bearing feet along the sides; in others these are lacking. In one group (Pneumonophora) two branching internal gills are developed; in another (Apneumona) these are wanting. Called also Holothurida, Holothuridea, and Holothuroidea.

||||Ho*lot”ri*cha (h&osl;*l&obreve;t”r&ibreve;*k&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “o`los whole + qri`x, tricho`s, a hair.] (Zoöl.) A group of ciliated Infusoria, having cilia all over the body.

Hol”our (?), n. [OF. holier.] A whoremonger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Holp (?), Hol”pen (?), } imp. & p. p. of Help. [Obs.] Shak.

Hol”som (?), a. Wholesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol”ster (?), n. [D. holster; skin to AS. heolstor den, cave, fr. helan to conceal, and to Icel. hulstr case, Goth. hulistr covering, veil, huljan to cover. √17. See Hele to cover, Hell, and cf. Housing, Houss.] A leather case for a pistol, carried by a horseman at the bow of his saddle.

Hol”stered (?), a. Bearing holsters. Byron.

Holt (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contr. from holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Holt, n. [AS. holt; akin to LG. holt, D. hout, G. holz. Icel. holt; cf Gael. & Ir. coill wood, Gr. &?; branch, shoot.] 1. A piece of woodland; especially, a woody hill. “Every holt and heath.” Chaucer.

She sent her voice though all the holt
Before her, and the park.

Tennyson.

2. A deep hole in a river where there is protection for fish; also, a cover, a hole, or hiding place. ” The fox has gone to holt.” C. Kingsley.

Hol”we (?), a. Hollow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ho”ly (?), a. [Compar. Holier (?); superl. Holiest.] [OE. holi, hali, AS. hālig, fr. hæl health, salvation, happiness, fr. hāl whole, well; akin to OS. h&?;lag, D. & G. heilig, OHG. heilac, Dan. hellig, Sw. helig, Icel. heilagr. See Whole, and cf. Halibut, Halidom, Hallow, Hollyhock.] 1. Set apart to the service or worship of God; hallowed; sacred; reserved from profane or common use; holy vessels; a holy priesthood. “Holy rites and solemn feasts.” Milton.

2. Spiritually whole or sound; of unimpaired innocence and virtue; free from sinful affections; pure in heart; godly; pious; irreproachable; guiltless; acceptable to God.

Now through her round of holy thought
The Church our annual steps has brought.

Keble.

Holy Alliance (Hist.), a league ostensibly for conserving religion, justice, and peace in Europe, but really for repressing popular tendencies toward constitutional government, entered into by Alexander I. of Russia, Francis I. of Austria, and Frederic William III. of Prussia, at Paris, on the 26th of September, 1815, and subsequently joined by all the sovereigns of Europe, except the pope and the king of England. — Holy bark. See Cascara sagrada. — Holy Communion. See Eucharist. — Holy family (Art), a picture in which the infant Christ, his parents, and others of his family are represented. – - Holy Father, a title of the pope. — Holy Ghost (Theol.),the third person of the Trinity; the Comforter; the Paraclete. — Holy Grail. See Grail. — Holy grass (Bot.), a sweet-scented grass (Hierochloa borealis and H. alpina). In the north of Europe it was formerly strewed before church doors on saints’ days; whence the name. It is common in the northern and western parts of the United States. Called also vanilla, or Seneca, grass. — Holy Innocents’ day, Childermas day. — Holy Land, Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity. — Holy office, the Inquisition. — Holy of holies (Script.), the innermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where the ark was kept, and where no person entered, except the high priest once a year. — Holy One. (a) The Supreme Being; — so called by way of emphasis. ” The Holy One of Israel.” Is. xliii. 14. (b) One separated to the service of God. — Holy orders. See Order. — Holy rood, the cross or crucifix, particularly one placed, in churches. over the entrance to the chancel. — Holy rope, a plant, the hemp agrimony. — Holy Saturday (Eccl.), the Saturday immediately preceding the festival of Easter; the vigil of Easter. — Holy Spirit, same as Holy Ghost (above). — Holy Spirit plant. See Dove plant. — Holy thistle (Bot.), the blessed thistle. See under Thistle. — Holy Thursday. (Eccl.) (a) (Episcopal Ch.) Ascension day. (b) (R. C. Ch.) The Thursday in Holy Week; Maundy Thursday. — Holy war, a crusade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, for the possession of the holy places. — Holy water (Gr. & R. C. Churches), water which has been blessed by the priest for sacred purposes. — Holy-water stoup, the stone stoup or font placed near the entrance of a church, as a receptacle for holy water. — Holy Week (Eccl.), the week before Easter, in which the passion of our Savior is commemorated. — Holy writ, the sacred Scriptures. ” Word of holy writ.” Wordsworth.

Ho”ly cross” (?; 115). The cross as the symbol of Christ’s crucifixion.

Congregation of the Holy Cross (R. C. Ch.), a community of lay brothers and priests, in France and the United States, engaged chiefly in teaching and manual Labor. Originally called Brethren of St. Joseph. The Sisters of the Holy Cross engage in similar work. Addis & Arnold. — Holy-cross day, the fourteenth of September, observed as a church festival, in memory of the exaltation of our Savior’s cross.

Ho”ly*day` (?), n. 1. A religious festival.

2. A secular festival; a holiday.

&fist; Holiday is the preferable and prevailing spelling in the second sense. The spelling holy day or holyday in often used in the first sense.

Ho”ly*stone` (?), n. (Naut.) A stone used by seamen for scrubbing the decks of ships. Totten.

Ho”ly*stone`, v. t. (Naut.) To scrub with a holystone, as the deck of a vessel.

Hom”a*canth (?), a. [Homo + Gr. &?; a spine.] (Zoöl.) Having the dorsal fin spines symmetrical, and in the same line; — said of certain fishes.

Hom”age (?), n. [OF. homage, homenage, F. hommage, LL. hominaticum, homenaticum, from L. homo a man, LL. also, a client, servant, vassal; akin to L. humus earth, Gr.&?; on the ground, and E. groom in bridegroom. Cf. Bridegroom, Human.] 1. (Feud. Law) A symbolical acknowledgment made by a feudal tenant to, and in the presence of, his lord, on receiving investiture of fee, or coming to it by succession, that he was his man, or vassal; profession of fealty to a sovereign.

2. Respect or reverential regard; deference; especially, respect paid by external action; obeisance.

All things in heaven and earth do her [Law] homage.

Hooker.

I sought no homage from the race that write.

Pope.

3. Reverence directed to the Supreme Being; reverential worship; devout affection. Chaucer.

Syn. — Fealty; submission; reverence; honor; respect. — Homage, Fealty. Homage was originally the act of a feudal tenant by which he declared himself, on his knees, to be the hommage or bondman of the lord; hence the term is used to denote reverential submission or respect. Fealty was originally the fidelity of such a tenant to his lord, and hence the term denotes a faithful and solemn adherence to the obligations we owe to superior power or authority. We pay our homage to men of preëminent usefulness and virtue, and profess our fealty to the principles by which they have been guided.

Go, go with homage yon proud victors meet !
Go, lie like dogs beneath your masters’ feet !

Dryden.

Man, disobeying,
Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins
Against the high supremacy of heaven.

Milton.

Hom”age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Homaging.] [Cf. OF. hommager.] 1. To pay reverence to by external action. [R.]

2. To cause to pay homage. [Obs.] Cowley.

Hom”age*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. hommageable.] Subject to homage. Howell.

Hom”a*ger (?), n. [From Homage: cf. F. hommager.] One who does homage, or holds land of another by homage; a vassal. Bacon.

Hom`a*lo*graph”ic (?), a. Same as Homolographic.

{ Hom”a*loid (h&obreve;m”&adot;*loid), Hom`a*loid”al (-loid”al), } a. [Gr. “omalo`s even + -oid.] (Geom.) Flat; even; — a term applied to surfaces and to spaces, whether real or imagined, in which the definitions, axioms, and postulates of Euclid respecting parallel straight lines are assumed to hold true.

||Hom”a*rus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “omarh`s well adjusted.] (Zoöl.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, including the common lobsters. — Hom”a*roid (#), a.

Ho*mat”ro*pine (?), n. [Homo- + atropine.] (Med.) An alkaloid, prepared from atropine, and from other sources. It is chemically related to atropine, and is used for the same purpose.

Hom`ax*o”ni*al (?), a. [Homo- + Gr. &?; an axle, axis.] (Biol.) Relating to that kind of homology or symmetry, the mathematical conception of organic form, in which all axes are equal. See under Promorphology.

Home (hōm), n. (Zoöl.) See Homelyn.

Home (110), [OE. hom, ham, AS. hām; akin to OS. hēm, D. & G. heim, Sw. hem, Dan. hiem, Icel. heimr abode, world, heima home, Goth. haims village, Lith. këmas, and perh. to Gr. kw`mh village, or to E. hind a peasant; cf. Skr.kshēma abode, place of rest, security, kshi to dwell. √20, 220.] 1. One’s own dwelling place; the house in which one lives; esp., the house in which one lives with his family; the habitual abode of one’s family; also, one’s birthplace.

The disciples went away again to their own home.

John xx. 10.

Home is the sacred refuge of our life.

Dryden.

Home! home! sweet, sweet home!
There’s no place like home.

Payne.

2. One’s native land; the place or country in which one dwells; the place where one’s ancestors dwell or dwelt. “Our old home [England].” Hawthorne.

3. The abiding place of the affections, especially of the domestic affections.

He entered in his house — his home no more,
For without hearts there is no home.

Byron.

4. The locality where a thing is usually found, or was first found, or where it is naturally abundant; habitat; seat; as, the home of the pine.

Her eyes are homes of silent prayer.

Tennyson.

Flandria, by plenty made the home of war.

Prior.

5. A place of refuge and rest; an asylum; as, a home for outcasts; a home for the blind; hence, esp., the grave; the final rest; also, the native and eternal dwelling place of the soul.

Man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets.

Eccl. xii. 5.

6. (Baseball) The home base; he started for home.

At home.(a) At one’s own house, or lodgings. (b) In one’s own town or country; as, peace abroad and at home. (c) Prepared to receive callers. — Home department, the department of executive administration, by which the internal affairs of a country are managed. [Eng.] To be at home on any subject, to be conversant or familiar with it. — To feel at home, to be at one’s ease. — To make one’s self at home, to conduct one’s self with as much freedom as if at home.

Syn. — Tenement; house; dwelling; abode; domicile.

Home (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to one’s dwelling or country; domestic; not foreign; as home manufactures; home comforts.

2. Close; personal; pointed; as, a home thrust.

Home base (Baseball), the base at which the batsman stands and which is the last goal in making a run. — Home farm, grounds, etc., the farm, grounds, etc., adjacent to the residence of the owner. — Home lot, an inclosed plot on which the owner’s home stands. [U. S.] — Home rule, rule or government of an appendent or dependent country, as to all local and internal legislation, by means of a governing power vested in the people within the country itself, in contradistinction to a government established by the dominant country; as, home rule in Ireland. Also used adjectively; as, home-rule members of Parliament. — Home ruler, one who favors or advocates home rule. — Home run (Baseball), a complete circuit of the bases made before the batted ball is returned to the home base. — Home stretch (Sport.), that part of a race course between the last curve and the winning post. — Home thrust, a well directed or effective thrust; one that wounds in a vital part; hence, in controversy, a personal attack.

Home, adv. 1. To one’s home or country; as in the phrases, go home, come home, carry home.

2. Close; closely.

How home the charge reaches us, has been made out.

South.

They come home to men’s business and bosoms.

Bacon.

3. To the place where it belongs; to the end of a course; to the full length; as, to drive a nail home; to ram a cartridge home.

Wear thy good rapier bare and put it home.

Shak.

&fist; Home is often used in the formation of compound words, many of which need no special definition; as, home- brewed, home-built, home-grown, etc.

To bring home. See under Bring. — To come home.(a) To touch or affect personally. See under Come. (b) (Naut.) To drag toward the vessel, instead of holding firm, as the cable is shortened; — said of an anchor. — To haul home the sheets of a sail (Naut.), to haul the clews close to the sheave hole. Totten.

Home”born` (hōm”bôrn`), a. 1. Native; indigenous; not foreign. Donne. Pope.

2. Of or pertaining to the home or family.

Fireside enjoyments, homeborn happiness.

Cowper.

Home”-bound` (?), a. Kept at home.

Home”-bred` (?), a. 1. Bred at home; domestic; not foreign. ” Home-bred mischief.” Milton.

Benignity and home-bred sense.

Wordsworth.

2. Not polished; rude; uncultivated.

Only to me home-bred youths belong.

Dryden.

Home”-com`ing (?), n. Return home.

Kepeth this child, al be it foul or fayr,
And eek my wyf, unto myn hoom-cominge.

Chaucer.

Home”-driv`en (?), a. Driven to the end, as a nail; driven close.

Home”-dwell`ing (?), a. Keeping at home.

Home”-felt` (f&ebreve;lt`), a. Felt in one’s own breast; inward; private. “Home felt quiet.” Pope.

Home”field` (-fēld`), n. A field adjacent to its owner’s home. Hawthorne.

Home”-keep`ing (-kēp`&ibreve;ng), a. Staying at home; not gadding.

Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.

Shak.

Home”-keep`ing, n. A staying at home.

Home”less, a. [AS. hāmleas.] Destitute of a home.

— Home”less*ness, n.

Home”like` (?), a. Like a home; comfortable; cheerful; cozy; friendly.

Home”li*ly (?), adv. Plainly; inelegantly. [R.]

Home”li*ness, n. [From Homely.] 1. Domesticity; care of home. [Obs.] “Wifely homeliness.” Chaucer.

2. Familiarity; intimacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. Plainness; want of elegance or beauty.

4. Coarseness; simplicity; want of refinement; as, the homeliness of manners, or language. Addison.

Home”ling (?), n. A person or thing belonging to a home or to a particular country; a native; as, a word which is a homeling. Trench.

Home”ly, a. [Compar. Homelier (?); superl. Homeliest.] [From Home, n.] 1. Belonging to, or having the characteristics of, home; domestic; familiar; intimate. [Archaic]

With all these men I was right homely, and communed with, them long and oft.

Foxe.

Their homely joys, and destiny obscure.

Gray.

2. Plain; unpretending; rude in appearance; unpolished; as, a homely garment; a homely house; homely fare; homely manners.

Now Strephon daily entertains
His Chloe in the homeliest strains.

Pope.

3. Of plain or coarse features; uncomely; — contrary to handsome.

None so homely but loves a looking- glass.

South.

Home”ly, adv. Plainly; rudely; coarsely; as, homely dressed. [R.] Spenser.

Home”lyn (?), n. [Scot. hommelin.] (Zoöl) The European sand ray (Raia maculata); — called also home, mirror ray, and rough ray.

Home”made` (?), a. Made at home; of domestic manufacture; made either in a private family or in one’s own country. Locke.

Ho”me*o*path (?), n. [Cf. F. homéopathe.] A practitioner of homeopathy. [Written also homœopath.]

Ho`me*o*path”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. homéopathique.] Of or pertaining to homeopathy; according to the principles of homeopathy. [Also homœpathic.]

Ho`me*o*path”ic*al*ly (?), adv. According to the practice of homeopathy. [Also homœopathically.]

Ho`me*op”a*thist (?), n. A believer in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. [Written also homœopathist.]

Ho*me*op”a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; likeness of condition or feeling; &?; like (fr. &?; same; cf. Same) + &?; to suffer: cf. F. homéopathie. See Pathos.] (Med.) The art of curing, founded on resemblances; the theory and its practice that disease is cured (tuto, cito, et jucunde) by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses. This system was founded by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, and is opposed to allopathy, or heteropathy. [Written also homœopathy.]

Hom”er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A carrier pigeon remarkable for its ability to return home from a distance.

Ho”mer (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Hoemother.

Ho”mer, n. [Heb. khōmer.] A Hebrew measure containing, as a liquid measure, ten baths, equivalent to fifty-five gallons, two quarts, one pint; and, as a dry measure, ten ephahs, equivalent to six bushels, two pecks, four quarts. [Written also chomer, gomer.]

Ho*mer”ic (?), a. [L. Homericus, Gr. “Omhriko`s.] Of or pertaining to Homer, the most famous of Greek poets; resembling the poetry of Homer.

Homeric verse, hexameter verse; — so called because used by Homer in his epics.

Home”sick` (?), a. Pining for home; in a nostalgic condition. — Home”sick`ness, n.

Home”-speak`ing (?), n. Direct, forcible, and effective speaking. Milton.

Home”spun (?), a. 1. Spun or wrought at home; of domestic manufacture; coarse; plain. “Homespun country garbs.” W. Irving.

2. Plain in manner or style; not elegant; rude; coarse. “Our homespun English proverb.” Dryden. “Our homespun authors.” Addison.

Home”spun, n. 1. Cloth made at home; as, he was dressed in homespun.

2. An unpolished, rustic person. [Obs.] Shak.

Home”stall` (?), n. [AS. hāmsteall.] Place of a home; homestead. Cowper.

Home”stead (?), n. [AS. hāmstede.] 1. The home place; a home and the inclosure or ground immediately connected with it. Dryden.

2. The home or seat of a family; place of origin.

We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers Volga and Ural.

W. Tooke.

3. (Law) The home and appurtenant land and buildings owned by the head of a family, and occupied by him and his family.

Homestead law. (a) A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon owners of homesteads; esp., a law exempting a homestead from attachment or sale under execution for general debts. Such laws, with limitations as to the extent or value of the property, exist in most of the States. Called also homestead exemption law. (b) Also, a designation of an Act of Congress authorizing and regulating the sale of public lands, in parcels of 160 acres each, to actual settlers. [U.S.]

Home”stead*er (?), n. One who has entered upon a portion of the public land with the purpose of acquiring ownership of it under provisions of the homestead law, so called; one who has acquired a homestead in this manner. [Local, U.S.]

Home”ward (?), a. Being in the direction of home; as, the homeward way.

{ Home”ward (?), Home”wards (?), } adv. [AS. hāmweard.] Toward home; in the direction of one’s house, town, or country.

Homeward bound, bound for home; going homeward; as, the homeward bound fleet.

Hom”i*ci`dal (?), a. Pertaining to homicide; tending to homicide; murderous.

Hom”i*cide (?), n. [F., fr. L. homicidium, fr. homicida a man slayer; homo man + caedere to cut, kill. See Homage, and cf. Concise, Shed, v. t.] 1. The killing of one human being by another.

&fist; Homicide is of three kinds: justifiable, as when the killing is performed in the exercise of a right or performance of a duty; excusable, as when done, although not as duty or right, yet without culpable or criminal intent; and felonious, or involving what the law terms malice; the latter may be either manslaughter or murder. Bouvier.

2. One who kills another; a manslayer. Chaucer. Shak.

Hom”i*form (?), a. [L. homo man + -form.] In human form. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Hom”i*lete (?), n. A homilist.

{ Hom`i*let”ic (?), Hom`i*let”ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. homilétique. See Homily.] 1. Of or pertaining to familiar intercourse; social; affable; conversable; companionable. [R.]

His virtues active, chiefly, and homiletical, not those lazy, sullen ones of the cloister.

Atterbury.

2. Of or pertaining to homiletics; hortatory.

Hom`i*let”ics (?), n. [Cf. F. homilétique.] The art of preaching; that branch of theology which treats of homilies or sermons, and the best method of preparing and delivering them.

Hom”i*list (?), n. One who prepares homilies; one who preaches to a congregation.

Hom”i*lite (?), n. [From Gr. &?; to be in company with.] (Min.) A borosilicate of iron and lime, near datolite in form and composition.

Hom”i*ly (?), n.; pl. Homilies (#). [LL. homilia, Gr. &?; communion, assembly, converse, sermon, fr. &?; an assembly, fr. &?; same; cf. &?; together, and &?; crowd, cf. &?; to press: cf. F. homélie. See Same.] 1. A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience; a serious discourse. Shak.

2. A serious or tedious exhortation in private on some moral point, or on the conduct of life.

As I have heard my father
Deal out in his long homilies.

Byron.

Book of Homilies. A collection of authorized, printed sermons, to be read by ministers in churches, esp. one issued in the time of Edward VI., and a second, issued in the reign of Elizabeth; — both books being certified to contain a “godly and wholesome doctrine.”

Hom”ing (?), a. Home-returning; — used specifically of carrier pigeons.

Hom”i*ny (?), n. [From North American Indian auhúminea parched corn.] Maize hulled and broken, and prepared for food by being boiled in water. [U.S.] [Written also homony.]

Hom”ish (?), a. Like a home or a home circle.

Quiet, cheerful, homish hospital life.

E. E. Hale.

Hom”mock (?), n. A small eminence of a conical form, of land or of ice; a knoll; a hillock. See Hummock. Bartram.

Hom”mock*y (?), a. Filled with hommocks; piled in the form of hommocks; — said of ice.

Ho”mo- (?). A combining form from Gr. “omo`s, one and the same, common, joint.

Ho`mo*cat`e*gor”ic (?), a. [Homo- + categoric.] (Biol.) Belonging to the same category of individuality; — a morphological term applied to organisms so related.

Ho`mo*cen”tric (?), a. [Gr. &?;: &?; the same + &?; center: cf. F. homocentrique.] Having the same center.

Ho`mo*cer”cal (?), a. [Homo- + Gr. &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) Having the tail nearly or quite symmetrical, the vertebral column terminating near its base; — opposed to heterocercal.

Ho”mo*cer`cy (?), n. (Zoöl.) The possession of a homocercal tail.

Ho`mo*cer`e*brin (?), n. [Homo- + rebrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body similar to, or identical with, cerebrin.

Ho`mo*chro”mous (?), a. [Homo- + Gr. &?; color.] (Bot.) Having all the florets in the same flower head of the same color.

Ho`mo*dem”ic (?), a. [Homo- + 1st deme, 2.] (Biol.) A morphological term signifying development, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same unit deme or unit of the inferior orders of individuality.

Ho`mo*der”mic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to homodermy; originating from the same germ layer.

Ho”mo*der`my (?), n. [Homo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Homology of the germinal layers.

Hom”o*dont (?), a. [Homo- + Gr. &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having all the teeth similar in front, as in the porpoises; — opposed to heterodont.

{ Ho*mod”ro*mal (?), Ho*mod”ro*mous (?), } a. [Homo- + Gr. &?; a course, running.] 1. (Bot.) Running in the same direction; — said of stems twining round a support, or of the spiral succession of leaves on stems and their branches.

2. (Mech.) Moving in the same direction; — said of a lever or pulley in which the resistance and the actuating force are both on the same side of the fulcrum or axis.

Ho`mo*dy*nam”ic (?), a. Homodynamous. Quain.

Ho`mo*dy”na*mous (?), a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or involving, homodynamy; as, successive or homodynamous parts in plants and animals.

Ho`mo*dy”na*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; of like power; &?; the same + &?; power.] (Biol.) The homology of metameres. See Metamere. Gegenbaur.

||Ho`mœ*o*me”ri*a (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;; &?; like + &?; part.] The state or quality of being homogeneous in elements or first principles; likeness or identity of parts.

{ Ho`mœ*o*mer”ic (?), Ho`mœ*o*mer”ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, sameness of parts; receiving or advocating the doctrine of homogeneity of elements or first principles.

Ho`mœ*om”er*ous (?), a. (Anat.) Having the main artery of the leg parallel with the sciatic nerve; — said of certain birds.

Ho`mœ*om”e*ry (?), n. [Gr. &?; like + -metry.] Same as Homœomeria. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Ho`mœ*o*mor”phism (?), n. [See Homœomorphous.] A near similarity of crystalline forms between unlike chemical compounds. See Isomorphism.

Ho`mœ*o*mor”phous (?), a. [Gr. &?; of like form; &?; like + &?; form.] Manifesting homœomorphism.

Ho`mœ*o*path”ic, a., Ho`mœ*op”a*thist, n., Ho`mœ*op”a*thy, n. Same as Homeopathic, Homeopathist, Homeopathy.

Ho`mœ*o*ther”mal (?), a. See Homoiothermal.

Ho`mœ*o*zo”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; like + &?; life.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or including, similar forms or kinds of life; as, homœozoic belts on the earth’s surface. E. Forbes.

Ho*mog”a*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?; married together; &?; the same + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Having all the flowers alike; — said of such composite plants as Eupatorium, and the thistels.

Ho*mog”a*my (?), n. (Bot.) The condition of being homogamous.

Ho`mo*gan”gli*ate (?), a. [Homo- + gangliate.] (Zoöl.) Having the ganglia of the nervous system symmetrically arranged, as in certain invertebrates; — opposed to heterogangliate.

Ho”mo*gene (?), a. [Cf. F. homogène.] Homogeneous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ho`mo*ge”ne*al (?), a. Homogeneous.

Ho`mo*ge”ne*al*ness, n. Homogeneousness.

Ho`mo*ge*ne”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. homogénéité.] Same as Homogeneousness.

Ho`mo*ge”ne*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; the same + &?; race, kind: cf. F. homogène. See Same, and Kin.] 1. Of the same kind of nature; consisting of similar parts, or of elements of the like nature; — opposed to heterogeneous; as, homogeneous particles, elements, or principles; homogeneous bodies.

2. (Alg.) Possessing the same number of factors of a given kind; as, a homogeneous polynomial.

Ho`mo*ge”ne*ous*ness, n. Sameness 9kind or nature; uniformity of structure or material.

Ho`mo*gen”e*sis (?), n. [Homo- + genesis.] (Biol.) That method of reproduction in which the successive generations are alike, the offspring, either animal or plant, running through the same cycle of existence as the parent; gamogenesis; — opposed to heterogenesis.

Ho`mo*ge*net”ic (?), a. (Biol.) Homogenous; — applied to that class of homologies which arise from similarity of structure, and which are taken as evidences of common ancestry.

Ho*mog”e*nous (?), a. (Biol.) Having a resemblance in structure, due to descent from a common progenitor with subsequent modification; homogenetic; — applied both to animals and plants. See Homoplastic.

Ho*mog”e*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; the same + &?; race, kind.] 1. Joint nature. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. (Biol.) The correspondence of common descent; — a term used to supersede homology by Lankester, who also used homoplasy to denote any superinduced correspondence of position and structure in parts embryonically distinct (other writers using the term homoplasmy). Thus, there is homogeny between the fore limb of a mammal and the wing of a bird; but the right and left ventricles of the heart in both are only in homoplasy with each other, these having arisen independently since the divergence of both groups from a univentricular ancestor.

Ho*mog”o*nous, a. [Gr. &?;. See Homogeneous.] (Bot.) Having all the flowers of a plant alike in respect to the stamens and pistils.

Ho*mog”o*ny (?), n. (Bot.) The condition of having homogonous flowers.

Hom”o*graph (?), n. [Gr. “omo`grafos with the same letters; “omo`s the same + gra`fein to write.] (Philol.) One of two or more words identical in orthography, but having different derivations and meanings; as, fair, n., a market, and fair, a., beautiful.

Ho`mo*graph”ic (?), a. 1. Employing a single and separate character to represent each sound; — said of certain methods of spelling words.

2. (Geom.) Possessing the property of homography.

Ho*mog”ra*phy (?), n. 1. That method of spelling in which every sound is represented by a single character, which indicates that sound and no other.

2. (Geom.) A relation between two figures, such that to any point of the one corresponds one and but one point in the other, and vise versa. Thus, a tangent line rolling on a circle cuts two fixed tangents of the circle in two sets of points that are homographic.

||Ho*moi`op*to”ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; in a like case; &?; like + &?; falling.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the several parts of a sentence end with the same case, or inflection generally.

Ho*moi`o*ther”mal (?), a. [Gr. &?; like + E. thermal.] (Physiol.) Maintaining a uniform temperature; hæmatothermal; homothermic; — applied to warm- bodied animals, because they maintain a nearly uniform temperature in spite of the great variations in the surrounding air; in distinct from the cold-blooded (poikilothermal) animals, whose body temperature follows the variations in temperature of the surrounding medium.

Ho`moi*ou”si*an (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, of like substance; “o`moios + o’ysi`a the substance, being, essence.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the semi-Arians of the 4th century, who held that the Son was of like, but not the same, essence or substance with the Father; — opposed to homoousian.

Ho`moi*ou”si*an, a. Of or pertaining to Homoiousians, or their belief.

Ho*mol”o*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homologated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Homologating.] [LL. homologatus, p. p. of homologare to homologate; Gr. &?; to assent, agree. See Homologous.] (Civ. Law) To approve; to allow; to confirm; as, the court homologates a proceeding. Wheaton.

Ho*mol`o*ga”tion (?), n. [Cf. F. homologation.] (Civ. & Scots Law) Confirmation or ratification (as of something otherwise null and void), by a court or a grantor.

Ho`mo*log”ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to homology; having a structural affinity proceeding from, or base upon, that kind of relation termed homology. — Ho`mo*log”ic*al*ly, adv.

Ho*mol`o*gin”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, homology; as, homologinic qualities, or differences.

Ho*mol”o*gize (?), v. t. (Biol.) To determine the homologies or structural relations of.

||Ho*mol”o*gon (?), n. [NL.] See Homologue.

||Hom`o*lo*gou”me*na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; things conceded, p. p. of &?; to agree, admit, concede. See Homologous.] Those books of the New Testament which were acknowledged as canonical by the early church; — distinguished from antilegomena.

Ho*mol”o*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; assenting, agreeing; &?; the same + &?; speech, discourse, proportion, &?; to say, speak.] Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or structure. Especially: (a) (Geom.) Corresponding in relative position and proportion.

In similar polygons, the corresponding sides, angles, diagonals, etc., are homologous.

Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.).

(b) (Alg.) Having the same relative proportion or value, as the two antecedents or the two consequents of a proportion. (c) (Chem.) Characterized by homology; belonging to the same type or series; corresponding in composition and properties. See Homology, 3. (d) (Biol.) Being of the same typical structure; having like relations to a fundamental type to structure; as, those bones in the hand of man and the fore foot of a horse are homologous that correspond in their structural relations, that is, in their relations to the type structure of the fore limb in vertebrates.

Homologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus.

Hom`o*lo*graph”ic (?), a. [Homo- + Gr. “o`los whole + -graph + -ic; but cf. F. homalographique, Gr. &?; even, level.] Preserving the mutual relations of parts, especially as to size and form; maintaining relative proportion.

Homolographic projection, a method of constructing geographical charts or maps, so that the surfaces, as delineated on a plane, have the same relative size as the real surfaces; that is, so that the relative actual areas of the different countries are accurately represented by the corresponding portions of the map.

Hom”o*logue (?), n. [Cf. F. homologue. See Homologous.] That which is homologous to something else; as, the corresponding sides, etc., of similar polygons are the homologues of each other; the members or terms of an homologous series in chemistry are the homologues of each other; one of the bones in the hand of man is the homologue of that in the paddle of a whale.

Ho*mol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; agreement. See Homologous.] 1. The quality of being homologous; correspondence; relation; as, the homologyof similar polygons.

2. (Biol.) Correspondence or relation in type of structure in contradistinction to similarity of function; as, the relation in structure between the leg and arm of a man; or that between the arm of a man, the fore leg of a horse, the wing of a bird, and the fin of a fish, all these organs being modifications of one type of structure.

&fist; Homology indicates genetic relationship, and according to Haeckel special homology should be defined in terms of identity of embryonic origin. See Homotypy, and Homogeny.

3. (Chem.) The correspondence or resemblance of substances belonging to the same type or series; a similarity of composition varying by a small, regular difference, and usually attended by a regular variation in physical properties; as, there is an homology between methane, CH_4, ethane, C_2H_6, propane, C_3H_8, etc., all members of the paraffin series. In an extended sense, the term is applied to the relation between chemical elements of the same group; as, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are said to be in homology with each other. Cf. Heterology.

General homology (Biol.), the higher relation which a series of parts, or a single part, bears to the fundamental or general type on which the group is constituted. Owen. — Serial homology (Biol.), representative or repetitive relation in the segments of the same organism, — as in the lobster, where the parts follow each other in a straight line or series. Owen. See Homotypy. — Special homology (Biol.), the correspondence of a part or organ with those of a different animal, as determined by relative position and connection. Owen.

Ho*mom”al*lous (?), a. [Homo- + Gr. &?; a lock of wool.] (Bot.) Uniformly bending or curving to one side; — said of leaves which grow on several sides of a stem.

{ Ho`mo*mor”phic (?), Ho`mo*mor”phous (?), } a. [Gr. &?; the same + &?; shape.] Characterized by homomorphism.

Ho`mo*mor”phism (?), n. [See Homomorphous.] 1. (Biol.) Same as Homomorphy.

2. (Bot.) The possession, in one species of plants, of only one kind of flowers; — opposed to heteromorphism, dimorphism, and trimorphism.

3. (Zoöl.) The possession of but one kind of larvæ or young, as in most insects.

Ho”mo*mor`phy (?), n. [Homo- + Gr. &?; form.] (Biol.) Similarity of form; resemblance in external characters, while widely different in fundamental structure; resemblance in geometric ground form. See Homophyly, Promorphology.

Ho*mon”o*mous (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to homonomy.

Ho*mon”o*my (?), n. [Homo- + Gr. &?; law.] (Biol.) The homology of parts arranged on transverse axes. Haeckel.

Hom”o*nym (?), n. [Cf. F. homonyme. See Homonymous.] A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning; as the noun bear and the verb bear. [Written also homonyme.]

Ho*mon”y*mous (?), a. [L. homonymus, Gr. &?;; &?; the same + &?;, for &?; name; akin to E. name.] 1. Having the same name or designation; standing in the same relation; — opposed to heteronymous.

2. Having the same name or designation, but different meaning or relation; hence, equivocal; ambiguous.

Ho*mon”y*mous*ly, adv. 1. In an homonymous manner; so as to have the same name or relation.

2. Equivocally; ambiguously.

Ho*mon”y*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. homonymie.] 1. Sameness of name or designation; identity in relations. Holland.

Homonymy may be as well in place as in persons.

Fuller.

2. Sameness of name or designation of things or persons which are different; ambiguity.

Ho`mo*ör”gan (?). [Homo- + organ.] Same as Homoplast.

Ho`mo*ou”si*an (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; the same + &?; being, essence, substance.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of those, in the 4th century, who accepted the Nicene creed, and maintained that the Son had the same essence or substance with the Father; — opposed to homoiousian.

Ho`mo*ou”si*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Homoousians, or to the doctrines they held.

Hom”o*phone (?), n. [Cf. F. homophone. See Homophonous.] 1. A letter or character which expresses a like sound with another. Gliddon.

2. A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning and usually in spelling; as, all and awl; bare and bear; rite, write, right, and wright.

{ Ho`mo*phon”ic (?), Ho*moph”o*nous (?), } a. [Gr. &?;; &?; the same + &?; sound, tone: cf. F. homophone.] 1. (Mus.) (a) Originally, sounding alike; of the same pitch; unisonous; monodic. (b) Now used for plain harmony, note against note, as opposed to polyphonic harmony, in which the several parts move independently, each with its own melody.

2. Expressing the same sound by a different combination of letters; as, bay and bey.

Ho*moph”o*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. homophonie.] 1. Sameness of sound.

2. (Mus.) (a) Sameness of sound; unison. (b) Plain harmony, as opposed to polyphony. See Homophonous.

Ho`mo*phyl”ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to homophily.

Ho*moph”y*ly (?), n. [Homo- + Gr. &?; a clan.] (Biol.) That form of homology due to common ancestry (phylogenetic homology), in opposition to homomorphy, to which genealogic basis is wanting. Haeckel.

Ho”mo*plas`my (?), n. [Homo- + Gr. &?; anything formed, fr. &?; to form, mold.] (Biol.) Resemblance between different plants or animals, in external shape, in general habit, or in organs, which is not due to descent from a common ancestor, but to similar surrounding circumstances.

Hom”o*plast (?), n. (Biol.) One of the plastids composing the idorgan of Haeckel; — also called homoörgan.

Ho`mo*plas”tic (?), a. [Homo- + plastic.] Of or pertaining to homoplasty; as, homoplasticorgans; homoplastic forms.

Ho”mo*plas`ty (?), n. [Homo- + plasty.] (Biol.) The formation of homologous tissues.

Ho*mop”la*sy (?), n. [Homo- + Gr. &?; to form, mold.] (Biol.) See Homogeny.

Ho`mo*pol”ic (?), a. [Homo- + pole.] (Biol.) In promorphology, pertaining to or exhibiting that kind of organic form, in which the stereometric ground form is a pyramid, with similar poles. See Promorphology.

Ho*mop”ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Homoptera.

||Ho*mop”te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the same, like + &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Hemiptera, in which both pairs of wings are similar in texture, and do not overlap when folded, as in the cicada. See Hemiptera.

Ho*mop”ter*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) An homopter.

Ho*mop”ter*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Homoptera.

Ho”mo*styled (?), a. [Homo- + style.] (Bot.) Having only one form of pistils; — said of the flowers of some plants. Darwin.

Ho`mo*sys*tem”ic (?), a. [Homo- + systemic.] (Biol.) Developing, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same embryonic systems into which the secondary unit (gastrula or plant enbryo) differentiates.

||Ho`mo*tax”i*a (?), n. [NL.] Same as Homotaxis.

{ Ho`mo*tax”i*al (?), Ho`mo*tax”ic (?), } a. (Biol.) Relating to homotaxis.

||Ho`mo*tax”is (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the same + &?; arrangement.] (Biol.) Similarly in arrangement of parts; — the opposite of heterotaxy.

Ho”mo*tax`y (?), n. Same as Homotaxis.

{ Ho`mo*ther”mic (?), Ho`mo*ther”mous (?), } a. [Homo- + Gr. &?; heat.] (Physiol.) Warm-blooded; homoiothermal; hæmatothermal.

Ho*mot”o*nous (?), a. [L. homotonus, Gr. &?;; &?; the same + &?; tone.] Of the same tenor or tone; equable; without variation.

{ Ho*mot”ro*pal (?), Ho*mot”ro*pous (?), } a. [Gr. &?;; &?; the same + &?; turn, fr. &?; to turn: cf. F. homotrope.] 1. Turned in the same direction with something else.

2. (Bot.) Having the radicle of the seed directed towards the hilum.

Ho”mo*ty`pal (?), a. (Biol.) Of the same type of structure; pertaining to a homotype; as, homotypal parts.

Hom”o*type (?), n. [Homo- + - type.] (Biol.) That which has the same fundamental type of structure with something else; thus, the right arm is the homotype of the right leg; one arm is the homotype of the other, etc. Owen.

{ Ho`mo*typ”ic (?), Ho`mo*typ”ic*al (?), } a. (Biol.) Same as Homotypal.

Ho”mo*ty`py (?), n. [See Homotype.] (Biol.) A term suggested by Haeckel to be instead of serial homology. See Homotype.

||Ho*mun”cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Homunculi (#). [L., dim. of homo man.] A little man; a dwarf; a manikin. Sterne.

Hond (?), n. Hand. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hone (?), v. i. [Etymology uncertain. √37.] To pine; to lament; to long. Lamb.

Hone, n. [Cf. Icel. hūn a knob.] A kind of swelling in the cheek.

Hone, n. [AS. hān; akin to Icel. hein, OSw. hen; cf. Skr. çā&nsdot;a, also çō, çi, to sharpen, and E. cone. √38, 228.] A stone of a fine grit, or a slab, as of metal, covered with an abrading substance or powder, used for sharpening cutting instruments, and especially for setting razors; an oilstone. Tusser.

Hone slateSee Polishing slate. – - Hone stone, one of several kinds of stone used for hones. See Novaculite.

Hone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honed (hōnd); p]. pr. & vb. n. Honing.] To sharpen on, or with, a hone; to rub on a hone in order to sharpen; as, to hone a razor.

Hon”est (?), a. [OE. honest, onest, OF. honeste, oneste, F. honnête, L. honestus, fr. honos, honor, honor. See Honor.] 1. Decent; honorable; suitable; becoming. Chaucer.

Belong what honest clothes you send forth to bleaching!

Shak.

2. Characterized by integrity or fairness and straight&?;forwardness in conduct, thought, speech, etc.; upright; just; equitable; trustworthy; truthful; sincere; free from fraud, guile, or duplicity; not false; — said of persons and acts, and of things to which a moral quality is imputed; as, an honest judge or merchant; an honest statement; an honest bargain; an honest business; an honest book; an honest confession.

An honest man’s the noblest work of God.

Pope.

An honest physician leaves his patient when he can contribute no farther to his health.

Sir W. Temple.

Look ye out among you seven men of honest report.

Acts vi. 3.

Provide things honest in the sight of all men.

Rom. xii. 17.

3. Open; frank; as, an honest countenance.

4. Chaste; faithful; virtuous.

Wives may be merry, and yet honest too.

Shak.

Syn. — Upright; ingenuous; honorable; trusty; faithful; equitable; fair; just; rightful; sincere; frank; candid; genuine.

Hon”est, v. t. [L. honestare to clothe or adorn with honor: cf. F. honester. See Honest, a.] To adorn; to grace; to honor; to make becoming, appropriate, or honorable. [Obs.] Abp. Sandys.

Hon`es*ta”tion (?), n. The act of honesting; grace; adornment. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Ho*nes”te*tee (?), n. Honesty; honorableness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hon”est*ly (?), adv. 1. Honorably; becomingly; decently. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. In an honest manner; as, a contract honestly made; to live honestly; to speak honestly. Shak.

To come honestly by. (a) To get honestly. (b) A circumlocution for to inherit; as, to come honestly by a feature, a mental trait, a peculiarity.

Hon”es*ty (?), n. [OE. honeste, oneste, honor, OF. honesté, onesté (cf. F. honnêteté), L. honestas. See Honest, a.] 1. Honor; honorableness; dignity; propriety; suitableness; decency. [Obs.] Chaucer.

She derives her honesty and achieves her goodness.

Shak.

2. The quality or state of being honest; probity; fairness and straightforwardness of conduct, speech, etc.; integrity; sincerity; truthfulness; freedom from fraud or guile.

