China and Pottery Marks
Author: Unknown
Date: 2012-07-24T05:00:00+00:00

The Project Gutenberg EBook of China and Pottery Marks, by Unknown

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

Title: China and Pottery Marks

Author: Unknown

Release Date: July 24, 2012 [EBook #40311]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHINA AND POTTERY MARKS ***

Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive.)

CHINA
AND
POTTERY
MARKS

15 EAST 56th STREET
NEW YORK

Traditions and Old China

Copyright, 1920, Gilman Collamore & Company, Inc.

Traditions and Old China

From early days when the ancients showed their appreciation of fine pottery and old glassware by burying “these most esteemed possessions” with the dead, fine china has been synonymous with culture and breeding. With our ancestors for generations we share the tradition that, just as first editions give prestige to one’s book shelves, old china or the finest work of the modern kilns express readily that good taste and discrimination that is characteristic of our old families.

A wealth of association and historic data is to be acquired from the study of the “fabrique marks” and periods of the master craftsmen. If in America there was a general tendency toward acquiring, even a smattering, of this knowledge, there would be less of these drawing-room atrocities which Arthur Hayden in his “Chats on English Earthenware” points out, “To have a modern set of vases adorning a Georgian cabinet is like putting new wine in old bottles.”

For the convenience of the seasoned collector, as well as the beginner, in this book is a representative list of better known marks by which china can be identified. While it is not possible to include a complete list, particularly those of extremely rare specimens, those compiled have particular reference to the marks of English china which is greatly in demand by collectors. These will suffice to enable the reader to identify pieces whenever encountered.

The signatures or mark which the master craftsmen in earth or clay signed their products, just as a painter signs his work, were often specially designed devices of various kinds, often a combination of initials and dates. Each “fabrique mark” stands for a certain potter’s art just as the modern trade-mark.

Beginning more than a half century ago in the old La Farge House in lower Broadway (where John La Farge was born) the house of Gilman Collamore and Company has done much to develop an appreciation of fine china in America. It was one of the first houses to bring over from England and France china, both modern and old, for its American clients. At this time many fine specimens of old china are on view as well as complete stocks from the modern English and Continental manufacture.

GILMAN COLLAMORE & COMPANY, Inc.
15 East 56th Street
New York

Germany and Austria

| DRESDEN
MEISSEN. Established in 1709. Mark used to 1712, in blue. Hard paste.
| DRESDEN
Mark used from 1712 to 1720, in blue. Hard paste.
| DRESDEN
About 1720, mark in blue. Hard paste.
| DRESDEN
1730, mark in blue. Hard paste.
| DRESDEN
1796. MARCOLINI (Director) PERIOD. Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| DRESDEN
Royal pieces only. Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| DRESDEN

Present mark. This mark with two scratches across it shows imperfect pieces which may or may not have been decorated in the factory. Hard paste.

| VIENNA

Established in 1718. This mark first used in 1744. Hard paste.

Royal factory discontinued in 1864.

| BERLIN
Established in 1751. Wegeleys’ mark. Hard paste.
| BERLIN
In 1763 became a royal establishment. Mark in blue. Sometimes an eagle added.
| BERLIN
Different kind of sceptre. In blue. Hard paste.
| BERLIN

An extra mark used in 1830 with the sceptre, which is the present mark. This mark complete is never used except with perfect pieces decorated in the factory. Decorated pieces bearing the blue sceptre mark only are decorated outside of the factory.