That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.

1 Tim. ii. 2.

3. Chastity; modesty. Chaucer.

To lay . . . siege to the honesty of this Ford’s wife.

Shak.

4. (Bot.) Satin flower; the name of two cruciferous herbs having large flat pods, the round shining partitions of which are more beautiful than the blossom; — called also lunary and moonwort. Lunaria biennis is common honesty; L. rediva is perennial honesty.

Syn. — Integrity; probity; uprightness; trustiness; faithfulness; honor; justice; equity; fairness; candor; plain- dealing; veracity; sincerity.

Hone”wort` (?), n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Sison (S. Amomum); — so called because used to cure a swelling called a hone.

Hon”ey (?), n. [OE. honi, huni, AS. hunig; akin to OS. honeg, D. & G. honig, OHG. honag, honang, Icel. hunang, Sw. håning, Dan. honning, cf. Gr. &?; dust, Skr. kaa grain.] 1. A sweet viscid fluid, esp. that collected by bees from flowers of plants, and deposited in the cells of the honeycomb.

2. That which is sweet or pleasant, like honey.

The honey of his language.

Shak.

3. Sweet one; — a term of endearment. Chaucer.

Honey, you shall be well desired in Cyprus.

Shak.

&fist; Honey is often used adjectively or as the first part of compound; as, honeydew or honey dew; honey guide or honeyguide; honey locust or honey- locust.

Honey ant (Zoöl.), a small ant (Myrmecocystus melliger), found in the Southwestern United States, and in Mexico, living in subterranean formicares. There are larger and smaller ordinary workers, and others, which serve as receptacles or cells for the storage of honey, their abdomens becoming distended to the size of a currant. These, in times of scarcity, regurgitate the honey and feed the rest. — Honey badger (Zoöl.), the ratel. — Honey bear. (Zoöl.) See Kinkajou. — Honey buzzard (Zoöl.), a bird related to the kites, of the genus Pernis. The European species is P. apivorus; the Indian or crested honey buzzard is P. ptilorhyncha. They feed upon honey and the larvæ of bees. Called also bee hawk, bee kite. — Honey creeper (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small, bright, colored, passerine birds of the family Cœrebidæ, abundant in Central and South America. — Honey eater (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small passerine birds of the family Meliphagidæ, abundant in Australia and Oceania; — called also honeysucker. — Honey flower (Bot.), an evergreen shrub of the genus Melianthus, a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers yield much honey. — Honey guide (Zoöl.), one of several species of small birds of the family Indicatoridæ, inhabiting Africa and the East Indies. They have the habit of leading persons to the nests to wild bees. Called also honeybird, and indicator. — Honey harvest, the gathering of honey from hives, or the honey which is gathered. Dryden. — Honey kite. (Zoöl.) See Honey buzzard (above). — Honey locust (Bot.), a North American tree (Gleditschia triacanthos), armed with thorns, and having long pods with a sweet pulp between the seeds. — Honey month. Same as Honeymoon. — Honey weasel (Zoöl.), the ratel.

Hon”ey (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Honeyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Honeying.] To be gentle, agreeable, or coaxing; to talk fondly; to use endearments; also, to be or become obsequiously courteous or complimentary; to fawn. “Honeying and making love.” Shak.

Rough to common men,
But honey at the whisper of a lord.

Tennyson.

Hon”ey, v. t. To make agreeable; to cover or sweeten with, or as with, honey.

Canst thou not honey me with fluent speech?

Marston.

Hon”ey-bag` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The receptacle for honey in a honeybee. Shak. Grew.

Hon”ey*bee` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any bee of the genus Apis, which lives in communities and collects honey, esp. the common domesticated hive bee (Apis mellifica), the Italian bee (A. ligustica), and the Arabiab bee (A. fasciata). The two latter are by many entomologists considered only varieties of the common hive bee. Each swarm of bees consists of a large number of workers (barren females), with, ordinarily, one queen or fertile female, but in the swarming season several young queens, and a number of males or drones, are produced.

Hon”ey*bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The honey guide.

Hon”ey*comb` (?), n. [AS. hunigcamb. See Honey, and 1st Comb.] 1. A mass of hexagonal waxen cells, formed by bees, and used by them to hold their honey and their eggs.

2. Any substance, as a easting of iron, a piece of worm-eaten wood, or of triple, etc., perforated with cells like a honeycomb.

Honeycomb moth (Zoöl.), the wax moth. — Honeycomb stomach. (Anat.) See Reticulum.

Hon”ey*combed` (?), a. Formed or perforated like a honeycomb.

Each bastion was honeycombed with casements.

Motley.

Hon”ey*dew` (?), n. 1. A sweet, saccharine substance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants in small drops, like dew. Two substances have been called by this name; one exuded from the plants, and the other secreted by certain insects, esp. aphids.

2. A kind of tobacco moistened with molasses.

Hon”eyed (?), a. 1. Covered with honey.

2. Sweet, as, honeyed words. Milton.

Hon”ey*less (?), a. Destitute of honey. Shak.

Hon”ey*moon` (?), n. The first month after marriage. Addison.

Hon”ey-mouthed` (?), a. Soft to sweet in speech; persuasive. Shak.

Hon”ey*stone` (?), n. See Mellite.

Hon”ey*suck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Honey eater, under Honey.

Hon”ey*suc`kle (?), n. [Cf. AS. hunis&?;ge privet. See Honey, and Suck.] (Bot.) One of several species of flowering plants, much admired for their beauty, and some for their fragrance.

&fist; The honeysuckles are properly species of the genus Lonicera; as, L. Caprifolium, and L. Japonica, the commonly cultivated fragrant kinds; L. Periclymenum, the fragrant woodbine of England; L. grata, the American woodbine, and L. sempervirens, the red-flowered trumpet honeysuckle. The European fly honeysuckle is L. Xylosteum; the American, L. ciliata. The American Pinxter flower (Azalea nudiflora) is often called honeysuckle, or false honeysuckle. The name Australian honeysuckle is applied to one or more trees of the genus Banksia. See French honeysuckle, under French.

Hon”ey*suc`kled (?), a. Covered with honeysuckles.

Hon”ey-sweet` (?), a. Sweet as honey. Chaucer.

Hon”ey-tongued` (?), a. Sweet speaking; persuasive; seductive. Shak.

Hon”ey*ware` (?), n. (Bot.) See Badderlocks.

Hon”ey*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A European plant of the genus Cerinthe, whose flowers are very attractive to bees. Loudon.

Hong (?), n. [Chinese hang, Canton dialect hong, a mercantile house, factory.] A mercantile establishment or factory for foreign trade in China, as formerly at Canton; a succession of offices connected by a common passage and used for business or storage.

Hong merchant, one of the few Chinese merchants who, previous to the treaty of 1842, formed a guild which had the exclusive privilege of trading with foreigners.

Hong (?), v. t. & i. To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hon”ied (?), a. See Honeyed.

Hon”i*ton lace` (?). A kind of pillow lace, remarkable for the beauty of its figures; — so called because chiefly made in Honiton, England.

Honk (?), n. [Of imitative origin.] (Zoöl.) The cry of a wild goose. — Honk”ing, n.

Hon”or (?), n. [OE. honor, honour, onour, onur, OF. honor, onor, honur, onur, honour, onour, F. honneur, fr. L. honor, honos.] [Written also honour.] 1. Esteem due or paid to worth; high estimation; respect; consideration; reverence; veneration; manifestation of respect or reverence.

A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country.

Matt. xiii. 57.

2. That which rightfully attracts esteem, respect, or consideration; self-respect; dignity; courage; fidelity; especially, excellence of character; high moral worth; virtue; nobleness; specif., in men, integrity; uprightness; trustworthness; in women, purity; chastity.

If she have forgot
Honor and virtue.

Shak.

Godlike erect, with native honor clad.

Milton.

3. A nice sense of what is right, just, and true, with course of life correspondent thereto; strict conformity to the duty imposed by conscience, position, or privilege.

Say, what is honor? ‘T is the finest sense
Of justice which the human mind can frame,
Intent each lurking frailty to disclaim,
And guard the way of life from all offense
Suffered or done.

Wordsworth.

I could not love thee, dear, so much,
Loved I not honor more.

Lovelace.

4. That to which esteem or consideration is paid; distinguished position; high rank. “Restored me to my honors.” Shak.

I have given thee . . . both riches, and honor.

1 Kings iii. 13.

Thou art clothed with honor and majesty.

Ps. civ. 1.

5. Fame; reputation; credit.

Some in theiractions do woo, and affect honor and reputation.

Bacon.

If my honor is meant anything distinct from conscience, ‘t is no more than a regard to the censure and esteem of the world.

Rogers.

6. A token of esteem paid to worth; a mark of respect; a ceremonial sign of consideration; as, he wore an honor on his breast; military honors; civil honors. “Their funeral honors.” Dryden.

7. A cause of respect and fame; a glory; an excellency; an ornament; as, he is an honor to his nation.

8. A title applied to the holders of certain honorable civil offices, or to persons of rank; as, His Honor the Mayor. See Note under Honorable.

9. (Feud. Law) A seigniory or lordship held of the king, on which other lordships and manors depended. Cowell.

10. pl. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; as, honors in classics.

11. pl. (Whist) The ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. The ten and nine are sometimes called Dutch honors. R. A. Proctor.

Affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel, or the duel itself. — Court of honor, a court or tribunal to investigate and decide questions relating to points of honor; as a court of chivalry, or a military court to investigate acts or omissions which are unofficerlike or ungentlemanly in their nature. — Debt of honor, a debt contracted by a verbal promise, or by betting or gambling, considered more binding than if recoverable by law. — Honor bright! An assurance of truth or fidelity. [Colloq.] — Honor court (Feudal Law), one held in an honor or seignory. — Honor point. (Her.) See Escutcheon. — Honors of war (Mil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out from a camp or town armed, and with colors flying. — Law, or Code, of honor, certain rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion, and which are founded on a regard to reputation. Paley. — Maid of honor, a lady of rank, whose duty it is to attend the queen when she appears in public. — On one’s honor, on the pledge of one’s honor; as, the members of the House of Lords in Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their statements or verdicts on their honor. — Point of honor, a scruple or nice distinction in matters affecting one’s honor; as, he raised a point of honor. — To do the honors, to bestow honor, as on a guest; to act as host or hostess at an entertainment. “To do the honors and to give the word.” Pope. — To do one honor, to confer distinction upon one. — To have the honor, to have the privilege or distinction. — Word of honor, an engagement confirmed by a pledge of honor.

Hon”or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Honoring.] [OE. honouren, onouren, OF. honorer, honourer, F. honorer, fr. L. honorare, fr. honor, n.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect; to revere; to treat with deference and submission; when used of the Supreme Being, to reverence; to adore; to worship.

Honor thy father and thy mother.

Ex. xx. 12.

That all men should honor the Son, even as they honor the Father.

John v. 23.

It is a custom
More honor’d in the breach than the observance.

Shak.

2. To dignify; to raise to distinction or notice; to bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or station; to ennoble; to exalt; to glorify; hence, to do something to honor; to treat in a complimentary manner or with civility.

Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighten to honor.

Esther vi. 9.

The name of Cassius honors this corruption.

Shak.

3. (Com.) To accept and pay when due; as, to honora bill of exchange.

Hon”or*a*ble (?), a. [F. honorable, L. honorabilis.] 1. Worthy of honor; fit to be esteemed or regarded; estimable; illustrious.

Thy name and honorable family.

Shak.

2. High-minded; actuated by principles of honor, or a scrupulous regard to probity, rectitude, or reputation.

3. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, or directed to a just and proper end; not base; irreproachable; fair; as, an honorable motive.

Is this proceeding just and honorable?

Shak.

4. Conferring honor, or produced by noble deeds.

Honorable wounds from battle brought.

Dryden.

5. Worthy of respect; regarded with esteem; to be commended; consistent with honor or rectitude.

Marriage is honorable in all.

Heb. xiii. 4.

6. Performed or accompanied with marks of honor, or with testimonies of esteem; as, an honorable burial.

7. Of reputable association or use; respectable.

Let her descend: my chambers are honorable.

Shak.

8. An epithet of respect or distinction; as, the honorable Senate; the honorable gentleman.

&fist; Honorable is a title of quality, conferred by English usage upon the younger children of earls and all the children of viscounts and barons. The maids of honor, lords of session, and the supreme judges of England and Ireland are entitled to the prefix. In American usage, it is a title of courtesy merely, bestowed upon those who hold, or have held, any of the higher public offices, esp. governors, judges, members of Congress or of the Senate, mayors.

Right honorable. See under Right.

Hon”or*a*ble*ness, n. 1. The state of being honorable; eminence; distinction.

2. Conformity to the principles of honor, probity, or moral rectitude; fairness; uprightness; reputableness.

Hon”or*a*bly (?), adv. 1. In an honorable manner; in a manner showing, or consistent with, honor.

The reverend abbot . . . honorably received him.

Shak.

Why did I not more honorably starve?

Dryden.

2. Decently; becomingly. [Obs.] “Do this message honorably.” Shak.

Syn. — Magnanimously; generously; nobly; worthily; justly; equitably; fairly; reputably.

{ ||Hon`o*ra”ri*um (?), Hon”or*a*ry (?), } n. [L. honorarium (sc. donum), fr. honorarius. See Honorary, a.] 1. A fee offered to professional men for their services; as, an honorarium of one thousand dollars. S. Longfellow.

2. (Law) An honorary payment, usually in recognition of services for which it is not usual or not lawful to assign a fixed business price. Heumann.

Hon”or*a*ry, a. [L. honorarius, fr. honor honor: cf. F. honoraire.] 1. Done as a sign or evidence of honor; as, honorary services. Macaulay.

2. Conferring honor, or intended merely to confer honor without emolument; as, an honorary degree. “Honorary arches.” Addison.

3. Holding a title or place without rendering service or receiving reward; as, an honorary member of a society.

Hon”or*er (?), n. One who honors.

Hon`or*if”ic (?), a. [See Honor, -fy, and -ic.] Conferring honor; tending to honor. London Spectator.

Hon”or*less (?), a. Destitute of honor; not honored. Bp. Warburton.

Hont (h&obreve;nt), n. & v. See under Hunt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hoo (?), interj. 1. See Ho. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Hurrah! — an exclamation of triumphant joy. Shak.

-hood (?). [OE. hod, had, hed, hede, etc., person, rank, order, condition, AS. hād; akin to OS. hēd, OHG. heit, G. -heit, D. -heid, Goth. haidus manner; cf. Skr. kētu brightness, cit to appear, be noticeable, notice. √217. Cf. -head.] A termination denoting state, condition, quality, character, totality, as in manhood, childhood, knighthood, brotherhood. Sometimes it is written, chiefly in obsolete words, in the form – head.

Hood (?), n. [OE. hood, hod, AS. hōd; akin to D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, also to E. hat, and prob. to E. heed. √13.] 1. State; condition. [Obs.]

How could thou ween, through that disguised hood
To hide thy state from being understood?

Spenser.

2. A covering or garment for the head or the head and shoulders, often attached to the body garment; especially: (a) A soft covering for the head, worn by women, which leaves only the face exposed. (b) A part of a monk’s outer garment, with which he covers his head; a cowl. “All hoods make not monks.” Shak. (c) A like appendage to a cloak or loose overcoat, that may be drawn up over the head at pleasure. (d) An ornamental fold at the back of an academic gown or ecclesiastical vestment; as, a master’s hood. (e) A covering for a horse’s head. (f) (Falconry) A covering for a hawk’s head and eyes. See Illust. of Falcon.

3. Anything resembling a hood in form or use; as: (a) The top or head of a carriage. (b) A chimney top, often contrived to secure a constant draught by turning with the wind. (c) A projecting cover above a hearth, forming the upper part of the fireplace, and confining the smoke to the flue. (d) The top of a pump. (e) (Ord.) A covering for a mortar. (f) (Bot.) The hood-shaped upper petal of some flowers, as of monkshood; — called also helmet. Gray. (g) (Naut.) A covering or porch for a companion hatch.

4. (Shipbuilding) The endmost plank of a strake which reaches the stem or stern.

Hood (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hooding.] 1. To cover with a hood; to furnish with a hood or hood-shaped appendage.

The friar hooded, and the monarch crowned.

Pope.

2. To cover; to hide; to blind.

While grace is saying, I’ll hood mine eyes
Thus with my hat, and sigh and say, “Amen.”

Shak.

Hooding end (Shipbuilding), the end of a hood where it enters the rabbet in the stem post or stern post.

Hood”cap`, n. See Hooded seal, under Hooded.

Hood”ed, a. 1. Covered with a hood.

2. Furnished with a hood or something like a hood.

3. Hood-shaped; esp. (Bot.), rolled up like a cornet of paper; cuculate, as the spethe of the Indian turnip.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the head conspicuously different in color from the rest of the plumage; — said of birds. (b) Having a hoodlike crest or prominence on the head or neck; as, the hooded seal; a hooded snake.

Hooded crow, a European crow (Corvus cornix); — called also hoody, dun crow, and royston crow. — Hooded gull, the European black-headed pewit or gull. — Hooded merganser. See Merganser. — Hooded seal, a large North Atlantic seal (Cystophora cristata). The male has a large, inflatible, hoodlike sac upon the head. Called also hoodcap. — Hooded sheldrake, the hooded merganser. See Merganser. — Hooded snake. See Cobra de capello, Asp, Haje, etc. — Hooded warbler, a small American warbler (Sylvania mitrata).

Hood”less, a. Having no hood.

Hood”lum (?), n. A young rowdy; a rough, lawless fellow. [Colloq. U.S.]

Hood”man (?), n. The person blindfolded in the game called hoodman-blind. [Obs.] Shak.

Hood”man-blind` (?), n. An old term for blindman’s buff. Shak.

{ Hood” mold`ing Hood” mould`ing } (?). (Arch.) A projecting molding over the head of an arch, forming the outermost member of the archivolt; — called also hood mold.

Hoo”doo (?), n. [Perh. a var. of voodoo.] One who causes bad luck. [Colloq.]

Hood”wink (?), v. t. [Hood + wink.] 1. To blind by covering the eyes.

We will blind and hoodwink him.

Shak.

2. To cover; to hide. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To deceive by false appearance; to impose upon. “Hoodwinked with kindness.” Sir P. Sidney.

Hood”y (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hooded crow; also, in Scotland, the hooded gull.

Hoof (?), n.; pl. Hoofs (#), very rarely Hooves (#). [OE. hof, AS. hōf; akin to D. hoef, G1huf, OHG. huof, Icel. hōfr, Sw. hof, Dan. hov; cf. Russ. kopuito, Skr. çapha. √225.] 1. The horny substance or case that covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, etc.

On burnished hooves his war horse trode.

Tennyson.

2. A hoofed animal; a beast.

Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not a hoof be left behind.

Ex. x. 26.

3. (Geom.) See Ungula.

Hoof, v. i. 1. To walk as cattle. [R.] William Scott.

2. To be on a tramp; to foot. [Slang, U.S.]

To hoof it, to foot it.

Hoof”bound` (?), a. (Far.) Having a dry and contracted hoof, which occasions pain and lameness.

Hoofed (?), a. Furnished with hoofs. Grew.

Hoof”less (?), a. Destitute of hoofs.

Hook (?), n. [OE. hok, AS. hōc; cf. D. haak, G. hake, haken, OHG. hāko, hāgo, hāggo, Icel. haki, Sw. hake, Dan. hage. Cf. Arquebuse, Hagbut, Hake, Hatch a half door, Heckle.] 1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, formed or bent into a curve or at an angle, for catching, holding, or sustaining anything; as, a hook for catching fish; a hook for fastening a gate; a boat hook, etc.

2. That part of a hinge which is fixed to a post, and on which a door or gate hangs and turns.

3. An implement for cutting grass or grain; a sickle; an instrument for cutting or lopping; a billhook.

Like slashing Bentley with his desperate hook.

Pope.

4. (Steam Engin.) See Eccentric, and V-hook.

5. A snare; a trap. [R.] Shak.

6. A field sown two years in succession. [Prov. Eng.]

7. pl. The projecting points of the thigh bones of cattle; — called also hook bones.

By hook or by crook, one way or other; by any means, direct or indirect. Milton. “In hope her to attain by hook or crook.” Spenser. — Off the hooks, unhinged; disturbed; disordered. [Colloq.] “In the evening, by water, to the Duke of Albemarle, whom I found mightly off the hooks that the ships are not gone out of the river.” Pepys. — On one’s own hook, on one’s own account or responsibility; by one’s self. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. — To go off the hooks, to die. [Colloq.] Thackeray. — Bid hook, a small boat hook. — Chain hook. See under Chain. — Deck hook, a horizontal knee or frame, in the bow of a ship, on which the forward part of the deck rests. — Hook and eye, one of the small wire hooks and loops for fastening together the opposite edges of a garment, etc. — Hook bill (Zoöl.), the strongly curved beak of a bird. — Hook ladder, a ladder with hooks at the end by which it can be suspended, as from the top of a wall. — Hook motion (Steam Engin.), a valve gear which is reversed by V hooks. — Hook squid, any squid which has the arms furnished with hooks, instead of suckers, as in the genera Enoploteuthis and Onychteuthis. — Hook wrench, a wrench or spanner, having a hook at the end, instead of a jaw, for turning a bolthead, nut, or coupling.

Hook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hooking.] 1. To catch or fasten with a hook or hooks; to seize, capture, or hold, as with a hook, esp. with a disguised or baited hook; hence, to secure by allurement or artifice; to entrap; to catch; as, to hook a dress; to hook a trout.

Hook him, my poor dear, . . . at any sacrifice.

W. Collins.

2. To seize or pierce with the points of the horns, as cattle in attacking enemies; to gore.

3. To steal. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.]

To hook on, to fasten or attach by, or as by, hook.

Hook (?), v. i. To bend; to curve as a hook.

Hook”ah (h&oocr;k”&adot;), n. [Per. or Ar. huqqa a round box or casket, a bottle through which the fumes pass when smoking tobacco.] A pipe with a long, flexible stem, so arranged that the smoke is cooled by being made to pass through water.

Hook”-billed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a strongly curved bill.

Hooked (?), a. 1. Having the form of a hook; curvated; as, the hooked bill of a bird.

2. Provided with a hook or hooks. “The hooked chariot.” Milton.

Hook”ed*ness (?), n. The state of being bent like a hook; incurvation.

Hook”er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, hooks.

2. (Naut.) (a) A Dutch vessel with two masts. (b) A fishing boat with one mast, used on the coast of Ireland. (c) A sailor’s contemptuous term for any antiquated craft.

Hooke’s” gear”ing (?). [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) Spur gearing having teeth slanting across the face of the wheel, sometimes slanting in opposite directions from the middle.

Hooke’s joint (?). [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) A universal joint. See under Universal.

Hook”ey (?), n. See Hockey.

Hook”let (?), n. A little hook.

Hook”-nosed` (?), a. Having a hooked or aquiline nose. Shak.

Hook”y (?), a. Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks.

Hool (?), a. Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hoo”lock (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small black gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), found in the mountains of Assam.

Hoom (?), n. Home. Chaucer.

Hoo”noo*maun (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Indian monkey. See Entellus. [Written also hoonuman.]

Hoop (?), n. [OE. hope; akin to D. hoep, hoepel.] 1. A pliant strip of wood or metal bent in a circular form, and united at the ends, for holding together the staves of casks, tubs, etc.

2. A ring; a circular band; anything resembling a hoop, as the cylinder (cheese hoop) in which the curd is pressed in making cheese.

3. A circle, or combination of circles, of thin whalebone, metal, or other elastic material, used for expanding the skirts of ladies’ dresses; crinoline; — used chiefly in the plural.

Though stiff with hoops, and armed with ribs of whale.

Pope.

4. A quart pot; — so called because originally bound with hoops, like a barrel. Also, a portion of the contents measured by the distance between the hoops. [Obs.]

5. An old measure of capacity, variously estimated at from one to four pecks. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Bulge hoop, Chine hoop, Quarter hoop, the hoop nearest the middle of a cask, that nearest the end, and the intermediate hoop between these two, respectively. — Flat hoop, a wooden hoop dressed flat on both sides. — Half-round hoop, a wooden hoop left rounding and undressed on the outside. — Hoop iron, iron in thin narrow strips, used for making hoops. — Hoop lock, the fastening for uniting the ends of wooden hoops by notching and interlocking them. — Hoop skirt, a framework of hoops for expanding the skirts of a woman’s dress; — called also hoop petticoat. — Hoop snake (Zoöl.), a harmless snake of the Southern United States (Abaster erythrogrammus); — so called from the mistaken notion that it curves itself into a hoop, taking its tail into its mouth, and rolls along with great velocity. — Hoop tree (Bot.), a small West Indian tree (Melia sempervirens), of the Mahogany family.

Hoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hooping.] 1. To bind or fasten with hoops; as, to hoop a barrel or puncheon.

2. To clasp; to encircle; to surround. Shak.

Hoop (?), v. i. [OE. houpen; cf. F. houper to hoop, to shout; — a hunting term, prob. fr. houp, an interj. used in calling. Cf. Whoop.] 1. To utter a loud cry, or a sound imitative of the word, by way of call or pursuit; to shout. [Usually written whoop.]

2. To whoop, as in whooping cough. See Whoop.

Hooping cough. (Med.) See Whooping cough.

Hoop, v. t. [Written also whoop.] 1. To drive or follow with a shout. “To be hooped out of Rome.” Shak.

2. To call by a shout or peculiar cry.

Hoop, n. 1. A shout; a whoop, as in whooping cough.

2. (Zoöl.) The hoopoe. See Hoopoe.

Hoop”er (?), n. [See 1st Hoop.] One who hoops casks or tubs; a cooper.

Hoop”er (?), n. (Zoöl.) [So called from its note.] The European whistling, or wild, swan (Olor cygnus); — called also hooper swan, whooping swan, and elk.

{ Hoop”oe (?), Hoop”oo (?) }, n. [So called from its cry; cf. L. upupa, Gr. &?;, D. hop, F. huppe; cf. also G. wiedenhopf, OHG. wituhopfo, lit., wood hopper.] (Zoöl.) A European bird of the genus Upupa (U. epops), having a beautiful crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure. Called also hoop, whoop. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus and allied genera.

Hoo”sier (?), n. A nickname given to an inhabitant of the State of Indiana. [U.S.]

Hoot (h&oomac;t), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooting.] [OE. hoten, houten, huten; cf. OSw. huta, Sw. huta ut to take one up sharply, fr. Sw. hut interj., begone! cf. also W. hwt off! off with it! away! hoot!] 1. To cry out or shout in contempt.

Matrons and girls shall hoot at thee no more.

Dryden.

2. To make the peculiar cry of an owl.

The clamorous owl that nightly hoots.

Shak.

Hoot, v. t. To assail with contemptuous cries or shouts; to follow with derisive shouts.

Partridge and his clan may hoot me for a cheat.

Swift.

Hoot, n. 1. A derisive cry or shout. Glanvill.

2. The cry of an owl.

Hoot owl (Zoöl.), the barred owl (Syrnium nebulosum). See Barred owl.

Hoove (?), n. [Allied to heave, hove.] A disease in cattle consisting in inflammation of the stomach by gas, ordinarily caused by eating too much green food; tympany; bloating.

{ Hoov”en (?), Ho”ven (?), } a. Affected with hoove; as, hooven, or hoven, cattle.

Hop (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hopping (?).] [OE. hoppen to hop, leap, dance, AS. hoppian; akin to Icel. & Sw. hoppa, Dan. hoppe, D. huppelen, G. hüpfen.] 1. To move by successive leaps, as toads do; to spring or jump on one foot; to skip, as birds do.

[Birds] hopping from spray to spray.

Dryden.

2. To walk lame; to limp; to halt. Dryden.

3. To dance. Smollett.

Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg, as of a boy; a leap, as of a toad; a jump; a spring.

2. A dance; esp., an informal dance of ball. [Colloq.]

Hop, skip (or step), and jump, a game or athletic sport in which the participants cover as much ground as possible by a hop, stride, and jump in succession. Addison.

Hop, n. [OE. hoppe; akin to D. hop, hoppe, OHG. hopfo, G. hopfen; cf. LL. hupa, W. hopez, Armor. houpez, and Icel. humall, SW. & Dan. humle.] 1. (Bot.) A climbing plant (Humulus Lupulus), having a long, twining, annual stalk. It is cultivated for its fruit (hops).

2. The catkin or strobilaceous fruit of the hop, much used in brewing to give a bitter taste.

3. The fruit of the dog-rose. See Hip.

Hop back. (Brewing) See under 1st Back. — Hop clover (Bot.), a species of yellow clover having heads like hops in miniature (Trifolium agrarium, and T. procumbens). — Hop flea (Zoöl.), a small flea beetle (Haltica concinna), very injurious to hops. — Hop fly (Zoöl.), an aphid (Phorodon humuli), very injurious to hop vines. — Hop froth fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect (Aphrophora interrupta), allied to the cockoo spits. It often does great damage to hop vines. — Hop hornbeam (Bot.), an American tree of the genus Ostrya (O. Virginica) the American ironwood; also, a European species (O. vulgaris). — Hop moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Hypena humuli), which in the larval state is very injurious to hop vines. — Hop picker, one who picks hops. — Hop pole, a pole used to support hop vines. — Hop tree (Bot.), a small American tree (Ptelia trifoliata), having broad, flattened fruit in large clusters, sometimes used as a substitute for hops. — Hop vine (Bot.), the climbing vine or stalk of the hop.

Hop, v. t. To impregnate with hops. Mortimer.

Hop, v. i. To gather hops. [Perhaps only in the form Hopping, vb. n.]

{ Hop”bine` (?), Hop”bind` (?), } n. The climbing stem of the hop. Blackstone.

Hope (?), n. [Cf. Icel. hōp a small bay or inlet.] 1. A sloping plain between mountain ridges. [Obs.]

2. A small bay; an inlet; a haven. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Hope, n. [AS., akin to D. hoop, hope, Sw. hopp, Dan. haab, MHG. hoffe. Hope in forlorn hope is different word. See Forlorn hope, under Forlorn.] 1. A desire of some good, accompanied with an expectation of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable; an expectation of something which is thought to be desirable; confidence; pleasing expectancy.

The hypocrite’s hope shall perish.

Job vii. 13.

He wished, but not with hope.

Milton.

New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven.

Keble.

2. One who, or that which, gives hope, furnishes ground of expectation, or promises desired good.

The Lord will be the hope of his people.

Joel iii. 16.

A young gentleman of great hopes, whose love of learning was highly commendable.

Macaulay.

3. That which is hoped for; an object of hope.

Lavina is thine elder brother’s hope.

Shak.

Hope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hoped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hoping.] [AS. hopian; akin to D. hopen, Sw. hopp&?;, Dan. haabe, G. hoffen. See 2nd Hope.] 1. To entertain or indulge hope; to cherish a desire of good, or of something welcome, with expectation of obtaining it or belief that it is obtainable; to expect; — usually followed by for. “Hope for good success.” Jer. Taylor.

But I will hope continually.

Ps. lxxi. 14.

2. To place confidence; to trust with confident expectation of good; — usually followed by in. “I hope in thy word.” Ps. cxix. 81.

Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? Hope thou in God.

Ps. xlii. 11.

Hope (?), v. t. 1. To desire with expectation or with belief in the possibility or prospect of obtaining; to look forward to as a thing desirable, with the expectation of obtaining it; to cherish hopes of.

We hope no other from your majesty.

Shak.

[Charity] hopeth all things.

1 Cor. xiii. 7.

2. To expect; to fear. [Obs.] “I hope he will be dead.” Chaucer.

&fist; Hope is often used colloquially regarding uncertainties, with no reference to the future. “I hope she takes me to be flesh and blood.” Mrs. Centlivre.

Hope”ful (?), a. 1. Full of hope, or agreeable expectation; inclined to hope; expectant.

Men of their own natural inclination hopeful and strongly conceited.

Hooker.

2. Having qualities which excite hope; affording promise of good or of success; as, a hopeful youth; a hopeful prospect. “Hopeful scholars.” Addison.

— Hope”ful*ly, adv. — Hope”ful*ness, n.

Hope”ite (?), n. [Named after Professor Hope, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of zinc in transparent prismatic crystals.

Hope”less, a. 1. Destitute of hope; having no expectation of good; despairing.

I am a woman, friendless, hopeless.

Shak.

2. Giving no ground of hope; promising nothing desirable; desperate; as, a hopeless cause.

The hopelessword of “never to return”
Breathe I against thee, upon pain of life.

Shak.

3. Unhoped for; despaired of. [Obs.] Marston.

— Hope”less*ly, adv. — Hope”less*ness, n.

Hop”er (?), n. One who hopes. Swift.

Hop”ing*ly, adv. In a hopeful manner. Hammond.

Hop”lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; tool, weapon: cf. F. hoplite.] (Gr. Antiq.) A heavy-armed infantry soldier. Milford.

{ Hop”-o’-my-thumb” (?), Hop”-thumb” }, n. A very diminutive person. [Colloq.] liwell.

Hopped (?), p. a. Impregnated with hops.

Hop”per (?), n. [See 1st Hop.] 1. One who, or that which, hops.

2. A chute, box, or receptacle, usually funnel-shaped with an opening at the lower part, for delivering or feeding any material, as to a machine; as, the wooden box with its trough through which grain passes into a mill by joining or shaking, or a funnel through which fuel passes into a furnace, or coal, etc., into a car.

3. (Mus.) See Grasshopper, 2.

4. pl. A game. See Hopscotch. Johnson.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) See Grasshopper, and Frog hopper, Grape hopper, Leaf hopper, Tree hopper, under Frog, Grape, Leaf, and Tree. (b) The larva of a cheese fly.

6. (Naut.) A vessel for carrying waste, garbage, etc., out to sea, so constructed as to discharge its load by a mechanical contrivance; — called also dumping scow.

Bell and hopper (Metal.), the apparatus at the top of a blast furnace, through which the charge is introduced, while the gases are retained. — Hopper boy, a rake in a mill, moving in a circle to spread meal for drying, and to draw it over an opening in the floor, through which it falls. — Hopper closet, a water- closet, without a movable pan, in which the receptacle is a funnel standing on a draintrap. — Hopper cock, a faucet or valve for flushing the hopper of a water-closet.

Hop”per*ings (?), n. (Gold Washing) Gravel retaining in the hopper of a cradle.

Hop`pes*tere” (?), a. An unexplained epithet used by Chaucer in reference to ships. By some it is defined as “dancing (on the wave)”; by others as “opposing,” “warlike.” T. R. Lounsbury.

Hop”pet (?), n. 1. A hand basket; also, a dish used by miners for measuring ore. [Prov. Eng.]

2. An infant in arms. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Hop”ping (?), n. The act of one who, or that which, hops; a jumping, frisking, or dancing.

Hopping Dick (Zoöl.), a thrush of Jamaica (Merula leucogenys), resembling the English blackbird in its familiar manners, agreeable song, and dark plumage.

Hop”ping, n. [See 3rd Hop.] A gathering of hops.

Hop”ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoppled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hoppling (?).] [From Hop; cf. Hobble.] 1. To impede by a hopple; to tie the feet of (a horse or a cow) loosely together; to hamper; to hobble; as, to hopple an unruly or straying horse.

2. Fig.: To entangle; to hamper. Dr. H. More.

Hop”ple, n. A fetter for horses, or cattle, when turned out to graze; — chiefly used in the plural.

Hop”ple*bush` (?), n. Same as Hobblebush.

Hop”po (?), n. (a) A collector of customs, as at Canton; an overseer of commerce. (b) A tribunal or commission having charge of the revenue derived from trade and navigation. [China]

Hoppo men, Chinese customhouse officers.

Hop”scotch` (?), n. A child’s game, in which a player, hopping on one foot, drives a stone from one compartment to another of a figure traced or scotched on the ground; — called also hoppers.

Hop”-thumb` (?), n. See Hop-o’- my-thumb.

Hop”yard` (?), n. A field where hops are raised.

Ho”ral (?), a. [L. horalis, fr. hora hour. See Hour.] Of or pertaining to an hour, or to hours. Prior.

Ho”ra*ly (?), adv. Hourly. [Obs.]

Ho”ra*ry (?), a. [LL. horarius, fr. L. hora hour: cf. F. horaire. See Hour.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hour; noting the hours. Spectator.

2. Occurring once an hour; continuing an hour; hourly; ephemeral.

Horary, or soon decaying, fruits of summer.

Sir T. Browne.

Horary circles. See Circles.

Ho*ra”tian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Horace, the Latin poet, or resembling his style.

Horde (hōrd), n. [F. horde (cf. G. horde), fr. Turk. ordū, ordī, camp; of Tartar origin.] A wandering troop or gang; especially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people migrating from place to place for the sake of pasturage, plunder, etc.; a predatory multitude. Thomson.

Hor*de”ic (?), a. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, barley; as, hordeic acid, an acid identical or isomeric with lauric acid.

Hor”de*in (?), n. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) A peculiar starchy matter contained in barley. It is a complex mixture. [R.]

||Hor*de”o*lum (?), n. [NL., fr. L. hordeolus, dim. of hordeum barley.] (Med.) A small tumor upon the eyelid, resembling a grain of barley; a sty.

Hor”dock` (?), n. An unidentified plant mentioned by Shakespeare, perhaps equivalent to burdock.

Hore (?), a. Hoar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hore”hound` (?), n. [OE. horehune, AS. hārhune; hār hoar, gray + hune horehound; cf. L. cunila a species of organum, Gr. &?;, Skr. kn&?;y to smell.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Marrubium (M. vulgare), which has a bitter taste, and is a weak tonic, used as a household remedy for colds, coughing, etc. [Written also hoarhound.]

Fetid horehound, or Black horehound, a disagreeable plant resembling horehound (Ballota nigra). — Water horehound, a species of the genus Lycopus, resembling mint, but not aromatic.

Ho*ri”zon (?), n. [F., fr. L. horizon, fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;) the bounding line, horizon, fr. &?; to bound, fr. &?; boundary, limit.] 1. The circle which bounds that part of the earth’s surface visible to a spectator from a given point; the apparent junction of the earth and sky.

And when the morning sun shall raise his car
Above the border of this horizon.

Shak.

All the horizon round
Invested with bright rays.

Milton.

2. (Astron.) (a) A plane passing through the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the vertical at a given place; a plane tangent to the earth’s surface at that place; called distinctively the sensible horizon. (b) A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and passing through the earth’s center; — called also rational or celestial horizon. (c) (Naut.) The unbroken line separating sky and water, as seen by an eye at a given elevation, no land being visible.

3. (Geol.) The epoch or time during which a deposit was made.

The strata all over the earth, which were formed at the same time, are said to belong to the same geological horizon.

Le Conte.

4. (Painting) The chief horizontal line in a picture of any sort, which determines in the picture the height of the eye of the spectator; in an extended landscape, the representation of the natural horizon corresponds with this line.

Apparent horizon. See under Apparent. — Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mercury in a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted to the true level artificially; — used chiefly with the sextant for observing the double altitude of a celestial body. — Celestial horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. — Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the vertical angle between the sensible horizon and a line to the visible horizon, the latter always being below the former. — Rational horizon, and Sensible horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. — Visible horizon. See definitions 1 and 2, above.

Hor`i*zon”tal (?), a. [Cf. F. horizontal.] 1. Pertaining to, or near, the horizon. “Horizontal misty air.” Milton.

2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as, a horizontalline or surface.

3. Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon; as, horizontal distance.

Horizontal drill, a drilling machine having a horizontal drill spindle. — Horizontal engine, one the piston of which works horizontally. — Horizontal fire (Mil.), the fire of ordnance and small arms at point-blank range or at low angles of elevation. — Horizontal force (Physics), the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic force. — Horizontal line (Descriptive Geometry & Drawing), a constructive line, either drawn or imagined, which passes through the point of sight, and is the chief line in the projection upon which all verticals are fixed, and upon which all vanishing points are found. — Horizontal parallax. See under Parallax. — Horizontal plane (Descriptive Geometry), a plane parallel to the horizon, upon which it is assumed that objects are projected. See Projection. It is upon the horizontal plane that the ground plan of the buildings is supposed to be drawn. — Horizontal projection, a projection made on a plane parallel to the horizon. — Horizontal range (Gunnery), the distance in a horizontal plane to which a gun will throw a projectile. — Horizontal water wheel, a water wheel in which the axis is vertical, the buckets or floats revolving in a horizontal plane, as in most turbines.

Hor`i*zon*tal”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. horizontalité.] The state or quality of being horizontal. Kirwan.

Hor`i*zon”tal*ly, adv. In a horizontal direction or position; on a level; as, moving horizontally.

||Hor`mo*go*ni”um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;a chain + &?; generation.] (Bot.) A chain of small cells in certain algæ, by which the plant is propagated.

Horn (?), n. [AS. horn; akin to D. horen, hoorn, G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. horn, Goth. haúrn, W., Gael., & Ir. corn, L. cornu, Gr. &?;, and perh. also to E. cheer, cranium, cerebral; cf. Skr. çiras head. Cf. Carat, Corn on the foot, Cornea, Corner, Cornet, Cornucopia, Hart.] 1. A hard, projecting, and usually pointed organ, growing upon the heads of certain animals, esp. of the ruminants, as cattle, goats, and the like. The hollow horns of the Ox family consist externally of true horn, and are never shed.

2. The antler of a deer, which is of bone throughout, and annually shed and renewed.

3. (Zoöl.) Any natural projection or excrescence from an animal, resembling or thought to resemble a horn in substance or form; esp.: (a) A projection from the beak of a bird, as in the hornbill. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of a bird, as in the horned owl. (c) A hornlike projection from the head or thorax of an insect, or the head of a reptile, or fish. (d) A sharp spine in front of the fins of a fish, as in the horned pout.

4. (Bot.) An incurved, tapering and pointed appendage found in the flowers of the milkweed (Asclepias).

5. Something made of a horn, or in resemblance of a horn; as: (a) A wind instrument of music; originally, one made of a horn (of an ox or a ram); now applied to various elaborately wrought instruments of brass or other metal, resembling a horn in shape. “Wind his horn under the castle wall.” Spenser. See French horn, under French. (b) A drinking cup, or beaker, as having been originally made of the horns of cattle. “Horns of mead and ale.” Mason. (c) The cornucopia, or horn of plenty. See Cornucopia. “Fruits and flowers from Amalthæa’s horn.” Milton. (d) A vessel made of a horn; esp., one designed for containing powder; anciently, a small vessel for carrying liquids. “Samuel took the hornof oil and anointed him [David].” 1 Sam. xvi. 13. (e) The pointed beak of an anvil. (f) The high pommel of a saddle; also, either of the projections on a lady’s saddle for supporting the leg. (g) (Arch.) The Ionic volute. (h) (Naut.) The outer end of a crosstree; also, one of the projections forming the jaws of a gaff, boom, etc. (i) (Carp.) A curved projection on the fore part of a plane. (j) One of the projections at the four corners of the Jewish altar of burnt offering. “Joab . . . caught hold on the horns of the altar.” 1 Kings ii. 28.

6. One of the curved ends of a crescent; esp., an extremity or cusp of the moon when crescent- shaped.

The moon
Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns.

Thomson.

7. (Mil.) The curving extremity of the wing of an army or of a squadron drawn up in a crescentlike form.

Sharpening in mooned horns
Their phalanx.

Milton.

8. The tough, fibrous material of which true horns are composed, being, in the Ox family, chiefly albuminous, with some phosphate of lime; also, any similar substance, as that which forms the hoof crust of horses, sheep, and cattle; as, a spoon of horn.

9. (Script.) A symbol of strength, power, glory, exaltation, or pride.

The Lord is . . . the horn of my salvation.

Ps. xviii. 2.

10. An emblem of a cuckold; — used chiefly in the plural. “Thicker than a cuckold’s horn.” Shak.

Horn block, the frame or pedestal in which a railway car axle box slides up and down; — also called horn plate. — Horn of a dilemma. See under Dilemma. — Horn distemper, a disease of cattle, affecting the internal substance of the horn. — Horn drum, a wheel with long curved scoops, for raising water. — Horn lead (Chem.), chloride of lead. — Horn maker, a maker of cuckolds. [Obs.] Shak. — Horn mercury. (Min.) Same as Horn quicksilver (below). — Horn poppy (Bot.), a plant allied to the poppy (Glaucium luteum), found on the sandy shores of Great Britain and Virginia; — called also horned poppy. Gray. — Horn pox (Med.), abortive smallpox with an eruption like that of chicken pox. — Horn quicksilver (Min.), native calomel, or bichloride of mercury. — Horn shell (Zoöl.), any long, sharp, spiral, gastropod shell, of the genus Cerithium, and allied genera. — Horn silver (Min.), cerargyrite. — Horn slate, a gray, siliceous stone. — To haul in one’s horns, to withdraw some arrogant pretension. [Colloq.] — To raise, or lift, the horn (Script.), to exalt one’s self; to act arrogantly. “‘Gainst them that raised thee dost thou lift thy horn?” Milton. — To take a horn, to take a drink of intoxicating liquor. [Low]

Horn (?), v. t. 1. To furnish with horns; to give the shape of a horn to.

2. To cause to wear horns; to cuckold. [Obs.] Shak.

Horn”beak` (?), n. A fish. See Hornfish.

Horn”beam` (?), n. [See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Carpinus (C. Americana), having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard. It is common along the banks of streams in the United States, and is also called ironwood. The English hornbeam is C. Betulus. The American is called also blue beech and water beech.

Hop hornbeam. (Bot.) See under Hop.

Horn”bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the family Bucerotidæ, of which about sixty species are known, belonging to numerous genera. They inhabit the tropical parts of Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, and are remarkable for having a more or less horn-like protuberance, which is usually large and hollow and is situated on the upper side of the beak. The size of the hornbill varies from that of a pigeon to that of a raven, or even larger. They feed chiefly upon fruit, but some species eat dead animals.

Horn”blende` (?), n. [G., fr. horn horn + blende blende.] (Min.) The common black, or dark green or brown, variety of amphibole. (See Amphibole.) It belongs to the aluminous division of the species, and is also characterized by its containing considerable iron. Also used as a general term to include the whole species.

Hornblende schist (Geol.), a hornblende rock of schistose structure.

Horn*blend”ic (?), a. Composed largely of hornblende; resembling or relating to hornblende.

Horn”blow`er (?), n. [AS. hornblāwere.] One who, or that which, blows a horn.

Horn”book` (?), n. 1. The first book for children, or that from which in former times they learned their letters and rudiments; — so called because a sheet of horn covered the small, thin board of oak, or the slip of paper, on which the alphabet, digits, and often the Lord’s Prayer, were written or printed; a primer. “He teaches boys the hornbook.” Shak.

2. A book containing the rudiments of any science or branch of knowledge; a manual; a handbook.

Horn”bug` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large nocturnal beetle of the genus Lucanus (as L. capreolus, and L. dama), having long, curved upper jaws, resembling a sickle. The grubs are found in the trunks of old trees.

Horned (?), a. Furnished with a horn or horns; furnished with a hornlike process or appendage; as, horned cattle; having some part shaped like a horn.

The horned moon with one bright star
Within the nether tip.

Coleridge.

Horned bee (Zoöl.), a British wild bee (Osmia bicornis), having two little horns on the head. — Horned dace (Zoöl.), an American cyprinoid fish (Semotilus corporialis) common in brooks and ponds; the common chub. See Illust. of Chub. — Horned frog (Zoöl.), a very large Brazilian frog (Ceratophrys cornuta), having a pair of triangular horns arising from the eyelids. — Horned grebe (Zoöl.), a species of grebe (Colymbus auritus), of Arctic Europe and America, having two dense tufts of feathers on the head. — Horned horse (Zoöl.), the gnu. — Horned lark (Zoöl.), the shore lark. — Horned lizard (Zoöl.), the horned toad. — Horned owl (Zoöl.), a large North American owl (Bubo Virginianus), having a pair of elongated tufts of feathers on the head. Several distinct varieties are known; as, the Arctic, Western, dusky, and striped horned owls, differing in color, and inhabiting different regions; — called also great horned owl, horn owl, eagle owl, and cat owl. Sometimes also applied to the long-eared owl. See Eared owl, under Eared. — Horned poppy. (Bot.) See Horn poppy, under Horn. — Horned pout (Zoöl.), an American fresh-water siluroid fish; the bullpout. — Horned rattler (Zoöl.), a species of rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes), inhabiting the dry, sandy plains, from California to Mexico. It has a pair of triangular horns between the eyes; — called also sidewinder. — Horned ray (Zoöl.), the sea devil. — Horned screamer (Zoöl.), the kamichi. — Horned snake (Zoöl.), the cerastes. — Horned toad (Zoöl.), any lizard of the genus Phrynosoma, of which nine or ten species are known. These lizards have several hornlike spines on the head, and a broad, flat body, covered with spiny scales. They inhabit the dry, sandy plains from California to Mexico and Texas. Called also horned lizard. — Horned viper. (Zoöl.) See Cerastes.

Horn”ed*ness (?), n. The condition of being horned.

Horn”el (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European sand eel. [Scot.]

Horn”er (?), n. 1. One who works or deal in horn or horns. [R.] Grew.

2. One who winds or blows the horn. [Obs.] Sherwood.

3. One who horns or cuckolds. [Obs.] Massinger.

4. (Zoöl.) The British sand lance or sand eel (Ammodytes lanceolatus).

Hor”net (?), n. [AS. hyrnet; akin to OHG. hornaz, hornuz, G. horniss; perh. akin to E. horn, and named from the sound it makes as if blowing the horn; but more prob. akin to D. horzel, Lith. szirszone, L. crabo.] (Zoöl.) A large, strong wasp. The European species (Vespa crabro) is of a dark brown and yellow color. It is very pugnacious, and its sting is very severe. Its nest is constructed of a paperlike material, and the layers of comb are hung together by columns. The American white-faced hornet (V. maculata) is larger and has similar habits.

Hornet fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect of the genus Asilus, and allied genera, of which there are numerous species. They are large and fierce flies which capture bees and other insects, often larger than themselves, and suck their blood. Called also hawk fly, robber fly. — To stir up a hornet’s nest, to provoke the attack of a swarm of spiteful enemies or spirited critics. [Colloq.]

Horn”fish` (?), n. [AS. hornfisc.] (Zoöl.) The garfish or sea needle.

Horn”foot` (?), a. Having hoofs; hoofed.

Horn”i*fy (?), v. t. [Horn + -fy.] To horn; to cuckold. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Horn”ing, n. Appearance of the moon when increasing, or in the form of a crescent. J. Gregory.

Letters of horning (Scots Law), the process or authority by which a person, directed by the decree of a court of justice to pay or perform anything, is ordered to comply therewith. Mozley & W.

Horn”ish, a. Somewhat like horn; hard.

||Hor*ni”to (?), n. [A dim. fr. Sp. horno oven, L. furnus. See Furnace.] (Geol.) A low, oven-shaped mound, common in volcanic regions, and emitting smoke and vapors from its sides and summit. Humboldt.

Horn”less (?), a. Having no horn.

Horn”-mad` (?), a. Quite mad; — raving crazy.

Did I tell you about Mr. Garrick, that the town are horn-mad after?

Gray.

Hor”no*tine (?), n. [L. hornotinus of this year.] (Zoöl.) A yearling; a bird of the year.

Horn”owl` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Horned Owl.

Horn”pike` (?), n. The garfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Horn”pipe` (?), n. (Mus.) (a) An instrument of music formerly popular in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes at intervals. It was so called because the bell at the open end was sometimes made of horn. (b) A lively tune played on a hornpipe, for dancing; a tune adapted for such playing.

Many a hornpipe he tuned to his Phyllis.

Sir W. Raleigh.

(c) A dance performed, usually by one person, to such a tune, and popular among sailors.

Horn”pout` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Horned pout, under Horned.

Horn”snake` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A harmless snake (Farancia abacura), found in the Southern United States. The color is bluish black above, red below.

Horn”stone` (?), n. (Min.) A siliceous stone, a variety of quartz, closely resembling flint, but more brittle; — called also chert.

Horn”tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of family (Uroceridæ) of large hymenopterous insects, allied to the sawflies. The larvæ bore in the wood of trees. So called from the long, stout ovipositors of the females.

Horn”work` (?), n. (Fort.) An outwork composed of two demibastions joined by a curtain. It is connected with the works in rear by long wings.

Horn”wort` (?), n. (Bot.) An aquatic plant (Ceratophyllum), with finely divided leaves.

Horn”wrack` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A bryozoan of the genus Flustra.

Horn”y (?), a. [Compar. Hornier (?); superl. Horniest.] 1. Having horns or hornlike projections. Gay.

2. Composed or made of horn, or of a substance resembling horn; of the nature of horn. “The horny . . . coat of the eye.” Ray.

3. Hard; callous. “His horny fist.” Dryden.

Horn”y-hand`ed (?), a. Having the hands horny and callous from labor.

Horn”y*head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any North American river chub of the genus Hybopsis, esp. H. biguttatus.

Ho*rog”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; hour + -graphy: cf. F. horographie.] 1. An account of the hours. Chaucer.

2. The art of constructing instruments for making the hours, as clocks, watches, and dials.

Hor”o*loge (?), n. [OE. horologe, orloge, timepiece, OF. horloge, orloge, oriloge, F. horloge, L. horologium, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; hour + &?; to say, tell. See Hour, and Logic.] 1. A servant who called out the hours. [Obs.]

2. An instrument indicating the time of day; a timepiece of any kind; a watch, clock, or dial. Shak.

Ho*rol”o*ger (?), n. A maker or vender of clocks and watches; one skilled in horology.

Hor`o*log”ic*al (?), a. [L. horologicus, Gr. &?;.] Relating to a horologe, or to horology.

Hor`o*lo`gi*og”ra*pher (?), n. [See Horologiography.] A maker of clocks, watches, or dials.

Hor`o*lo`gi*o*graph”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to horologiography. Chambers.

Hor`o*lo`gi*og”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; horologe + -graphy.] 1. An account of instruments that show the hour.

2. The art of constructing clocks or dials; horography.

Ho*rol”o*gist (?), n. One versed in horology.

Ho*rol”o*gy (?), n. [See Horologe.] The science of measuring time, or the principles and art of constructing instruments for measuring and indicating portions of time, as clocks, watches, dials, etc.

Ho*rom”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; hour + -meter.] An instrument for measuring time.

Hor`o*met”ric*al (?), a. Belonging to horometry.

Ho*rom”e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. horométrie. See Horometer.] The art, practice, or method of measuring time by hours and subordinate divisions. “The horometry of antiquity.” Sir T. Browne.

Ho*rop”ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; boundary + &?; one who looks.] (Opt.) The line or surface in which are situated all the points which are seen single while the point of sight, or the adjustment of the eyes, remains unchanged.

The sum of all the points which are seen single, while the point of sight remains unchanged, is called the horopter.

J. Le Conte.

Hor`op*ter”ic (?), a. (Opt.) Of or pertaining to the horopter.

Hor”o*scope (?), n. [F. horoscope, L. horoscopus, fr. Gr. &?;, adj., observing hours or times, esp. observing the hour of birth, n., a horoscope; &?; hour + &?; to view, observe. See Hour, and -scope.] 1. (Astrol.) (a) The representation made of the aspect of the heavens at the moment of a person’s birth, by which the astrologer professed to foretell the events of the person’s life; especially, the sign of the zodiac rising above the horizon at such a moment. (b) The diagram or scheme of twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, into which the whole circuit of the heavens was divided for the purposes of such prediction of fortune.

2. The planisphere invented by Jean Paduanus.

3. A table showing the length of the days and nights at all places. Heyse.

{ Hor”o*sco`per (?), Ho*ros”co*pist (?), } n. One versed in horoscopy; an astrologer.

Ho*ros”co*py (?), n. 1. The art or practice of casting horoscopes, or observing the disposition of the stars, with a view to prediction events.

2. Aspect of the stars at the time of a person’s birth.

Hor*ren”dous (?), a. [L. horrendus.] Fearful; frightful. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Hor”rent (?), a. [L. horrens, p. pr. of horrere to bristle. See Horror.] Standing erect, as bristles; covered with bristling points; bristled; bristling.

Rough and horrent with figures in strong relief.

De Quincey.

With bright emblazonry and horrent arms.

Milton.

Hor”ri*ble (?), a. [OE. horrible, orrible, OF. horrible, orrible, F. horrible, fr. L. horribilis, fr. horrere. See Horror.] Exciting, or tending to excite, horror or fear; dreadful; terrible; shocking; hideous; as, a horrible sight; a horrible story; a horrible murder.

A dungeon horrible on all sides round.

Milton.

Syn. — Dreadful; frightful; fearful; terrible; awful; terrific; shocking; hideous; horrid.

Hor”ri*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being horrible; dreadfulness; hideousness.

The horribleness of the mischief.

Sir P. Sidney.

Hor”ri*bly, adv. In a manner to excite horror; dreadfully; terribly.

Hor”rid (?), a. [L. horridus. See Horror, and cf. Ordure.] 1. Rough; rugged; bristling. [Archaic]

Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn.

Dryden.

2. Fitted to excite horror; dreadful; hideous; shocking; hence, very offensive.

Not in the legions
Of horrid hell.

Shak.

The horrid things they say.

Pope.

Syn. — Frightful; hideous; alarming; shocking; dreadful; awful; terrific; horrible; abominable.

Hor”rid*ly, adv. In a horrid manner. Shak.

Hor”rid*ness, n. The quality of being horrid.

Hor*rif”ic (?), a. [L. horrifieus; horrere to be horrible + ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. horrifique. See Horror, fy.] Causing horror; frightful.

Let . . . nothing ghastly or horrific be supposed.

I. Taylor.

Hor`ri*fi*ca”tion (?), n. That which causes horror. [R.] Miss Edgeworth.

Hor”ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horrified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Horrifying (?).] [L. horrificare. See Horrific.] To cause to feel horror; to strike or impress with horror; as, the sight horrified the beholders. E. Irving.

Hor*rip`i*la”tion (?), n. [L. horripilatio, fr. horripilare to bristle; horrere to bristle + pilus the hair: cf. F. horripilation.] (Med.) A real or fancied bristling of the hair of the head or body, resulting from disease, terror, chilliness, etc.

Hor*ris”o*nant (?), a. Horrisonous. [Obs.]

Hor*ris”o*nous (?), a. [L. horrisonus; horrere to be horrible + sonus a sound.] Sounding dreadfully; uttering a terrible sound. [Obs.] Bailey.

Hor”ror (?), n. [Formerly written horrour.] [L. horror, fr. horrere to bristle, to shiver, to tremble with cold or dread, to be dreadful or terrible; cf. Skr. h&?;sh to bristle.] 1. A bristling up; a rising into roughness; tumultuous movement. [Archaic]

Such fresh horror as you see driven through the wrinkled waves.

Chapman.

2. A shaking, shivering, or shuddering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever; in old medical writings, a chill of less severity than a rigor, and more marked than an algor.

3. A painful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence; a shuddering with terror and detestation; the feeling inspired by something frightful and shocking.

How could this, in the sight of heaven, without horrors of conscience be uttered?

Milton.

4. That which excites horror or dread, or is horrible; gloom; dreariness.

Breathes a browner horror on the woods.

Pope.

The horrors, delirium tremens. [Colloq.]

Hor”ror-stick`en (?), a. Struck with horror; horrified.

Blank and horror-stricken faces.

C. Kingsley.

Hor”ror-struck` (?), a. Horror- stricken; horrified. M. Arnold.

||Hors` de com`bat” (?). [F.] Out of the combat; disabled from fighting.

Horse (hôrs), n. [AS. hors; akin to OS. hros, D. & OHG. ros, G. ross, Icel. hross; and perh. to L. currere to run, E. course, current Cf. Walrus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hoofed quadruped of the genus Equus; especially, the domestic horse (E. caballus), which was domesticated in Egypt and Asia at a very early period. It has six broad molars, on each side of each jaw, with six incisors, and two canine teeth, both above and below. The mares usually have the canine teeth rudimentary or wanting. The horse differs from the true asses, in having a long, flowing mane, and the tail bushy to the base. Unlike the asses it has callosities, or chestnuts, on all its legs. The horse excels in strength, speed, docility, courage, and nobleness of character, and is used for drawing, carrying, bearing a rider, and like purposes.

&fist; Many varieties, differing in form, size, color, gait, speed, etc., are known, but all are believed to have been derived from the same original species. It is supposed to have been a native of the plains of Central Asia, but the wild species from which it was derived is not certainly known. The feral horses of America are domestic horses that have run wild; and it is probably true that most of those of Asia have a similar origin. Some of the true wild Asiatic horses do, however, approach the domestic horse in several characteristics.
Several species of fossil (Equus) are known from the later Tertiary formations of Europe and America. The fossil species of other genera of the family Equidæ are also often called horses, in general sense.

2. The male of the genus horse, in distinction from the female or male; usually, a castrated male.

3. Mounted soldiery; cavalry; — used without the plural termination; as, a regiment of horse; — distinguished from foot.

The armies were appointed, consisting of twenty-five thousand horse and foot.

Bacon.

4. A frame with legs, used to support something; as, a clotheshorse, a sawhorse, etc.

5. A frame of timber, shaped like a horse, on which soldiers were made to ride for punishment.

6. Anything, actual or figurative, on which one rides as on a horse; a hobby.

7. (Mining) A mass of earthy matter, or rock of the same character as the wall rock, occurring in the course of a vein, as of coal or ore; hence, to take horse — said of a vein — is to divide into branches for a distance.

8. (Naut.) (a) See Footrope, a. (b) A breastband for a leadsman. (c) An iron bar for a sheet traveler to slide upon. (d) A jackstay. W. C. Russell. Totten.

&fist; Horse is much used adjectively and in composition to signify of, or having to do with, a horse or horses, like a horse, etc.; as, horse collar, horse dealer or horse&?;dealer, horsehoe, horse jockey; and hence, often in the sense of strong, loud, coarse, etc.; as, horselaugh, horse nettle or horse-nettle, horseplay, horse ant, etc.

Black horse, Blood horse, etc. See under Black, etc. — Horse aloes, caballine aloes. — Horse ant (Zoöl.), a large ant (Formica rufa); — called also horse emmet. — Horse artillery, that portion of the artillery in which the cannoneers are mounted, and which usually serves with the cavalry; flying artillery. — Horse balm (Bot.), a strong-scented labiate plant (Collinsonia Canadensis), having large leaves and yellowish flowers. — Horse bean (Bot.), a variety of the English or Windsor bean (Faba vulgaris), grown for feeding horses. — Horse boat, a boat for conveying horses and cattle, or a boat propelled by horses. — Horse bot. (Zoöl.) See Botfly, and Bots. — Horse box, a railroad car for transporting valuable horses, as hunters. [Eng.] — Horse breaker or trainer, one employed in subduing or training horses for use. — Horse car. (a) A railroad car drawn by horses. See under Car. (b) A car fitted for transporting horses. — Horse cassia (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Cassia Javanica), bearing long pods, which contain a black, catharic pulp, much used in the East Indies as a horse medicine. — Horse cloth, a cloth to cover a horse. — Horse conch (Zoöl.), a large, spiral, marine shell of the genus Triton. See Triton. — Horse courser. (a) One that runs horses, or keeps horses for racing. Johnson. (b) A dealer in horses. [Obs.] Wiseman. — Horse crab (Zoöl.), the Limulus; — called also horsefoot, horsehoe crab, and king crab. — Horse crevallé (Zoöl.), the cavally. — Horse emmet (Zoöl.), the horse ant. — Horse finch (Zoöl.), the chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] — Horse gentian (Bot.), fever root. — Horse iron (Naut.), a large calking iron. — Horse latitudes, a space in the North Atlantic famous for calms and baffling winds, being between the westerly winds of higher latitudes and the trade winds. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Horse mackrel. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tunny (Orcynus thunnus), found on the Atlantic coast of Europe and America, and in the Mediterranean. (b) The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). (c) The scad. (d) The name is locally applied to various other fishes, as the California hake, the black candlefish, the jurel, the bluefish, etc. — Horse marine (Naut.), an awkward, lubbery person; one of a mythical body of marine cavalry. [Slang] — Horse mussel (Zoöl.), a large, marine mussel (Modiola modiolus), found on the northern shores of Europe and America. — Horse nettle (Bot.), a coarse, prickly, American herb, the Solanum Carolinense. — Horse parsley. (Bot.) See Alexanders. — Horse purslain (Bot.), a coarse fleshy weed of tropical America (Trianthema monogymnum). — Horse race, a race by horses; a match of horses in running or trotting. — Horse racing, the practice of racing with horses. — Horse railroad, a railroad on which the cars are drawn by horses; — in England, and sometimes in the United States, called a tramway. — Horse run (Civil Engin.), a device for drawing loaded wheelbarrows up an inclined plane by horse power. — Horse sense, strong common sense. [Colloq. U.S.] — Horse soldier, a cavalryman. — Horse sponge (Zoöl.), a large, coarse, commercial sponge (Spongia equina). — Horse stinger (Zoöl.), a large dragon fly. [Prov. Eng.] — Horse sugar (Bot.), a shrub of the southern part of the United States (Symplocos tinctoria), whose leaves are sweet, and good for fodder. — Horse tick (Zoöl.), a winged, dipterous insect (Hippobosca equina), which troubles horses by biting them, and sucking their blood; — called also horsefly, horse louse, and forest fly. — Horse vetch (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hippocrepis (H. comosa), cultivated for the beauty of its flowers; — called also horsehoe vetch, from the peculiar shape of its pods. — Iron horse, a locomotive. [Colloq.] — Salt horse, the sailor’s name for salt beef. — To look a gift horse in the mouth, to examine the mouth of a horse which has been received as a gift, in order to ascertain his age; — hence, to accept favors in a critical and thankless spirit. Lowell. — To take horse. (a) To set out on horseback. Macaulay. (b) To be covered, as a mare. (c) See definition 7 (above).

Horse (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Horsing.] [AS. horsion.] 1. To provide with a horse, or with horses; to mount on, or as on, a horse. “Being better horsed, outrode me.” Shak.

2. To sit astride of; to bestride. Shak.

3. To cover, as a mare; — said of the male.

4. To take or carry on the back; as, the keeper, horsing a deer. S. Butler.

5. To place on the back of another, or on a wooden horse, etc., to be flogged; to subject to such punishment.

Horse, v. i. To get on horseback. [Obs.] Shelton.

Horse”back` (?), n. 1. The back of a horse.

2. An extended ridge of sand, gravel, and bowlders, in a half-stratified condition. Agassiz.

On horseback, on the back of a horse; mounted or riding on a horse or horses; in the saddle.

The long journey was to be performed on horseback.

Prescott.

Horse`-chest”nut (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The large nutlike seed of a species of Æsculus (Æ. Hippocastanum), formerly ground, and fed to horses, whence the name. (b) The tree itself, which was brought from Constantinople in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and is now common in the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The native American species are called buckeyes.

Horse”-drench` (?), n. 1. A dose of physic for a horse. Shak.

2. The appliance by which the dose is administered.

Horse”fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The moonfish (Selene setipinnis). (b) The sauger.

Horse”flesh` (?), n. 1. The flesh of horses.

The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day.

Bacon.

2. Horses, generally; the qualities of a horse; as, he is a judge of horseflesh. [Colloq.]

Horseflesh ore (Min.), a miner’s name for bornite, in allusion to its peculiar reddish color on fresh facture.

Horse”fly` (?), n.; pl. Horseflies (&?;). 1. (Zoöl.) Any dipterous fly of the family Tabanidæ, that stings horses, and sucks their blood.

&fist; Of these flies there are numerous species, both in Europe and America. They have a large proboscis with four sharp lancets for piercing the skin. Called also breeze fly. See Illust. under Diptera, and Breeze fly.

2. (Zoöl.) The horse tick or forest fly (Hippobosca).

Horse”foot` (?), n.; pl. Horsefeet (#). 1. (Bot.) The coltsfoot.

2. (Zoöl.) The Limulus or horseshoe crab.

Horse” Guards` (?). (Mil.) A body of cavalry so called; esp., a British regiment, called the Royal Horse Guards, which furnishes guards of state for the sovereign.

The Horse Guards, a name given to the former headquarters of the commander in chief of the British army, at Whitehall in London.

Horse”hair` (?), n. A hair of a horse, especially one from the mane or tail; the hairs of the mane or tail taken collectively; a fabric or tuft made of such hairs.

Horsehair worm (Zoöl.), the hair worm or gordius.

Horse”head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The silver moonfish (Selene vomer).

Horse”hide` (?), n. 1. The hide of a horse.

2. Leather made of the hide of a horse.

Horse”-jock`ey (?), n. 1. A professional rider and trainer of race horses.

2. A trainer and dealer in horses.

Horse”knop` (?), n. (Bot.) Knapweed.

Horse”laugh` (?), n. A loud, boisterous laugh; a guffaw. Pope.

Horse”-leech` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A large blood-sucking leech (Hæmopsis vorax), of Europe and Northern Africa. It attacks the lips and mouths of horses.

2. A farrier; a veterinary surgeon.

Horse”-leech`er*y (?), n. The business of a farrier; especially, the art of curing the diseases of horses.

Horse”-lit`ter (?), n. A carriage hung on poles, and borne by and between two horses. Milton.

Horse”man (?), n.; pl. Horsemen (&?;). 1. A rider on horseback; one skilled in the management of horses; a mounted man.

2. (Mil.) A mounted soldier; a cavalryman.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A land crab of the genus Ocypoda, living on the coast of Brazil and the West Indies, noted for running very swiftly. (b) A West Indian fish of the genus Eques, as the light-horseman (E. lanceolatus).

Horse”man*ship, n. The act or art of riding, and of training and managing horses; manege.

Horse”mint` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A coarse American plant of the Mint family (Monarda punctata). (b) In England, the wild mint (Mentha sylvestris).

Horse”nail` (?), n. A thin, pointed nail, with a heavy flaring head, for securing a horsehoe to the hoof; a horsehoe nail.

Horse”play` (?), n. Rude, boisterous play.

Too much given to horseplay in his raillery.

Dryden.

Horse”pond` (?), n. A pond for watering horses.

Horse” pow`er (?). 1. The power which a horse exerts.

2. (Mach.) A unit of power, used in stating the power required to drive machinery, and in estimating the capabilities of animals or steam engines and other prime movers for doing work. It is the power required for the performance of work at the rate of 33,000 English units of work per minute; hence, it is the power that must be exerted in lifting 33,000 pounds at the rate of one foot per minute, or 550 pounds at the rate of one foot per second, or 55 pounds at the rate of ten feet per second, etc.

&fist; The power of a draught horse, of average strength, working eight hours per day, is about four fifths of a standard horse power.

Brake horse power, the net effective power of a prime mover, as a steam engine, water wheel, etc., in horse powers, as shown by a friction brake. See Friction brake, under Friction. — Indicated horse power, the power exerted in the cylinder of an engine, stated in horse powers, estimated from the diameter and speed of the piston, and the mean effective pressure upon it as shown by an indicator. See Indicator. — Nominal horse power (Steam Engine), a term still sometimes used in England to express certain proportions of cylinder, but having no value as a standard of measurement.

3. A machine worked by a horse, for driving other machinery; a horse motor.

Horse”-rad`ish (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Nasturtium (N. Armoracia), allied to scurvy grass, having a root of a pungent taste, much used, when grated, as a condiment and in medicine. Gray.

Horse-radish tree. (Bot.) See Moringa.

Horse”rake` (?), n. A rake drawn by a horse.

Horse”shoe` (?), n. 1. A shoe for horses, consisting of a narrow plate of iron in form somewhat like the letter U, nailed to a horse’s hoof.

2. Anything shaped like a horsehoe.

3. (Zoöl.) The Limulus or horsehoe crab.

Horsehoe head (Med.), an old name for the condition of the skull in children, in which the sutures are too open, the coronal suture presenting the form of a horsehoe. Dunglison. — Horsehoe magnet, an artificial magnet in the form of a horsehoe. — Horsehoe nail. See Horsenail. — Horsehoe nose (Zoöl.), a bat of the genus Rhinolophus, having a nasal fold of skin shaped like a horsehoe.

Horse”shoe`ing (?), n. The act or employment of shoeing horses.

Horse”sho`er (?), n. One who shoes horses.

Horse”tail` (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A leafless plant, with hollow and rushlike stems. It is of the genus Equisetum, and is allied to the ferns. See Illust. of Equisetum.

2. A Turkish standard, denoting rank.

&fist; Commanders are distinguished by the number of horsetails carried before them. Thus, the sultan has seven, the grand vizier five, and the pashas three, two, or one.

Shrubby horsetail. (Bot.) See Joint-fir.

Horse”weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A composite plant (Erigeron Canadensis), which is a common weed.

Horse”whip` (?), n. A whip for horses.

Horse”whip`, v. t. To flog or chastise with a horsewhip.

Horse”wom`an (?), n.; pl. Horsewomen (&?;). A woman who rides on horseback.

Horse”wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A West Indian tree (Calliandra latifolia) with showy, crimson blossoms.

Horse”worm` (?), n. The larva of a botfly.

Hors”i*ness (?), n. 1. The condition or quality of being a horse; that which pertains to a horse. Tennyson.

2. Fondness for, or interest in, horses.

Hors”ly (?), a. Horselike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hors”y (?), a. Pertaining to, or suggestive of, a horse, or of horse racing; as, horsy manners; garments of fantastically horsy fashions. [Colloq.]

Hor*ta”tion (?), n. [L. hortatio, fr. hortari to incite, exhort, fr. hori to urge.] The act of exhorting, inciting, or giving advice; exhortation. [R.]

Hor”ta*tive (?), a. [L. hortativus.] Giving exhortation; advisory; exhortative. Bullokar.

Hor”ta*tive (?), n. An exhortation. [Obs.]

Hor”ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. hortatorius.] Giving exhortation or advise; encouraging; exhortatory; inciting; as, a hortatory speech. Holland.

Hor*ten”sial (?), a. [L. hortensius, hortensis, fr. hortus garden; akin to E. yard an inclosure.] Fit for a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Hor”ti*cul`tor (?), n. [NL., fr. L. hortus garden + cultor a cultivator, colere to cultivate.] One who cultivates a garden.

Hor`ti*cul”tur*al (?), a. [Cf. F. horticultural.] Of or pertaining to horticulture, or the culture of gardens or orchards.

Hor”ti*cul`ture (?), n. [L. hortus garden + cultura culture: cf. F. horticulture. See Yard an inclosure, and Culture.] The cultivation of a garden or orchard; the art of cultivating gardens or orchards.

Hor`ti*cul”tur*ist (?), n. One who practices horticulture.

Hor”tu*lan (?), a. [L. hortulanus; hortus garden.] Belonging to a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn.

||Hor”tus sic”cus (?). [L., a dry garden.] A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved, and arranged systematically; an herbarium.

Hort”yard (?), n. An orchard. [Obs.]

Ho*san”na (h&osl;*zăn”n&adot;), n.; pl. Hosannas (- n&adot;z). [Gr. &?;, fr. Heb. hōshī’āh nnāsave now, save, we pray, hōshīa’ to save (Hiphil, a causative form, of yāsha’) + nā, a particle.] A Hebrew exclamation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings. “Hosanna to the Highest.” Milton.

Hosanna to the Son of David.

Matt. xxi. 9.

Hose (hōz), n.; pl. Hose, formerly Hosen (hō“z’n). [AS. hose; akin to D. hoos, G. hose breeches, OHG. hosa, Icel. hosa stocking, gather, Dan. hose stocking; cf. Russ. koshulia a fur jacket.] 1. Close-fitting trousers or breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to the knee.

These men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments.

Dan. iii. 21.

His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank.

Shak.

2. Covering for the feet and lower part of the legs; a stocking or stockings.

3. A flexible pipe, made of leather, India rubber, or other material, and used for conveying fluids, especially water, from a faucet, hydrant, or fire engine.

Hose carriage, cart, or truck, a wheeled vehicle fitted for conveying hose for extinguishing fires. — Hose company, a company of men appointed to bring and manage hose in the extinguishing of fires. [U.S.] — Hose coupling, coupling with interlocking parts for uniting hose, end to end. — Hose wrench, a spanner for turning hose couplings, to unite or disconnect them.

Ho”sen (?), n. pl. See Hose. [Archaic]

Ho”sier (?), n. One who deals in hose or stocking, or in goods knit or woven like hose.

Ho”sier*y (?), n. 1. The business of a hosier.

2. Stockings, in general; goods knit or woven like hose.

Hos”pice (?), n. [F., fr. L. hospitium hospitality, a place where strangers are entertained, fr. hospes stranger, guest. See Host a landlord.] A convent or monastery which is also a place of refuge or entertainment for travelers on some difficult road or pass, as in the Alps; as, the Hospice of the Great St. Bernard.

Hos”pi*ta*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. hospitable, LL. hospitare to receive as a guest. See Host a landlord.] 1. Receiving and entertaining strangers or guests with kindness and without reward; kind to strangers and guests; characterized by hospitality. Shak.

2. Proceeding from or indicating kindness and generosity to guests and strangers; as, hospitable rites.

To where you taper cheers the vale
With hospitable ray.

Goldsmith.

Hos”pi*ta*ble*ness, n. The quality of being hospitable; hospitality. Barrow.

Hos”pi*ta*bly, adv. In a hospitable manner.

Hos”pi*tage (?), n. [LL. hospitagium, for L. hospitium. See Hospice.] Hospitality. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hos”pi*tal (?), n. [OF. hospital, ospital, F. hôpital, LL. hospitale (or perh. E. hospital is directly from the Late Latin), from L. hospitalis relating to a guest, hospitalia apartments for guests, fr. hospes guest. See Host a landlord, and cf. Hostel, Hotel, Spital.] 1. A place for shelter or entertainment; an inn. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A building in which the sick, injured, or infirm are received and treated; a public or private institution founded for reception and cure, or for the refuge, of persons diseased in body or mind, or disabled, infirm, or dependent, and in which they are treated either at their own expense, or more often by charity in whole or in part; a tent, building, or other place where the sick or wounded of an army cared for.

Hospital ship, a vessel fitted up for a floating hospital. — Hospital Sunday, a Sunday set apart for simultaneous contribution in churches to hospitals; as, the London Hospital Sunday.

Hos”pi*tal, a. [L. hospitalis: cf. OF. hospital.] Hospitable. [Obs.] Howell.

Hos”pi*tal*er (?), n. [Written also hospitaller.] [F. hospitalier. See Hospital, and cf. Hostler.] 1. One residing in a hospital, for the purpose of receiving the poor, the sick, and strangers.

2. One of an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem for pilgrims, A. D. 1042. They were called Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and after the removal of the order to Malta, Knights of Malta.

Hos”pi*tal*ism (?), n. (Med.) A vitiated condition of the body, due to long confinement in a hospital, or the morbid condition of the atmosphere of a hospital.

Hos`pi*tal”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Hospitalities (#). [L. hospitalitas: cf. F. hospitalité.] The act or practice of one who is hospitable; reception and entertainment of strangers or guests without reward, or with kind and generous liberality.

Given to hospitality.

Rom. xii. 13.

And little recks to find the way to heaven
By doing deeds of hospitality.

Shak.

Hos”pi*tal*ize (?), v. t. (Med.) To render (a building) unfit for habitation, by long continued use as a hospital.

Hos”pi*tate (?), v. i. [L. hospitatus, p. p. of hospitari to be a guest, fr. hospes guest.] To receive hospitality; to be a guest. [Obs.] Grew.

Hos”pi*tate, v. t. To receive with hospitality; to lodge as a guest. [Obs.] Cockeram.

||Hos*pi”ti*um (?), n. [L. See Hospice.] 1. An inn; a lodging; a hospice. [Obs.]

2. (Law) An inn of court.

||Hos”po*dar` (?), n. [A Slav. word; cf. Russ. gospodare lord, master.] A title borne by the princes or governors of Moldavia and Wallachia before those countries were united as Roumania.

Host (hōst), n. [LL. hostia sacrifice, victim, from hostire to strike.] (R. C. Ch.) The consecrated wafer, believed to be the body of Christ, which in the Mass is offered as a sacrifice; also, the bread before consecration.

&fist; In the Latin Vulgate the word was applied to the Savior as being an offering for the sins of men.

Host, n. [OE. host, ost, OF. host, ost, fr. L. hostis enemy, LL., army. See Guest, and cf. Host a landlord.] 1. An army; a number of men gathered for war.

A host so great as covered all the field.

Dryden.

2. Any great number or multitude; a throng.

And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God.

Luke ii. 13.

All at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils.

Wordsworth.

Host, n. [OE. host, ost, OF. hoste, oste, F. hôte, from L. hospes a stranger who is treated as a guest, he who treats another as his guest, a hostl prob. fr. hostis stranger, enemy (akin to E. guest a visitor) + potis able; akin to Skr. pati master, lord. See Host an army, Possible, and cf. Hospitable, Hotel.] One who receives or entertains another, whether gratuitously or for compensation; one from whom another receives food, lodging, or entertainment; a landlord. Chaucer. “Fair host and Earl.” Tennyson.

Time is like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.

Shak.

Host, v. t. To give entertainment to. [Obs.] Spenser.

Host, v. i. To lodge at an inn; to take up entertainment. [Obs.] “Where you shall host.” Shak.

Hos”tage (?), n. [OE. hostage, OF. hostage, ostage, F. ôtage, LL. hostaticus, ostaticum, for hospitaticum, fr. L. hospes guest, host. The first meaning is, the state of a guest, hospitality; hence, the state of a hostage (treated as a guest); and both these meanings occur in Old French. See Host a landlord.] A person given as a pledge or security for the performance of the conditions of a treaty or stipulations of any kind, on the performance of which the person is to be released.

Your hostages I have, so have you mine;
And we shall talk before we fight.

Shak.

He that hath a wife and children hath given hostages to fortune.

Bacon.

Hos”tel (?), n. [OE. hostel, ostel, OF. hostel, ostel, LL. hospitale, hospitalis, fr. L. hospitalis. See Hospital, and cf. Hotel.] 1. An inn. [Archaic] Poe.

So pass I hostel, hall, and grange.

Tennyson.

2. A small, unendowed college in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Hos”tel*er (?), n. [See Hostel, and cf. Hostler.] 1. The keeper of a hostel or inn.

2. A student in a hostel, or small unendowed collede in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Fuller.

Hos”tel*ry (?), n. [OE. hostelrie, hostelrye, ostelrie, OF. hostelerie, fr. hostel. See Hostel.] An inn; a lodging house. [Archaic] Chaucer. “Homely brought up in a rude hostelry.” B. Jonson.

Come with me to the hostelry.

Longfellow.

Host”ess (?), n. [OE. hostesse, ostesse. See Host a landlord.] 1. A female host; a woman who hospitably entertains guests at her house. Shak.

2. A woman who entertains guests for compensation; a female innkeeper. Shak.

Host”ess-ship, n. The character, personality, or office of a hostess. Shak.

Hos”tie (?), n. [F. See 1st Host.] The consecrated wafer; the host. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Hos”tile (?), a. [L. hostilis, from hostis enemy: cf. F. hostile. See Host an army.] Belonging or appropriate to an enemy; showing the disposition of an enemy; showing ill will and malevolence, or a desire to thwart and injure; occupied by an enemy or enemies; inimical; unfriendly; as, a hostile force; hostile intentions; a hostile country; hostile to a sudden change.

Syn. — Warlike; inimical; unfriendly; antagonistic; opposed; adverse; opposite; contrary; repugnant.

Hos”tile, n. An enemy; esp., an American Indian in arms against the whites; — commonly in the plural. [Colloq.] P. H. Sheridan.