| HOCHST, near MAYENCE
Founded in 1720. This mark, used about 1740, in gold, red, or blue. Hard paste.
| HOCHST, near MAYENCE
Hard paste.
| FRANKENTHAL
1755 to 1761. First period. Hard paste.
| FRANKENTHAL
1799, second period. Carl Theodore. Hard paste.
| FRANKENTHAL
Phillipp Hanong (Director). Hard paste.
| FRANKENTHAL
Joseph Adam Hanong (Director). Hard paste.
| FRANKENTHAL
John Hanong (Director). Hard paste.
| FRANKENTHAL
1800. Franz Bartolo (Director). Hard paste.
| NYMPHENBURG
Established in 1747. Hard paste.
| NYMPHENBURG
Hard paste.
| NYMPHENBURG
An early mark in blue. Hard paste.
| FURSTENBURG
Established in 1750. Hard paste.
| FURSTENBURG
1758. Hard paste.
| LUDWIGSBURG or KRONENBURG
Established in 1758 to 1806. Hard paste.
| LUDWIGSBURG
First period. Hard paste.
| LUDWIGSBURG
Second period. Hard paste.
| LUDWIGSBURG
Hard paste. Mark in blue.
| FULDA
Established in 1763 to 1780. Hard paste.
| FULDA
Hard paste. The arms of Fulda.
| RUDOLSTADT
Established in 1758. Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| RAUENSTEIN
Established in 1760. Hard paste.
| LIMBACH
Established about 1761. Hard paste.
| LIMBACH
Another mark. Hard paste.
| LIMBACH
Another mark. Hard paste.
| GROSBREITENBACH
Established about 1770. Hard paste.
| GROSBREITENBACH
Hard paste.
| VOLKSTEDT
Established 1762. C. V. sometimes added with the arms. Hard paste.
| VOLKSTEDT
Another mark. Hard paste.
| VOLKSTEDT
Another mark. Hard paste.
| ANSPACH
Established about 1718. Hard paste.
| ANSPACH
Generally accompanied by letter A. Hard paste.
| ANSPACH
Hard paste.
| ANSPACH
Hard paste.
| GOTHA
Founded in 1780. Hard paste. Various marks.
| GERA
Established about 1780. Marks in blue. Hard paste.
| ALT HALDENSTEBEN
The factory of M. Nathusins. Hard paste.
| CHARLOTTENBURG
Established in 1790. Hard paste.
| BADEN-BADEN
Established in 1753 to 1788. The edge of the ax in gold. Hard paste.
| COLOGNE
Factory of M. L. Cremer. Enameled Fayence.
| POPPLESDORF, near BONN
Fayence and porcelain.
| STRASBOURG
Established about 1752. Hard paste.
| NIDERVILLER
Established in 1768. Hard paste.
| ELBOGEN in BOHEMIA
Established in 1815. Hard paste.
| SCHLAKENWALD
Established about 1800. Hard paste.
| LEHAMMER or PIRKENHAMMER, near CARLSBAD
Founded in 1802. Hard paste.
| HEREND
Established 1839.
| HEREND
Another mark.

Russia and Poland

| KORZEC
Established about 1803. Hard paste.
| Moscow
Established in 1787. Hard paste.
| ST. PETERSBURG
Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| ST. PETERSBURG
Mark of Empress Catherine II. 1762 to 1796. Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| ST. PETERSBURG
Monogram of Nicholas I. 1825 to 1855.
| ST. PETERSBURG
Established 1744. Mark in blue.

Denmark

| COPENHAGEN
Established in 1772. Mark in blue. Hard paste.

Holland and Belgium

| AMSTERDAM
Established in 1782. Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| AMSTERDAM
Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| AMSTERDAM
Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| TOURNEY
Mark in gold represents a potter’s kiln. Established in 1750. Soft paste.
| TOURNEY
Mark in gold used after 1755. Soft paste.
| TOURNEY
Used about 1755. Soft paste.
| HAGUE
Factory established about 1775; ceased in 1785. Mark in gray. Hard paste.
| DELFT
Joost Thooft and Labouchere. Present mark Fayence.

Switzerland

| NYON
Established in 1790. Hard paste.
| ZURICH
Established about 1759. Mark in blue. Hard paste.

Italy and Spain

| NOVE
1752. Mark in blue or red. Soft paste.
| VENICE
Mark in red. Majolica.
| VENICE
Soft paste.
| VENICE
1720 to 1740. Soft paste. Mark in red.
| VENICE
Soft paste. Mark in red.
| TURIN
Vineuf. Established about 1770. Dr. Gioanetti (Director). Soft paste.
| TURIN
Vineuf. Another mark. Soft paste.
| DOCCIA
Founded in 1735. Hard and soft paste.
| DOCCIA
Hard and soft paste. Another mark.
GINORI. | DOCCIA
Hard and soft paste. Another mark.
| CAPO DI MONTE
Founded in 1736. This mark used from 1759. Factory abandoned in 1821. Soft paste.
| CAPO DI MONTE
Mark used from 1759. Soft paste.
| CAPO DI MONTE
Soft paste. Other marks.
| MILAN
Mark in blue. Fayence.
| MADRID
BUEN RETIRO. Monogram of Charles III. Established in 1759 to 1812. Soft paste.
| MADRID
Soft paste. Another mark.
| MADRID
Mark in blue. First quality. Soft paste.
| MADRID
Mark in blue. Soft paste.
| MADRID
Mark in blue. Mark under crown is another form of the monogram of Charles III., the founder.
| OPORTO
Established about 1790. Hard paste. Mark in gold or colors.

England

WEDGWOOD. | STAFFORDSHIRE
Established in 1769. This mark both stamped and printed.
| STAFFORDSHIRE
WEDGWOOD, present mark on decorated china.
TURNER. | STAFFORDSHIRE
Established about 1756.
W. ADAMS. | STAFFORDSHIRE
Established about 1780.
ROGERS. | STAFFORDSHIRE
Imitations of WEDGWOOD.
WOOD and CALDWELL. | STAFFORDSHIRE
Established in 1730.
| STAFFORDSHIRE
Established 1790.
LONGPORT. | STAFFORDSHIRE
Established in 1793 by Mr. John Davenport.
| STAFFORDSHIRE
| STAFFORDSHIRE
| STAFFORDSHIRE
| STAFFORDSHIRE
Established about 1770, by Josiah Spode.
| STAFFORDSHIRE
Copeland successor of Spode in 1833.
| LIVERPOOL
Established in 1750.