Hos”tile*ly, adv. In a hostile manner.

Hos*til”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Hostilities (#). [L. hostilitas: cf. F. hostilité.] 1. State of being hostile; public or private enemy; unfriendliness; animosity.

Hostility being thus suspended with France.

Hayward.

2. An act of an open enemy; a hostile deed; especially in the plural, acts of warfare; attacks of an enemy.

We have showed ourselves generous adversaries . . . and have carried on even our hostilities with humanity.

Atterbury.

He who proceeds to wanton hostility, often provokes an enemy where he might have a friend.

Crabb.

Syn. — Animosity; enmity; opposition; violence; aggression; contention; warfare.

Hos”til*ize (?), v. t. To make hostile; to cause to become an enemy. [Obs.] A. Seward.

Host”ing (?), n. [From Host an army.] [Obs.] 1. An encounter; a battle. “Fierce hosting.” Milton.

2. A muster or review. Spenser.

Hos”tler (?), n. [OE. hosteler, osteler, innkeeper, OF. hostelier, F. hôtelier. See Hostel, and cf. Hospitaler, Hosteler.] 1. An innkeeper. [Obs.] See Hosteler.

2. The person who has the care of horses at an inn or stable; hence, any one who takes care of horses; a groom; – - so called because the innkeeper formerly attended to this duty in person.

3. (Railroad) The person who takes charge of a locomotive when it is left by the engineer after a trip.

Host”less (?), a. Inhospitable. [Obs.] “A hostless house.” Spenser.

Host”ry (?), n. [OE. hosterie, osterie, OF. hosterie. See Host a landlord.] 1. A hostelry; an inn or lodging house. [Obs.] Marlowe.

2. A stable for horses. [Obs.] Johnson.

Hot (?), imp. & p. p. of Hote. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hot (?), a. [Compar. Hotter (?); superl. Hottest (?).] [OE. hot, hat, AS. hāt; akin to OS. hēt, D. heet, OHG. heiz, G. heiss, Icel. heitr, Sw. het, Dan. heed, hed; cf. Goth. heitō fever, hais torch. Cf. Heat.] 1. Having much sensible heat; exciting the feeling of warmth in a great degree; very warm; — opposed to cold, and exceeding warm in degree; as, a hot stove; hot water or air. “A hotvenison pasty.” Shak.

2. Characterized by heat, ardor, or animation; easily excited; firely; vehement; passionate; violent; eager.

Achilles is impatient, hot, and revengeful.

Dryden.

There was mouthing in hot haste.

Byron.

3. Lustful; lewd; lecherous. Shak.

4. Acrid; biting; pungent; as, hot as mustard.

Hot bed (Iron Manuf.), an iron platform in a rolling mill, on which hot bars, rails, etc., are laid to cool. — Hot wall (Gardening), a wall provided with flues for the conducting of heat, to hasten the growth of fruit trees or the ripening of fruit. — Hot well (Condensing Engines), a receptacle for the hot water drawn from the condenser by the air pump. This water is returned to the boiler, being drawn from the hot well by the feed pump. — In hot water (Fig.), in trouble; in difficulties. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Burning; fiery; fervid; glowing; eager; animated; brisk; vehement; precipitate; violent; furious; ardent; fervent; impetuous; irascible; passionate; hasty; excitable.

Hot”bed` (?), n. 1. (Gardening) A bed of earth heated by fermenting manure or other substances, and covered with glass, intended for raising early plants, or for nourishing exotics.

2. A place which favors rapid growth or development; as, a hotbed of sedition.

Hot” blast` (?). See under Blast.

Hot”-blood`ed (?), a. Having hot blood; excitable; high-spirited; irritable; ardent; passionate.

Hot”-brained` (?), a. Ardent in temper; violent; rash; impetuous; as, hot-brained youth. Dryden.

{ Hotch”pot` (?), Hotch”potch` (?), } n. [F. hochepot, fr. hocher to shake + pot pot; both of Dutch or German origin; cf. OD. hutspot hotchpotch, D. hotsen, hutsen, to shake. See Hustle, and Pot, and cf. Hodgepodge.] 1. A mingled mass; a confused mixture; a stew of various ingredients; a hodgepodge.

A mixture or hotchpotch of many tastes.

Bacon.

2. (Law) A blending of property for equality of division, as when lands given in frank-marriage to one daughter were, after the death of the ancestor, blended with the lands descending to her and to her sisters from the same ancestor, and then divided in equal portions among all the daughters. In modern usage, a mixing together, or throwing into a common mass or stock, of the estate left by a person deceased and the amounts advanced to any particular child or children, for the purpose of a more equal division, or of equalizing the shares of all the children; the property advanced being accounted for at its value when given. Bouvier. Tomlins.

&fist; This term has been applied in cases of salvage. Story. It corresponds in a measure with collation in the civil and Scotch law. See Collation. Bouvier. Tomlins.

Hot”coc`kles (?), n. [Hot + cockle, cockle being perh. corrupt. fr. knuckle. Cf. F. main chaude (lit., hot hand) hotcockles.] A childish play, in which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him or his hand placed behind him.

Hote (?), v. t. & i. [pres. & imp. Hatte (?), Hot (&?;), etc.; p. p. Hote, Hoten (&?;), Hot, etc. See Hight, Hete.] 1. To command; to enjoin. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. To promise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. To be called; to be named. [Obs.]

There as I was wont to hote Arcite,
Now hight I Philostrate, not worth a mite.

Chaucer.

Ho*tel” (?), n. [F. hôtel, OF. hostel. See Hostel.] 1. A house for entertaining strangers or travelers; an inn or public house, of the better class.

2. In France, the mansion or town residence of a person of rank or wealth.

||Hôtel`-de-ville” (?), n. [F.] A city hall or townhouse.

||Hôtel`-Dieu” (?), n. [F.] A hospital.

Hot”en (?), p. p. of Hote.

Hot”foot` (?), adv. In haste; foothot. [Colloq.]

Hot”-head` (?), n. A violent, passionate person; a hasty or impetuous person; as, the rant of a hot-head.

Hot”-head`ed, a. Fiery; violent; rash; hasty; impetuous; vehement. Macaulay.

Hot”house` (?), n. 1. A house kept warm to shelter tender plants and shrubs from the cold air; a place in which the plants of warmer climates may be reared, and fruits ripened.

2. A bagnio, or bathing house. [Obs.] Shak.

3. A brothel; a bagnio. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

4. (Pottery) A heated room for drying green ware.

Hot”-liv`ered (?), a. Of an excitable or irritable temperament; irascible. Milton.

Hot”ly, adv. [From Hot, a.] 1. In a hot or fiery manner; ardently; vehemently; violently; hastily; as, a hotly pursued.

2. In a lustful manner; lustfully. Dryden.

Hot”-mouthed` (?), a. Headstrong.

That hot-mouthed beast that bears against the curb.

Dryden.

Hot”ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being hot.

2. Heat or excitement of mind or manner; violence; vehemence; impetuousity; ardor; fury. M. Arnold.

Hot”press` (?), v. t. To apply heat to, in conjunction with mechanical pressure, for the purpose of giving a smooth and glossy surface, or to express oil, etc.; as, to hotpress paper, linen, etc.

Hot”pressed` (?), a. Pressed while heat is applied. See Hotpress, v. t.

Hot”-short` (?), a. (Metal.) More or less brittle when heated; as, hot-short iron.

Hot”-spir`it*ed (?), a. Having a fiery spirit; hot-headed.

Hot”spur` (?), n. [Hot + spur.] A rash, hot-headed man. Holinshed.

{ Hot”spur`, Hot”spurred` (?) }, a. Violent; impetuous; headstrong. Spenser. Peacham.

Hot”ten*tot (?), n. [D. Hottentot; — so called from hot and tot, two syllables of frequent occurrence in their language. Wedgwood.] 1. (Ethnol.) One of a degraded and savage race of South Africa, with yellowish brown complexion, high cheek bones, and wooly hair growing in tufts.

2. The language of the Hottentots, which is remarkable for its clicking sounds.

Hottentot cherry (Bot.), a South African plant of the genus Cassine (C. maurocenia), having handsome foliage, with generally inconspicuous white or green flowers. Loudon. — Hottentot’s bread. (Bot.) See Elephant’s foot (a), under Elephant.

Hot”ten*tot*ism (?), n. A term employed to describe one of the varieties of stammering. Tylor.

Hou”dah (?), n. See Howdah.

Hough (?), n. Same as Hock, a joint.

Hough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Houghed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Houghing.] Same as Hock, to hamstring.

Hough, n. [Cf. D. hak. Cf. Hack.] An adz; a hoe. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet.

Hough, v. t. To cut with a hoe. [Obs.] Johnson.

Hou”let (?), n. (Zoöl.) An owl. See Howlet.

Hoult (?), n. A piece of woodland; a small wood. [Obs.] See Holt.

Hound (?), n. [OE. hound, hund, dog, AS. hund; akin to OS. & OFries. hund, D. hond, G. hund, OHG. hunt, Icel. hundr, Dan. & Sw. hund, Goth. hunds, and prob. to Lith. sz&?;, Ir. & Gael. cu, L. canis, Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. çvan. √229. Cf. Canine, Cynic, Kennel.] 1. (Zoöl.) A variety of the domestic dog, usually having large, drooping ears, esp. one which hunts game by scent, as the foxhound, bloodhound, deerhound, but also used for various breeds of fleet hunting dogs, as the greyhound, boarhound, etc.

Hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs.

Shak.

2. A despicable person. “Boy! false hound!” Shak.

3. (Zoöl.) A houndfish.

4. pl. (Naut.) Projections at the masthead, serving as a support for the trestletrees and top to rest on.

5. A side bar used to strengthen portions of the running gear of a vehicle.

To follow the hounds, to hunt with hounds.

Hound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hounding.] 1. To set on the chase; to incite to pursuit; as, to hounda dog at a hare; to hound on pursuers. Abp. Bramhall.

2. To hunt or chase with hounds, or as with hounds. L’Estrange.

Hound”fish (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any small shark of the genus Galeus or Mustelus, of which there are several species, as the smooth houndfish (G. canis), of Europe and America; — called also houndshark, and dogfish.

&fist; The European nursehound, or small-spotted dogfish, is Scyllium canicula; the rough houndfish, or large-spotted dogfish, is S. catulus. The name has also sometimes been applied to the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and to the silver gar.

Hound”ing, n. 1. The act of one who hounds.

2. (Naut.) The part of a mast below the hounds and above the deck.

Hound’s”-tongue` (?), n. [AS. hundes tunge.] (Bot.) A biennial weed (Cynoglossum officinale), with soft tongue-shaped leaves, and an offensive odor. It bears nutlets covered with barbed or hooked prickles. Called also dog’s-tongue.

Houp (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Hoopoe. [Obs.]

Hour (?), n. [OE. hour, our, hore, ure, OF. hore, ore, ure, F. heure, L. hora, fr. Gr. &?;, orig., a definite space of time, fixed by natural laws; hence, a season, the time of the day, an hour. See Year, and cf. Horologe, Horoscope.] 1. The twenty-fourth part of a day; sixty minutes.

2. The time of the day, as expressed in hours and minutes, and indicated by a timepiece; as, what is the hour? At what hour shall we meet?

3. Fixed or appointed time; conjuncture; a particular time or occasion; as, the hour of greatest peril; the man for the hour.

Woman, . . . mine hour is not yet come.

John ii. 4.

This is your hour, and the power of darkness.

Luke xxii. 53.

4. pl. (R. C. Ch.) Certain prayers to be repeated at stated times of the day, as matins and vespers.

5. A measure of distance traveled.

Vilvoorden, three hours from Brussels.

J. P. Peters.

After hours, after the time appointed for one’s regular labor. — Canonical hours. See under Canonical. — Hour angle (Astron.), the angle between the hour circle passing through a given body, and the meridian of a place. — Hour circle. (Astron.) (a) Any circle of the sphere passing through the two poles of the equator; esp., one of the circles drawn on an artificial globe through the poles, and dividing the equator into spaces of 15°, or one hour, each. (b) A circle upon an equatorial telescope lying parallel to the plane of the earth’s equator, and graduated in hours and subdivisions of hours of right ascension. (c) A small brass circle attached to the north pole of an artificial globe, and divided into twenty- four parts or hours. It is used to mark differences of time in working problems on the globe. — Hour hand, the hand or index which shows the hour on a timepiece. — Hour line. (a) (Astron.) A line indicating the hour. (b) (Dialing) A line on which the shadow falls at a given hour; the intersection of an hour circle which the face of the dial. — Hour plate, the plate of a timepiece on which the hours are marked; the dial. Locke. — Sidereal hour, the twenty-fourth part of a sidereal day. — Solar hour, the twenty- fourth part of a solar day. — The small hours, the early hours of the morning, as one o’clock, two o’clock, etc. — To keep good hours, to be regular in going to bed early.

Hour”glass` (?), n. An instrument for measuring time, especially the interval of an hour. It consists of a glass vessel having two compartments, from the uppermost of which a quantity of sand, water, or mercury occupies an hour in running through a small aperture unto the lower.

&fist; A similar instrument measuring any other interval of time takes its name from the interval measured; as, a half-hour glass, a half-minute glass. A three-minute glass is sometimes called an egg-glass, from being used to time the boiling of eggs.

Hou”ri (?), n.; pl. Houris (#). [Per. hūrī, hūrā, hūr; akin to Ar. hūr, pl. of ahwar beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.] A nymph of paradise; — so called by the Mohammedans.

Hour”ly (?), a. Happening or done every hour; occurring hour by hour; frequent; often repeated; renewed hour by hour; continual.

In hourly expectation of a martyrdom.

Sharp.

Hour”ly, adv. Every hour; frequently; continually.

Great was their strife, which hourly was renewed.

Dryden.

Hours (?), n. pl. [A translation of L. Horae (Gr. &?;). See Hour.] (Myth.) Goddess of the seasons, or of the hours of the day.

Lo! where the rosy-blosomed Hours,
Fair Venus’ train, appear.

Gray.

Hous”age (?), n. [From House.] A fee for keeping goods in a house. [R.] Chambers.

House (?), n.; pl. Houses (#). [OE. hous, hus, AS. h&?;s; akin to OS. & OFries. h&?;s, D. huis, OHG. h&?;s, G. haus, Icel. h&?;s, Sw. hus, Dan. huus, Goth. gudh&?;s, house of God, temple; and prob. to E. hide to conceal. See Hide, and cf. Hoard, Husband, Hussy, Husting.] 1. A structure intended or used as a habitation or shelter for animals of any kind; but especially, a building or edifice for the habitation of man; a dwelling place, a mansion.

Houses are built to live in; not to look on.

Bacon.

Bees with smoke and doves with noisome stench
Are from their hives and houses driven away.

Shak.

2. Household affairs; domestic concerns; particularly in the phrase to keep house. See below.

3. Those who dwell in the same house; a household.

One that feared God with all his house.

Acts x. 2.

4. A family of ancestors, descendants, and kindred; a race of persons from the same stock; a tribe; especially, a noble family or an illustrious race; as, the house of Austria; the house of Hanover; the house of Israel.

The last remaining pillar of their house,
The one transmitter of their ancient name.

Tennyson.

5. One of the estates of a kingdom or other government assembled in parliament or legislature; a body of men united in a legislative capacity; as, the House of Lords; the House of Commons; the House of Representatives; also, a quorum of such a body. See Congress, and Parliament.

6. (Com.) A firm, or commercial establishment.

7. A public house; an inn; a hotel.

8. (Astrol.) A twelfth part of the heavens, as divided by six circles intersecting at the north and south points of the horizon, used by astrologers in noting the positions of the heavenly bodies, and casting horoscopes or nativities. The houses were regarded as fixed in respect to the horizon, and numbered from the one at the eastern horizon, called the ascendant, first house, or house of life, downward, or in the direction of the earth’s revolution, the stars and planets passing through them in the reverse order every twenty- four hours.

9. A square on a chessboard, regarded as the proper place of a piece.

10. An audience; an assembly of hearers, as at a lecture, a theater, etc.; as, a thin or a full house.

11. The body, as the habitation of the soul.

This mortal house I’ll ruin,
Do Cæsar what he can.

Shak.

12. [With an adj., as narrow, dark, etc.] The grave. “The narrow house.” Bryant.

&fist; House is much used adjectively and as the first element of compounds. The sense is usually obvious; as, house cricket, housemaid, house painter, housework.

House ant (Zoöl.), a very small, yellowish brown ant (Myrmica molesta), which often infests houses, and sometimes becomes a great pest. — House of bishops (Prot. Epis. Ch.), one of the two bodies composing a general convertion, the other being House of Clerical and Lay Deputies. — House boat, a covered boat used as a dwelling. — House of call, a place, usually a public house, where journeymen connected with a particular trade assemble when out of work, ready for the call of employers. [Eng.] Simonds. — House car (Railroad), a freight car with inclosing sides and a roof; a box car. — House of correction. See Correction. — House cricket (Zoöl.), a European cricket (Gryllus domesticus), which frequently lives in houses, between the bricks of chimneys and fireplaces. It is noted for the loud chirping or stridulation of the males. — House dog, a dog kept in or about a dwelling house. — House finch (Zoöl.), the burion. — House flag, a flag denoting the commercial house to which a merchant vessel belongs. — House fly (Zoöl.), a common fly (esp. Musca domestica), which infests houses both in Europe and America. Its larva is a maggot which lives in decaying substances or excrement, about sink drains, etc. — House of God, a temple or church. — House of ill fame. See Ill fame under Ill, a. — House martin (Zoöl.), a common European swallow (Hirundo urbica). It has feathered feet, and builds its nests of mud against the walls of buildings. Called also house swallow, and window martin. — House mouse (Zoöl.), the common mouse (Mus musculus). — House physician, the resident medical adviser of a hospital or other public institution. — House snake (Zoöl.), the milk snake. — House sparrow (Zoöl.), the common European sparrow (Passer domesticus). It has recently been introduced into America, where it has become very abundant, esp. in cities. Called also thatch sparrow. — House spider (Zoöl.), any spider which habitually lives in houses. Among the most common species are Theridium tepidariorum and Tegenaria domestica. — House surgeon, the resident surgeon of a hospital. — House wren (Zoöl.), the common wren of the Eastern United States (Troglodytes aëdon). It is common about houses and in gardens, and is noted for its vivacity, and loud musical notes. See Wren. — Religious house, a monastery or convent. — The White House, the official residence of the President of the United States; — hence, colloquially, the office of President. — To bring down the house. See under Bring. — To keep house, to maintain an independent domestic establishment. — To keep open house, to entertain friends at all times.

Syn. — Dwelling; residence; abode. See Tenement.

House (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Housed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Housing.] [AS. h&?;sian.] 1. To take or put into a house; to shelter under a roof; to cover from the inclemencies of the weather; to protect by covering; as, to house one’s family in a comfortable home; to house farming utensils; to house cattle.

At length have housed me in a humble shed.

Young.

House your choicest carnations, or rather set them under a penthouse.

Evelyn.

2. To drive to a shelter. Shak.

3. To admit to residence; to harbor.

Palladius wished him to house all the Helots.

Sir P. Sidney.

4. To deposit and cover, as in the grave. Sandys.

5. (Naut.) To stow in a safe place; to take down and make safe; as, to house the upper spars.

House, v. i. 1. To take shelter or lodging; to abide to dwell; to lodge.

You shall not house with me.

Shak.

2. (Astrol.) To have a position in one of the houses. See House, n., 8. “Where Saturn houses.” Dryden.

House”bote` (?), n. [House + bote.] (Law) Wood allowed to a tenant for repairing the house and for fuel. This latter is often called firebote. See Bote.

House”break`er (?), n. One who is guilty of the crime of housebreaking.

House”break`ing, n. The act of breaking open and entering, with a felonious purpose, the dwelling house of another, whether done by day or night. See Burglary, and To break a house, under Break.

House”build`er (?), n. One whose business is to build houses; a housewright.

House”carl` (?), n. [OE. huscarle. See House, and Carl.] (Eng. Archæol.) A household servant; also, one of the bodyguard of King Canute.

House”hold` (?), n. 1. Those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family.

And calls, without affecting airs,
His household twice a day to prayers.

Swift.

2. A line of ancestory; a race or house. [Obs.] Shak.

House”hold`, a. Belonging to the house and family; domestic; as, household furniture; household affairs.

Household bread, bread made in the house for common use; hence, bread that is not of the finest quality. [Obs.] — Household gods (Rom. Antiq.), the gods presiding over the house and family; the Lares and Penates; hence, all objects endeared by association with home. — Household troops, troops appointed to attend and guard the sovereign or his residence.

House”hold`er (?), n. The master or head of a family; one who occupies a house with his family.

Towns in which almost every householder was an English Protestant.

Macaulay.

Compound householder. See Compound, a.

House”keep`er (?), n. 1. One who occupies a house with his family; a householder; the master or mistress of a family. Locke.

2. One who does, or oversees, the work of keeping house; as, his wife is a good housekeeper; often, a woman hired to superintend the servants of a household and manage the ordinary domestic affairs.

3. One who exercises hospitality, or has a plentiful and hospitable household. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

4. One who keeps or stays much at home. [R.]

You are manifest housekeeper.

Shak.

5. A house dog. [Obs.] Shak.

House”keep`ing, n. 1. The state of occupying a dwelling house as a householder.

2. Care of domestic concerns; management of a house and home affairs.

3. Hospitality; a liberal and hospitable table; a supply of provisions. [Obs.]

Tell me, softly and hastily, what’s in the pantry?
Small housekeeping enough, said Phœbe.

Sir W. Scott.

House”keep`ing, a. Domestic; used in a family; as, housekeeping commodities.

Hou”sel (?), n. [OE. housel, husel, AS. hūsel; akin to Icel. hūsl, Goth. hunsl a sacrifice.] The eucharist. [Archaic] Rom. of R. Tennyson.

Hou”sel, v. t. [AS. hūslian.] To administer the eucharist to. [Archaic] Chaucer.

House”leek` (?), n. [House + leek.] (Bot.) A succulent plant of the genus Sempervivum (S. tectorum), originally a native of subalpine Europe, but now found very generally on old walls and roofs. It is very tenacious of life under drought and heat; — called also ayegreen.

House”less, a. Destitute of the shelter of a house; shelterless; homeless; as, a houseless wanderer.

House”less*ness, n. The state of being houseless.

House”line` (?), n. (Naut.) A small line of three strands used for seizing; — called also housing. Totten.

House”ling` (?), a. Same as Housling.

House”maid` (?), n. A female servant employed to do housework, esp. to take care of the rooms.

Housemaid’s knee (Med.), a swelling over the knee, due to an enlargement of the bursa in the front of the kneepan; — so called because frequently occurring in servant girls who work upon their knees.

House”mate` (?), n. One who dwells in the same house with another. R. Browning.

House”room` (?), n. Room or place in a house; as, to give any one houseroom.

House”warm`ing (?), n. A feast or merry-making made by or for a family or business firm on taking possession of a new house or premises. Johnson.

House”wife` (?), n. [House + wife. Cf. Hussy.] 1. The wife of a householder; the mistress of a family; the female head of a household. Shak.

He a good husband, a good housewife she.

Dryden.

2. (Usually pronounced &?;.) [See Hussy, in this sense.] A little case or bag for materials used in sewing, and for other articles of female work; — called also hussy. [Written also huswife.] P. Skelton.

3. A hussy. [R.] [Usually written huswife.] Shak.

Sailor’s housewife, a ditty-bag.

{ House”wife` (?), House”wive` (?), } v. t. To manage with skill and economy, as a housewife or other female manager; to economize.

Conferred those moneys on the nuns, which since they have well housewived.

Fuller.

House”wife`ly (?), a. Pertaining or appropriate to a housewife; domestic; economical; prudent.

A good sort of woman, ladylike and housewifely.

Sir W. Scott.

House”wif`er*y (?), n. The business of the mistress of a family; female management of domestic concerns.

House”work` (?), n. The work belonging to housekeeping; especially, kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbing, bed making, and the like.

House”wright` (?), n. A builder of houses.

Hous”ing (?), n. [From House. In some of its senses this word has been confused with the following word.] 1. The act of putting or receiving under shelter; the state of dwelling in a habitation.

2. That which shelters or covers; houses, taken collectively. Fabyan.

3. (Arch.) (a) The space taken out of one solid, to admit the insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the side of another. (b) A niche for a statue.

4. (Mach.) A frame or support for holding something in place, as journal boxes, etc.

5. (Naut.) (a) That portion of a mast or bowsprit which is beneath the deck or within the vessel. (b) A covering or protection, as an awning over the deck of a ship when laid up. (c) A houseline. See Houseline.

Hous”ing, n. [From Houss.] 1. A cover or cloth for a horse’s saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horse cloth; in plural, trappings.

2. An appendage to the hames or collar of a harness.

Hous”ling (?), a. [See Housel.] Sacramental; as, housling fire. [R.] Spenser.

Houss (?), n. [F. housse, LL. hulcia, fr. OHG. hulst; akin to E. holster. See Holster, and cf. 2d Housing.] A saddlecloth; a housing. [Obs.] Dryden.

||Hou”tou (?), n. [From its note.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful South American motmot. Waterton.

Houve (?), n. [AS. hūfe.] A head covering of various kinds; a hood; a coif; a cap. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hou*yhnhnm” (?), n. One of the race of horses described by Swift in his imaginary travels of Lemuel Gulliver. The Houyhnhnms were endowed with reason and noble qualities; subject to them were Yahoos, a race of brutes having the form and all the worst vices of men.

Hove (?), imp. & p. p. of Heave.

Hove short, Hove to. See To heave a cable short, To heave a ship to, etc., under Heave.

Hove, v. i. & t. To rise; to swell; to heave; to cause to swell. [Obs. or Scot.] Holland. Burns.

Hove, v. i. [OE. hoven. See Hover.] To hover around; to loiter; to lurk. [Obs.] Gower.

Hov”el (?), n. [OE. hovel, hovil, prob. a dim. fr. AS. hof house; akin to D. & G. hof court, yard, Icel. hof temple; cf. Prov. E. hove to take shelter, heuf shelter, home.] 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, or protecting produce, etc., from the weather. Brande & C.

2. A poor cottage; a small, mean house; a hut.

3. (Porcelain Manuf.) A large conical brick structure around which the firing kilns are grouped. Knight.

Hov”el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoveled (?) or Hovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoveling or Hovelling.] To put in a hovel; to shelter.

To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlon.

Shak.

The poor are hoveled and hustled together.

Tennyson.

Hov”el*er (?), n. One who assists in saving life and property from a wreck; a coast boatman. [Written also hoveller.] [Prov. Eng.] G. P. R. James.

Hov”el*ing, n. A method of securing a good draught in chimneys by covering the top, leaving openings in the sides, or by carrying up two of the sides higher than the other two. [Written also hovelling.]

Ho”ven (?), obs. or archaic p. p. of Heave.

Ho”ven (?), a. Affected with the disease called hoove; as, hoven cattle.

Hov”er (?), n. [Etymol. doubtful.] A cover; a shelter; a protection. [Archaic] Carew. C. Kingsley.

Hov”er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hovered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hovering.] [OE. hoveren, and hoven, prob. orig., to abide, linger, and fr. AS. hof house; cf. OFries. hovia to receive into one’s house. See Hovel.] 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing; to remain in flight or floating about or over a place or object; to be suspended in the air above something.

Great flights of birds are hovering about the bridge, and settling on it.

Addison.

A hovering mist came swimming o’er his sight.

Dryden.

2. To hang about; to move to and fro near a place, threateningly, watchfully, or irresolutely.

Agricola having sent his navy to hover on the coast.

Milton.

Hovering o’er the paper with her quill.

Shak.

Hov”er*er (?), n. A device in an incubator for protecting the young chickens and keeping them warm.

Hov”er-hawk` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kestrel.

Hov”er*ing*ly, adv. In a hovering manner.

How (?), adv. [OE. how, hou, hu, hwu, AS. h&?;, from the same root as hwā, hwæt, who, what, pron. interrog.; akin to OS. hwōw, D. hoe, cf. G. wie how, Goth. hwē wherewith, hwaiwa how. √182. See Who, and cf. Why.] 1. In what manner or way; by what means or process.

How can a man be born when he is old?

John iii. 4.

2. To what degree or extent, number or amount; in what proportion; by what measure or quality.

O, how love I thy law! it is my meditation all the day.

Ps. cxix. 97.

By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains, and rivers of the earth.

Bentley.

3. For what reason; from what cause.

How now, my love! why is your cheek so pale?

Shak.

4. In what state, condition, or plight.

How, and with what reproach, shall I return?

Dryden.

5. By what name, designation, or title.

How art thou called?

Shak.

6. At what price; how dear. [Obs.]

How a score of ewes now?

Shak.

&fist; How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjectionally, and relatively; it is also often employed to emphasize an interrogation or exclamation. “How are the mighty fallen!” 2 Sam. i. 27. Sometimes, also, it is used as a noun; — as, the how, the when, the wherefore. Shelley.

Let me beg you — don’t say “How?” for “What?”

Holmes.

||How*adj”i (?), n. [Ar.] 1. A traveler.

2. A merchant; — so called in the East because merchants were formerly the chief travelers.

How*be”it (?), conj. [How + be + it.] Be it as it may; nevertheless; notwithstanding; although; albeit; yet; but; however.

The Moor — howbeit that I endure him not –
Is of a constant, loving, noble nature.

Shak.

How”dah (?), n. [Ar. hawdaj.] A seat or pavilion, generally covered, fastened on the back of an elephant, for the rider or riders. [Written also houdah.]

How”dy (?), n. [Scot., also houdy- wife. Of uncertain origin; cf. OSw. jordgumma; or perh. fr. E. how d’ye.] A midwife. [Prov. Eng.]

How”el (?), n. A tool used by coopers for smoothing and chamfering rheir work, especially the inside of casks.

How”el, v. t. To smooth; to plane; as, to howel a cask.

How”ell, n. The upper stage of a porcelian furnace.

How*ev”er (?), adv. [Sometimes contracted into howe’er.] 1. In whetever manner, way, or degree.

However yet they me despise and spite.

Spenser.

Howe’er the business goes, you have made fault.

Shak.

2. At all events; at least; in any case.

Our chief end is to be freed from all, if it may be, however from the greatest evils.

Tillotson.

How*ev”er, conj. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet; still; though; as, I shall not oppose your design; I can not, however, approve of it.

In your excuse your love does little say;
You might howe’er have took a better way.

Dryden.

Syn. — However, At least, Nevertheless, Yet. These words, as here compared, have an adversative sense in reference to something referred to in the context. However is the most general, and leads to a final conclusion or decision. Thus we say, the truth, however, has not yet fully come out; i.e., such is the speaker’s conclusion in view of the whole case. So also we say, however, you may rely on my assistance to that amount; i. e., at all events, whatever may happen, this is my final decision. At least is adversative in another way. It points out the utmost concession that can possibly be required, and still marks the adversative conclusion; as, at least, this must be done; whatever may be our love of peace, we must at least maintain the rights of conscience. Nevertheless denotes that though the concession be fully made, it has no bearing of the question; as, nevertheless, we must go forward. Yet signifies that however extreme the supposition or fact comceded may be, the consequence which might naturally be expected does not and will not follow; as, though I should die with thee, yet will I not deny thee; though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Cf. But.

How”itz (?), n. A howitzer. [Obs.]

How”itz*er (?), n. [G. haubitze, formerly hauffnitz, Bohem. haufnice, orig., a sling.] (Mil.) (a) A gun so short that the projectile, which was hollow, could be put in its place by hand; a kind of mortar. [Obs.] (b) A short, light, largebore cannon, usually having a chamber of smaller diameter than the rest of the bore, and intended to throw large projectiles with comparatively small charges.

How”ker (?), n. (Naut.) Same as Hooker.

Howl (houl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Howled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Howling.] [OE. houlen, hulen; akin to D. huilen, MHG. hiulen, hiuweln, OHG. hiuwilōn to exult, h&?;wo owl, Dan. hyle to howl.] 1. To utter a loud, protracted, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do.

And dogs in corners set them down to howl.

Drayton.

Methought a legion of foul fiends
Environ’d me about, and howled in my ears.

Shak.

2. To utter a sound expressive of distress; to cry aloud and mournfully; to lament; to wail.

Howl ye, for the day of the Lord is at hand.

Is. xiii. 6.

3. To make a noise resembling the cry of a wild beast.

Wild howled the wind.

Sir W. Scott.

Howling monkey. (Zoöl.) See Howler, 2. — Howling wilderness, a wild, desolate place inhabited only by wild beasts. Deut. xxxii. 10.

Howl, v. t. To utter with outcry. “Go . . . howl it out in deserts.” Philips.

Howl, n. 1. The protracted, mournful cry of a dog or a wolf, or other like sound.

2. A prolonged cry of distress or anguish; a wail.

Howl”er (?), n. 1. One who howls.

2. (Zoöl.) Any South American monkey of the genus Mycetes. Many species are known. They are arboreal in their habits, and are noted for the loud, discordant howling in which they indulge at night.

Howl”et (?), n. [Equiv. to owlet, influenced by howl: cf. F. hulotte, OHG. h&?;wela, hiuwela.] (Zoöl.) An owl; an owlet. [Written also houlet.] R. Browning.

Howp (?), v. i. To cry out; to whoop. [Obs.] Chaucer.

How”so (?), adv. Howsoever. [Obs.]

How`so*ev”er (?), adj. & conj. [How + so + ever.] 1. In what manner soever; to whatever degree or extent; however.

I am glad he’s come, howsoever he comes.

Shak.

2. Although; though; however. [Obs.] Shak.

Howve (?), n. A hood. See Houve. [Obs.]

Hox (?), v. t. [See Hock. √12.] To hock; to hamstring. See Hock. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoy (?), n. [D. heu, or Flem. hui.] (Naut.) A small coaster vessel, usually sloop-rigged, used in conveying passengers and goods from place to place, or as a tender to larger vessels in port.

The hoy went to London every week.

Cowper.

Hoy, interj. [D. hui. Cf. Ahoy.] Ho! Halloe! Stop!

Hoy”den (?), n. Same as Hoiden.

Hoy”man (?), n.; pl. Hoymen (&?;). One who navigates a hoy.

A common hoyman to carry goods by water for hire.

Hobart.

||Hua*na”co (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Guanaco.

Hub (?), n. [See 1st Hob.] 1. The central part, usually cylindrical, of a wheel; the nave. See Illust. of Axle box.

2. The hilt of a weapon. Halliwell.

3. A rough protuberance or projecting obstruction; as, a hub in the road. [U.S.] See Hubby.

4. A goal or mark at which quoits, etc., are cast.

5. (Diesinking) A hardened, engraved steel punch for impressing a device upon a die, used in coining, etc.

6. A screw hob. See Hob, 3.

7. A block for scotching a wheel.

Hub plank (Highway Bridges), a horizontal guard plank along a truss at the height of a wagon-wheel hub. — Up to the hub, as far as possible in embarrassment or difficulty, or in business, like a wheel sunk in mire; deeply involved. [Colloq.]

Hub”ble-bub`ble (?), n. A tobacco pipe, so arranged that the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling noise, whence its name. In India, the bulb containing the water is often a cocoanut shell.

Hub”bub (?), n. [Cf. Whoobub, Whoop, Hoop, v. i.] A loud noise of many confused voices; a tumult; uproar. Milton.

This hubbub of unmeaning words.

Macaulay.

Hub”by (?), a. Full of hubs or protuberances; as, a road that has been frozen while muddy is hubby. [U.S.]

Hüb”ner (?), n. [After Hübner, who analyzed it.] (Min.) A mineral of brownish black color, occurring in columnar or foliated masses. It is native manganese tungstate.

{ ||Huch (?), ||Hu”chen (?), } n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A large salmon (Salmo, or Salvelinus, hucho) inhabiting the Danube; — called also huso, and bull trout.

Huck (?), v. i. [See Hawk to offer for sale, Huckster.] To higgle in trading. [Obs.] Holland.

Huck”a*back (?), n. [Perh. orig., peddler’s wares; cf. LG. hukkebak pickback. Cf. Huckster.] A kind of linen cloth with raised figures, used for towelings.

Huc”kle (?), n. [Perh. dim. of Prov. E. hucka hook, and so named from its round shape. See Hook.] 1. The hip; the haunch.

2. A bunch or part projecting like the hip.

Huckle bone. (a) The hip bone; the innominate bone. (b) A small bone of the ankle; astragalus. [R.] Udall.

Huc”kle-backed` (?), a. Round- shoulded.

Huc”kle*ber`ry (?), n. [Cf. Whortleberry.] (Bot.) (a) The edible black or dark blue fruit of several species of the American genus Gaylussacia, shrubs nearly related to the blueberries (Vaccinium), and formerly confused with them. The commonest huckelberry comes from G. resinosa. (b) The shrub that bears the berries. Called also whortleberry.

Squaw huckleberry. See Deeberry.

Huck”ster (?), n. [OE. hukstere, hukster, OD. heukster, D. heuker; akin to D. huiken to stoop, bend, OD. huycken, huken, G. hocken, to squat, Icel. h&?;ka; — the peddler being named from his stooping under the load on his back. Cf. Hawk to offer for sale.] 1. A retailer of small articles, of provisions, and the like; a peddler; a hawker. Swift.

2. A mean, trickish fellow. Bp. Hall.

Huck”ster, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huckstered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Huckstering.] To deal in small articles, or in petty bargains. Swift.

Huck”ster*age (?), n. The business of a huckster; small dealing; peddling.

Ignoble huckster age of piddling tithes.

Milton.

Huck”ster*er (?), n. A huckster. Gladstone.

Those hucksterers or money- jobbers.

Swift.

Huck”stress (?), n. A female huckster.

Hud (?), n. [Cf. Hood a covering.] A huck or hull, as of a nut. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hud”dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Huddling (?).] [Cf. OE. hoderen, hodren, to cover, keep, warm; perh. akin to OE. huden, hiden, to hide, E. hide, and orig. meaning, to get together for protection in a safe place. Cf. Hide to conceal.] To press together promiscuously, from confusion, apprehension, or the like; to crowd together confusedly; to press or hurry in disorder; to crowd.

The cattle huddled on the lea.

Tennyson.

Huddling together on the public square . . . like a herd of panic-struck deer.

Prescott.

Hud”dle, v. t. 1. To crowd (things) together to mingle confusedly; to assemble without order or system.

Our adversary, huddling several suppositions together, . . . makes a medley and confusion.

Locke.

2. To do, make, or put, in haste or roughly; hence, to do imperfectly; — usually with a following preposition or adverb; as, to huddle on; to huddle up; to huddle together. “Huddle up a peace.” J. H. Newman.

Let him forescat his work with timely care,
Which else is huddled when the skies are fair.

Dryden.

Now, in all haste, they huddle on
Their hoods, their cloaks, and get them gone.

Swift.

Hud”dle, n. A crowd; a number of persons or things crowded together in a confused manner; tumult; confusion. “A huddle of ideas.” Addison.

Hud”dler (?), n. One who huddles things together.

Hudge (?), n. (Mining) An iron bucket for hoisting coal or ore. Raymond.

Hu`di*bras”tic (?), a. Similar to, or in the style of, the poem “Hudibras,” by Samuel Butler; in the style of doggerel verse. Macaulay.

Hud*so”ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Hudson’s Bay or to the Hudson River; as, the Hudsonian curlew.

Hue (?), n. [OE. hew, heow, color, shape, form, AS. hiw, heow; akin to Sw. hy skin, complexion, Goth. hiwi form, appearance.] 1. Color or shade of color; tint; dye. “Flowers of all hue.” Milton.

Hues of the rich unfolding morn.

Keble.

2. (Painting) A predominant shade in a composition of primary colors; a primary color modified by combination with others.

Hue, n. [OE. hue, huer, to hoot, shout, prob. fr. OF. hu an exclamation.] A shouting or vociferation.

Hue and cry (Law), a loud outcry with which felons were anciently pursued, and which all who heard it were obliged to take up, joining in the pursuit till the malefactor was taken; in later usage, a written proclamation issued on the escape of a felon from prison, requiring all persons to aid in retaking him. Burrill.

Hued (?), a. Having color; — usually in composition; as, bright-hued; many- hued. Chaucer.

Hue”less (?), a. [AS. hiwleás. See Hue color.] Destitute of color. Hudibras.

Hu”er (?), n. One who cries out or gives an alarm; specifically, a balker; a conder. See Balker.

Huff (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Huffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Huffing.] [Cf. OE. hoove to puff up, blow; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To swell; to enlarge; to puff up; as, huffed up with air. Grew.

2. To treat with insolence and arrogance; to chide or rebuke with insolence; to hector; to bully.

You must not presume to huff us.

Echard.

3. (Draughts) To remove from the board (the piece which could have captured an opposing piece). See Huff, v. i., 3.

Huff, v. i. 1. To enlarge; to swell up; as, bread huffs.

2. To bluster or swell with anger, pride, or arrogance; to storm; to take offense.

THis senseless arrogant conceit of theirs made them huff at the doctrine of repentance.

South.

3. (Draughts) To remove from the board a man which could have captured a piece but has not done so; — so called because it was the habit to blow upon the piece.

Huff, n. 1. A swell of sudden anger or arrogance; a fit of disappointment and petulance or anger; a rage. “Left the place in a huff.” W. Irving.

2. A boaster; one swelled with a false opinion of his own value or importance.

Lewd, shallow-brained huffs make atheism and contempt of religion the sole badge . . . of wit.

South.

To take huff, to take offence. Cowper.

Huff”cap` (?), n. A blusterer; a bully. [Obs.] — a. Blustering; swaggering. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Huff”er (?), n. A bully; a blusterer. Hudibras.

Huff”i*ness (?), n. The state of being huffish; petulance; bad temper. Ld. Lytton.

Huff”ing*ly, adv. Blusteringly; arrogantly. [R.]

And huffingly doth this bonny Scot ride.

Old Ballad.

Huff”ish, a. Disposed to be blustering or arrogant; petulant. — Huff”ish*ly, adv. — Huff”ish*ness, n.

Huff”y (?), a. 1. Puffed up; as, huffy bread.

2. Characterized by arrogance or petulance; easily offended.

Hug (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hugging.] [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. sidde paa huk to squat, Sw. huka sig to squat, Icel. h&?;ka. Cf. Huckster.] 1. To cower; to crouch; to curl up. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

2. To crowd together; to cuddle. [Obs.] Shak.

Hug, v. t. 1. To press closely within the arms; to clasp to the bosom; to embrace. “And huggen me in his arms.” Shak.

2. To hold fast; to cling to; to cherish.

We hug deformities if they bear our names.

Glanvill.

3. (Naut.) To keep close to; as, to hug the land; to hug the wind.

To hug one’s self, to congratulate one’s self; to chuckle.

Hug, n. A close embrace or clasping with the arms, as in affection or in wrestling. Fuller.

Huge (?), a. [Compar. Huger (?); superl. Hugest (?).] [OE. huge, hoge, OF. ahuge, ahoge.] Very large; enormous; immense; excessive; — used esp. of material bulk, but often of qualities, extent, etc.; as, a huge ox; a huge space; a huge difference. “The huge confusion.” Chapman. “A huge filly.” Jer. Taylor. — Huge”ly, adv. — Huge”ness, n.

Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea.

Shak.

Syn. — Enormous; gigantic; colossal; immense; prodigious; vast.

Hug”ger (?), n. One who hugs or embraces.

Hug”ger, v. t. & i. To conceal; to lurk ambush. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Hug”ger-mug`ger (?), n. [Scot. huggrie-muggrie; Prov. E. hugger to lie in ambush, mug mist, muggard sullen.] Privacy; secrecy. Commonly in the phrase in hugger-mugger, with haste and secrecy. [Archaic]

Many things have been done in hugger- mugger.

Fuller.

Hug”ger-mug`ger, a. 1. Secret; clandestine; sly.

2. Confused; disorderly; slovenly; mean; as, hugger-mugger doings.

Hug”gle (?), v. t. [Freq. of hug.] To hug. [Obs.]

Hu”gue*not (?), n. [F., properly a dim. of Hugues. The name is probably derived from the Christian name (Huguenot) of some person conspicuous as a reformer.] (Eccl. Hist.) A French Protestant of the period of the religious wars in France in the 16th century.

Hu”gue*not*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. huguenotisme.] The religion of the Huguenots in France.

Hu”gy (?), a. Vast. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hu”ia bird` (?). [Native name; — so called from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand starling (Heteralocha acutirostris), remarkable for the great difference in the form and length of the bill in the two sexes, that of the male being sharp and straight, that of the female much longer and strongly curved.

Hui”sher (?), n. [Obs.] See Usher. B. Jonson.

Hui”sher, v. t. To usher. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Huke (?), n. [OF. huque, LL. huca; cf. D. huik.] An outer garment worn in Europe in the Middle Ages. [Written also heuk and hyke.] [Obs.] Bacon.

Hu”lan (?), n. See Uhlan.

Hulch (?), n. [Cf. Hunch.] A hunch. [Obs.]

Hulch”y (?), a. Swollen; gibbous. [Obs.]

Hulk (?), n. [OE. hulke a heavy ship, AS. hulc a light, swift ship; akin to D. hulk a ship of burden, G. holk, OHG. holcho; perh. fr. LL. holcas, Gr. &?;, prop., a ship which is towed, fr. &?; to draw, drag, tow. Cf. Wolf, Holcad.] 1. The body of a ship or decked vessel of any kind; esp., the body of an old vessel laid by as unfit for service. “Some well- timbered hulk.” Spenser.

2. A heavy ship of clumsy build. Skeat.

3. Anything bulky or unwieldly. Shak.

Shear hulk, an old ship fitted with an apparatus to fix or take out the masts of a ship. — The hulks, old or dismasted ships, formerly used as prisons. [Eng.] Dickens.

Hulk (?), v. t. [Cf. MLG. holken to hollow out, Sw. hålka.] To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; as, to hulk a hare. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

{ Hulk”ing, Hulk”y (?), } a. Bulky; unwiedly. [R.] “A huge hulking fellow.” H. Brooke.

Hull (?), n. [OE. hul, hol, shell, husk, AS. hulu; akin to G. hülle covering, husk, case, hüllen to cover, Goth. huljan to cover, AS. helan to hele, conceal. √17. See Hele, v. t., Hell.] 1. The outer covering of anything, particularly of a nut or of grain; the outer skin of a kernel; the husk.

2. [In this sense perh. influenced by D. hol hold of a ship, E. hold.] (Naut.) The frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of her masts, yards, sails, and rigging.

Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light.

Dryden.

Hull down, said of a ship so distant that her hull is concealed by the convexity of the sea.

Hull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hulled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hulling.] 1. To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of; to free from integument; as, to hull corn.

2. To pierce the hull of, as a ship, with a cannon ball.

Hull, v. i. To toss or drive on the water, like the hull of a ship without sails. [Obs.] Shak. Milton.

Hul`la*ba*loo” (?), n. [Perh. a corruption of hurly-burly.] A confused noise; uproar; tumult. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Hulled (?), a. Deprived of the hulls.

Hulled corn, kernels of maize prepared for food by removing the hulls.

Hull”er (?), n. One who, or that which, hulls; especially, an agricultural machine for removing the hulls from grain; a hulling machine.

Hul*lo” (?), interj. See Hollo.

Hull”y (?), a. Having or containing hulls.

Hu”lo*ist (?), n. See Hyloist.

Hu”lo*the*ism (?), n. See Hylotheism.

Hul”ver (?), n. [OE. hulfere; prob. akin to E. holly.] Holly, an evergreen shrub or tree.

Hum (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Humming (?).] [Of imitative origin; cf. G. hummen, D. hommelen. √15.] 1. To make a low, prolonged sound, like that of a bee in flight; to drone; to murmur; to buzz; as, a top hums. P. Fletcher.

Still humming on, their drowsy course they keep.

Pope.

2. To make a nasal sound, like that of the letter m prolonged, without opening the mouth, or articulating; to mumble in monotonous undertone; to drone.

The cloudy messenger turns me his back,
And hums.

Shak.

3. [Cf. Hum, interj.] To make an inarticulate sound, like h’m, through the nose in the process of speaking, from embarrassment or a affectation; to hem.

4. To express satisfaction by a humming noise.

Here the spectators hummed.

Trial of the Regicides.

&fist; Formerly the habit of audiences was to express gratification by humming and displeasure by hissing.

5. To have the sensation of a humming noise; as, my head hums, — a pathological condition.

Hum, v. t. 1. To sing with shut mouth; to murmur without articulation; to mumble; as, to hum a tune.

2. To express satisfaction with by humming.

3. To flatter by approving; to cajole; to impose on; to humbug. [Colloq. & Low]

Hum, n. 1. A low monotonous noise, as of bees in flight, of a swiftly revolving top, of a wheel, or the like; a drone; a buzz.

The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums.

Shak.

2. Any inarticulate and buzzing sound; as: (a) The confused noise of a crowd or of machinery, etc., heard at a distance; as, the hum of industry.

But ‘midst the crowd, the hum, the shock of men.

Byron.

(b) A buzz or murmur, as of approbation. Macaulay.

3. An imposition or hoax.

4. [Cf. Hem, interj.] An inarticulate nasal sound or murmur, like h’m, uttered by a speaker in pause from embarrassment, affectation, etc.

THese shrugs, these hums and ha’s.

Shak.

5. [Perh. so called because strongly intoxicating.] A kind of strong drink formerly used. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Venous hum. See under Venous.

Hum, interj. [Cf. Hem, interj.] Ahem; hem; an inarticulate sound uttered in a pause of speech implying doubt and deliberation. Pope.

Hu”man (?), a. [L. humanus; akin to homo man: cf. F. humain. See Homage, and cf. Humane, Omber.] Belonging to man or mankind; having the qualities or attributes of a man; of or pertaining to man or to the race of man; as, a human voice; human shape; human nature; human sacrifices.

To err is human; to forgive, divine.

Pope.

Hu”man, n. A human being. [Colloq.]

Sprung of humans that inhabit earth.

Chapman.

We humans often find ourselves in strange position.

Prof. Wilson.

Hu”man*ate (?), a. [LL. humanatus.] Indued with humanity. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Hu*mane” (?), a. [L. humanus: cf. F. humain. See Human.] 1. Pertaining to man; human. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

2. Having the feelings and inclinations creditable to man; having a disposition to treat other human beings or animals with kindness; kind; benevolent.

Of an exceeding courteous and humane inclination.

Sportswood.

3. Humanizing; exalting; tending to refine.

Syn. — Kind; sympathizing; benevolent; mild; compassionate; gentle; tender; merciful.

— Hu*mane”ly, adv. — Hu*mane”ness, n.

Hu*man”ics (?), n. The study of human nature. [R.] T. W. Collins.

Hu*man”i*fy (?), v. t. To make human; to invest with a human personality; to incarnate. [R.]

The humanifying of the divine Word.

H. B. Wilson.

Hu”man*ism (?), n. 1. Human nature or disposition; humanity.

[She] looked almost like a being who had rejected with indifference the attitude of sex for the loftier quality of abstract humanism.

T. Hardy.

2. The study of the humanities; polite learning.

Hu”man*ist, n. [Cf. F. humaniste.] 1. One of the scholars who in the field of literature proper represented the movement of the Renaissance, and early in the 16th century adopted the name Humanist as their distinctive title. Schaff- Herzog.

2. One who pursues the study of the humanities, or polite literature.

3. One versed in knowledge of human nature.

Hu`man*is”tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to humanity; as, humanistic devotion. Caird.

2. Pertaining to polite literature. M. Arnold.

Hu*man`i*ta”ri*an (?), a. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) Pertaining to humanitarians, or to humanitarianism; as, a humanitarian view of Christ’s nature.

2. (Philos.) Content with right affections and actions toward man; ethical, as distinguished from religious; believing in the perfectibility of man’s nature without supernatural aid.

3. Benevolent; philanthropic. [Recent]

Hu*man`i*ta”ri*an, n. [From Humanity.] 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) One who denies the divinity of Christ, and believes him to have been merely human.

2. (Philos.) One who limits the sphere of duties to human relations and affections, to the exclusion or disparagement of the religious or spiritual.

3. One who is actively concerned in promoting the welfare of his kind; a philanthropist. [Recent]

Hu*man`i*ta”ri*an*ism (?), n. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) The distinctive tenet of the humanitarians in denying the divinity of Christ; also, the whole system of doctrine based upon this view of Christ.

2. (Philos.) The doctrine that man’s obligations are limited to, and dependent alone upon, man and the human relations.

Hu`ma*ni”tian (?), n. A humanist. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Hu*man”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Humanities (#). [L. humanitas: cf. F. humanité. See Human.] 1. The quality of being human; the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from other beings.

2. Mankind collectively; the human race.

But hearing oftentimes
The still, and music humanity.

Wordsworth.

It is a debt we owe to humanity.

S. S. Smith.

3. The quality of being humane; the kind feelings, dispositions, and sympathies of man; especially, a disposition to relieve persons or animals in distress, and to treat all creatures with kindness and tenderness. “The common offices of humanity and friendship.” Locke.

4. Mental cultivation; liberal education; instruction in classical and polite literature.

Polished with humanity and the study of witty science.

Holland.

5. pl. (With definite article) The branches of polite or elegant learning; as language, rhetoric, poetry, and the ancient classics; belles-letters.

&fist; The cultivation of the languages, literature, history, and archæology of Greece and Rome, were very commonly called literæ humaniores, or, in English, the humanities, . . . by way of opposition to the literæ divinæ, or divinity. G. P. Marsh.

Hu*man`i*za”tion (?), n. The act of humanizing. M. Arnold.

Hu”man*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Humanizing (?).] [Cf. F. humaniser.] 1. To render human or humane; to soften; to make gentle by overcoming cruel dispositions and rude habits; to refine or civilize.

Was it the business of magic to humanize our natures with compassion?

Addison.

2. To give a human character or expression to. “Humanized divinities.” Caird.

3. (Med.) To convert into something human or belonging to man; as, to humanize vaccine lymph.

Hu”man*ize, v. i. To become or be made more humane; to become civilized; to be ameliorated.

By the original law of nations, war and extirpation were the punishment of injury. Humanizing by degrees, it admitted slavery instead of death; a further step was the exchange of prisoners instead of slavery.

Franklin.

Hu”man*i`zer (?), n. One who renders humane.

Hu”man*kind` (?), n. Mankind. Pope.

Hu”man*ly, adv. 1. In a human manner; after the manner of men; according to the knowledge or wisdom of men; as, the present prospects, humanly speaking, promise a happy issue. Sir W. Raleigh.

2. Kindly; humanely. [Obs.] Pope.

Hu”man*ness, n. The quality or state of being human.

Hu”mate (?), n. [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) A salt of humic acid.

Hu*ma”tion (?), n. [L. humatio, fr. humare to cover with earth, to inter, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage.] Interment; inhumation. [R.]

Hum”bird` (?), n. Humming bird.

Hum”ble (?), a. [Compar. Humbler (?); superl. Humblest (?).] [F., fr. L. humilis on the ground, low, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage, and cf. Chameleon, Humiliate.] 1. Near the ground; not high or lofty; not pretentious or magnificent; unpretending; unassuming; as, a humble cottage.

THy humble nest built on the ground.

Cowley.

2. Thinking lowly of one’s self; claiming little for one’s self; not proud, arrogant, or assuming; thinking one’s self ill-deserving or unworthy, when judged by the demands of God; lowly; waek; modest.

God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble.

Jas. iv. 6.

She should be humble who would please.

Prior.

Without a humble imitation of the divine Author of our . . . religion we can never hope to be a happy nation.

Washington.

Humble plant (Bot.), a species of sensitive plant, of the genus Mimosa (M. sensitiva). — To eat humble pie, to endure mortification; to submit or apologize abjectly; to yield passively to insult or humilitation; — a phrase derived from a pie made of the entrails or humbles of a deer, which was formerly served to servants and retainers at a hunting feast. See Humbles. Halliwell. Thackeray.

Hum”ble (?), a. Hornless. See Hummel. [Scot.]

Hum”ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Humbling (?).] 1. To bring low; to reduce the power, independence, or exaltation of; to lower; to abase; to humilate.

Here, take this purse, thou whom the heaven’s plagues
Have humbled to all strokes.

Shak.

The genius which humbled six marshals of France.

Macaulay.

2. To make humble or lowly in mind; to abase the pride or arrogance of; to reduce the self-sufficiently of; to make meek and submissive; — often used rexlexively.

Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you.

1 Pet. v. 6.

Syn. — To abase; lower; depress; humiliate; mortify; disgrace; degrade.

Hum”ble*bee` (?), n. [OE. humbilbee, hombulbe; cf. D. hommel, G. hummel, OHG. humbal, Dan. humle, Sw. humla; perh. akin to hum. √15. Cf. Bumblebee.] (Zoöl.) The bumblebee. Shak.

Hum”ble*head` (?), n. [Humble + -head.] Humble condition or estate; humility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hum”ble*ness, n. The quality of being humble; humility; meekness.

Hum”bler (?), n. One who, or that which, humbles some one.

Hum”bles (?), n. pl. [See Nombles.] Entrails of a deer. [Written also umbles.] Johnson.

Hum”blesse (?), n. [OF.] Humbleness; abasement; low obeisance. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Hum”bly, adv. With humility; lowly. Pope.

Hum”bug` (?), n. [Prob. fr. hum to impose on, deceive + bug a frightful object.] 1. An imposition under fair pretenses; something contrived in order to deceive and mislead; a trick by cajolery; a hoax.

2. A spirit of deception; cajolery; trickishness.

3. One who deceives or misleads; a deceitful or trickish fellow; an impostor. Sir J. Stephen.

Hum”bug`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Humbugging (?).] To deceive; to impose; to cajole; to hoax.

Hum”bug`ger (?), n. One who humbugs.

Hum”bug`ger*y (?), n. The practice of imposition.

Hum”drum` (?), a. Monotonous; dull; commonplace. “A humdrum crone.” Bryant.

Hum”drum`, n. 1. A dull fellow; a bore. B. Jonson.

2. Monotonous and tedious routine.

Dissatisfied with humdrum.

The Nation.

3. A low cart with three wheels, drawn by one horse.

{ Hu*mect” (?), Hu*mec”tate (?), } v. t. [L. humectare, humectatum, fr. humectus moist, fr. humere to be moist: cf. F. humecter.] To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Howell.

Hu*mec”tant (?), a. [L. humectans, p. pr.] Diluent. — n. A diluent drink or medicine. [Obs.]

Hu`mec*ta”tion (?), n. [L. humectatio: cf. F. humectation.] A moistening. [Obs.] Bacon.

Hu*mec”tive (?), a. Tending to moisten. [Obs.]

Hu”mer*al (?), a. [L. humerus the shoulder: cf. F. huméral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the humerus, or upper part of the arm; brachial.

Humeral veil (R. C. Ch.), a long, narrow veil or scarf of the same material as the vestments, worn round the shoulders by the officiating priest or his attendant at Mass, and used to protect the sacred vessels from contact with the hands.

||Hu”me*rus (?), n.; pl. Humeri (#). [L.] (Anat.) (a) The bone of the brachium, or upper part of the arm or fore limb. (b) The part of the limb containing the humerus; the brachium.

Hu”mic (?), a. [L. humus the earth, ground: cf. F. humique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, vegetable mold; as, humic acid. See Humin.

Hu`mi*cu*ba”tion (?), n. [L. humus the ground + cubare to lie down.] The act or practice of lying on the ground. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

Hu”mid (hū“m&ibreve;d), a. [L. humidus, umidus, fr. humere, umere, to be moist; akin to uvidus moist, Gr. “ygro`s, Skr. uksh to wet, sprinkle, and Icel. vökr moist, and perh. to E. ox: cf. F. humide.] Containing sensible moisture; damp; moist; as, a humidair or atmosphere; somewhat wet or watery; as, humid earth; consisting of water or vapor.

Evening cloud, or humid bow.

Milton.

Hu*mid”i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. humidité.] Moisture; dampness; a moderate degree of wetness, which is perceptible to the eye or touch; — used especially of the atmosphere, or of anything which has absorbed moisture from the atmosphere, as clothing.

&fist; In hygrometrical reports (as of the United States Signal Service) complete saturation of the air is designated by Humidity 100, and its partial saturation by smaller numbers.

Hu”mid*ness (?), n. Humidity.

Hu”mi*fuse (?), a. [L. humus ground + fusus, p. p. of fundere to spread.] (Bot.) Spread over the surface of the ground; procumbent. Gray.

Hu*mil”i*ant (?), a. [L. humilians, p. pr. of humiliare.] Humiliating; humbling. “Humiliant thoughts.” [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Hu*mil”i*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humiliated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Humiliating.] [L. humiliatus, p. p. of humiliare. See Humble.] To reduce to a lower position in one’s own eyes, or in the eyes of others; to humble; to mortify.

We stand humiliated rather than encouraged.

M. Arnold.

Hu*mil`i*a”tion (?), n. [L. humiliatio: cf. F. humiliation.] 1. The act of humiliating or humbling; abasement of pride; mortification. Bp. Hopkins.

2. The state of being humiliated, humbled, or reduced to lowliness or submission.

The former was a humiliation of Deity; the latter a humiliation of manhood.

Hooker.

Hu*mil”i*ty (?), n.; pl. Humilities (#). [OE. humilite, OF. humilité, humelité, F. humilité, fr. L. humiliatis. See Humble.] 1. The state or quality of being humble; freedom from pride and arrogance; lowliness of mind; a modest estimate of one’s own worth; a sense of one’s own unworthiness through imperfection and sinfulness; self-abasement; humbleness.

Serving the Lord with all humility of mind.

Acts xx. 19.

2. An act of submission or courtesy.

With these humilities they satisfied the young king.

Sir J. Davies.

Syn. — Lowliness; humbleness; meekness; modesty; diffidence. — Humility, Modesty, Diffidence. Diffidence is a distrust of our powers, combined with a fear lest our failure should be censured, since a dread of failure unconnected with a dread of censure is not usually called diffidence. It may be carried too far, and is not always, like modesty and humility, a virtue. Modesty, without supposing self-distrust, implies an unwillingness to put ourselves forward, and an absence of all over-confidence in our own powers. Humility consists in rating our claims low, in being willing to waive our rights, and take a lower place than might be our due. It does not require of us to underrate ourselves.

Hu”min (?), n. [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) A bitter, brownish yellow, amorphous substance, extracted from vegetable mold, and also produced by the action of acids on certain sugars and carbohydrates; — called also humic acid, ulmin, gein, ulmic or geic acid, etc.

||Hu*mi”ri (?), n. [From native name.] (Bot.) A fragrant balsam obtained from Brazilian trees of the genus Humirium.

Hum”ite (?), n. [Named after Sir A. Hume.] (Min.) A mineral of a transparent vitreous brown color, found in the ejected masses of Vesuvius. It is a silicate of iron and magnesia, containing fluorine.

Hum”mel (?), v. t. [Cf. Hamble.] To separate from the awns; — said of barley. [Scot.]

Hum”mel, a. Having no awns or no horns; as, hummelcorn; a hummel cow. [Scot.]

Hum”mel*er (?), n. [Written also hummeller.] One who, or a machine which, hummels.

Hum”mer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, hums; one who applauds by humming. Ainsworth.

2. (Zoöl.) A humming bird.

Hum”ming (?), a. Emitting a murmuring sound; droning; murmuring; buzzing.

Hum”ming, n. A sound like that made by bees; a low, murmuring sound; a hum.

Hummingale, lively or strong ale. Dryden. — Humming bird (Zoöl.), any bird of the family Trochilidæ, of which over one hundred genera are known, including about four hundred species. They are found only in America and are most abundant in the tropics. They are mostly of very small size, and are noted for their very brilliant colors and peculiar habit of hovering about flowers while vibrating their wings very rapidly with a humming noise. They feed both upon the nectar of flowers and upon small insects. The common humming bird or ruby-throat of the Eastern United States is Trochilus colubris. Several other species are found in the Western United States. See Calliope, and Ruby-throat. — Humming-bird moth (Zoöl.), a hawk moth. See Hawk moth, under Hawk, the bird.

Hum”mock (?), n. [Prob. a dim. of hump. See Hump.] 1. A rounded knoll or hillock; a rise of ground of no great extent, above a level surface.

2. A ridge or pile of ice on an ice field.

3. Timbered land. See Hammock. [Southern U.S.]

Hum”mock*ing, n. The process of forming hummocks in the collision of Arctic ice. Kane.

Hum”mock*y (?), a. Abounding in hummocks.

Hum”mum (?), n. [Per. or Ar. hammān.] A sweating bath or place for sweating. Sir T. Herbert.

Hu”mor (?), n. [OE. humour, OF. humor, umor, F. humeur, L. humor, umor, moisture, fluid, fr. humere, umere, to be moist. See Humid.] [Written also humour.] 1. Moisture, especially, the moisture or fluid of animal bodies, as the chyle, lymph, etc.; as, the humors of the eye, etc.

&fist; The ancient physicians believed that there were four humors (the blood, phlegm, yellow bile or choler, and black bile or melancholy), on the relative proportion of which the temperament and health depended.

2. (Med.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, such as often causes an eruption on the skin. “A body full of humors.” Sir W. Temple.

3. State of mind, whether habitual or temporary (as formerly supposed to depend on the character or combination of the fluids of the body); disposition; temper; mood; as, good humor; ill humor.

Examine how your humor is inclined,
And which the ruling passion of your mind.

Roscommon.

A prince of a pleasant humor.

Bacon.

I like not the humor of lying.

Shak.

4. pl. Changing and uncertain states of mind; caprices; freaks; vagaries; whims.

Is my friend all perfection, all virtue and discretion? Has he not humors to be endured?

South.

5. That quality of the imagination which gives to ideas an incongruous or fantastic turn, and tends to excite laughter or mirth by ludicrous images or representations; a playful fancy; facetiousness.

For thy sake I admit
That a Scot may have humor, I’d almost said wit.

Goldsmith.

A great deal of excellent humor was expended on the perplexities of mine host.

W. Irving.

Aqueous humor, Crystalline humor or lens, Vitreous humor. (Anat.) See Eye. — Out of humor, dissatisfied; displeased; in an unpleasant frame of mind.

Syn. — Wit; satire; pleasantry; temper; disposition; mood; frame; whim; fancy; caprice. See Wit.

Hu”mor (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Humoring.] 1. To comply with the humor of; to adjust matters so as suit the peculiarities, caprices, or exigencies of; to adapt one’s self to; to indulge by skillful adaptation; as, to humor the mind.

It is my part to invent, and the musician’s to humor that invention.

Dryden.

2. To help on by indulgence or compliant treatment; to soothe; to gratify; to please.

You humor me when I am sick.

Pope.

Syn. — To gratify; to indulge. See Gratify.

Hu”mor*al (?), a. [Cf. F. humoral.] Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the humors; as, a humoral fever.

Humoral pathology (Med.), the pathology, or doctrine of the nature of diseases, which attributes all morbid phenomena to the disordered condition of the fluids or humors of the body.

Hu”mor*al*ism (?), n. 1. (Med.) The state or quality of being humoral.

2. (Med.) The doctrine that diseases proceed from the humors; humorism. [Obs.]

Hu”mor*al*ist, n. One who favors the humoral pathology or believes in humoralism.

Hu”mor*ism (?), n. 1. (Med.) The theory founded on the influence which the humors were supposed to have in the production of disease; Galenism. Dunglison.

2. The manner or disposition of a humorist; humorousness. Coleridge.

Hu”mor*ist, n. [Cf. F. humoriste.] 1. (Med.) One who attributes diseases of the state of the humors.

2. One who has some peculiarity or eccentricity of character, which he indulges in odd or whimsical ways.

He [Roger de Coverley] . . . was a great humorist in all parts of his life.

Addison.

3. One who displays humor in speaking or writing; one who has a facetious fancy or genius; a wag; a droll.

The reputation of wits and humorists.

Addison.

Hu`mor*is”tic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a humorist.

Hu”mor*ize (?), v. t. To humor. Marston.

Hu”mor*less, a. Destitute of humor.

Hu”mor*ous (?), a. [Cf. L. humorosus, umorosus, moist. See Humor.] 1. Moist; humid; watery. [Obs.]

All founts wells, all deeps humorous.

Chapman.

2. Subject to be governed by humor or caprice; irregular; capricious; whimsical. Hawthorne.

Rough as a storm and humorous as the wind.

Dryden.

3. Full of humor; jocular; exciting laughter; playful; as, a humorous story or author; a humorous aspect.

Syn. — Jocose; facetious; witty; pleasant; merry.

Hu”mor*ous*ly, adv. 1. Capriciously; whimsically.

We resolve rashly, sillily, or humorously.

Calamy.

2. Facetiously; wittily.

Hu”mor*ous*ness, n. 1. Moodiness; capriciousness.

2. Facetiousness; jocularity.

Hu”mor*some (?), a. 1. Moody; whimsical; capricious. Hawthorne.

The commons do not abet humorsome, factious arms.

Burke.

2. Jocose; witty; humorous. Swift.

Hu”mor*some*ly, adv. Pleasantly; humorously.

Hu”mor*some*ness, n. Quality of being humorsome.

Hump (?), n. [Cf. D. homp a lump, LG. hump heap, hill, stump, possibly akin to E. heap. Cf. Hunch.] 1. A protuberance; especially, the protuberance formed by a crooked back.

2. (Zoöl.) A fleshy protuberance on the back of an animal, as a camel or whale.

Hump”back` (?), n. [Cf. Hunchback.] 1. A crooked back; a humped back. Tatler.

2. A humpbacked person; a hunchback.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any whale of the genus Megaptera, characterized by a hump or bunch on the back. Several species are known. The most common ones in the North Atlantic are Megaptera longimana of Europe, and M. osphyia of America; that of the California coasts is M. versabilis. (b) A small salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), of the northwest coast of America.

Hump”backed` (?), a. Having a humped back.

Humped (?), a. Having a hump, as the back.

Humph (?), interj. [Of imitative origin.] An exclamation denoting surprise, or contempt, doubt, etc.

Hump”less (?), a. Without a hump. Darwin.

Hump”-shoul`dered (?), a. Having high, hunched shoulders. Hawthorne.

Hump”y (?), a. Full of humps or bunches; covered with protuberances; humped.

Hum”strum` (?), n. An instrument out of tune or rudely constructed; music badly played.

Hu”mu*lin (?), n. [NL. Humulus, the genus including the hop.] An extract of hops.

||Hu”mus (?), n. [L., the earth, ground, soil.] That portion of the soil formed by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter. It is a valuable constituent of soils. Graham.

Hun (?), n. [L. Hunni, also Chunni, and Chuni; cf. AS. H&?;nas, H&?;ne, OHG. H&?;ni, G. Hunnen.] One of a warlike nomadic people of Northern Asia who, in the 5th century, under Atilla, invaded and conquered a great part of Europe.

Hunch (?), n. [Perh. akin to huckle; cf. hump, hunch, bunch, hunk.] 1. A hump; a protuberance.

2. A lump; a thick piece; as, a hunch of bread.

3. A push or thrust, as with the elbow.

Hunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hunching.] 1. To push or jostle with the elbow; to push or thrust suddenly.

2. To thrust out a hump or protuberance; to crook, as the back. Dryden.

Hunch”back` (?), n. [Cf. Humpback.] A back with a hunch or hump; also, a hunchbacked person.

Hunch”backed` (?), a. Having a humped back.

Hun”dred (hŭn”dr&ebreve;d), n. [OE. hundred, AS. hundred a territorial division; hund hundred + a word akin to Goth. ga-raþjan to count, L. ratio reckoning, account; akin to OS. hunderod, hund, D. hondred, G. hundert, OHG. also hunt, Icel. hundrað, Dan. hundrede, Sw. hundra, hundrade, Goth. hund, Lith. szimtas, Russ. sto, W. cant, Ir. cead, L. centum, Gr. “ekato`s, Skr. çata. √309. Cf. Cent, Century, Hecatomb, Quintal, and Reason.] 1. The product of ten multiplied by ten, or the number of ten times ten; a collection or sum, consisting of ten times ten units or objects; five score. Also, a symbol representing one hundred units, as 100 or C.

With many hundreds treading on his heels.

Shak.

&fist; The word hundred, as well as thousand, million, etc., often takes a plural form. We may say hundreds, or many hundreds, meaning individual objects or units, but with an ordinal numeral adjective in constructions like five hundreds, or eight hundreds, it is usually intended to consider each hundred as a separate aggregate; as, ten hundreds are one thousand.

2. A division of a country in England, supposed to have originally contained a hundred families, or freemen.

Hundred court, a court held for all the inhabitants of a hundred. [Eng.] Blackstone.

Hun”dred, a. Ten times ten; five score; as, a hundred dollars.

Hun”dred*er (?), n. 1. An inhabitant or freeholder of a hundred.

2. (Law) A person competent to serve on a jury, in an action for land in the hundred to which he belongs.

3. One who has the jurisdiction of a hundred; and sometimes, a bailiff of a hundred. Blount. Cowell.

Hun”dred*fold` (?), n. A hundred times as much or as many.

He shall receive as hundredfold now in this time.

Mark x. 30.

Hun”dredth (?), a. 1. Coming last of a hundred successive individuals or units.

2. Forming one of a hundred equal parts into which anything is divided; the tenth of a tenth.

Hun”dredth, n. One of a hundred equal parts into which one whole is, or may be, divided; the quotient of a unit divided by a hundred.

Hun”dred*weight` (?), n. A denomination of weight, containing 100, 112, or 120 pounds avoirdupois, according to differing laws or customs. By the legal standard of England it is 112 pounds. In most of the United States, both in practice and by law, it is 100 pounds avoirdupois, the corresponding ton of 2,000 pounds, sometimes called the short ton, being the legal ton.

Hung (?), imp. & p. p. of Hang.

Hung beef, the fleshy part of beef slightly salted and hung up to dry; dried beef.

Hun*ga”ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Hungary or to the people of Hungary. — n. A native or one of the people of Hungary.

Hungarian grass. See Italian millet, under Millet.

Hun”ga*ry (?), n. A country in Central Europe, now a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Hungary water, a distilled “water,” made from dilute alcohol aromatized with rosemary flowers, etc.

Hun”ger (?), n. [AS. hungor; akin to OFries. hunger, D. honger, OS. & OHG. hungar, G. hunger, Icel. hungr, Sw. & Dan. hunger, Goth. h&?;hrus hunger, huggrjan to hunger.] 1. An uneasy sensation occasioned normally by the want of food; a craving or desire for food.

&fist; The sensation of hunger is usually referred to the stomach, but is probably dependent on excitation of the sensory nerves, both of the stomach and intestines, and perhaps also on indirect impressions from other organs, more or less exhausted from lack of nutriment.

2. Any strong eager desire.

O sacred hunger of ambitious minds!

Spenser.

For hunger of my gold I die.

Dryden.

Hun”ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hungered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hungering.] [OE. hungren, AS. hyngrian. See Hunger, n.] 1. To feel the craving or uneasiness occasioned by want of food; to be oppressed by hunger.

2. To have an eager desire; to long.

Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteouness.

Matt. v. 6.

Hun”ger, v. t. To make hungry; to famish.

{ Hun”ger-bit` (?), Hun”ger-bit`ten (?), } a. Pinched or weakened by hunger. [Obs.] Milton.

Hun”gered (?), a. Hungry; pinched for food. [Obs.] Milton.

Hun”ger*er (?), n. One who hungers; one who longs. Lamb.

Hun”ger*ly, a. Wanting food; starved. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun”ger*ly, adv. With keen appetite. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun”ger-starve` (?), v. t. To starve with hunger; to famish. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun”gred (?), a. Hungered; hungry. [Archaic]

Hun”gri*ly (?), adv. [From Hunger.] In a hungry manner; voraciously. Dryden.

Hun”gry (?), a. [Compar. Hungrier (?); superl. Hungriest.] [AS. hungrid. See Hunger.] 1. Feeling hunger; having a keen appetite; feeling uneasiness or distress from want of food; hence, having an eager desire.

2. Showing hunger or a craving desire; voracious.

The cruel, hungry foam.

C. Kingsley.

Cassius has a lean and hungry look.

Shak.

3. Not rich or fertile; poor; barren; starved; as, a hungry soil. “The hungry beach.” Shak.

Hunk (?), n. [Cf. Hunch.] A large lump or piece; a hunch; as, a hunk of bread. [Colloq.]

Hun”ker (?), n. Originally, a nickname for a member of the conservative section of the Democratic party in New York; hence, one opposed to progress in general; a fogy. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Hun”ker*ism (?), n. Excessive conservatism; hostility to progress. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Hunks (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a niggard.

Pray make your bargain with all the prudence and selfishness of an old hunks.

Gray.

Hunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hunting.] [AS. huntian to hunt; cf. hentan to follow, pursue, Goth. hin&?;an (in comp.) to seize. √36. Cf. Hent.] 1. To search for or follow after, as game or wild animals; to chase; to pursue for the purpose of catching or killing; to follow with dogs or guns for sport or exercise; as, to hunt a deer.

Like a dog, he hunts in dreams.

Tennyson.

2. To search diligently after; to seek; to pursue; to follow; — often with out or up; as, to hunt up the facts; to hunt out evidence.

Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him.

Ps. cxl. 11.

3. To drive; to chase; — with down, from, away, etc.; as, to hunt down a criminal; he was hunted from the parish.

4. To use or manage in the chase, as hounds.

He hunts a pack of dogs.

Addison.

5. To use or traverse in pursuit of game; as, he hunts the woods, or the country.

Hunt, v. i. 1. To follow the chase; to go out in pursuit of game; to course with hounds.

Esau went to the field to hunt for venison.

Gen. xxvii. 5.

2. To seek; to pursue; to search; — with for or after.

He after honor hunts, I after love.

Shak.

To hunt counter, to trace the scent backward in hunting, as a hound to go back on one’s steps. [Obs.] Shak.

Hunt, n. 1. The act or practice of chasing wild animals; chase; pursuit; search.

The hunt is up; the morn is bright and gray.

Shak.

2. The game secured in the hunt. [Obs.] Shak.

3. A pack of hounds. [Obs.]

4. An association of huntsmen.

5. A district of country hunted over.

Every landowner within the hunt.

London Field.

Hunt”-count`er (?), n. A worthless dog that runs back on the scent; a blunderer. [Obs.] Shak.

Hunt”e (?), n. [AS. hunta.] A hunter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hunt”er (?), n. 1. One who hunts wild animals either for sport or for food; a huntsman.

2. A dog that scents game, or is trained to the chase; a hunting dog. Shak.

3. A horse used in the chase; especially, a thoroughbred, bred and trained for hunting.

4. One who hunts or seeks after anything, as if for game; as, a fortune hunter a place hunter.

No keener hunter after glory breathes.

Tennyson.

5. (Zoöl.) A kind of spider. See Hunting spider, under Hunting.

6. A hunting watch, or one of which the crystal is protected by a metallic cover.

Hunter’s room, the lunation after the harvest moon. — Hunter’s screw (Mech.), a differential screw, so named from the inventor. See under Differential.

Hun*te”ri*an (?), a. Discovered or described by John Hunter, an English surgeon; as, the Hunterian chancre. See Chancre.

Hunt”ing (?), n. The pursuit of game or of wild animals. A. Smith.

Happy hunting grounds, the region to which, according to the belief of American Indians, the souls of warriors and hunters pass after death, to be happy in hunting and feasting. Tylor. — Hunting box. Same As Hunting lodge (below). — Hunting cat (Zoöl.), the cheetah. — Hunting cog (Mach.), a tooth in the larger of two geared wheels which makes its number of teeth prime to the number in the smaller wheel, thus preventing the frequent meeting of the same pairs of teeth. — Hunting dog (Zoöl.), the hyena dog. — Hunting ground, a region or district abounding in game; esp. (pl.), the regions roamed over by the North American Indians in search of game. — Hunting horn, a bulge; a horn used in the chase. See Horn, and Bulge. — Hunting leopard (Zoöl.), the cheetah. — Hunting lodge, a temporary residence for the purpose of hunting. — Hunting seat, a hunting lodge. Gray. — Hunting shirt, a coarse shirt for hunting, often of leather. — Hunting spider (Zoöl.), a spider which hunts its prey, instead of catching it in a web; a wolf spider. — Hunting watch. See Hunter, 6.

Hunt”ress (?), n. A woman who hunts or follows the chase; as, the huntress Diana. Shak.

Hunts”man (?), n.; pl. Huntsmen (&?;). 1. One who hunts, or who practices hunting.

2. The person whose office it is to manage the chase or to look after the hounds. L’Estrange.

Huntsman’s cup (Bot.), the sidesaddle flower, or common American pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea).

Hunts”man*ship (?), n. The art or practice of hunting, or the qualification of a hunter. Donne.

Hunt’s”-up` (?), n. A tune played on the horn very early in the morning to call out the hunters; hence, any arousing sound or call. [Obs.] Shak.

Time plays the hunt’s-up to thy sleepy head.

Drayton.

Hur”den (?), n. [From Hurds.] A coarse kind of linen; — called also harden. [Prov. Eng.]

Hur”dle (?), n. [OE. hurdel, hirdel, AS. hyrdel; akin to D. horde, OHG. hurt, G. hürde a hurdle, fold, pen, Icel. hur&?; door, Goth. haúrds, L. cratis wickerwork, hurdle, Gr. &?;, Skr. k&?;t to spin, c&?;t to bind, connect. √16. Cf. Crate, Grate, n.] 1. A movable frame of wattled twigs, osiers, or withes and stakes, or sometimes of iron, used for inclosing land, for folding sheep and cattle, for gates, etc.; also, in fortification, used as revetments, and for other purposes.

2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of execution. Bacon.

3. An artificial barrier, variously constructed, over which men or horses leap in a race.

Hurdle race, a race in which artificial barriers in the form of hurdles, fences, etc., must be leaped.

Hur”dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurdleed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hurdleing (?).] To hedge, cover, make, or inclose with hurdles. Milton.

Hur”dle*work` (?), n. Work after manner of a hurdle.

Hurds (?), n. [See Hards.] The coarse part of flax or hemp; hards.

Hur”dy-gur`dy (?), n. [Prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A stringled instrument, lutelike in shape, in which the sound is produced by the friction of a wheel turned by a crank at the end, instead of by a bow, two of the strings being tuned as drones, while two or more, tuned in unison, are modulated by keys.

2. In California, a water wheel with radial buckets, driven by the impact of a jet.

Hur*ka”ru (?), n. [Hind. harkāra] In India, a running footman; a messenger. [Written also hurkaroo.]

Hurl (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hurling.] [OE. hurlen, hourlen; prob. contracted fr. OE. hurtlen to hurtle, or probably akin to E. whirl. √16. See Hurtle.] 1. To send whirling or whizzing through the air; to throw with violence; to drive with great force; as, to hurl a stone or lance.

And hurl’d them headlong to their fleet and main.

Pope.

2. To emit or utter with vehemence or impetuosity; as, to hurl charges or invective. Spenser.

3. [Cf. Whirl.] To twist or turn. “Hurled or crooked feet.” [Obs.] Fuller.

Hurl, v. i. 1. To hurl one’s self; to go quickly. [R.]

2. To perform the act of hurling something; to throw something (at another).

God shall hurl at him and not spare.

Job xxvii. 22 (Rev. Ver. ).

3. To play the game of hurling. See Hurling.

Hurl, n. 1. The act of hurling or throwing with violence; a cast; a fling. Congreve.

2. Tumult; riot; hurly-burly. [Obs.] Knolles.

3. (Hat Manuf.) A table on which fiber is stirred and mixed by beating with a bowspring.

Hurl”bat` (?), n. See Whirlbat. [Obs.] Holland.

Hurl”bone` (?), n. 1. See Whirlbone.