SADLER
1756.

LIVERPOOL

Established in 1756.
| LIVERPOOL
Established in 1790.

HERCULANEUM
POTTERY.

LIVERPOOL

This mark was used from 1822 to 1833.
| PLYMOUTH
Established 1760. William Cookworthy.
| YARMOUTH
Absolon, only a decorator.
| SWANSEA
Established 1790. This mark used about 1815.
| SWANSEA
Mark in red.
NANTGARW. | WALES
Established about 1813. Mark in red.
| LEEDS
Hartley Greens & Co. Established about 1770.
| BRISTOL
Established about 1770, by Richard Champion.
| BRISTOL
| BRISTOL
Ceased in 1777.
| BOW
Established about 1730. Ceased in 1775.
| BOW
| BOW
| CHELSEA
The oldest mark. About 1747.
| CHELSEA
Mark in red.
| CHELSEA
First quality mark in gold.
| DERBY
Established 1751. This mark used before 1769.
| DERBY-CHELSEA
This mark in gold 1773.
| CROWN DERBY
Mark in blue used about 1780.
| DERBY
Mark used in 1830. Bloor (Director).
| DERBY
Mark used in 1830. Bloor (Director).
| DERBY
Mark used in 1860.
| ROYAL CROWN DERBY
Present mark.
| WORCESTER
Established 1751. Oldest mark.
| WORCESTER
Mark imitation of Dresden.
| WORCESTER
Generally on Chinese patterns.
| WORCESTER
About 1751.
| WORCESTER
Used 1783 to 1788.
| WORCESTER
Used 1807 to 1813.
| WORCESTER
Used 1857 to 1862.
| WORCESTER
Present mark.
| CAUGHLEY. SHROPSHIRE
Established about 1751.
| CAUGHLEY. SHROPSHIRE
An early mark in blue.
| COALPORT
Established between 1780 and 1790.
| COALPORT
| COALPORT
Present mark.
| STAFFORDSHIRE
Established in 1791 by Mr. Thomas Minton.
| STAFFORDSHIRE
Present mark.
| LAMBETH and BURSLEM
Doulton & Co.
| STAFFORDSHIRE
Brown-Westhead, Moore & Co.

France

| ST. CLOUD
Established about 1695. Factory destroyed by fire in 1773; not rebuilt. Soft paste.
| ST. CLOUD

This mark used from 1730 to 1762. Either in blue or graved in ware. The letter T stands for Tron, the name of the director. Soft paste.

| CHANTILLY
Established in 1735. Mark in blue or red. Soft paste.
| ARRAS
Established in 1782. Mark in blue. Factory ceased in 1786. Soft paste.
| MENECY
Established in 1735. This mark is usually impressed; sometimes traced in blue. Soft paste.
| ETIOLLES, near CORBEIL
Established in 1768. Monnier, manufacturer. Soft paste.
| BOURG LA REINE
Established in 1773. Jacques & Jullien. Soft paste.
| SCEAUX-PENTHIEVRE, near PARIS
Established in 1750 by Jacques Capelle. These letters are engraved on the soft clay.
| SCEAUX-PENTHIEVRE, near PARIS
The latter mark in blue. This mark occurs more frequently on Fayence.
| CLINGNANCOURT
Established in 1775 by Pierre Deruelle. Mark in blue. Soft and hard paste.
| CLINGNANCOURT
Used on pieces of Chinese style. Mark in red. Hard paste.
| CLINGNANCOURT
Mark of Monsieur Comte de Provence.
| ORLEANS
Established in 1753 by M. Gerré. Hard and soft paste.
| ORLEANS
This mark used from 1808 to 1871, in blue or gold.
| SARREGUEMINES
Soft paste.
| SARREGUEMINES
Soft paste and Fayence.
| VINCENNES
Soft paste. Established in 1786.
| VINCENNES
Soft paste. Another mark.
| PARIS. RUE FONTAINE AU ROY
Established in 1773 by Jean Baptiste Locré. Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| PARIS. FAUBOURG ST. LAZARE
Founded in 1773. Hard paste.
| PARIS. FAUBOURG ST. ANTOINE
Established in 1773. Morelle, manufacturer. Hard paste.
| PARIS. RUE DE LA ROQUETTE
Established in 1773. Souroux, manufacturer. Hard paste.
| PARIS. GROS CAILLON
Established in 1773 by Advenir Lamarre. Hard paste.
| PARIS. RUE DE CLICHY
Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| FRANCE
A mark found on biscuit groups. Factory unknown.
| PARIS. RUE THIROUX