2. (Far.) A bone near the middle of the buttock of a horse. Crabb.

Hurl”er (?), n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling.

Hurl”ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force.

2. A kind of game at ball, formerly played.

Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing the ball.

Carew.

Hurl”wind` (?), n. A whirlwind. [Obs.] Sandys.

Hur”ly (?), n. [Cf. F. hurler to howl.] Noise; confusion; uproar.

That, with the hurly, death itself awakes.

Shak.

Hur”ly-bur`ly (?), n. [Reduplicated fr. OE. hurly confusion: cf. F. hurler to howl, yell, L. ululare; or cf. E. hurry.] Tumult; bustle; confusion. Shak.

All places were filled with tumult and hurly- burly.

Knolles.

Hu*ro”ni*an (?), a. [Named from Lake Huron.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to certain non- fossiliferous rocks on the borders of Lake Huron, which are supposed to correspond in time to the latter part of the Archæan age.

Hu”ron-Ir`o*quous” (?), n. (Ethnol.) A linguistic group of warlike North American Indians, belonging to the same stock as the Algonquins, and including several tribes, among which were the Five Nations. They formerly occupied the region about Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the larger part of New York.

Hu”rons (?), n. pl.; sing. Huron. (Ethnol.) A powerful and warlike tribe of North American Indians of the Algonquin stock. They formerly occupied the country between Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, but were nearly exterminated by the Five Nations about 1650.

Hurr (?), v. i. [See Hurry.] To make a rolling or burring sound. [Obs.]

R is the dog’s letter, and hurreth in the sound.

B. Jonson.

{ Hur*rah” Hur*ra” } (?), interj. [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. hurra. Cf. Huzza.] A word used as a shout of joy, triumph, applause, encouragement, or welcome.

Hurrah! hurrah! for Ivry and Henry of Navarre.

Macaulay.

Hur*rah”, n. A cheer; a shout of joy, etc.

Hurrah’s nest, state of utmost confusion. [Colloq. U.S.]

A perfect hurrah’s nest in our kitchen.

Mrs. Stowe.

Hur*rah” (?), v. i. To utter hurrahs; to huzza.

Hur*rah”, v. t. To salute, or applaud, with hurrahs.

Hur”ri*cane (?), n. [Sp. hurracan; orig. a Carib word signifying, a high wind.] A violent storm, characterized by extreme fury and sudden changes of the wind, and generally accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning; — especially prevalent in the East and West Indies. Also used figuratively.

Like the smoke in a hurricane whirl’d.

Tennyson.

Each guilty thought to me is
A dreadful hurricane.

Massinger.

Hurricane bird (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. — Hurricane deck. (Naut.) See under Deck.

Hur`ri*ca”no (?), n.; pl. Hurricanoes (#). A waterspout; a hurricane. [Obs.] Drayton. “You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout.” Shak.

Hur”ried (?), a. 1. Urged on; hastened; going or working at speed; as, a hurried writer; a hurried life.

2. Done in a hurry; hence, imperfect; careless; as, a hurried job. “A hurried meeting.” Milton.

— Hur”ried*ly, adv. — Hur”ried*ness, n.

Hur”ri*er (?), n. One who hurries or urges.

Hur”ries (?), n. A staith or framework from which coal is discharged from cars into vessels.

Hur”ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hurrying.] [OE. horien; cf. OSw. hurra to whirl round, dial. Sw. hurr great haste, Dan. hurre to buzz, Icel. hurr hurly-burly, MHG. hurren to hurry, and E. hurr, whir to hurry; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To hasten; to impel to greater speed; to urge on.

Impetuous lust hurries him on.

South.

They hurried him abroad a bark.

Shak.

2. To impel to precipitate or thoughtless action; to urge to confused or irregular activity.

And wild amazement hurries up and down
The little number of your doubtful friends.

Shak.

3. To cause to be done quickly.

Syn. — To hasten; precipitate; expedite; quicken; accelerate; urge.

Hur”ry, v. i. To move or act with haste; to proceed with celerity or precipitation; as, let us hurry.

To hurry up, to make haste. [Colloq.]

Hur”ry, n. The act of hurrying in motion or business; pressure; urgency; bustle; confusion.

Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, it inflames the mind, and puts into a violent hurry of thought.

Addison.

Syn. — Haste; speed; dispatch. See Haste.

Hur”ry*ing*ly, adv. In a hurrying manner.

Hur”ry-skur`ry (?), adv. [An imitative word; cf. Sw. skorra to rattle, snarl, E. scurry.] Confusedly; in a bustle. [Obs.] Gray.

Hurst (?), n. [OE. hurst, AS. hyrst; akin to OHG. hurst, horst, wood, thicket, G. horst the nest of a bird of prey, an eyerie, thicket.] A wood or grove; — a word used in the composition of many names, as in Hazlehurst.

Hurt, n. (Mach.) (a) A band on a trip-hammer helve, bearing the trunnions. (b) A husk. See Husk, 2.

Hurt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurt (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hurting.] [OE. hurten, hirten, horten, herten; prob. fr. OF. hurter, heurter, to knock, thrust, strike, F. heurter; cf. W. hyrddu to push, drive, assault, hwrdd a stroke, blow, push; also, a ram, the orig. sense of the verb thus perhaps being, to butt as a ram; cf. D. horten to push, strike, MHG. hurten, both prob. fr. Old French.] 1. To cause physical pain to; to do bodily harm to; to wound or bruise painfully.

The hurt lion groans within his den.

Dryden.

2. To impar the value, usefulness, beauty, or pleasure of; to damage; to injure; to harm.

Virtue may be assailed, but never hurt.

Milton.

3. To wound the feelings of; to cause mental pain to; to offend in honor or self-respect; to annoy; to grieve. “I am angry and hurt.” Thackeray.

Hurt”er, n. 1. A bodily injury causing pain; a wound, bruise, or the like.

The pains of sickness and hurts . . . all men feel.

Locke.

2. An injury causing pain of mind or conscience; a slight; a stain; as of sin.

But the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt that Honor feels.

Tennyson.

3. Injury; damage; detriment; harm; mischief.

Thou dost me yet but little hurt.

Shak.

Syn. — Wound; bruise; injury; harm; damage; loss; detriment; mischief; bane; disadvantage.

Hurt”er (?), n. One who hurts or does harm.

I shall not be a hurter, if no helper.

Beau. & Fl.

Hurt”er, n. [F. heurtoir, lit., a striker. See Hurt, v. t.] A butting piece; a strengthening piece, esp.: (Mil.) A piece of wood at the lower end of a platform, designed to prevent the wheels of gun carriages from injuring the parapet.

Hurt”ful (?), a. Tending to impair or damage; injurious; mischievous; occasioning loss or injury; as, hurtful words or conduct.

Syn. — Pernicious; harmful; baneful; prejudicial; detrimental; disadvantageous; mischievous; injurious; noxious; unwholesome; destructive.

— Hurt”ful*ly, adv. — Hurt”ful*ness, n.

Hur”tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hurtled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hurtling (?).] [OE. hurtlen, freq. of hurten. See Hurt, v. t., and cf. Hurl.] 1. To meet with violence or shock; to clash; to jostle.

Together hurtled both their steeds.

Fairfax.

2. To move rapidly; to wheel or rush suddenly or with violence; to whirl round rapidly; to skirmish.

Now hurtling round, advantage for to take.

Spenser.

Down the hurtling cataract of the ages.

R. L. Stevenson.

3. To make a threatening sound, like the clash of arms; to make a sound as of confused clashing or confusion; to resound.

The noise of battle hurtled in the air.

Shak.

The earthquake sound
Hurtling ‘death the solid ground.

Mrs. Browning.

Hur”tle (?), v. t. 1. To move with violence or impetuosity; to whirl; to brandish. [Obs.]

His harmful club he gan to hurtle high.

Spenser.

2. To push; to jostle; to hurl.

And he hurtleth with his horse adown.

Chaucer.

Hur”tle*ber`ry (?), n. [Cf. Huckleberry, Whortleberry.] See Whortleberry.

Hurt”less (?), a. Doing no injury; harmless; also, unhurt; without injury or harm.

Gentle dame so hurtless and so true.

Spenser.

— Hurt”less*ly, adv. — Hurt”less*ness, n.

Hus”band (?), n. [OE. hosebonde, husbonde, a husband, the master of the house or family, AS. h&?;sbonda master of the house; h&?;s house + bunda, bonda, householder, husband; prob. fr. Icel. h&?;sbōndi house master, husband; h&?;s house + b&?;andi dwelling, inhabiting, p. pr. of b&?;a to dwell; akin to AS. b&?;an, Goth. bauan. See House Be, and cf. Bond a slave, Boor.] 1. The male head of a household; one who orders the economy of a family. [Obs.]

2. A cultivator; a tiller; a husbandman. [Obs.] Shak.

The painful husband, plowing up his ground.

Hakewill.

He is the neatest husband for curious ordering his domestic and field accommodations.

Evelyn.

3. One who manages or directs with prudence and economy; a frugal person; an economist. [R.]

God knows how little time is left me, and may I be a good husband, to improve the short remnant left me.

Fuller.

4. A married man; a man who has a wife; — the correlative to wife.

The husband and wife are one person in law.

Blackstone.

5. The male of a pair of animals. [R.] Dryden.

A ship’s husband (Naut.), an agent representing the owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts.

Hus”band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husbanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Husbanding.] 1. To direct and manage with frugality; to use or employ to good purpose and the best advantage; to spend, apply, or use, with economy.

For my means, I’ll husband them so well,
They shall go far.

Shak.

2. To cultivate, as land; to till. [R.]

Land so trim and rarely husbanded.

Evelyn.

3. To furnish with a husband. [R.] Shak.

Hus”band*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being husbanded, or managed with economy. Sherwood.

Hus”band*age (?), n. (Naut.) The commission or compensation allowed to a ship’s husband.

Hus”band*less, a. Destitute of a husband. Shak.

Hus”band*ly, a. Frugal; thrifty. [R.] Tusser.

Hus”band*man (?), n.; pl. Husbandmen (&?;). 1. The master of a family. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A farmer; a cultivator or tiller of the ground.

Hus”band*ry (?), n. 1. Care of domestic affairs; economy; domestic management; thrift.

There’s husbandry in heaven;
Their candles are all out.

Shak.

2. The business of a husbandman, comprehending the various branches of agriculture; farming.

Husbandry supplieth all things necessary for food.

Spenser.

Hush (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hushed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hushing.] [OE. huschen, hussen, prob. of imitative origin; cf. LG. hussen to lull to sleep, G. husch quick, make haste, be silent.] 1. To still; to silence; to calm; to make quiet; to repress the noise or clamor of.

My tongue shall hush again this storm of war.

Shak.

2. To appease; to allay; to calm; to soothe.

With thou, then,
Hush my cares?

Otway.

And hush’d my deepest grief of all.

Tennyson.

To hush up, to procure silence concerning; to suppress; to keep secret. “This matter is hushed up.” Pope.

Hush, v. i. To become or to keep still or quiet; to become silent; — esp. used in the imperative, as an exclamation; be still; be silent or quiet; make no noise.

Hush, idle words, and thoughts of ill.

Keble.

But all these strangers’ presence every one did hush.

Spenser.

Hush, n. Stillness; silence; quiet. [R.] “It is the hush of night.” Byron.

Hush money, money paid to secure silence, or to prevent the disclosure of facts. Swift.

Hush, a. Silent; quiet. “Hush as death.” Shak.

Hush”er (?), n. An usher. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hush”ing, n. (Mining) The process of washing ore, or of uncovering mineral veins, by a heavy discharge of water from a reservoir; flushing; — also called booming.

Husk (?), n. [Prob. for hulsk, and from the same root as hull a husk. See Hull a husk.] 1. The external covering or envelope of certain fruits or seeds; glume; hull; rind; in the United States, especially applied to the covering of the ears of maize.

2. The supporting frame of a run of millstones.

Husks of the prodigal son (Bot.), the pods of the carob tree. See Carob.

Husk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Husking.] To strip off the external covering or envelope of; as, to husk Indian corn.

Husked (?), a. 1. Covered with a husk.

2. Stripped of husks; deprived of husks.

Hus”ki*ly (?), adv. [From Husky.] In a husky manner; dryly.

Hus”ki*ness, n. 1. The state of being husky.

2. Roughness of sound; harshness; hoarseness; as, huskiness of voice. G. Eliot.

Husk”ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of stripping off husks, as from Indian corn.

2. A meeting of neighbors or friends to assist in husking maize; — called also husking bee. [U.S.] “A red ear in the husking.” Longfellow.

Husk”y (?), a. [From Husk, n.] Abounding with husks; consisting of husks. Dryden.

Hus”ky (?), a. [Prob. for husty; cf. OE. host cough, AS. hwōsta; akin to D. hoest, G. husten, OHG. huosto, Icel. hōsti. See Wheeze.] Rough in tone; harsh; hoarse; raucous; as, a husky voice.

Hu”so (?), n. [NL., fr. G. hausen, and E. isin&?;glass.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large European sturgeon (Acipenser huso), inhabiting the region of the Black and Caspian Seas. It sometimes attains a length of more than twelve feet, and a weight of two thousand pounds. Called also hausen. (b) The huchen, a large salmon.

Hus*sar” (?), n. [Hung. huszár, from husz twenty, because under King Matthais I., in the fifteenth century, every twenty houses were to furnish one horse soldier; cf. G. husar, F. houssard, hussard, from the same source.] (Mil.) Originally, one of the national cavalry of Hungary and Croatia; now, one of the light cavalry of European armies.

Huss”ite (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of John Huss, the Bohemian reformer, who was adjudged a heretic and burnt alive in 1415.

Hus”sy (?), n. [Contr. fr. huswife.] 1. A housewife or housekeeper. [Obs.]

2. A worthless woman or girl; a forward wench; a jade; — used as a term of contempt or reproach. Grew.

3. A pert girl; a frolicsome or sportive young woman; — used jocosely. Goldsmith.

Hus”sy, n. [From Icel. h&?;si a case, prob. fr. h&?;s house. See House, and cf. Housewife a bag, Huswife a bag.] A case or bag. See Housewife, 2.

Hus”tings (?), n. pl. [OE. husting an assembly, coucil, AS. h&?;sting; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. h&?;s&?;ing; h&?;s home + &?;ing thing, assembly, meeting; akin to Dan. & Sw. ting, E. thing. See House, and Thing.] 1. A court formerly held in several cities of England; specif., a court held in London, before the lord mayor, recorder, and sheriffs, to determine certain classes of suits for the recovery of lands within the city. In the progress of law reform this court has become unimportant. Mozley & W.

2. Any one of the temporary courts held for the election of members of the British Parliament.

3. The platform on which candidates for Parliament formerly stood in addressing the electors. [Eng.]

When the rotten hustings shake
In another month to his brazen lies.

Tennyson.

Hus”tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hustled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hustling (?).] [D. hustelen to shake, fr. husten to shake. Cf. Hotchpotch.] To shake together in confusion; to push, jostle, or crowd rudely; to handle roughly; as, to hustle a person out of a room. Macaulay.

Hus”tle, v. i. To push or crows; to force one’s way; to move hustily and with confusion; a hurry.

Leaving the king, who had hustled along the floor with his dress worfully arrayed.

Sir W. Scott.

Hus”wife (?), n. [OE. huswif; hus house + wif wife. Cf. Hussy a housewife, Housewife.] [Written also housewife.] 1. A female housekeeper; a woman who manages domestic affairs; a thirfty woman. “The bounteous huswife Nature.” Shak.

The huswife is she that do labor doth fall.

Tusser.

2. A worthless woman; a hussy. [Obs.] Shak.

3. [See Hussy a bag.] A case for sewing materials. See Housewife. Cowper.

Hus”wife, v. t. To manage with frugality; — said of a woman. Dryden.

Hus”wife*ly, a. Like a huswife; capable; economical; prudent. — adv. In a huswifely manner.

Hus”wife*ry (?), n. The business of a housewife; female domestic economy and skill. Tusser.

Hut (?), n. [OE. hotte; akin to D. hut, G. hütte, OHG. hutta, Dan. hytte, Sw. hydda; and F. hutte, of G. origin; all akin to E. hide to conceal. See Hude to conceal.] A small house, hivel, or cabin; a mean lodge or dwelling; a slightly built or temporary structure.

Death comes on with equal footsteps
To the hall and hut

. Bp. Coxe.

Hutch (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hutted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hutting.] To place in huts; to live in huts; as, to hut troops in winter quarters.

The troops hutted among the heights of Morristown.

W. Irving.

Hutch (?), n. [OE. hucche, huche, hoche, F. huche, LL. hutica.] 1. A chest, box, coffer, bin, coop, or the like, in which things may be stored, or animals kept; as, a grain hutch; a rabbit hutch.

2. A measure of two Winchester bushels.

3. (Mining) The case of a flour bolt.

4. (Mining) (a) A car on low wheels, in which coal is drawn in the mine and hoisted out of the pit. (b) A jig for washing ore.

Bolting hutch, Booby hutch, etc. See under Bolting, etc.

Hutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hutched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hutching.] 1. To hoard or lay up, in a chest. [R.] “She hutched the . . . ore.” Milton.

2. (Mining) To wash (ore) in a box or jig.

Hutch`un*so”ni*an (?), n. A follower of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire, England, who believed that the Hebrew Scriptures contained a complete system of natural science and of theology.

Hut*to”ni*an (?), a. Relating to what is now called the Plutonic theory of the earth, first advanced by Dr. James Hutton. Lyell.

Hux”ter (?), n. & v. i. See Huckster.

Huy*ghe”ni*an (?), a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Christian Huyghens, a Dutch astronomer of the seventeenth century; as, the Huyghenian telescope.

Huyghenian eyepieceSee under Eyepiece.

Huzz (?), v. i. [An onomatopœa. √43. Cf. Buzz.] To buzz; to murmur. [Obs.]

Huzzing and burring in the preacher’s ear.

Latimer.

Huz*za” (?), interj. [Cf. G. hussa, husa, interj., hurrah, huzza. √43. Cf. Hurrah.] A word used as a shout of joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement.

Huz”za, n. A shout of huzza; a cheer; a hurrah.

They made a great huzza or shout.

Evelyn.

Huz*za”, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huzzaed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Huzzaing.] To shout huzza; to cheer.

Huz*za”, v. t. To receive or attend with huzzas.

He was huzzaed into the court.

Addison.

Hy (?), a. High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy”a*cine (?), n. A hyacinth. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hy”a*cinth (?), n. [L. hyacinthus a kind of flower, prob. the iris, gladiolus, or larkspur, also a kind of gem, perh. the sapphire; as, a proper name, Hyacinthus, a beautiful Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. hyacinthe. Cf. Jacinth. The hyacinth was fabled to have sprung from the blood of Hyacinthus, who was accidentally slain by Apollo.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A bulbous plant of the genus Hyacinthus, bearing beautiful spikes of fragrant flowers. H. orientalis is a common variety. (b) A plant of the genus Camassia (C. Farseri), called also Eastern camass; wild hyacinth. (c) The name also given to Scilla Peruviana, a Mediterranean plant, one variety of which produces white, and another blue, flowers; — called also, from a mistake as to its origin, Hyacinth of Peru.

2. (Min.) A red variety of zircon, sometimes used as a gem. See Zircon.

Hyacinth bean (Bot.), a climbing leguminous plant (Dolichos Lablab), related to the true bean. It has dark purple flowers and fruit.

Hy`a*cin”thi*an (?), a. Hyacinthine. [R.]

Hy`a*cin”thine (?), a. [L. hyacinthinus, Gr. &?;.] Belonging to the hyacinth; resembling the hyacinth; in color like the hyacinth. Milton.

His curling locks like hyacinthine flowers.

Cowper.

The hyacinthine boy, for whom
Morn well might break and April bloom.

Emerson.

{ Hy”a*des (?), Hy”ads (?), } n. pl. [L. Hyades, Gr. &?;.] (Astron.) A cluster of five stars in the face of the constellation Taurus, supposed by the ancients to indicate the coming of rainy weather when they rose with the sun.

Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea.

Tennyson.

Hy*æ“na (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Hyena.

||Hy*a”le*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; glassy, fr. “y`alos glass.] (Zoöl.) A pteropod of the genus Cavolina. See Pteropoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Hy`a*les”cence (?), n. [See Hyaline.] The process of becoming, or the state of being, transparent like glass.

Hy”a*line (?), a. [L. hyalinus, Gr. &?;, fr. “y`alos glass: cf. F. hyalin.] Glassy; resembling glass; consisting of glass; transparent, like crystal. “Hyaline spaces.” Carpenter.

Hy”a*line, n. 1. A poetic term for the sea or the atmosphere. “The clear hyaline, the glassy sea.” Milton.

Our blood runs amazed ‘neath the calm hyaline.

Mrs. Browning.

2. (Biol.) The pellucid substance, present in cells in process of development, from which, according to some embryologists, the cell nucleus originates.

3. (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible of alcoholic fermentation. Gamgee.

Hy”a*lite (?), n. [Gr. “y`alos glass: cf. F. hyalite.] (Min.) A pellucid variety of opal in globules looking like colorless gum or resin; — called also Müller’s glass.

Hy*al”o*graph (?), n. [Gr. “y`alos glass + graph.] An instrument for tracing designs on glass.

Hy`a*log”ra*phy (?), n. Art of writing or engraving on glass.

Hy”a*loid (?), a. [Gr. &?; glassy, transparent; “y`alos glass + &?; appearance: cf. F. hyaloïde.] (Anat.) Resembling glass; vitriform; transparent; hyaline; as, the hyaloid membrane, a very delicate membrane inclosing the vitreous humor of the eye.

||Hy`a*lo*ne”ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “y`alos glass + &?; a thread.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hexactinelline sponges, having a long stem composed of very long, slender, transparent, siliceous fibres twisted together like the strands of a color. The stem of the Japanese species (H. Sieboldii), called glass-rope, has long been in use as an ornament. See Glass-rope.

Hy*al”o*phane (?), n. [Gr. “y`alos glass + &?; to appear.] (Min.) A species of the feldspar group containing barium. See Feldspar.

||Hy`a*lo*spon”gi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “y`alos glass + &?; a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of vitreous sponges, having glassy six-rayed, siliceous spicules; — called also Hexactinellinæ.

Hy*al”o*type (?), n. [Gr. “y`alos glass + -type.] A photographic picture copied from the negative on glass; a photographic transparency. R. Hunt.

{ Hy*ber”na*cle (?), Hy”ber*nate (?), Hy`ber*na”tion (?). } See Hibernacle, Hibernate, Hibernation.

Hy*blæ“an (?), a. [L. Hyblaeus.] Pertaining to Hybla, an ancient town of Sicily, famous for its bees.

Hyb”o*dont (?), a. [Gr. &?; hump + &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Paleon.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an extinct genus of sharks (Hybodus), especially in the form of the teeth, which consist of a principal median cone with smaller lateral ones.

||Hyb”o*dus (?), n. [NL. See Hybodont.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of sharks having conical, compressed teeth.

Hy”brid (?), n. [L. hybrida, hibrida, prob. allied to Gr. &?; wantonness (as if unbridled, lawless, unnatural), perh. akin to Gr. “ype`r over, E. over: cf. F. hybride.] (Biol.) The offspring of the union of two distinct species; an animal or plant produced from the mixture of two species. See Mongrel.

Hy”brid, a. Produced from the mixture of two species; as, plants of hybrid nature.

Hy”brid*ism (?), n. The state or quality of being hybrid.

Hy”brid*ist, n. One who hybridizes.

Hy*brid”i*ty (?), n. Hybridism.

Hy”brid*i`za*ble (?), a. Capable of forming a hybrid, or of being subjected to a hybridizing process; capable of producing a hybrid by union with another species or stock.

Hybridizable genera are rarer than is generally supposed, even in gardens where they are so often operated upon, under circumstances most favorable to the production of hybrids.

J. D. Hooker.

Hy`brid*i*za”tion (?), n. The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized.

Hy”brid*i`ze (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hybridized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hybridizing (?).] To render hybrid; to produce by mixture of stocks.

Hy”brid*i`zer (?), n. One who hybridizes.

Hy”brid*ous (?), a. Same as Hybrid.

Hyd”age (?), n. (Law) A land tax. See Hidage.

Hy`dan*to”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydantoin. See Glycoluric.

Hy*dan”to*in (?), n. [Hydrogen + allantion.] (Chem.) A derivative of urea, C_3H_4N_2O_2, obtained from allantion, as a white, crystalline substance, with a sweetish taste; — called also glycolyl urea.

Hy”da*tid (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a watery vesicle under the upper eyelid, fr. “y`dwr, “y`datos, water: cf. F. hydatide.] (Zoöl.) A membranous sac or bladder filled with a pellucid fluid, found in various parts of the bodies of animals, but unconnected with the tissues. It is usually formed by parasitic worms, esp. by larval tapeworms, as Echinococcus and Cœnurus. See these words in the Vocabulary.

Hydatid of Morgagni (Anat.), one of the small pedunculated bodies found between the testicle and the head of the epididymis, and supposed to be a remnant of the Müllerian duct.

Hy*dat”i*form (?), a. [Hydatid + -form.] Resembling a hydatid.

Hy”da*toid (?), a. [Gr. “y`dwr, “y`datos, water + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling water; watery; aqueous; hyaloid.

Hy”dr- (?). See under Hydro-.

Hy”dra (?), n.; pl. E. Hydras (#), L. Hydræ (#). [L. hydra, Gr. “y`dra; akin to “y`dwr water. See Otter the animal, Water.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A serpent or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in the Peloponnesus, represented as having many heads, one of which, when cut off, was immediately succeeded by two others, unless the wound was cauterized. It was slain by Hercules. Hence, a terrible monster.

Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire.

Milton.

2. Hence: A multifarious evil, or an evil having many sources; not to be overcome by a single effort.

3. (Zoöl.) Any small fresh-water hydroid of the genus Hydra, usually found attached to sticks, stones, etc., by a basal sucker.

&fist; The body is a simple tube, having a mouth at one extremity, surrounded by a circle of tentacles with which it captures its prey. Young hydras bud out from the sides of the older ones, but soon become detached and are then like their parent. Hydras are remarkable for their power of repairing injuries; for if the body be divided in pieces, each piece will grow into a complete hydra, to which fact the name alludes. The zooids or hydranths of marine hydroids are sometimes called hydras.

4. (Astron.) A southern constellation of great length lying southerly from Cancer, Leo, and Virgo.

Hy*drach”nid (?), n. [Hydr- + arachnid.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic mite of the genus Hydrachna. The hydrachnids, while young, are parasitic on fresh-water mussels.

Hy*drac”id (?), n. [Hydr- + acid: cf. F. hydracide.] (Chem.) An acid containing hydrogen; — sometimes applied to distinguish acids like hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and the like, which contain no oxygen, from the oxygen acids or oxacids. See Acid.

Hy`dra*cryl”ic (?), a. [Hydr- + acrylic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric variety of lactic acid that breaks down into acrylic acid and water.

Hy`drac*tin”i*an (?), n. [See Hydra, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) Any species or marine hydroids, of the genus Hydractinia and allied genera. These hydroids form, by their rootstalks, a firm, chitinous coating on shells and stones, and esp. on spiral shells occupied by hermit crabs. See Illust. of Athecata.

||Hy*dræ“mi*a (h&isl;drē“m&ibreve;&adot;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “y`dwr water + a”i^ma blood.] (Med.) An abnormally watery state of the blood; anæmia.

Hy”dra*gogue (?), a. [L. hydragogus conveying off water, Gr. &?;; “y`dwr water + &?; to lead: cf. F. hydragogue.] (Med.) Causing a discharge of water; expelling serum effused into any part of the body, as in dropsy. — n. A hydragogue medicine, usually a cathartic or diuretic.

Hy*dram”ide (?), n. [Hydr- + -amide.] (Chem.) One of a group of crystalline bodies produced by the action of ammonia on certain aldehydes.

Hy*dram”ine (?), n. [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) One of a series of artificial, organic bases, usually produced as thick viscous liquids by the action of ammonia on ethylene oxide. They have the properties both of alcohol and amines.

Hy*dran”ge*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “y`dwr water + &?; vessel, capsule: cf. F. hydrangée.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubby plants bearing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers, white, or of various colors. H. hortensis, the common garden species, is a native of China or Japan.

Hy”drant (?), n. [Gr. &?; to irrigate, fr. “y`dwr water. See Hydra.] A discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks; a water plug.

Hy”dranth (?), n. [Hydra + Gr. &?; a flower.] (Zoöl.) One of the nutritive zooids of a hydroid colony. Also applied to the proboscis or manubrium of a hydroid medusa. See Illust. of Hydroidea.

Hy*drar”go*chlo”ride (?), n. [Hydrargyrum + chloride.] (Chem.) A compound of the bichloride of mercury with another chloride. [Obs.]

Hy*drar”gy*rate (?), a. Of or pertaining to mercury; containing, or impregnated with, mercury. [R.]

Hy*drar”gy*rism (?), n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by poisoning with hydrargyrum, or mercury; mercurialism.

Hy*drar”gy*rum (-rŭm), n. [NL., fr. L. hydrargyrus, Gr. “ydra`rgyros; “y`dwr water + ‘a`rgyros silver.] (Chem.) Quicksilver; mercury.

||Hy`drar*thro”sis (?), n. [NL. See Hydro-, 1, and Arthrosis.] (Med.) An effusion of watery liquid into the cavity of a joint.

Hy*dras”tine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid, found in the rootstock of the golden seal (Hydrastis Canadensis), and extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance. It is used as a tonic and febrifuge.

Hy”dra-taint`ed (?), a. Dipped in the gall of the fabulous hydra; poisonous; deadly. Cowper.

Hy”drate (?), n. [Gr. “y`dwr water: cf. F. hydrate.] (Chem.) (a) A compound formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. (b) A substance which does not contain water as such, but has its constituents (hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl) so arranged that water may be eliminated; hence, a derivative of, or compound with, hydroxyl; hydroxide; as, ethyl hydrate, or common alcohol; calcium hydrate, or slaked lime.

Hy”drate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrating (?).] To form into a hydrate; to combine with water.

Hy”dra*ted (?), a. Formed into a hydrate; combined with water.

Hy*dra”tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act of becoming, or state of being, a hydrate.

Water of hydration (Chem.), water chemically combined with some substance to form a hydrate; — distinguished from water of crystallization.

Hy*drau”lic (?), a. [F. hydraulique, L. hydraulicus, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a water organ; “y`dwr water + &?; flute, pipe. See Hydra.] Of or pertaining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion; conveying, or acting by, water; as, an hydraulic clock, crane, or dock.

Hydraulic accumulator, an accumulator for hydraulic machinery of any kind. See Accumulator, 2. — Hydraulic brake, a cataract. See Cataract, 3. — Hydraulic cement, a cement or mortar made of hydraulic lime, which will harden under water. — Hydraulic elevator, a lift operated by the weight or pressure of water. — Hydraulic jack. See under Jack. — Hydraulic lime, quicklime obtained from hydraulic limestone, and used for cementing under water, etc. — Hydraulic limestone, a limestone which contains some clay, and which yields a quicklime that will set, or form a firm, strong mass, under water. — Hydraulic main (Gas Works), a horizontal pipe containing water at the bottom into which the ends of the pipes from the retorts dip, for passing the gas through water in order to remove ammonia. — Hydraulic mining, a system of mining in which the force of a jet of water is used to wash down a bank of gold-bearing gravel or earth. [Pacific Coast] — Hydraulic press, a hydrostatic press. See under Hydrostatic. — Hydraulic propeller, a device for propelling ships by means of a stream of water ejected under water rearward from the ship. — Hydraulic ram, a machine for raising water by means of the energy of the moving water of which a portion is to be raised. When the rush of water through the main pipe d shuts the valve at a, the momentum of the current thus suddenly checked forces part of it into the air chamber b, and up the pipe c, its return being prevented by a valve at the entrance to the air chamber, while the dropping of the valve a by its own weight allows another rush through the main pipe, and so on alternately. — Hydraulic valve. (Mach.) (a) A valve for regulating the distribution of water in the cylinders of hydraulic elevators, cranes, etc. (b) (Gas Works) An inverted cup with a partition dipping into water, for opening or closing communication between two gas mains, the open ends of which protrude about the water.

Hy*drau”lic*al (?), a. Hydraulic.

Hy*drau”li*con (?), n. [NL. See Hydraulic.] (Mus.) An ancient musical instrument played by the action of water; a water organ. [Written also hydraulis.]

Hy*drau”lics (?), n. [Cf. F. hydraulique.] That branch of science, or of engineering, which treats of fluids in motion, especially of water, its action in rivers and canals, the works and machinery for conducting or raising it, its use as a prime mover, and the like.

&fist; As a science, hydraulics includes hydrodynamics, or the principles of mechanics applicable to the motion of water; as a branch of engineering, it consists in the practical application of the mechanics of fluids to the control and management of water with reference to the wants of man, including canals, waterworks, hydraulic machines, pumps, water wheels, etc. Some writers treat hydraulics and hydrostatics as subdivisions of hydrodynamics.

Hy”dra*zine (?), n. [Hydr- + azo- + -ine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of nitrogenous bases, resembling the amines and produced by the reduction of certain nitroso and diazo compounds; as, methyl hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine, etc. They are derivatives of hydrazine proper, H_2N.NH_2, which is a doubled amido group, recently (1887) isolated as a stable, colorless gas, with a peculiar, irritating odor. As a base it forms distinct salts. Called also diamide, amidogen, (or more properly diamidogen), etc.

Hy”dren*ceph”s*loid (?), a. [Hydrencephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Same as Hydrocephaloid.

||Hy”dri*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) A water jar; esp., one with a large rounded body, a small neck, and three handles. Some of the most beautiful Greek vases are of this form.

Hy”dri*ad (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, of the water, fr. “y`dwr water.] (Myth.) A water nymph.

Hy”dric (?), a. [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen; as, hydric oxide.

Hydric dioxide. (Chem.) See Hydrogen dioxide, under Hydrogen. — Hydric oxide (Chem.), water. — Hydric sulphate (Chem.), hydrogen sulphate or sulphuric acid.

Hy”dride (?), n. [Hydr- + ide.] (Chem.) A compound of the binary type, in which hydrogen is united with some other element.

Hy”dri*form (?), a. [Hydra + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form or structure of a hydra.

||Hy*dri”na (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hydra.] (Zoöl.) The group of hydroids to which the fresh-water hydras belong.

Hy*dri”o*date (?), n. [Cf. F. hydriodate.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hydriodide.

Hy`dri*od”ic (?), a. [Hydr- + iodic: cf. F. hydriodique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and iodine; — said of an acid produced by the combination of these elements.

Hydriodic acid (Chem.), a pungent, colorless gas, HI, usually prepared as a solution in water. It is strong reducing agent. Called also hydrogen iodide.

Hy*dri”o*dide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of hydriodic acid with a base; — distinguished from an iodide, in which only the iodine combines with the base.

{ Hy”dro- (?), Hy”dr-. } 1. A combining form from Gr. &?;, &?;, water (see Hydra).

2. (Chem.) A combining form of hydrogen, indicating hydrogen as an ingredient, as hydrochloric; or a reduction product obtained by hydrogen, as hydroquinone.

Hy`dro*ba*rom”e*ter (?), n. [Hydro- , 1 + barometer.] An instrument for determining the depth of the sea water by its pressure.

Hy`dro*bil`i*ru”bin (?), n. [Hydro- , 2 + bilirubin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body formed from bilirubin, identical with urobilin.

||Hy`dro*bran`chi*a”ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “y`dwr water + &?; gills.] (Zoöl.) An extensive artificial division of gastropod mollusks, including those that breathe by gills, as contrasted with the Pulmonifera. — Hy`dro*bran”chi*ate (#), a.

Hy`dro*bro”mate (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrobromide.

Hy`dro*bro”mic (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + bromic.] (Chem.) Composed of hydrogen and bromine; as, hydrobromic acid.

Hydrobromic acid (Chem.), a colorless, pungent, corrosive gas, HBr, usually collected as a solution in water. It resembles hydrochloric acid, but is weaker and less stable. Called also hydrogen bromide.

Hy`dro*bro”mide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrobromic acid with a base; — distinguished from a bromide, in which only the bromine unites with the base.

Hy`dro*car”bon (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + carbon.] (Chem.) A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, as methane, benzene, etc.; also, by extension, any of their derivatives.

Hydrocarbon burner, furnace, stove, a burner, furnace, or stove with which liquid fuel, as petroleum, is used.

Hy`dro*car`bo*na”ceous (?), a. Of the nature, or containing, hydrocarbons.

Hy`dro*car”bon*ate (?), n. (a) (Old Chem.) A hydrocarbon. [Obs.] (b) (Chem.) A hydrous carbonate, as malachite.

Hy`dro*car`bo*sty”ril (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + carbostyril.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous hydrocarbon, C_9H_9NO, obtained from certain derivatives of cinnamic acid and closely related to quinoline and carbostyril.

Hy`dro*car”bu*ret (?), n. [Hydro- , 2 + carburet.] (Chem.) Carbureted hydrogen; also, a hydrocarbon. [Obs.]

Hy`dro*cau”lus (?), n.; pl. Hydrocauli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. “y`dwr water + &?; a stalk.] (Zoöl.) The hollow stem of a hydroid, either simple or branched. See Illust. of Gymnoblastea and Hydroidea.

Hy`dro*cele (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; “y`dwr water + &?; tumor.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the areolar texture of the scrotum or in the coverings, especially in the serous sac, investing the testicle or the spermatic cord; dropsy of the testicle.

Hy`dro*ce*phal”ic (?), a. Relating to, or connected with, hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain.

Hy`dro*ceph”a*loid (?), a. [Hydrocephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling hydrocephalus.

Hydrocephaloid affection (Med.), the group of symptoms which follow exhausting diarrhea in young children, resembling those of acute hydrocephalus, or tubercular meningitis.

Hy`dro*ceph”a*lous (?), a. Having hydrocephalus. “Hydrocephalous offspring.” G. Eliot.

Hy`dro*ceph”a*lus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hydrocephalus; “y`dwr water + &?; head.] (Med.) An accumulation of liquid within the cavity of the cranium, especially within the ventricles of the brain; dropsy of the brain. It is due usually to tubercular meningitis. When it occurs in infancy, it often enlarges the head enormously.

Hy`dro*chlo”rate (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrochloride.

Hy`dro*chlo”ric (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + chloric: cf. F. hydrochlorique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or compounded of, chlorine and hydrogen gas; as, hydrochloric acid; chlorhydric.

Hydrochloric acid (Chem.), hydrogen chloride; a colorless, corrosive gas, HCl, of pungent, suffocating odor. It is made in great quantities in the soda process, by the action of sulphuric acid on common salt. It has a great affinity for water, and the commercial article is a strong solution of the gas in water. It is a typical acid, and is an indispensable agent in commercial and general chemical work. Called also muriatic, ∧ chlorhydric, acid.

Hy`dro*chlo”ride (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrochloric acid with a base; — distinguished from a chloride, where only chlorine unites with the base.

||Hy`dro*co*ral”li*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hydra, and Coral.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea, including those genera that secrete a stony coral, as Millepora and Stylaster. Two forms of zooids in life project from small pores in the coral and resemble those of other hydroids. See Millepora.

Hy`dro*cy”a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) See Hydrocyanide.

Hy`dro*cy*an”ic (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + anic: cf. F. hydrocyanique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from the combination of, hydrogen and cyanogen.

Hydrocyanic acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HCN, having a characteristic peach-blossom odor. It is one of the most deadly poisons. It is made by the action of sulphuric acid on yellow prussiate of potassium (potassium ferrocyanide), and chemically resembles hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids. Called also prussic acid, hydrogen cyanide, etc.

Hy`dro*cy”a*nide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrocyanic acid with a base; — distinguished from a cyanide, in which only the cyanogen so combines.

{ Hy`dro*dy*nam”ic (?), Hy`dro*dy*nam”ic*al (?), } a. [Hydro-, 1 + dynamic, - ical: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the dynamical action of water of a liquid; of or pertaining to water power.

Hydrodynamic friction, friction produced by the viscosity of a liquid in motion.

Hy`dro*dy*nam”ics (?), n. [Hydro- , 1 + dynamics: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] That branch of the science of mechanics which relates to fluids, or, as usually limited, which treats of the laws of motion and action of nonelastic fluids, whether as investigated mathematically, or by observation and experiment; the principles of dynamics, as applied to water and other fluids.

&fist; The word is sometimes used as a general term, including both hydrostatics and hydraulics, together with pneumatics and acoustics. See Hydraulics.

Hy`dro*dy`na*mom”e*ter (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + dynamometer.] An instrument to measure the velocity of a liquid current by the force of its impact.

Hy`dro-e*lec”tric (?), a. [Hydro- , 1 + electric.] Pertaining to, employed in, or produced by, the evolution of electricity by means of a battery in which water or steam is used.

Hydro-electric machine (Physics), an apparatus invented by Sir William Armstrong of England for generating electricity by the escape of high-pressure steam from a series of jets connected with a strong boiler, in which the steam is produced.

Hy`dro-ex*tract”or (?), n. [Hydro- , 1 + extractor.] An apparatus for drying anything, as yarn, cloth, sugar, etc., by centrifugal force; a centrifugal.

Hy`dro*fer`ri*cy*an”ic (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + ferricyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferric iron, and cyanogen; as, hydroferricyanic acid. See Ferricyanic.

Hy`dro*fer`ro*cy*an”ic (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + ferrocyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferrous iron, and cyanogen; as, hydroferrocyanic acid. See Ferrocyanic.

Hy`dro*flu”ate (?), n. (Chem.) A supposed compound of hydrofluoris acid and a base; a fluoride. [Archaic]

Hy`dro*flu*or”ic (?), a. [Hydro- , 2 + fluoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen and fluorine; fluohydric; as, hydrofluoric acid.

Hydrofluoric acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HF, very corrosive in its action, and having a strong, pungent, suffocating odor. It is produced by the action of sulphuric acid on fluorite, and is usually collected as a solution in water. It attacks all silicates, as glass or porcelain, is the agent employed in etching glass, and is preserved only in vessels of platinum, lead, caoutchouc, or gutta-percha.

Hy`dro*flu`o*sil”i*cate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of hydrofluosilic acid; a silicofluoride. See Silicofluoride.

Hy`dro*flu`o*si*lic”ic (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + fluorine + silicic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, a compound consisting of a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon; silicofluoric. See Silicofluoric.

Hy`dro*gal*van”ic (?), a. [Hydro- , 1 + galvanic.] Pertaining to, produced by, or consisting of, electricity evolved by the action or use of fluids; as, hydrogalvanic currents. [R.]

Hy”dro*gen (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -gen: cf. F. hydrogène. So called because water is generated by its combustion. See Hydra.] (Chem.) A gaseous element, colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the lightest known substance, being fourteen and a half times lighter than air (hence its use in filling balloons), and over eleven thousand times lighter than water. It is very abundant, being an ingredient of water and of many other substances, especially those of animal or vegetable origin. It may by produced in many ways, but is chiefly obtained by the action of acids (as sulphuric) on metals, as zinc, iron, etc. It is very inflammable, and is an ingredient of coal gas and water gas. It is standard of chemical equivalents or combining weights, and also of valence, being the typical monad. Symbol H. Atomic weight 1.

&fist; Although a gas, hydrogen is chemically similar to the metals in its nature, having the properties of a weak base. It is, in all acids, the base which is replaced by metals and basic radicals to form salts. Like all other gases, it is condensed by great cold and pressure to a liquid which freezes and solidifies by its own evaporation. It is absorbed in large quantities by certain metals (esp. palladium), forming alloy-like compounds; hence, in view of quasi-metallic nature, it is sometimes called hydrogenium. It is the typical reducing agent, as opposed to oxidizers, as oxygen, chlorine, etc.

Bicarbureted hydrogen, an old name for ethylene. — Carbureted hydrogen gas. See under Carbureted. — Hydrogen dioxide, a thick, colorless liquid, H_2O_2, resembling water, but having a bitter, sour taste, produced by the action of acids on barium peroxide. It decomposes into water and oxygen, and is manufactured in large quantities for an oxidizing and bleaching agent. Called also oxygenated water. — Hydrogen oxide, a chemical name for water, H&?;O. — Hydrogen sulphide, a colorless inflammable gas, H_2S, having the characteristic odor of bad eggs, and found in many mineral springs. It is produced by the action of acids on metallic sulphides, and is an important chemical reagent. Called also sulphureted hydrogen.

Hy”dro*gen*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenating (?).] (Chem.) To hydrogenize.

Hy`dro*gen*a”tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act of combining with hydrogen, or the state of being so combined.

Hy”dro*gen*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound containing hydrogen; a hydride. [R.] See Hydride.

Hy`dro*ge”ni*um (?), n. [NL. See Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Hydrogen; — called also in view of its supposed metallic nature. Graham.

Hy”dro*gen*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenizing (?).] (Chem.) To combine with hydrogen; to treat with, or subject to the action of, hydrogen; to reduce; — contrasted with oxidize.

Hy*drog”e*nous (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrogen; containing hydrogen.

Hy*drog”no*sy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; knowledge.] A treatise upon, or a history and description of, the water of the earth.

Hy”drog*ode (?), n. [Hydrogen + Gr. &?; way. path.] (Elec.) The negative pole or cathode. [R.]

Hy*drog”ra*pher (?), n. One skilled in the hydrography; one who surveys, or draws maps or charts of, the sea, lakes, or other waters, with the adjacent shores; one who describes the sea or other waters. Boyle.

{ Hy`dro*graph”ic (?), Hy`dro*graph”ic*al (?), } a. Of or relating to hydrography.

Hy*drog”ra*phy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -graphy: cf. F. hydrographie.] 1. The art of measuring and describing the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, with their phenomena.

2. That branch of surveying which embraces the determination of the contour of the bottom of a harbor or other sheet of water, the depth of soundings, the position of channels and shoals, with the construction of charts exhibiting these particulars.

Hy*drog”u*ret (?), n. [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) A hydride. [Obs.]

Hy”droid (?), a. [Hydra + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Related to, or resembling, the hydra; of or pertaining to the Hydroidea. — n. One of the Hydroideas.

||Hy*droi”de*a, n. pl. [NL. See Hydra, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of Hydrozoa or Acalephæ. [Written also Hydroida.]

&fist; This order includes the hydras and the free-swimming hydromedusæ, together with a great variety of marine attached hydroids, many of which grow up into large, elegantly branched forms, consisting of a vast number of zooids (hydranths, gonophores, etc.), united by hollow stems. All the zooids of a colony are produced from one primary zooid, by successive buddings. The Siphonophora have also been included in this order by some writers. See Gymnoblastea, Hydromedusa, Gonosome, Gonotheca.

Hy`dro*ki*net”ic (?), a. [Hydro- , 1 + kinetic.] Of or pertaining to the motions of fluids, or the forces which produce or affect such motions; — opposed to hydrostatic. Sir W. Thomson.

Hy`dro*log”ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrology.

Hy*drol”o*gist (?), n. One skilled in hydrology.

Hy*drol”o*gy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -logy: cf. F. hydrologie.] The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and distribution over the earth’s surface.

Hy`dro*lyt”ic (?), a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; to loose.] (Chem.) Tending to remove or separate water; eliminating water.

Hydrolytic agents, such as sulphuric acid or caustic alkali.

Encyc. Brit.

Hydrolytic ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment, enzyme, or chemical ferment, which acts only in the presence of water, and which causes the substance acted upon to take up a molecule of water. Thus, diastase of malt, ptyalin of saliva, and boiling dilute sulphuric acid all convert starch by hydration into dextrin and sugar. Nearly all of the digestive ferments are hydrolytic in their action.

Hy`dro*mag”ne*site (hī`dr&osl;*măg”n&esl;*sīt), n. [Hydro-, 1 + magnesite.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of magnesia occurring in white, earthy, amorphous masses.

Hy”dro*man`cy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -mancy: cf. F. hydromancie.] Divination by means of water, — practiced by the ancients.

Hy`dro*man”tic (?), a. [Cf. F. hydromantique.] Of or pertaining to divination by water.

Hy`dro*me*chan”ics (?), n. [Hydro- , 1 + mechanics.] That branch of physics which treats of the mechanics of liquids, or of their laws of equilibrium and of motion.

||Hy`dro*me*du”sa (?), n.; pl. Hydromedusæ (#). [NL. See Hydra, and Medusa.] (Zoöl.) Any medusa or jellyfish which is produced by budding from a hydroid. They are called also Craspedota, and naked-eyed medusæ.

&fist; Such medusæ are the reproductive zooids or gonophores, either male or female, of the hydroid from which they arise, whether they become free or remain attached to the hydroid colony. They in turn produce the eggs from which the hydroids are developed. The name is also applied to other similar medusæ which are not known to bud from a hydroid colony, and even to some which are known to develop directly from the eggs, but which in structure agree essentially with those produced from hydroids. See Hydroidea, and Gymnoblastea.

Hy”dro*mel (?), n. [L. hydromel, hydromeli, Gr. &?;; &?; water + &?; honey: cf. F. hydromel.] A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water, and after fermentation called mead.

Hy`dro*mel*lon”ic (?), a. See Cyamellone.

Hy`dro*met`al*lur”gic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrometallurgy; involving the use of liquid reagents in the treatment or reduction of ores. — Hy`dro*met`al*lur”gic*al*ly, adv.

Hy`dro*met”al*lur`gy (?), n. [Hydro- , 1 + metallurgy.] The art or process of assaying or reducing ores by means of liquid reagents.

Hy`dro*me”te*or (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteor.] A meteor or atmospheric phenomenon dependent upon the vapor of water; — in the pl., a general term for the whole aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, as rain, snow, hail, etc. Nichol.

Hy`dro*me`te*or`o*log”ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrometeorology, or to rain, clouds, storms, etc.

Hy`dro*me`te*or*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteorology.] That branch of meteorology which relates to, or treats of, water in the atmosphere, or its phenomena, as rain, clouds, snow, hail, storms, etc.

Hy*drom”e*ter (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -meter: cf. F. hydromètre.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids, and thence the strength spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc.

&fist; It is usually made of glass with a graduated stem, and indicates the specific gravity of a liquid by the depth to which it sinks in it, the zero of the scale marking the depth to which it sinks in pure water. Extra weights are sometimes used to adapt the scale to liquids of different densities.

2. An instrument, variously constructed, used for measuring the velocity or discharge of water, as in rivers, from reservoirs, etc., and called by various specific names according to its construction or use, as tachometer, rheometer, hydrometer, pendulum, etc.; a current gauge.

{ Hy`dro*met”ric (?), Hy`dro*met”ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hydrometer, or to the determination of the specific gravity of fluids.

2. Of or pertaining to measurement of the velocity, discharge, etc., of running water.

3. Made by means of an hydrometer; as, hydrometric observations.

Hydrometric pendulum, a species of hydrometer consisting of a hollow ball of ivory or metal suspended by a treated from the center of a graduated quadrant, and held in a stream to measure the velocity of the water by the inclination given to the thread; a kind of current gauge.

Hy`dro*met”ro*graph (?), n. [Hydro- , 1 + Gr. &?; measure + -graph.] An instrument for determining and recording the quantity of water discharged from a pipe, orifice, etc., in a given time.

Hy*drom”e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. The art of determining the specific gravity of liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc.

2. The art or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of running water, as in rivers, etc.

Hy`dro*mi”ca (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + mica.] (Min.) A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite.

Hydromica schist (Min.), a mica schist characterized by the presence of hydromica. It often has a silky luster and almost soapy feel.

||Hy`dro*ne*phro”sis (?), n. [NL., Gr. “y`dwr water + &?; a kidney.] (Med.) An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages.

Hy”dro*path (?), n. [Cf. F. hydropathe.] A hydropathist.

{ Hy`dro*path”ic (?), Hy`dro*path”ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to hydropathy.

Hy*drop”a*thist (?), n. One who practices hydropathy; a water-cure doctor.

Hy*drop”a*thy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?;, &?;, to suffer.] The water cure; a mode of treating diseases by the copious and frequent use of pure water, both internally and externally.

||Hy`dro*per`i*to*ne”um (?), n. [NL. See Hydro-, and Peritoneum.] (Med.) Same as Ascites.

Hy”dro*phane (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; to show, appear: cf. F. hydrophane.] (Min.) A semitranslucent variety of opal that becomes translucent or transparent on immersion in water.

Hy*droph”a*nous (?), a. (Min.) Made transparent by immersion in water.

Hy”dro*phid (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; a small serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any sea snake of the genus Hydrophys and allied genera. These snakes are venomous, live upon fishes, and have a flattened tail for swimming.

Hy`dro*phlo”rone (?), n. [Hydro- , 2 + phlorone.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline benzene derivative, C_8H_10O_2, obtained by the reduction of phlorone.

Hy`dro*pho”bi*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; “y`dwr water + &?; fear: cf. F. hydrophobie.] (Med.) (a) An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence: (b) The disease caused by a bite form, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and construction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness. [Written also hydrophoby.]

Hy`dro*phob”ic (?), a. [L. hydrophobicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hydrophobique.] Of or pertaining to hydrophobia; producing or caused by rabies; as, hydrophobic symptoms; the hydrophobic poison.

Hy”dro*pho`by (?), n. See Hydrophobia.

||Hy*droph”o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Hydroidea.

Hy”dro*phore (?), n. [Gr. “y`dwr water + &?; to bear.] An instrument used for the purpose of obtaining specimens of water from any desired depth, as in a river, a lake, or the ocean.

||Hy`dro*phyl”li*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrophyllia (#), E. Hydrophylliums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. “y`dwr water + &?; a leaf.] (Zoöl.) One of the flat, leaflike, protective zooids, covering other zooids of certain Siphonophora.

Hy”dro*phyte (?), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; plant: cf. F. hydrophyte.] An aquatic plant; an alga.

Hy*droph`y*tol”o*gy (?), n. [Hydro- + phyte + -logy.] The branch of botany which treats of water plants.

{ Hy*drop”ic (?), Hy*drop”ic*al (?), } a. [L. hydropicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hydropique. See Dropsy.] Dropsical, or resembling dropsy.

Every lust is a kind of hydropic distemper, and the more we drink the more we shall thirst.

Tillotson.

Hy*drop”ic*al*ly, adv. In a hydropical manner.

||Hy”dro*pi`per (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “y`dwr water + L. piper a pepper.] (Bot.) A species (Polygonum Hydropiper) of knotweed with acrid foliage; water pepper; smartweed.

Hy`dro*pneu*mat”ic (?), a. [Hydro- , 1 + pneumatic: cf. F. hydropneumatique.] Pertaining to, or depending upon, both liquid and gaseous substances; as, hydropneumatic apparatus for collecting gases over water or other liquids.

Hy”drop`sy (?), n. Same as Dropsy.

Hy”dro*pult (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; to hurl.] A machine for throwing water by hand power, as a garden engine, a fire extinguisher, etc.

Hy`dro*qui”none (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + quinone.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C_6H_4(OH)2, obtained by the reduction of quinone. It is a diacid phenol, resembling, and metameric with, pyrocatechin and resorcin. Called also dihydroxy benzene.

||Hy`dro*rhi”za (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrorhizæ (#), E. Hydrorhizas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. &?; a root.] (Zoöl.) The rootstock or decumbent stem by which a hydroid is attached to other objects. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

Hy”dro*salt` (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + salt.] (Chem.) (a) A salt supposed to be formed by a hydracid and a base. (b) An acid salt. [R.] (c) A hydrous salt; a salt combined with water of hydration or crystallization.

Hy”dro*scope (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -scope.] 1. An instrument designed to mark the presence of water, especially in air. Weale.

2. A kind of water clock, used anciently for measuring time, the water tricking from an orifice at the end of a graduated tube.

{ Hy”dro*some (?), ||Hy`dro*so”ma (?) }, n. [NL. hydrosoma. See Hydra, and -some body.] (Zoöl.) All the zooids of a hydroid colony collectively, including the nutritive and reproductive zooids, and often other kinds.

Hy`dro*sor”bic (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + sorbic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from sorbic acid when this takes up hydrogen; as, hydrosorbic acid.

Hy”dro*stat (?), n. A contrivance or apparatus to prevent the explosion of steam boilers.

{ Hy`dro*stat”ic (?), Hy`dro*stat”ic*al (?), } a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; causing to stand: cf. F. hydrostatique. See Static.] Of or relating to hydrostatics; pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of the equilibrium of fluids.

The first discovery made in hydrostatics since the time of Archimedes is due to Stevinus.

Hallam.

Hydrostatic balance, a balance for weighing substances in water, for the purpose of ascertaining their specific gravities. — Hydrostatic bed, a water bed. — Hydrostatic bellows, an apparatus consisting of a water-tight bellowslike case with a long, upright tube, into which water may be poured to illustrate the hydrostatic paradox. — Hydrostatic paradox, the proposition in hydrostatics that any quantity of water, however small, may be made to counterbalance any weight, however great; or the law of the equality of pressure of fluids in all directions. — Hydrostatic press, a machine in which great force, with slow motion, is communicated to a large plunger by means of water forced into the cylinder in which it moves, by a forcing pump of small diameter, to which the power is applied, the principle involved being the same as in the hydrostatic bellows. Also called hydraulic press, and Bramah press. In the illustration, a is a pump with a small plunger b, which forces the water into the cylinder c, thus driving upward the large plunder d, which performs the reduced work, such as compressing cotton bales, etc.

Hy`dro*stat”ic*al*ly, adv. According to hydrostatics, or to hydrostatic principles. Bentley.

Hy`dro*sta*ti”cian (?), n. One who is versed or skilled in hydrostatics. [R.]

Hy`dro*stat”ics (?), n. [Cf. F. hydrostatique.] (Physics) The branch of science which relates to the pressure and equilibrium of nonelastic fluids, as water, mercury, etc.; the principles of statics applied to water and other liquids.

Hy`dro*sul”phate (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrosulphurent.

Hy`dro*sul”phide (?), n. (Chem.) One of a series of compounds, derived from hydrogen sulphide by the replacement of half its hydrogen by a base or basic radical; as, potassium hydrosulphide, KSH. The hydrosulphides are analogous to the hydrates and include the mercaptans.

Hy`dro*sul”phite (?), n. (Chem.) A saline compound of hydrosulphurous acid and a base. [R.]

Hy`dro*sul”phu*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A hydrosulphide. [Archaic]

Hy`dro*sul”phu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Combined with hydrogen sulphide.

Hy`dro*sul*phu”ric (?), a. [Hydro- , 2 + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and sulphur; as, hydrosulphuric acid, a designation applied to the solution of hydrogen sulphide in water.

Hy`dro*sul”phur*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. See Hyposulphurous acid, under Hyposulphurous.

Hy`dro*tel”lu*rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of hydrotelluric acid and the base.

Hy`dro*tel*lu”ric (?), a. [Hydro- , 2 + telluric.] (Chem.) Formed by hydrogen and tellurium; as, hydrotelluric acid, or hydrogen telluride.

||Hy`dro*the”ca (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrothecæ (#), E. Hydrothecas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. &?; a box.] (Zoöl.) One of the calicles which, in some Hydroidea (Thecaphora), protect the hydrants. See Illust. of Hydroidea, and Campanularian.

Hy`dro*ther”a*py (?), n. [Hydro- , 1 + therapy.] (Med.) See Hydropathy.

Hy`dro*ther”mal (?), a. [Hydro-, 1 + thermal.] Of or pertaining to hot water; — used esp. with reference to the action of heated waters in dissolving, redepositing, and otherwise producing mineral changes within the crust of the globe.

Hy`dro*tho”rax (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + thorax.] (Med.) An accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity of the chest.

Hy*drot”ic (?), a. [Gr. “y`dwr water: cf. Gr. &?; moisture, F. hydrotique.] Causing a discharge of water or phlegm. — n. (Med.) A hydrotic medicine.

Hy*drot”ic*al (?), a. Hydrotic.

Hy”dro*trope (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; to turn, direct.] A device for raising water by the direct action of steam; a pulsometer.

Hy`dro*trop”ic (?), a. [See Hydrotrope.] (Bot.) Turning or bending towards moisture, as roots.

Hy*drot”ro*pism (?), n. (Bot.) A tendency towards moisture.

Hy”drous (?), a. [Gr. “y`dwr water.] 1. Containing water; watery.

2. (Chem.) Containing water of hydration or crystallization.

Hy`dro*xan”thane (?), n. (Chem.) A persulphocyanate. [Obs.]

Hy`dro*xan”thic (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + xanthic.] (Chem.) Persulphocyanic.

Hy*drox”ide (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + oxide.] (Chem.) A hydrate; a substance containing hydrogen and oxygen, made by combining water with an oxide, and yielding water by elimination. The hydroxides are regarded as compounds of hydroxyl, united usually with basic element or radical; as, calcium hydroxide ethyl hydroxide.

Hy*drox”y- (?). (Chem.) A combining form, also used adjectively, indicating hydroxyl as an ingredient.

Hydroxy acid (Chem.), an organic acid, having (besides the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl radical) an alcoholic hydroxyl group, and thus having the qualities of an alcohol in addition to its acid properties; as, lactic and tartaric acids are hydroxy acids.

Hy*drox”yl (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, or unsaturated group, HO, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of the hydrates, the alcohols, the oxygen acids, etc.

Hy*drox`yl*am”ine (?), n. [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous, organic base, NH_2.OH, resembling ammonia, and produced by a modified reduction of nitric acid. It is usually obtained as a volatile, unstable solution in water. It acts as a strong reducing agent.

||Hy`dro*zo”a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Acalephæ; one of the classes of cœlenterates, including the Hydroidea, Discophora, and Siphonophora.

Hy`dro*zo”al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hydrozoa.

||Hy`dro*zo”ön (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrozoa (#), E. Hydrozoöns (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hydrozoa.

Hy”dru*ret (?), n. [Hydro-, 2] (Chem.) A binary compound of hydrogen; a hydride. [Obs.]

||Hy”drus (?), n. [L., a water serpent; also, a certain constellation, Gr. “y`dros.] (Astron.) A constellation of the southern hemisphere, near the south pole.

Hye (?), n. & v. See Hie. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy*e”mal (?), a. [L. hyemalis, or better hiemalis, fr. hyems, hiems, winter: cf. F. hyémal.] Belonging to winter; done in winter. Sir T. Browne.

Hy”e*mate (?), v. i. [L. hiemare, hiematum. See Hyemal.] To pass the winter. [Obs. & R.]

Hy`e*ma”tion (?), n. [L. hiematio.] 1. The passing of a winter in a particular place; a wintering.

2. The act of affording shelter in winter. [Obs.]

Hy”en (?), n. [F. hyène.] A hyena. [Obs.] Shak.

Hy*e”na (?), n.; pl. Hyenas (#). [L. hyaena, Gr. &?;, orig., a sow, but usually, a Libyan wild beast, prob., the hyena, fr. &?; hog: cf. F. hyène. See Sow female hog.] (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyænidæ, of which three living species are known. They are large and strong, but cowardly. They feed chiefly on carrion, and are nocturnal in their habits. [Written also hyæna.]

&fist; The striped hyena (Hyæna striata) inhabits Southern Asia and a large part of Africa. The brown hyena (H. brunnea), and the spotted hyena (Crocuta maculata), are found in Southern Africa. The extinct cave hyena (H. spelæa) inhabited England and France.

Cave hyena. See under Cave. — Hyena dog (Zoöl.), a South African canine animal (Lycaon venaticus), which hunts in packs, chiefly at night. It is smaller than the common wolf, with very large, erect ears, and a bushy tail. Its color is reddish or yellowish brown, blotched with black and white. Called also hunting dog.

Hy”e*tal (?), a. [Gr. &?; rain, from &?; to rain.] Of or pertaining to rain; descriptive of the distribution of rain, or of rainy regions.

Hy”e*to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; rain + -graph.] A chart or graphic representation of the average distribution of rain over the surface of the earth.

Hy`e*to*graph”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to to hyetography.

Hy`e*tog”ra*phy (?), n. The branch of physical science which treats of the geographical distribution of rain.

Hy*ge”ia (?), n. [L. Hygea, Hygia, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, health, &?;, Hygeia, fr. &?; sound, healthy.] (Classic Myth.) The goddess of health, daughter of Esculapius.

Hy*ge”ian (?), a. Relating to Hygeia, the goddess of health; of or pertaining to health, or its preservation.

Hy”ge*ist (?), n. One skilled in hygiena; a hygienist.

Hy”gie*ist (?), n. A hygienist.

Hy”gi*ene (?), n. [F. hygiène. See Hygeia.] That department of sanitary science which treats of the preservation of health, esp. of households and communities; a system of principles or rules designated for the promotion of health.

Hy`gi*en”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. hygiénique.] Of or pertaining to health or hygiene; sanitary.

Hy`gi*en”ics, n. The science of health; hygiene.

Hy”gi*en*ism (?), n. Hygiene.

Hy”gi*en*ist, n. One versed in hygiene.

Hy`gi*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; health + -logy.] A treatise on, or the science of, the preservation of health. [R.]

Hy”grine (?), n. [From Gr. &?; moist.] (Chem.) An alkaloid associated with cocaine in coca leaves (Erythroxylon coca), and extracted as a thick, yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor.

Hy”gro*deik (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet, moist, and &?; to show.] (Physics) A form of hygrometer having wet and dry bulb thermometers, with an adjustable index showing directly the percentage of moisture in the air, etc.

Hy”gro*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of the humidity of the atmosphere.

Hy*grol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + -logy: cf. F. hygrologie.] (Med.) The science which treats of the fluids of the body.

Hy*grom”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet, moist + -meter: cf. F. hygromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere.

Daniell’s hygrometer, a form of hygrometer consisting of a bent glass tube terminating in two bulbs, the one covered with muslin, the other of black glass, and containing ether and a thermometer. Ether being poured on the muslin, the black ball, cooled by the evaporation of the ether within, is soon covered with dew; at this moment, the inclosed thermometer gives the dew-point, and this, compared with the reading of one in the air, determines the humidity.

{ Hy`gro*met”ric (?), Hy`gro*met”ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. hygrométrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to hygrometry; made with, or according to, the hygrometer; as, hygrometric observations.

2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture; as, hygrometric substances, like potash.

Hy*grom”e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. hygrométrie.] (Physics) That branch of physics which relates to the determination of the humidity of bodies, particularly of the atmosphere, with the theory and use of the instruments constructed for this purpose.

Hy*groph”a*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; wet + &?; to show.] Having such a structure as to be diaphanous when moist, and opaque when dry.

Hy`groph*thal”mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; wet + E. ophthalmic.] (Anat.) Serving to moisten the eye; — sometimes applied to the lachrymal ducts.

Hy”gro*plasm (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + &?; form, mold.] (Biol.) The fluid portion of the cell protoplasm, in opposition to stereoplasm, the solid or insoluble portion. The latter is supposed to be partly nutritive and partly composed of idioplasm.

Hy”gro*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + -scope: cf. F. hygroscope.] (Physics) An instrument which shows whether there is more or less moisture in the atmosphere, without indicating its amount.

Hy`gro*scop”ic (?), a. [Cf. F. hygroscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or indicated by, the hygroscope; not readily manifest to the senses, but capable of detection by the hygroscope; as, glass is often covered with a film of hygroscopic moisture.

2. Having the property of readily inbibing moisture from the atmosphere, or of the becoming coated with a thin film of moisture, as glass, etc.

Hy`gro*sco*pic”i*ty (?), n. (Bot.) The property possessed by vegetable tissues of absorbing or discharging moisture according to circumstances.

Hy`gro*stat”ics (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + &?;. See Statics.] The science or art of comparing or measuring degrees of moisture. Evelyn.

Hyke (?), n. See Haik, and Huke.

{ Hy”læ*o*saur` (?), ||Hy`læ*o*sau”rus (?), } n. [NL. hylaeosaurus, fr. Gr. &?; belonging to a forest (fr. &?; wood) + &?; a lizard.] (Paleon.) A large Wealden dinosaur from the Tilgate Forest, England. It was about twenty feet long, protected by bony plates in the skin, and armed with spines.

Hy*lar”chi*cal (?), a. [Gr. &?; wood, matter + &?;: cf. F. hylarchique. See Archical.] Presiding over matter. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Hy”le*o*saur” (?), n. Same as Hylæosaur.

Hyl”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to matter; material; corporeal; as, hylic influences.

Hy”li*cist (?), n. [Gr. &?; adj., material, fr. &?; wood, matter.] A philosopher who treats chiefly of matter; one who adopts or teaches hylism.

Hy”lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter.] (Metaph.) A theory which regards matter as the original principle of evil.

Hy”lo*bate (?), n. [Gr. &?; one that walks or inhabits the woods: &?; a wood + &?; to go.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Hylobates; a gibbon, or long-armed ape. See Gibbon.

||Hy*lo”des (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; woody, wooded, muddy; &?; a wood + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) The piping frog (Hyla Pickeringii), a small American tree frog, which in early spring, while breeding in swamps and ditches, sings with high, shrill, but musical, notes.

Hy”lo*ism (?), n. Same as Hylotheism.

Hy”lo*ist, n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter.] Same as Hylotheist.

Hy*lop”a*thism (?), n. [Gr. &?; matter + &?;, &?;, to suffer.] The doctrine that matter is sentient. Krauth-Fleming.

Hy*lop”a*thist (?), n. One who believes in hylopathism.

Hy*loph”a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; wood + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating green shoots, as certain insects do.

Hy”lo*the*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter + &?; God.] The doctrine of belief that matter is God, or that there is no God except matter and the universe; pantheism. See Materialism.

Hy”lo*the*ist, n. One who believes in hylotheism.

Hy`lo*zo”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to hylozoism.

Hy`lo*zo”ism (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter + &?; life, fr. &?; to live: cf. F. hylozoïsme.] The doctrine that matter possesses a species of life and sensation, or that matter and life are inseparable. [R.] Cudworth.

Hy`lo*zo”ist, n. A believer in hylozoism. A. Tucker.

Hy*mar” (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wild ass of Persia.

Hy”men (?), n. [Gr. &?; skin, membrane.] (Anat.) A fold of muscous membrane often found at the orifice of the vagina; the vaginal membrane.

Hy”men, n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Class Myth.) A fabulous deity; according to some, the son of Apollo and Urania, according to others, of Bacchus and Venus. He was the god of marriage, and presided over nuptial solemnities.

Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour,
There dwelt no joy in Eden’s rosy bower.

Campbell.

2. Marriage; union as if by marriage.

Hymen of element and race.

Emerson.

{ Hy`me*ne”al (?), Hy`me*ne”an (?), } a. [L. hymeneius, a., also Hymenaeus, n., Hymen, Gr. &?; the wedding song, also &?; Hymen: cf. F. hyménéal, hyménéen.] Of or pertaining to marriage; as, hymeneal rites. Pope.

{ Hy`me*ne”al, Hy`me*ne”an, } n. A marriage song. Milton.

||Hy*me”ni*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hymenia (#), E. Hymeniums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a membrane.] (Bot.) The spore-bearing surface of certain fungi, as that on the gills of a mushroom.

Hy`me*nog”e*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?; a membrane + root of &?; to be born.] The production of artificial membranes by contact of two fluids, as albumin and fat, by which the globules of the latter are surrounded by a thin film of the former.

||Hy`me*no*my*ce”tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a membrane + &?;, &?;, a mushroom.] (Bot.) One of the great divisions of fungi, containing those species in which the hymenium is completely exposed. M. J. Berkley.

Hy*men”o*phore (?), n. [Gr. &?; a membrane + &?; to bear.] (Bot.) That part of a fungus which is covered with the hymenium.

Hy`me*nop”ter (?), n. [Cf. F. hyménoptère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.

||Hy`me*nop”te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; membrane-winged; &?; skin, membrane + &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of insects, including the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc.

&fist; They have four membranous wings, with few reticulations, and usually with a thickened, dark spot on the front edge of the anterior wings. In most of the species, the tongue, or lingua, is converted into an organ for sucking honey, or other liquid food, and the mandibles are adapted for biting or cutting. In one large division (Aculeata), including the bees, wasps, and ants, the females and workers usually have a sting, which is only a modified ovipositor.

{ Hy`me*nop”ter*al (?), Hy`me*nop”ter*ous (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Like, or characteristic of, the Hymenoptera; pertaining to the Hymenoptera.

Hy`me*nop”ter*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.

Hymn (h&ibreve;m), n. [OE. hympne, ympne, F. hymne, OF. also ymne, L. hymnus, Gr. &?;; perh. akin to &?; web, &?; to weave, and so to E. weave.] An ode or song of praise or adoration; especially, a religious ode, a sacred lyric; a song of praise or thanksgiving intended to be used in religious service; as, the Homeric hymns; Watts’ hymns.

Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns.

Col. iii. 16.

Where angels first should practice hymns, and string
Their tuneful harps.

Dryden.

Hymn book, a book containing a collection of hymns, as for use in churches; a hymnal.

Hymn (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hymned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hymning (?).] [Cf. L. hymnire, Gr. &?;.] To praise in song; to worship or extol by singing hymns; to sing.

To hymn the bright of the Lord.

Keble.

Their praise is hymned by loftier harps than mine.

Byron.

Hymn, v. i. To sing in praise or adoration. Milton.

Hym”nal (?), n. A collection of hymns; a hymn book.

Hym”nic (?), a. [Cf. F. hymnique.] Relating to hymns, or sacred lyrics. Donne.

Hymn”ing (?), a. Praising with hymns; singing. “The hymning choir.” G. West.

Hymn”ing, n. The singing of hymns. Milton.

Hym”nist (?), n. A writer of hymns.

Hym”no*dy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a hymn + &?; a song, a singing.] Hymns, considered collectively; hymnology.

Hym*nog”ra*pher (?), n. 1. One who writes on the subject of hymns.

2. A writer or composed of hymns.

Hym*nog”ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; hymn + graphy.] The art or act of composing hymns.

Hym*nol”o*gist (?), n. A composer or compiler of hymns; one versed in hymnology. Busby.

Hym*nol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; hymn + -logy: cf. F. hymnologie.] 1. The hymns or sacred lyrics composed by authors of a particular country or period; as, the hymnology of the eighteenth century; also, the collective body of hymns used by any particular church or religious body; as, the Anglican hymnology.

2. A knowledge of hymns; a treatise on hymns.

Hymp”ne (?), n. A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hynd”reste (?), a. See Hinderest. [Obs.]

Hyne (?), n. A servant. See Hine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy”o- (?). [See Hyod.] A prexif used in anatomy, and generally denoting connection with the hyoid bone or arch; as, hyoglossal, hyomandibular, hyomental, etc.

||Hy`o*ga*noi”de*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hyo-, and Canoidei.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes, including the gar pikes and bowfins. — Hy`o*ga”noid (#), a.

Hy`o*glos”sal (?), a. [Hyo- + Gr. &?; tongue.] (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to or connecting the tongue and hyodean arch; as, the hyoglossal membrane. (b) Of or pertaining to the hyoglossus muscle.

||Hy`o*glos”sus (?), n. [NL., fr. hyo- hyo- + Gr. glw^ssa tongue.] (Anat.) A flat muscle on either side of the tongue, connecting it with the hyoid bone.

Hy”oid (?), a. [Gr. &?; fr. the letter &UPSILON; + &?; form: cf. F. hyoïde.] 1. Having the form of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsilon [&UPSILON;].

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bony or cartilaginous arch which supports the tongue. Sometimes applied to the tongue itself.

Hyoid arch (Anat.), the arch of cartilaginous or bony segments, which connects the base of the tongue with either side of the skull. — Hyoid bone (Anat.), the bone in the base of the tongue, the middle part of the hyoid arch.

Hy”oid, n. The hyoid bone.

{ Hy*oid”e*al (?), Hy*oid”e*an (?), } a. Same as Hyoid, a.

Hy`o*man*dib”u*lar (?), a. [Hyo- + mandibular.] (Anat.) Pertaining both to the hyoidean arch and the mandible or lower jaw; as, the hyomandibular bone or cartilage, a segment of the hyoid arch which connects the lower jaw with the skull in fishes. — n. The hyomandibular bone or cartilage.

Hy`o*men”tal (?), a. [Hyo- + mental of the chin.] (Anat.) Between the hyoid bone and the lower jaw, pertaining to them; suprahyoid; submaxillary; as, the hyomental region of the front of the neck.

Hy`o*pas”tron (?), n. [Hyo- + plastron.] (Zoöl.) The second lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; — called also hyosternum.

Hy*os”cine (?), n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found with hyoscyamine (with which it is also isomeric) in henbane, and extracted as a white, amorphous, semisolid substance.

Hy`os*cy”a*mine (?), n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and regarded as its active principle. It is also found with other alkaloids in the thorn apple and deadly nightshade. It is extracted as a white crystalline substance, with a sharp, offensive taste. Hyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine, is very poisonous, and is used as a medicine for neuralgia, like belladonna. Called also hyoscyamia, duboisine, etc.

||Hy`os*cy”a*mus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; a sow, hog + &?; a bean.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of poisonous plants of the Nightshade family; henbane.

2. (Med.) The leaves of the black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), used in neuralgic and pectorial troubles.

Hy`o*ster”nal (?), a. [Hyo- + ternal.] (Anat.) (a) Between the hyoid bone and the sternum, or pertaining to them; infrahyoid; as, the hyosternal region of the neck. (b) Pertaining to the hyosternum of turtles.

||Hy`o*ster”num (?), n. [Hyo- + sternum.] (Anat.) See Hyoplastron.

Hy`o*styl”ic (?), a. [Hyo- + Gr. &?; a pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandible suspended by the hyomandibular, or upper part of the hyoid arch, as in fishes, instead of directly articulated with the skull as in mammals; — said of the skull.

Hyp (?), n. An abbreviation of hypochonaria; — usually in plural. [Colloq.]

Heaven send thou hast not got the hyps.

Swift.

Hyp, v. t. To make melancholy. [Colloq.] W. Irving.

{ Hy*pæ“thral, Hy*pe”thral (?) }, a. [L. hypaethrus in the open air, uncovered, Gr. &?;; &?; under + &?; ether, the clear sky.] (Arch.) Exposed to the air; wanting a roof; — applied to a building or part of a building. Gwilt.

Hy*pal”la*ge (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, prop., interchange, exchange, fr, &?; to interchange; &?; under + &?; to change.] (Gram.) A figure consisting of a transference of attributes from their proper subjects to others. Thus Virgil says, “dare classibus austros,” to give the winds to the fleets, instead of dare classibus austris, to give the fleets to the winds.

The hypallage, of which Virgil is fonder than any other writer, is much the gravest fault in language.

Landor.

||Hy*pan”thi*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hypanthia (#), E. Hypanthiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. “ypo beneath + ‘a`nqos flower.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting in large part of a receptacle, enlarged below the calyx, as in the Calycanthus, the rose hip, and the pear.

||Hy`pa*poph”y*sis (?), n.; pl. Hypapophyles (#). [NL. See Hypo-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A process, or other element, of a vertebra developed from the ventral side of the centrum, as hæmal spines, and chevron bones. — Hy`pa*po*phys”i*al (#), a.

Hy`par*te”ri*al (?), a. [Hypo- + arterial.] (Anat.) Situated below an artery; applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off below the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus.

Hy*pas”pist (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) A shield-bearer or armor-bearer. Mitford.

Hy*pax”i*al (?), a. [Hypo- + axial.] (Anat.) Beneath the axis of the skeleton; subvertebral; hyposkeletal.

hype v. t. 1. to publicize [e.g. a product or a future event] insistently, in a manner exaggerating the importance of; to promote flamboyantly. [wns=1]
[WordNet 1.5]

2. To stimulate or excite (a person); — usually used with up, and often in the passive form; as, she was all hyped up over her upcoming wedding.
[PJC]

hype n. Intense publicity for a future event, performed in a showy or excessively dramatic manner suggesting an importance not justified by the event; as, the hype surrounding the superbowl is usually ludicrous.
[PJC]

Hy”per- (?). [Gr. “ype`r over, above; akin to L. super, E. over. See Over, and cf. Super- .] 1. A prefix signifying over, above; as, hyperphysical, hyperthyrion; also, above measure, abnormally great, excessive; as, hyperæmia, hyperbola, hypercritical, hypersecretion.

2. (Chem.) A prefix equivalent to super- or per-; as hyperoxide, or peroxide. [Obs.] See Per-.

||Hy`per*æ“mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ype`r over + a”i^ma blood.] (Med.) A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body.

Active hyperæmia, congestion due to increased flow of blood to a part. — Passive hyperæmia, interchange due to obstruction in the return of blood from a part.

— Hy`per*æ“mic (#), a.

||Hy`per*æs*the”si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ype`r over + &?; sense, perception.] (Med. & Physiol.) A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it. — Hy`per*æs*thet”ic (#), a.

||Hy`per*a*poph”y*sis (?), n.; pl. Hyperapophyses (#). [NL. See Hyper- , and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A lateral and backward-projecting process on the dorsal side of a vertebra. – - Hy`per*ap`o*phys”i*al (#), a.

Hy`per*as”pist (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cover with a shield; “ype`r over + &?; shield.] One who holds a shield over another; hence, a defender. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Hy`per*bat”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an hyperbaton; transposed; inverted.

||Hy*per”ba*ton (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; transposed, fr. &?; to step over; “ype`r over + &?; to step.] (Gram.) A figurative construction, changing or inverting the natural order of words or clauses; as, “echoed the hills” for “the hills echoed.”

With a violent hyperbaton to transpose the text.

Milton.

Hy*per”bo*la (?), n. [Gr. &?;, prop., an overshooting, excess, i. e., of the angle which the cutting plane makes with the base. See Hyperbole.] (Geom.) A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See Focus. If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and Focus.

Hy*per”bo*le (?), n. [L., fr. Gr&?;, prop., an overshooting, excess, fr. Gr. &?; to throw over or beyond; “ype`r over + &?; to throw. See Hyper-, Parable, and cf. Hyperbola.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the expression is an evident exaggeration of the meaning intended to be conveyed, or by which things are represented as much greater or less, better or worse, than they really are; a statement exaggerated fancifully, through excitement, or for effect.

Our common forms of compliment are almost all of them extravagant hyperboles.

Blair.

Somebody has said of the boldest figure in rhetoric, the hyperbole, that it lies without deceiving.

Macaulay.

{ Hy`per*bol”ic (?), Hy`per*bol”ic*al (?), } a. [L. hyperbolicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hyperbolique.] 1. (Math.) Belonging to the hyperbola; having the nature of the hyperbola.

2. (Rhet.) Relating to, containing, or of the nature of, hyperbole; exaggerating or diminishing beyond the fact; exceeding the truth; as, an hyperbolical expression. “This hyperbolical epitaph.” Fuller.

Hyperbolic functions (Math.), certain functions which have relations to the hyperbola corresponding to those which sines, cosines, tangents, etc., have to the circle; and hence, called hyperbolic sines, hyperbolic cosines, etc. — Hyperbolic logarithm. See Logarithm. — Hyperbolic spiral (Math.), a spiral curve, the law of which is, that the distance from the pole to the generating point varies inversely as the angle swept over by the radius vector.

Hy`per*bol”ic*al*ly (?), adv. 1. (Math.) In the form of an hyperbola.

2. (Rhet.) With exaggeration; in a manner to express more or less than the truth. Sir W. Raleigh.

Hy`per*bol”i*form (?), a. [Hyperbola + -form.] Having the form, or nearly the form, of an hyperbola.

Hy*per”bo*lism (?), n. [Cf. F. hyperbolisme.] The use of hyperbole. Jefferson.

Hy*per”bo*list (?), n. One who uses hyperboles.