Established in 1778. André Marie Lebeuf, manufacturer. Under the protection of Marie Antoinette. Mark in red. Hard paste.

| PARIS. RUE DE BONDY
Established in 1780. Dihl and Guerhard, manufacturers. Under the patronage of Duc d’Angoulême. Hard paste.
| PARIS. RUE DE BONDY
Another mark. Hard paste.
| PARIS. RUE DU FAUBOURG ST. DENIS

Established in 1769. Under the protection of Charles Philippe Comte d’Artois, afterward Charles X. Factory discontinued in 1810.

| BELLEVILLE
Established in 1790 by Jacob Petit. Mark in blue. Hard paste.
| PARIS. RUE DE BONDY
Hard paste. Mark in blue.
| ROUEN
Under the reign of Louis XV. Fayence.
| LILLE
Established in 1784 by Leperre Durot. Mark in red. Hard paste.
| PARIS
M. Nast, manufacturer. Mark in red. Hard paste.
| PARIS
Halley, manufacturer. First Empire mark in gold. Hard paste.
| NANCY
Emile Gallé, manufacturer. Fayence and glass.

Sevres

Established at Vincennes in 1740.
Removed from there to Sevres in 1756.
King Louis XV. became sole proprietor in 1760.
Soft paste was made until 1805. Since then only hard paste.

The Sevres Marks

FIRST ROYAL EPOCH
1745 to 1792

Vincennes.
The letter A denotes the year 1753,
continued to 1777. (Louis XV.)

Sevres.
Ornamented LL’s. Date 1764.

Sevres. Date 1778. (Louis XVI).
Double letters continued to 1793.

FIRST REPUBLICAN EPOCH
1792 to 1804

1792 to 1799.

1801 to 1804.

FIRST IMPERIAL EPOCH.
1804 TO 1814.

Napoleon. 1804 to 1809.

Napoleon. 1809 to 1814.

SECOND ROYAL EPOCH.
1814 TO 1848.

Louis XVIII 1814 to 1823.

Charles X. 1824 to 1829.

Charles X. 1829 and 1830.

Charles X. 1830.

Louis Philippe. 1831 to 1834.

Louis Philippe. 1834-1835.

On services for the Palaces.

Louis Philippe. 1845-1848.

After 1848, this mark in green was
used for white porcelain.

SECOND REPUBLICAN EPOCH
1848 TO 1851.

The S stands for Sèvres,
and 51 for 1851.

SECOND IMPERIAL EPOCH.
1852 TO 1872.

Napoleon III. From 1852.

This mark used for white pieces; when
scratched it denotes issue undecorated.

The marks used at
the present time.

Unknown Marks

Chronological Table
Used in the Manufactory of Sevres

A | (Vincennes) | 1753
B | (ditto) | 1754
C | (ditto) | 1755
D | | 1756
E | | 1757
F | | 1758
G | | 1759
H | | 1760
I | | 1761
J | | 1762
K | | 1763
L | | 1764
M | | 1765
N | | 1766
O | | 1767
P | | 1768
Q | | [1]1769
R | | 1770
S | | 1771
T | | 1772
U | | 1773
V | | 1774
X | | 1775
Y | | 1776
Z | | 1777
AA | | 1778
BB | | 1779
CC | | 1780
DD | | 1781
EE | | 1782
FF | | 1783
GG | | 1784
HH | | 1785
II | | 1786
JJ | | 1787
KK | | 1788
LL | | 1789
MM | | 1790
NN | | 1791
OO | | 1792
PP | | 1793
QQ | | 1794
RR | | 1795

Year | IX | | 1801 | | T9
" | X | | 1802 | | X
" | XI | | 1803 | | 11
" | XII | | 1804 | |
" | XIII | | 1805 | |
" | XIV | | 1806 | |

1807 | | 7
1808 | | 8
1809 | | 9
1810 | | 10
1811 | | (onze) | | o.z.
1812 | | (douze) | | d.z.
1813 | | (treize) | | t.z.
1814 | | (quatorze) | | q.z.
1815 | | (quinze) | | q.n.
1816 | | (seize) | | s.z.
1817 | | (dix sept) | | d.s.

From this date the year is expressed by the last two figures only.—thus, 18 for 1818, etc.,—up to the present time.

Footnote:

[1] This comet was sometimes substituted for the ordinary mark of the letter Q.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of China and Pottery Marks, by Unknown

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHINA AND POTTERY MARKS ***

***** This file should be named 40311-h.htm or 40311-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/3/1/40311/

Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive.)

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.

*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License.  You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org

Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Table of Contents

- CHINA AND POTTERY MARKS
- Traditions and Old China
- Germany and Austria
- Russia and Poland
- Denmark
- Holland and Belgium
- Switzerland
- Italy and Spain
- England
- France
- Sevres