Hy*per”bo*lize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hyperbolized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hyperbolizing (?).] [Cf. F. hyperboliser.] To speak or write with exaggeration. Bp. Montagu.

Hy*per”bo*lize, v. t. To state or represent hyperbolically. Fotherby.

Hy*per”bo*loid (?), n. [Hyperbola + -oid: cf. F. hyperboloïde.] (Geom.) A surface of the second order, which is cut by certain planes in hyperbolas; also, the solid, bounded in part by such a surface.

Hyperboloid of revolution, an hyperboloid described by an hyperbola revolving about one of its axes. The surface has two separate sheets when the axis of revolution is the transverse axis, but only one when the axis of revolution is the conjugate axis of the hyperbola.

Hy*per”bo*loid, a. (Geom.) Having some property that belongs to an hyperboloid or hyperbola.

Hy`per*bo”re*an (?), a. [L. hyperboreus, Gr. &?;; “ype`r over, beyond + &?;. See Boreas.] 1. (Greek Myth.) Of or pertaining to the region beyond the North wind, or to its inhabitants.

2. Northern; belonging to, or inhabiting, a region in very far north; most northern; hence, very cold; fright, as, a hyperborean coast or atmosphere.

The hyperborean or frozen sea.

C. Butler (1633).

Hy`per*bo”re*an, n. 1. (Greek Myth.) One of the people who lived beyond the North wind, in a land of perpetual sunshine.

2. An inhabitant of the most northern regions.

Hy`per*car”bu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Having an excessive proportion of carbonic acid; — said of bicarbonates or acid carbonates. [Written also hypercarburetted.]

Hy`per*cat`a*lec”tic (?), a. [L. hypercatalecticus, hypercatalectus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hypercatalectique. See Hyper-, and Catalectic.] (Pros.) Having a syllable or two beyond measure; as, a hypercatalectic verse.

Hy`per*chlo”ric (?), a. (Chem.) See Perchloric.

Hy`per*chro”ma*tism (?), n. The condition of having an unusual intensity of color.

Hy`per*crit”ic (?), n. [Pref. hyper- + critic: cf. F. hypercritique.] One who is critical beyond measure or reason; a carping critic; a captious censor. “Hypercritics in English poetry.” Dryden.

Hy`per*crit”ic, a. Hypercritical.

Hy`per*crit”ic*al (?), a. 1. Over critical; unreasonably or unjustly critical; carping; captious. “Hypercritical readers.” Swift.

2. Excessively nice or exact. Evelyn.

Hy`per*crit”ic*al*ly, adv. In a hypercritical manner.

Hy`per*crit”i*cise (?), v. t. To criticise with unjust severity; to criticise captiously.

Hy`per*crit”i*cism (?), n. Excessive criticism, or unjust severity or rigor of criticism; zoilism.

Hy`per*di*crot”ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Excessive dicrotic; as, a hyperdicrotic pulse.

Hy`per*di”cro*tism (?), n. (Physiol.) A hyperdicrotic condition.

Hy`per*di”cro*tous (?), a. (Physiol.) Hyperdicrotic.

||Hy`per*du*li”a (?), n. [Pref. hyper- + dulia: cf. F. hyperdulie.] (R. C. Ch.) Veneration or worship given to the Virgin Mary as the most exalted of mere creatures; higher veneration than dulia. Addis & Arnold.

Hy”per*du`ly (?), n. Hyperdulia. [Obs.]

Hy`per*es*the”si*a (?), n. Same as Hyperæsthesia.

||Hy*per”i*cum (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; under, among + &?;, &?;, heath, heather.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, generally with dotted leaves and yellow flowers; — called also St. John’s-wort.

||Hy`per*i*no”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ype`r over + &?;, &?;, strength, fiber.] (Med.) A condition of the blood, characterized by an abnormally large amount of fibrin, as in many inflammatory diseases.

Hy*pe”ri*on (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Class Myth.) The god of the sun; in the later mythology identified with Apollo, and distinguished for his beauty.

So excellent a king; that was, to this,
Hyperion to a satyr.

Shak.

||Hy`per*ki*ne”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ype`r over + &?; motion.] (Med.) Abnormally increased muscular movement; spasm.

Hy`per*ki*net”ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to hyperkinesis.

Hy`per*met`a*mor”pho*sis (?), n. [Hyper- + metamorphosis.] (Zoöl.) A kind of metamorphosis, in certain insects, in which the larva itself undergoes remarkable changes of form and structure during its growth.

Hy*per”me*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; beyond all measure; “ype`r over, beyond + &?; measure: cf. F. hypermètre.] 1. (Pros.) A verse which has a redundant syllable or foot; a hypercatalectic verse.

2. Hence, anything exceeding the ordinary standard.

When a man rises beyond six foot, he is an hypermeter.

Addison.

Hy`per*met”ric*al (?), a. Having a redundant syllable; exceeding the common measure.

Hypermetrical verse (Gr. & Lat. Pros.), a verse which contains a syllable more than the ordinary measure.

{ ||Hy`per*me*tro”pi*a (?), Hy`per*met”ro*py (?), } n. [NL. hypermetropia, fr. Gr. &?; excessive + &?;, &?;, the eye. See Hypermeter.] A condition of the eye in which, through shortness of the eyeball or fault of the refractive media, the rays of light come to a focus behind the retina; farsightedness; — called also hyperopia. Cf. Emmetropia.

&fist; In hypermetropia, vision for distant objects, although not better absolutely, is better than that for near objects, and hence, the individual is said to be farsighted. It is corrected by the use of convex glasses.

— Hy`per*me*trop”ic (#), a.

||Hy`per*myr`i*o*ra”ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; beyond + &?; countless + &?; view.] A show or exhibition having a great number of scenes or views.

||Hy`per*o*ar”ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of marsipobranchs including the lampreys. The suckerlike moth contains numerous teeth; the nasal opening is in the middle of the head above, but it does not connect with the mouth. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey.

||Hy`per*o”pi*a (hī`p&etilde;r*ō“p&ibreve;*&adot;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ype`r over + ‘w`ps, ‘wpo`s, the eye.] Hypermetropia. — Hy`per*op”tic (#), a.

Hy`per*or*gan”ic (ôr*găn”&ibreve;k), a. [Pref. hyper + organic.] Higher than, or beyond the sphere of, the organic. Sir W. Hamilton.

Hy`per*or”tho*dox`y (?), n. Orthodoxy pushed to excess.

||Hy`per*o*tre”ta (hī`p&etilde;r*&osl;*trē“t&adot;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “yperw`,n the palate + trhto`s perforated.] (Zoöl.) An order of marsipobranchs, including the Myxine or hagfish and the genus Bdellostoma. They have barbels around the mouth, one tooth on the palate, and a communication between the nasal aperture and the throat. See Hagfish. [Written also Hyperotreti.]

Hy`per*ox”ide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound having a relatively large percentage of oxygen; a peroxide. [Obs.]

{ Hy`per*ox”y*gen*a`ted (?), Hy`per*ox”y*gen*ized (?), } a. (Chem.) Combined with a relatively large amount of oxygen; — said of higher oxides. [Obs.]

Hy`per*ox`y*mu”ri*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A perchlorate. [Obs.]

Hy`per*ox`y*mu`ri*at”ic (?), a. (Chem.) Perchloric; as, hyperoxymuriatic acid. [Obs.]

Hy`per*phys”ic*al (?), a. Above or transcending physical laws; supernatural.

Those who do not fly to some hyperphysical hypothesis.

Sir W. Hamilton.

||Hy`per*pla”si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ype`r over + &?; conformation, fr. &?; to mold.] (Med. & Biol.) An increase in, or excessive growth of, the normal elements of any part.

&fist; Hyperplasia relates to the formation of new elements, hypertrophy being an increase in bulk of preexisting normal elements. Dunglison.

Hy`per*plas”tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to hyperplasia.

2. (Biol.) Tending to excess of formative action.

||Hy`perp*nœ“a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ype`r over + &?;, &?;, breath.] (Physiol.) Abnormal breathing, due to slightly deficient arterialization of the blood; — in distinction from eupnœa. See Eupnœa, and Dispnœa.

||Hy`per*py*rex”i*a (?), n. [NL. See Hyper-, and Pyrexia.] (Med.) A condition of excessive fever; an elevation of temperature in a disease, in excess of the limit usually observed in that disease.

Hy`per*se*cre”tion (?), n. (Med.) Morbid or excessive secretion, as in catarrh.

Hy`per*sen`si*bil”i*ty (?), n. See Hyperæsthesia.

Hy”per*space (spās), n. [Pref. hyper + space.] (Geom.) An imagined space having more than three dimensions.

Hy”per*sthene (hī“p&etilde;r*sthēn), n. [Gr. “ype`r over + sqe`nos strength: cf. F. hyperstène.] (Min.) An orthorhombic mineral of the pyroxene group, of a grayish or greenish black color, often with a peculiar bronzelike luster (schiller) on the cleavage surface.

Hy`per*sthen”ic (?), a. (Min.) Composed of, or containing, hypersthene.

Hy`per*thet”ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;; “ype`r over + tiqe`nai to place.] Exaggerated; excessive; hyperbolical. [Obs.]

Hyperthetical or superlative . . . expression.

Chapman.

||Hy`per*thyr”i*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; “ype`r over + &?; door.] (Arch.) That part of the architrave which is over a door or window.

{ Hy`per*troph”ic (?), Hy`per*troph”ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. hypertrophique.] (Med. & Biol.) Of or pertaining to hypertrophy; affected with, or tending to, hypertrophy.

Hy*per”tro*phied (?), a. (Med. & Biol.) Excessively developed; characterized by hypertrophy.

Hy*per”tro*phy (?), n. [Gr. “ype`r over, beyond + &?; nourishment, fr. &?; to nourish: cf. F. hypertrophie.] (Med. & Biol.) A condition of overgrowth or excessive development of an organ or part; — the opposite of atrophy.

||Hy”phæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “yfh` a web.] (Bot.) The long, branching filaments of which the mycelium (and the greater part of the plant) of a fungus is formed. They are also found enveloping the gonidia of lichens, making up a large part of their structure.

Hy”phen (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; under one, into one, together, fr. &?; under + &?;, neut. of &?; one. See Hypo-.] (Print.) A mark or short dash, thus ], placed at the end of a line which terminates with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line; or between the parts of many a compound word; as in fine leaved, clear-headed. It is also sometimes used to separate the syllables of words.

Hy”phen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hyphened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hyphening.] To connect with, or separate by, a hyphen, as two words or the parts of a word.

Hy”phen*a`ted (?), a. United by hyphens; hyphened; as, a hyphenated or hyphened word.

||Hy`pho*my*ce”tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a web + &?;, &?;, a mushroom.] (Bot.) One of the great division of fungi, containing those species which have naked spores borne on free or only fasciculate threads. M. J. Berkley.

Hy*pid`i*o*mor”phic (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + idiomorphic.] (Crystallog.) Partly idiomorphic; — said of rock a portion only of whose constituents have a distinct crystalline form. — Hy*pid`i*o*mor”phic*al*ly (#), adv.

||Hyp`i*no”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; under + &?;, &?; strength, fiber.] (Med.) A diminution in the normal amount of fibrin present in the blood.

Hyp`na*gog”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; sleep + &?; a carrying away.] Leading to sleep; — applied to the illusions of one who is half asleep.

Hyp”no*bate (?), n. [F., fr. Gr. &?; sleep + &?; to go.] A somnambulist. [R.]

Hyp”no*cyst (?), n. [Gr. &?; sleep + E. cyst.] (Biol.) A cyst in which some unicellular organisms temporarily inclose themselves, from which they emerge unchanged, after a period of drought or deficiency of food. In some instances, a process of spore formation seems to occur within such cysts.

Hyp`no*gen”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; sleep + root of &?; to be born.] (Physiol.) Relating to the production of hypnotic sleep; as, the so-called hypnogenic pressure points, pressure upon which is said to cause an attack of hypnotic sleep. De Watteville.

Hyp*nol”o*gist (?), n. One who is versed in hypnology.

Hyp*nol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; sleep + -logy.] A treatise on sleep; the doctrine of sleep.

||Hyp*no”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; sleep.] (Med.) Supervention of sleep.

Hyp*not”ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; inclined to sleep, putting to sleep, fr. &?; to lull to sleep, fr. &?; sleep; akin to L. somnus, and E. somnolent: cf. F. hypnotique.] 1. Having the quality of producing sleep; tending to produce sleep; soporific.

2. Of or pertaining to hypnotism; in a state of hypnotism; liable to hypnotism; as, a hypnotic condition.

Hyp*not”ic, n. 1. Any agent that produces, or tends to produce, sleep; an opiate; a soporific; a narcotic.

2. A person who exhibits the phenomena of, or is subject to, hypnotism.

Hyp”no*tism (?), n. [Gr. &?; sleep: cf. F. hypnotisme.] A form of sleep or somnambulism brought on by artificial means, in which there is an unusual suspension of some powers, and an unusual activity of others. It is induced by an action upon the nerves, through the medium of the senses, as in persons of very feeble organization, by gazing steadly at a very bright object held before the eyes, or by pressure upon certain points of the surface of the body.

Hyp`no*ti*za”tion (?), n. The act or process of producing hypnotism.

Hyp”no*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypnotized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hypnotizing (?).] To induce hypnotism in; to place in a state of hypnotism.

Hyp”no*ti`zer (?), n. One who hypnotizes.

||Hyp”num (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; moss.] (Bot.) The largest genus of true mosses; feather moss.

Hy”po- (?). [Gr. &?; under, beneath; akin to L. sub. See Sub-.] 1. A prefix signifying a less quantity, or a low state or degree, of that denoted by the word with which it is joined, or position under or beneath.

2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed enters with a low valence, or in a low state of oxidization, usually the lowest, into the compounds indicated; as, hyposulphurous acid.

Hy”po (?), n. Hypochondria. [Colloq.]

Hy”po, n. [Abbrev. from hyposulphite.] (Photog.) Sodium hyposulphite, or thiosulphate, a solution of which is used as a bath to wash out the unchanged silver salts in a picture. [Colloq.]

Hy`po*a”ri*an (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a hypoarion.

||Hy`po*a”ri*on (?), n.; pl. Hypoaria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + &?; a little egg.] (Anat.) An oval lobe beneath each of the optic lobes in many fishes; one of the inferior lobes. Owen.

Hy”po*blast (?), n. [Pref. hypo- + -blast.] (Biol.) The inner or lower layer of the blastoderm; — called also endoderm, entoderm, and sometimes hypoderm. See Illust. of Blastoderm, Delamination, and Ectoderm.

Hy`po*blas”tic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to, or connected with, the hypoblast; as, the hypoic sac.

Hy*pob”o*le (?), n. [Gr. &?; a throwing under, a suggesting; &?; under + &?; to throw.] (Rhet.) A figure in which several things are mentioned that seem to make against the argument, or in favor of the opposite side, each of them being refuted in order.

Hy`po*bran”chi*al (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + branchial.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the segment between the basibranchial and the ceratobranchial in a branchial arch. — n. A hypobranchial bone or cartilage.

{ Hy”po*carp (?), ||Hy`po*car”pi*um (?), } n. [NL. hypocarpium, fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) A fleshy enlargement of the receptacle, or for the stem, below the proper fruit, as in the cashew. See Illust. of Cashew.

Hy`po*car`po*ge”an (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; fruit + &?; earth.] (Bot.) Producing fruit below the ground.

Hyp”o*caust (?), n. [L. hypocaustum, Gr. &?;; &?; under + &?; to burn: cf. F. hypocauste.] (Anc. Arch.) A furnace, esp. one connected with a series of small chambers and flues of tiles or other masonry through which the heat of a fire was distributed to rooms above. This contrivance, first used in bath, was afterwards adopted in private houses.

Hy`po*chlo”rite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of hypochlorous acid; as, a calcium hypochloride.

Hy`po*chlo”rous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + chlorous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine having a valence lower than in chlorous compounds.

Hypochlorous acid (Chem.), an acid derived from chlorine, not known in a pure state, but forming various salts, called hypochlorites.

Hy`po*chon”dres (?), n. pl. [F. hypocondres, formerly spely hypochondres.] The hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondrium.

Hy`po*chon”dri*a (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Hypochondriasis; melancholy; the blues.

Hy`po*chon”dri*ac (?), a. [Gr. &?; affocated in the hypochondrium: cf. F. hypocondriaque, formerly spelt hypochondriaque.] 1. Of or pertaining to hypochondria, or the hypochondriac regions.

2. Affected, characterized, or produced, by hypochondriasis.

Hypochondriac region (Anat.), a region on either side of the abdomen beneath the cartilages of the false ribs, beside the epigastric, and above the lumbar, region.

Hy`po*chon”dri*ac, n. A person affected with hypochondriasis.

He had become an incurable hypochondriac.

Macaulay.

Hy`po*chon”dri*a*cal (?), a. Same as Hypochondriac, 2. — Hy`po*chon”dri*a*cal*ly, adv.

Hy`po*chon”dri*a*cism (?), n. (Med.) Hypochondriasis. [R.]

Hy`po*chon”dri*a*sis (?), n. [NL. So named because supposed to have its seat in the hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondriac, Hypochondrium, and cf. Hyp, 1st Hypo.] (Med.) A mental disorder in which melancholy and gloomy views torment the affected person, particularly concerning his own health.

Hy`po*chon”dri*asm (?), n. (Med.) Hypochondriasis. [R.]

||Hy`po*chon”dri*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hypochondria (#), E. Hypochondriums (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, from &?; under the cartilage of the breastbone; &?; under + &?; cartilage.] (Anat.) Either of the hypochondriac regions.

Hy`po*chon”dry (?), n. Hypochondriasis.

Hyp”o*cist (?), n. [Gr. &?; a plant growing on the roots of the Cistus.] An astringent inspissated juice obtained from the fruit of a plant (Cytinus hypocistis), growing from the roots of the Cistus, a small European shrub.

||Hy`po*clei”di*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hypocleida (#), E. Hypocleidiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; under + &?; a little key.] (Anat.) A median process on the furculum, or merrythought, of many birds, where it is connected with the sternum.

Hyp`o*co*ris”tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; under + &?; to caress.] Endearing; diminutive; as, the hypocoristic form of a name.

The hypocoristic or pet form of William.

Dr. Murray.

Hyp`o*cra*ter”i*form (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + krath`r cup + -form.] (Bot.) hypocraterimorphous; salver-shaped. Wood.

Hyp`o*cra*ter`i*mor”phous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. krath`r bowl + morfh` form.] (Bot.) Salver-shaped; having a slender tube, expanding suddenly above into a bowl-shaped or spreading border, as in the blossom of the phlox and the lilac.

Hy*poc”ri*sy (h&ibreve;*p&obreve;k”r&ibreve;*s&ybreve;), n.; pl. Hypocrisies (- s&ibreve;z). [OE. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, OF. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, F. hypocrisie, L. hypocrisis, fr. Gr. “ypo`krisis the playing a part on the stage, simulation, outward show, fr. “ypokr`nesqai to answer on the stage, to play a part; “ypo` under + kri`nein to decide; in the middle voice, to dispute, contend. See Hypo-, and Critic.] The act or practice of a hypocrite; a feigning to be what one is not, or to feel what one does not feel; a dissimulation, or a concealment of one’s real character, disposition, or motives; especially, the assuming of false appearance of virtue or religion; a simulation of goodness.

Hypocrisy is the necessary burden of villainy.

Rambler.

Hypocrisy is the homage vice pays to virtue.

La Rochefoucauld (Trans. ).

Hyp”o*crite (?), n. [F., fr. L. hypocrita, Gr. &?; one who plays a part on the stage, a dissembler, feigner. See Hypocrisy.] One who plays a part; especially, one who, for the purpose of winning approbation of favor, puts on a fair outside seeming; one who feigns to be other and better than he is; a false pretender to virtue or piety; one who simulates virtue or piety.

The hypocrite’s hope shall perish.

Job viii. 13.

I dare swear he is no hypocrite, but prays from his heart.

Shak.

Syn. — Deceiver; pretender; cheat. See Dissembler.

Hyp”o*crite*ly, adv. Hypocritically. [R.] Sylvester.

Hyp`o*crit”ic (?), a. See Hypocritical. Swift.

Hyp`o*crit”ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. hypocritique.] Of or pertaining to a hypocrite, or to hypocrisy; as, a hypocriticalperson; a hypocritical look; a hypocritical action.

Hypocritical professions of friendship and of pacific intentions were not spared.

Macaulay.

— Hyp`o*crit”ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Hyp`o*crys”tal*line (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + crystalline.] (Crystallog.) Partly crystalline; — said of rock which consists of crystals imbedded in a glassy ground mass.

Hy`po*cy”cloid (?), n. [Pref. hypo- + cycloid: cf. F. hypocycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which rolls on the concave side in the fixed circle. Cf. Epicycloid, and Trochoid.

||Hyp`o*dac”ty*lum (?), n.; pl. -tyla (#). [NL., fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + &?; a finger, toe.] (Zoöl.) The under side of the toes.

Hyp”o*derm (?), n. [Pref. hypo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Same as Hypoblast.

||Hyp`o*der”ma (?), n. [NL. See Hypo, and derma.] 1. (Bot.) A layer of tissue beneath the epidermis in plants, and performing the physiological function of strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous plants it is developed as collenchyma.

2. (Zoöl.) An inner cellular layer which lies beneath the chitinous cuticle of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Hyp`o*der*mat”ic (?), a. Hypodermic.

— Hyp`o*der*mat”ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Hyp`o*der”mic (?), a. [See Hypoderma.] Of or pertaining to the parts under the skin.

Hypodermic medication, the application of remedies under the epidermis, usually by means of a small syringe, called the hypodermic syringe.

— Hyp`o*der”mic*al*ly (#), adv.

||Hyp`o*der”mis (?), n. [NL. See Hypo-, and Derma.] 1. (Biol.) Same as Hypoblast.

2. (Zoöl.) Same as Hypoderma, 2.

{ Hyp`o*di*crot”ic (?), Hyp`o*di”cro*tous (?), } a. (Physiol.) Exhibiting retarded dicrotism; as, a hypodicrotic pulse curve.

Hyp`o*gæ“ic (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. gai^a, gh^, earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the peanut, or earthnut (Arachis hypogæa).

Hypogæic acid (Chem.), an acid in the oil of the earthnut, in which it exists as a glyceride, and from which it is extracted as a white, crystalline substance.

Hyp`o*gas”tric (?), a. [Cf. F. hypogastrique. See Hypogastrium.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hypogastrium or the hypogastric region.

Hypogastric region. (a) The lower part of the abdomen. (b) An arbitrary division of the abdomen below the umbilical and between the two iliac regions.

||Hyp`o*gas”tri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; under + &?; belly.] (Anat.) The lower part of the abdomen.

Hyp`o*ge”an (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; earth.] (Bot.) Hypogeous. [Written also hypogæan.]

Hyp”o*gene (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + the root of Gr. &?; to be born: cf. F. hypogène.] (Geol.) Formed or crystallized at depths beneath the earth’s surface; — said of granite, gneiss, and other rocks, whose crystallization is believed of have taken place beneath a great thickness of overlying rocks. Opposed to epigene.

Hyp`o*ge”ous (?), a. [See Hypogean.] (Bot.) Growing under ground; remaining under ground; ripening its fruit under ground. [Written also hypogæous.]

||Hyp`o*ge”um (?), n.; pl. Hypogea (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, subterranean; &?; under + &?;, &?;, the earth.] (Anc. Arch.) The subterraneous portion of a building, as in amphitheaters, for the service of the games; also, subterranean galleries, as the catacombs.

Hyp`o*glos”sal (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; the tongue.] (Anat.) Under the tongue; — applied esp., in the higher vertebrates, to the twelfth or last pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the base of the tongue. — n. One of the hypoglossal nerves.

Hy*pog”na*tous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxilla, or lower jaw, longer than the upper, as in the skimmer.

Hyp”o*gyn (?), n. (Bot.) An hypogynous plant.

Hy*pog”y*nous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; woman, female: cf. F. hypogyne.] (Bot.) Inserted below the pistil or pistils; — said of sepals, petals, and stamens; having the sepals, petals, and stamens inserted below the pistil; — said of a flower or a plant. Gray.

Hy`po*hy”al (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Greek letter &?;.] (Anat.) Pertaining to one or more small elements in the hyoidean arch of fishes, between the caratohyal and urohyal. — n. One of the hypohyal bones or cartilages.

Hy`po*nas”tic (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; pressed close.] (Bot.) Exhibiting a downward convexity caused by unequal growth. Cf. Epinastic.

Hy`po*nas”ty (?), n. (Bot.) Downward convexity, or convexity of the inferior surface.

Hy`po*ni”trite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of hyponitrous acid.

Hy`po*ni”trous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + nitrous.] (Chem.) Containing or derived from nitrogen having a lower valence than in nitrous compounds.

Hyponitrous acid (Chem.), an unstable nitrogen acid, NOH, whose salts are produced by reduction of the nitrates, although the acid itself is not isolated in the free state except as a solution in water; — called also nitrosylic acid.

||Hy`po*phar”ynx (?), n. [NL. See Hypo-, and Pharynx.] (Zoöl.) An appendage or fold on the lower side of the pharynx, in certain insects.

Hy`po*phos”phate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of hypophosphoric acid.

Hy`po*phos”phite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of hypophosphorous acid.

Hy`po*phos*phor”ic (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as, hypophosphoric acid.

Hypophosphoric acid (Chem.), an acid, P_2H_4O_6, produced by the slow oxidation of moist phosphorus, and isolated only as a solution in water. It is regarded as a condensation product of one molecule of phosphoric acid with one of phosphorous acid, by partial dehydration.

Hy`po*phos”phor*ous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + phosphorous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as, hypophosphorous acid.

Hypophosphorous acid (Chem.) , an acid, H_3PO_2, whose salts are produced by the action of barium hygrate on phosphorus. It may be obtained from its water solution, by exaporation and freezing, as a white crystalline substance. It is a powerful reducing agent.

Hy*poph”yl*lous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Being or growing on the under side of a leaf, as the fruit dots of ferns.

Hy`po*phys”i*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hypophysis; pituitary.

||Hy*poph”y*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; under + &?; nature, origin.] 1. (Anat.) See Pituitary body, under Pituitary.

2. (Med.) Cataract.

Hy`po*plas”tron (?), n.; pl. Hypoplastra (#). [Pref. hypo- + plastron.] (Anat.) The third lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; — called also hyposternum.

||Hy*pop”ti*lum (?), n.; pl. L. Hypoptila (#), E. Hypoptilums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + &?; down.] (Zoöl.) An accessory plume arising from the posterior side of the stem of the contour feathers of many birds; — called also aftershaft. See Illust. of Feather.

||Hy`po*ra”di*us (?), n.; pl. Hyporadii (#). [Pref. hypo- + radius.] (Zoöl.) One of the barbs of the hypoptilum, or aftershaft of a feather. See Feather.

||Hy`po*rha”chis (?), n.; pl. Hyporhachides (#). [NL., fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + &?; spine.] (Zoöl.) The stem of an aftershaft or hypoptilum. [Written also hyporachis.]

Hy`po*skel”e*tal (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + skeletal.] (Anat.) Beneath the endoskeleton; hypaxial; as, the hyposkeletal muscles; — opposed to episkeletal.

||Hy`po*spa”di*as (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + spa`n to draw, tear.] (Med.) A deformity of the penis, in which the urethra opens upon its under surface.

Hy*pos”ta*sis (?), n.; pl. Hypostases (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?; subsistence, substance, fr. &?; to stand under; &?; under + &?; to stand, middle voice of &?; to cause to stand. See Hypo-, and Stand.] 1. That which forms the basis of anything; underlying principle; a concept or mental entity conceived or treated as an existing being or thing.

2. (Theol.) Substance; subsistence; essence; person; personality; — used by the early theologians to denote any one of the three subdivisions of the Godhead, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

&fist; The Council of Alexandria (a. d. 362) defined hypostasis as synonymous with person. Schaff- Herzog.

3. Principle; an element; — used by the alchemists in speaking of salt, sulphur, and mercury, which they considered as the three principles of all material bodies.

4. (Med.) That which is deposited at the bottom of a fluid; sediment.

Hy*pos”ta*size (?), v. t. To make into a distinct substance; to conceive or treat as an existing being; to hypostatize. [R.]

The pressed Newtonians . . . refused to hypostasize the law of gravitation into an ether.

Coleridge.

{ Hy`po*stat”ic (?), Hy`po*stat”ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. hypostatique.] 1. Relating to hypostasis, or substance; hence, constitutive, or elementary.

The grand doctrine of the chymists, touching their three hypostatical principles.

Boyle.

2. Personal, or distinctly personal; relating to the divine hypostases, or substances. Bp. Pearson.

3. (Med.) Depending upon, or due to, deposition or setting; as, hypostatic cognestion, cognestion due to setting of blood by gravitation.

Hypostatic union (Theol.), the union of the divine with the human nature of Christ. Tillotson.

Hy`po*stat”ic*al*ly, adv. In a hypostatic manner.

Hy*pos”ta*tize (?), v. t. 1. To make into, or regarded as, a separate and distinct substance.

Looked upon both species and genera as hypostatized universals.

Pop. Sci. Monthly.

2. To attribute actual or personal existence to. Sir W. Hamilton.

||Hy`po*ster”num (?), n.; pl. L. Hyposterna (#), E. Hyposternums (#). [Pref. hypo- + sternum.] (Anat.) See Hypoplastron.

{ Hy”po*stome (?), ||Hy*pos”to*ma (?), } n. [NL. hypostoma, fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lower lip of trilobites, crustaceans, etc.

Hy*pos”tro*phe (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn round or back; &?; under + &?; to turn.] (Med.) (a) The act of a patient turning himself. (b) A relapse, or return of a disease.

Hy”po*style (?), a. [Gr. &?; resting on pillars; &?; under + &?; a pillar.] (Arch.) Resting upon columns; constructed by means of columns; — especially applied to the great hall at Karnak.

Hy`po*sul”phate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of hyposulphuric acid.

Hy`po*sul”phite (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of what was formerly called hyposulphurous acid; a thiosulphate. [Obs.] (b) A salt of hyposulphurous acid proper.

Hy`po*sul*phur”ic (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur in a lower state of oxidation than in the sulphuric compounds; as, hyposulphuric acid.

Hyposulphuric acid, an acid, H_2S_2O_6, obtained by the action of manganese dioxide on sulphur dioxide, and known only in a watery solution and in its salts; — called also dithionic acid. See Dithionic.

Hy`po*sul”phur*ous (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + sulphurous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur, all, or a part, in a low state of oxidation.

Hyposulphurous acid. (a) Thiosulphuric acid. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H_2SO_2, obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. It is not obtained in the free state, but in an orange-yellow water solution, which is a strong reducing and bleaching agent. Called also hydrosulphurous acid.

||Hy`po*tar”sus (?), n.; pl. Hypotarsi (#). [NL. See Hypo-, and Tarsus.] (Anat.) A process on the posterior side of the tarsometatarsus of many birds; the calcaneal process. — Hy`po*tar”sal (#), a.

{ Hy*pot”e*nuse (?), Hy*poth”e*nuse (?) }, n. [L. hypotenusa, Gr. &?;, prob., subtending (sc. &?;), fr. &?; to stretch under, subtend; &?; under + &?; to stretch. See Subtend.] (Geom.) The side of a right-angled triangle that is opposite to the right angle.

Hy*poth”ec (?), n. [F. hypothèque. See Hypotheca.] (Scot. Law) A landlord’s right, independently of stipulation, over the stocking (cattle, implements, etc.), and crops of his tenant, as security for payment of rent.

||Hy`po*the”ca (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a thing subject to some obligation, fr. &?; to put under, put down, pledge. See Hypothesis.] (Rom. Law) An obligation by which property of a debtor was made over to his creditor in security of his debt.

&fist; It differed from pledge in regard to possession of the property subject to the obligation; pledge requiring, simple hypotheca not requiring, possession of it by the creditor. The modern mortgage corresponds very closely with it. Kent.

Hy*poth”e*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypothecated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hypothecating (?).] [LL. hypothecatus, p. p. of hypothecare to pledge, fr. L. hypotheca pledge, security. See Hypotheca.] (Law) To subject, as property, to liability for a debt or engagement without delivery of possession or transfer of title; to pledge without delivery of possession; to mortgage, as ships, or other personal property; to make a contract by bottomry. See Hypothecation, Bottomry.

He had found the treasury empty and the pay of the navy in arrear. He had no power to hypothecate any part of the public revenue. Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word.

Macaulay.

Hy*poth`e*ca”tion (?), n. [LL. hypothecatio.] 1. (Civ. Law) The act or contract by which property is hypothecated; a right which a creditor has in or to the property of his debtor, in virtue of which he may cause it to be sold and the price appropriated in payment of his debt. This is a right in the thing, or jus in re. Pothier. B. R. Curtis.

There are but few cases, if any, in our law, where an hypothecation, in the strict sense of the Roman law, exists; that is a pledge without possession by the pledgee.

Story.

&fist; In the modern civil law, this contract has no application to movable property, not even to ships, to which and their cargoes it is most frequently applied in England and America. See Hypothecate. B. R. Curtis. Domat.

2. (Law of Shipping) A contract whereby, in consideration of money advanced for the necessities of the ship, the vessel, freight, or cargo is made liable for its repayment, provided the ship arrives in safety. It is usually effected by a bottomry bond. See Bottomry.

&fist; This term is often applied to mortgages of ships.

Hy*poth”e*ca`tor (?), n. (Law) One who hypothecates or pledges anything as security for the repayment of money borrowed.

{ Hy*poth”e*nal (?), Hy*poth”e*nar (?), } a. [Pref. hypo- + thenar.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prominent part of the palm of the hand above the base of the little finger, or a corresponding part in the forefoot of an animal; as, the hypothenar eminence.

Hy*poth”e*nar (?), n. (Anat.) The hypothenar eminence.

Hy*poth`e*nu”sal (?), a. Of or pertaining to hypothenuse. [R.]

Hy*poth”e*nuse (?), n. Same as Hypotenuse.

Hy*poth”e*sis (?), n.; pl. Hypotheses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; foundation, supposition, fr. &?; to place under, &?; under + &?; to put. See Hypo-, Thesis.] 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw a conclusion or inference for proof of the point in question; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument, or to account for a fact or an occurrence; as, the hypothesis that head winds detain an overdue steamer.

An hypothesis being a mere supposition, there are no other limits to hypotheses than those of the human imagination.

J. S. Mill.

2. (Natural Science) A tentative theory or supposition provisionally adopted to explain certain facts, and to guide in the investigation of others; hence, frequently called a working hypothesis.

Syn. — Supposition; assumption. See Theory.

Nebular hypothesis. See under Nebular.

{ Hy`po*thet”ic (?), Hy`po*thet”ic*al (?), } a. [L. hypotheticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hypothétique.] Characterized by, or of the nature of, an hypothesis; conditional; assumed without proof, for the purpose of reasoning and deducing proof, or of accounting for some fact or phenomenon.

Causes hypothetical at least, if not real, for the various phenomena of the existence of which our experience informs us.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Hypothetical baptism (Ch. of Eng.), baptism administered to persons in respect to whom it is doubtful whether they have or have not been baptized before. Hook.

— Hy`po*thet”ic*al*ly, adv. South.

Hy*poth”e*tist (?), n. One who proposes or supports an hypothesis. [R.]

||Hy`po*tra*che”li*um (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; under + &?; neck.] (Arch.) Same as Gorgerin.

||Hy*pot”ri*cha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. “ypo` beneath + &?;, &?;, a hair.] (Zoöl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria in which the cilia cover only the under side of the body.

Hy`po*tro”choid (?), n. [Pref. hypo- + trochoid.] (Geom.) A curve, traced by a point in the radius, or radius produced, of a circle which rolls upon the concave side of a fixed circle. See Hypocycloid, Epicycloid, and Trochoid.

||Hy`po*ty*po”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to sketch out; &?; under + &?; to impress.] (Rhet.) A vivid, picturesque description of scenes or events.

Hy`po*xan”thin (?), n. [Pref. hypo- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, closely related to xanthin and uric acid, widely distributed through the animal body, but especially in muscle tissue; — called also sarcin, sarkin.

Hy`po*zo”ic (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; an animal.] (Geol.) Anterior in age to the lowest rocks which contain organic remains. Lyell.

Hyp”pish (?), a. [From Hyp.] Affected with hypochondria; hypped. [Written also hyppish.]

Hyp”po*griff (?), n. See Hyppogriff.

Hyp”si*loid (?), a. [From &UPSILON;, the Greek letter called “upsilon” + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the Greek letter &UPSILON; in form; hyoid.

Hyp*som”e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; height + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring heights by observation of barometric pressure; esp., one for determining heights by ascertaining the boiling point of water. It consists of a vessel for water, with a lamp for heating it, and an inclosed thermometer for showing the temperature of ebullition.

{ Hyp`so*met”ric (?), Hyp`so*met”ric*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to hypsometry.

Hyp*som”e*try (?), n. That branch of the science of geodesy which has to do with the measurement of heights, either absolutely with reference to the sea level, or relatively.

Hy*pu”ral (?), a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. &?; tail.] (Anat.) Under the tail; — applied to the bones which support the caudal fin rays in most fishes.

Hy”ra*coid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hyracoidea. — n. One of the Hyracoidea.

||Hyr`a*coi”de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Hyrax, and oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of small hoofed mammals, comprising the single living genus Hyrax.

||Hy”rax (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; shrew mouse.] (Zoöl.) Any animal of the genus Hyrax, of which about four species are known. They constitute the order Hyracoidea. The best known species are the daman (H. Syriacus) of Palestine, and the klipdas (H. capensis) of South Africa. Other species are H. arboreus and H. Sylvestris, the former from Southern, and the latter from Western, Africa. See Daman.

{ Hyr*ca”ni*an (?), Hyr”can (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Hyrcania, an ancient country or province of Asia, southeast of the Caspian (which was also called the Hyrcanian) Sea. “The Hyrcan tiger.” “Hyrcanian deserts.” Shak.

Hyrse (?), n. [G. hirse, OHG. hirsi.] (Bot.) Millet.

Hyrst (?), n. A wood. See Hurst.

Hy”son (?), n. [Chin. hi-tshun, lit., first crop, or blooming spring.] A fragrant kind of green tea.

Hyson skin, the light and inferior leaves separated from the hyson by a winnowing machine. M‘Culloch.

Hys”sop (?), n. [OE. hysope, ysope, OF. ysope, F. hysope, hyssope, L. hysopum, hyssopum, hyssopus, Gr. &?;, &?;, an aromatic plant, fr. Heb. ēsov.] A plant (Hyssopus officinalis). The leaves have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste.

&fist; The hyssop of Scripture is supposed to be a species of caper (Capparis spinosa), but probably the name was used for several different plants.

Hys`ter*an”thous (?), a. [Gr. &?; after + &?; flower.] (Bot.) Having the leaves expand after the flowers have opened. Henslow.

||Hys`te*re”sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to be behind, to lag.] (Physics) A lagging or retardation of the effect, when the forces acting upon a body are changed, as if from velocity or internal friction; a temporary resistance to change from a condition previously induced, observed in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc., on reversal of polarity.

Hys*te”ri*a (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. hystérie. See Hysteric.] (Med.) A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxism or fits.

&fist; The chief symptoms are convulsive, tossing movements of the limbs and head, uncontrollable crying and laughing, and a choking sensation as if a ball were lodged in the throat. The affection presents the most varied symptoms, often simulating those of the gravest diseases, but generally curable by mental treatment alone.

{ Hys*ter”ic (?), Hys*ter”ic*al (?), } a. [L. hystericus, Gr. &?;, fr. “yste`ra the womb; perh. akin to &?; latter, later, and E. utter, out.] Of or pertaining to hysteria; affected, or troubled, with hysterics; convulsive, fitful.

With no hysteric weakness or feverish excitement, they preserved their peace and patience.

Bancroft.

Hys*ter”ics (?), n. pl. (Med.) Hysteria.

Hys`ter*o*ep”i*lep`sy (?), n. [Hysteria + epilepsy.] (Med.) A disease resembling hysteria in its nature, and characterized by the occurrence of epileptiform convulsions, which can often be controlled or excited by pressure on the ovaries, and upon other definite points in the body. — Hys`ter*o*ep`i*lep”tic (#), a.

Hys`ter*o*gen”ic (?), a. [Hysteria + root of Gr. &?; to be born.] (Physiol.) Producing hysteria; as, the hysterogenicpressure points on the surface of the body, pressure upon which is said both to produce and arrest an attack of hysteria. De Watteville.

Hys`ter*ol”o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; the latter + &?; discourse: cf. F. hystérologie.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the ordinary course of thought is inverted in expression, and the last put first; — called also hysteron proteron.

||Hys”te*ron prot”e*ron (?). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the latter, following + &?; before, others, sooner.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure in which the natural order of sense is reversed; hysterology; as, valet atque vivit, “he is well and lives.” (b) An inversion of logical order, in which the conclusion is put before the premises, or the thing proved before the evidence.

Hys*ter”o*phyte (?), n. [Gr. &?; following + &?; plant.] (Bot.) A plant, like the fungus, which lives on dead or living organic matter. — Hys`ter*oph”y*tal (#), a.

Hys`ter*ot”o*my (?), n. [Gr. “yste`ra womb + &?; to cut: cf. F. hystérotomie.] (Med.) The Cæsarean section. See under Cæsarean.

Hys”tri*cine (?), a. [See Hystrix.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the porcupines.

Hys`tri*co*mor”phous (?), a. [Hystrix + Gr. &?; form.] (Zoöl.) Like, or allied to, the porcupines; — said of a group (Hystricomorpha) of rodents.

Hys”trix (?), n. [Gr. &?; porcupine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents, including the porcupine.

Hythe (?), n. A small haven. See Hithe. [Obs.]